Ethnicity and Race. 2 Which of the following is true about race in many parts of the world today?...
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Ethnicity and Race
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Ethnicity and Race
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• Which of the following is true about race in many parts of the world today?– (a) It is learned.– (b) It is simply a figment of the
imagination.– (c) It is strictly a matter of descent.
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Learning Objectives
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• Basic Concepts– Learn the cultural bases of race and ethnicity and how
racial and ethnic differences create sharp divisions– Learn the leading psychological theories and sociological
interpretations of prejudice and discrimination
• Historical Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity– Familiarize yourself with the history and social
dimensions of ethnic relations in America– Recognize the importance of the historical roots of ethnic
conflict, particularly in the expansion of Western colonialism, and understand the different models for a multiethnic society
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Learning Objectives
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• Research on Race and Ethnicity Today– Learn the forms of inequality experienced by racial and
ethnic groups in the United States– See that the history of prejudice and discrimination
against ethnic minorities has created hardship for many but that some have succeeded despite societal barriers
• Unanswered Questions– Understand global migration patterns and their effects
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Basic Concepts
5
• Racial literacy– Skills taught to children of multiracial
families to help them cope with racial hierarchies and to integrate multiple ethnic identities
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Basic Concepts
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• Ethnicity– Cultural values and norms that
distinguish the members of a given group from others
• Race– Differences in human physical
characteristics used to categorize large numbers of individuals
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Basic Concepts
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• Racialization– The process by which understanding
of race are used to classify individuals or groups of people
– Can be institutionalized into exploitive political or economic systems
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Basic Concepts
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• Racialization• Because they reflect a society’s
diversity, norms, and values, racial classification systems vary over time and between cultures
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Basic Concepts
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• Minority group– A group of people in a minority in a
given society who, because of their distinct physical or cultural characteristics, find themselves in situations of inequality within that society
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Basic Concepts
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• Racism– Attributing superiority or inferiority
to a population that shares certain physically inherited characteristics
• Institutional racism– Patterns of discrimination based on
ethnicity that have become structured into existing social institutions– ExThe negative or limited portrayals of racial and ethnic
minorities in Hollywood films or television.)
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Example of institutional racism • The negative or limited portrayals of racial and
ethnic minorities in Hollywood films or television.
• Ferguson issue or other similar cases
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Basic Concepts
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• Prejudice– Holding preconceived ideas about an
individual or group (either positive or negative); these ideas are resistant to change even in the face of new information
• Discrimination– Behavior or practices that deny to
members of a particular group resources or rewards that others can obtain
– One is about ideas, another action
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Basic Concepts
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• Stereotyping– Thinking in terms of fixed and
inflexible categories
• Displacement– Transferring ideas or emotions from
their true source to another object
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Basic Concepts
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• Scapegoats– Individuals or groups blamed for
wrongs that were not of their doing– Scapegoating is often directed against
powerless
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Basic Concepts
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• Antiracism– Forms of thought and/or practice
that seek to confront, eradicate, and/or ameliorate racism
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Historical Perspectives onRace and Ethnicity
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people from Europe and Africa….
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Historical Perspectives on
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Historical Perspectives onRace and Ethnicity
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• The Rise of Racism– Exploitive relations with conquered
peoples– European beliefs that white
symbolized purity and black/others symbolized evil
– Belief that race was inherited and associated with superiority or inferiority
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Historical Perspectives onRace and Ethnicity
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• The Rise of Racism • In South America• Apartheid
• In America• Ku Klux Klan and otherand white supremacist groups
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• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKtALHe3Y9Q
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Historical Perspectives onRace and Ethnicity
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• African Americans in the United States– 4 million slaves in the American
South in 1780– Continued exploitation and
segregation after the Civil War–Moved from rural to urban areas and
south to north in the1900s
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Historical Perspectives onRace and Ethnicity
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• African Americans in the United States– civil rights movement- Most
important. • NAACP (1909)• Received attention after WWII.
