Ethnicity. Ethnicity Terms Ethnicity identity with a group of people who share the cultural...
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![Page 1: Ethnicity. Ethnicity Terms Ethnicity identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth Comes from Greek.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e375503460f94b2795a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ethnicity
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Ethnicity Terms
• Ethnicity• identity with a group of
people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth
• Comes from Greek word ethnikos (national)
• Race: • identity with a group of
people who share a biological ancestor
• Comes from the French word for generation
• Geographers are interested in where ethnicities are distributed across space• Ethnic groups tied to a
place
• No globalizing ethnicity
• Ethnicity is strongest bulwark for preservation of local diversity
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Where are Ethnicities distributed?
• Ethnicities may be clustered in specific areas within a country, or the area it inhabits may closely match the boundaries of a country
• Distribution in U.S.• Clustering on two scales
• May live in particular region(s) of the country
• May live in particular neighborhoods within cities
• Two largest ethnicities• Hispanics (Latinos) –
15% of population• African Americans –
13% of population
• Regional Concentrations• South: African
Americans• Southwest: Hispanics• West: Asians• Mid-West: Native
Americans
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Concentration of Ethnicities in cities
• African-Americans and Hispanics cluster in urban areas
• African-Americans:• ½ live in cities• Only ¼ of American
population lives in cities• Example: Detroit
• African Americans comprise 85% of population in Detroit
• Only make up 7% of population of Michigan
• Chicago• 1/3 African American• 1/12 rest of Illinois
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Concentration of Ethnicities in Cities
• Hispanic distribution similar to African-Americans
• New York City• ¼ Hispanic• 1/16 rest of New York
• States with largest populations• California
• ½ of Los Angeles population• ½ or less in other major Cali
cities
• Texas• El Paso and San Antonio are
more than ½ Hispanic• Other cities are at or below
1/3
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African American Migration Patterns
• Three major migration flows:
• Africa to America in 1700’s• Forced migration of
slaves
• US South to Northern cities during early 1900s• Ghettos formed
• Inner city to other urban neighborhoods during late 1900’s to 2000’s
• Forced Migration (1st wave)• 1st Africans brought to
American colonies as slaves arrived at Jamestown, Virginia in 1619
• 1700’s 400,000 Africans shipped to 13 colonies
• 1808 US banned bringing in additional slaves, but 250,000 were illegally imported
• Height of slave trade (1710-1810) at least 10 million Africans were forced to Western Hemisphere for sale in slave markets
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African American Migration Patterns
• Nearly all Africans shipped to colonies ended up in Southeast
• Attitudes towards slavery dominated politics in 1800’s
• Civil War (1861-1865)
• US adopted 13th amendment to constitution prohibiting slavery• Freed slaves remained in the
south for the most part as sharecroppers
• System burdened poor African Americans with high interest rates and heavy debts
• Immigration to Northern cities (2nd wave)• Industrial boom pulled
AA’s to the north• Migrated out of clearly
defined channels• Two main waves
• 1910’s and 1920’s migration
• 1940’s and 1950’s• Encouraged by jobs
needed from WWI and WWII
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African American Immigration Patterns
• AA clustered into one or two neighborhoods • Named ghetto’s after
the term from WWII
• Baltimore 1950s• Baltimore’s ¼ of African
Americans lived in a 1 square mile neighborhood
• Ghettos• Densities typical of
40,000 inhabitants per square mile• Compared to 2,000
p2m in suburbs• Often result of
multiple families living together
• Often lacked bathrooms, kitchens, hot water, and heat
• 3rd wave: Ghettos to neighborhoods• Moved into adjacent
neighborhoods in 1950’s and 1960’s
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Differentiating Ethnicity and Race
• Difficulty to differentiate between ethnicity and race
• Three prominent ethnicities in US• Hispanic Americans• African Americans• Asian Americans
• All three display distinct cultural features that originated at particular hearths
• Asian • recognized as a distinct race by U.S.
Bureau of Census• Asian race and ethnicity usually
same group• Asian ethnicity “lumps” together
people with ties to many countries in Asia
• African-American• Supposedly two different groups
• African American• trace heritage to an African
Immigrant• Ethnicity and group with extensive
cultural tradition• Black
• heritage from other regions like Latin American, Asia
• A principle that denotes darker skin (bio)
• Most see themselves as both
• Latino• Not considered a race• Can choose any race on the census
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Race in the United States
• Traits that characterize race are those that can be genetically transmitted from parents to children• Example:
• Lactose intolerance in large percentage of Asian-Americans
• Biological classification by race is the basis for racism• Idea that some races are
superior to others
• 2000 census• White• Black, African American• American Indian or Alaska Native• Asian Indian• Chinese• Filipino• Japanese• Korean• Vietnamese• Other Asian• Native Hawiian• Guamanian• Samoan• Other Pacific Islander• Other race
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South Africa
• While U.S. was repealing segregation laws in 1950s and 1960s, South Africa was enacting them
• System created by Boers (Afrikaners) of Dutch descent
• Cornerstone of South African policy = Apartheid• Physical separation of races
into different geographic areas
• Four classifications• Black• White• Mixed• Asian
• Consequences• Different legal status• Limitations
• Laws appealed in 1991
• African National Congress legalized• Nelson Mandela released
from jail
• 1994 Mandela• 1st elections
• Nelson Mandela elected 1st black President
• Today• Still a work in progress,
especially economically
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South Africa