• Brown v. Board of Education (1954)• segregation of public places illegal
• Montgomery, AL Bus Boycott (1955 to 1956)• Lunch counter sit-ins (1960 and beyond)
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Historical Perspectives onRace and Ethnicity
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• African Americans in the United States– civil rights movement• March on Washington (1963)• Civil Rights Act (1964)
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Historical Perspectives onRace and Ethnicity
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• Latinos in the United States– Different histories and national
origins
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Historical Perspectives onRace and Ethnicity
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• Latinos in the United States–Mexican Americans (32.9 million)– Puerto Ricans (4.6 million)– Cubans (1.8 million)– several other smaller groups (9.6
million)
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Historical Perspectives onRace and Ethnicity
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• Asian Americans– 18.2 million people of Chinese,
Japanese, Filipino, Indian, Pakistani, Korean, and Vietnamese origin
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Historical Perspectives onRace and Ethnicity
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Forms of Positive Integration
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• Models of ethnic integration– Assimilation• The acceptance of a minority group by a
majority population, in which the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture
–Melting pot• The idea that ethnic differences can be
combined to create new patterns of behavior drawing on diverse cultural sources
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Research on Race and Ethnicity Today
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• Models of ethnic integration– Pluralism• A model of ethnic relations in which
ethnic cultures retain their independent and separate identities yet participate in the rights and powers of citizenship
–Multiculturalism• A recent outgrowth of pluralism in which
ethnic groups exist separately and share equally in economic and political life
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• Immigration– The movement of people into one
country from another for the purpose of settlement
• Emigration– The movement of people out of one
country in order to settle in another( From the perspective of the country of
origin)
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Research on Race and Ethnicity Today
31
• Classic model of migration– Encourages immigration and offers
citizenship but restricts annual intake
– United States, Canada, and Australia
• Colonial model of migration– Encourages migration from former
colonies– France and United Kingdom
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Research on Race and Ethnicity Today
32
• Guest workers model– Encourages temporary immigration
to fulfill labor demands– Germany, Switzerland, and Belgium
• Illegal model– Immigrants enter secretly or under a
non-immigration pretense
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Research on Race and Ethnicity Today
33
• Forces behind migration– Push factors–such as war, famine, political oppression,
– Pull factors– The political freedom, work opportunities, and higher standard of
living
–Macro-level factors–Micro-level factors
– family and friendship networks
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Research on Race and Ethnicity Today
34
• Emergent migration patterns– Acceleration—greater numbers– Diversification—greater variety of
types of immigrants– Globalization—more countries are
sending and receiving migrants– Feminization—greater number of
female immigrants
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Research on Race and Ethnicity Today
35
• Diaspora– The dispersal of an ethnic population
from an original homeland into foreign areas, often in a forced manner or under traumatic circumstances (Jews, Africans, Armenians) but sometimes voluntarily (Chinese, Indian, Caribbean, British)
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since 1973
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37
• Do New Immigrants Help or Hinder the Nation’s Economy?– Recent immigration• 2002–2006: yearly average of 1,021,884
legal immigrants and another 500,000 illegal immigrants entered the country
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Unanswered Questions
38
• Do New Immigrants Help or Hinder the Nation’s Economy?– Employment– Taxes– Education
Without them the gross domestic product of the United States would be $1 trillion less.
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Unanswered Questions
39
• Has Real Progress Been Made since the Civil Rights Movements of the 1960s?– Educational attainment– Employment and income– Health– Residential segregation– Political power
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Unanswered Questions
40
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Unanswered Questions
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Unanswered Questions
42
• How Can Ethnic Conflict Be Reduced?– Genocide– Ethnic cleansing– Political power
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Genocide • The extermination of 6 million Jews by Nazi Germany during
World War II• over 1 million Armenians by Turkey between 1915 and 1923, • murder of 2 million Cambodians by the Khmer Rouge in the
1970s are three recent examples.
• Today in the Darfur region of Sudan, hundreds of thousands of people are being murdered because of their ethnic or tribal heritage
• Croatia expelled thousands of Serbs.
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Concept Quiz
44
Cultural practices and outlooks of a given community that have emerged historically and that set people apart are referred to as ______.(a) race(b) ethnicity(c) cultural relativism(d) pluralism
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Concept Quiz
45
Newspaper cartoons in the 1800s that compared the head of an African man and an Irish man to that of an ape and implied or said outright that Africans and the Irish were lazy, dangerous, and not quite human are examples of ______.(a) prejudice(b) scapegoating(c) racialization(d) displacement
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Concept Quiz
46
Which of the following pairs are closest to being opposites?
(a) melting pot; pluralism(b) assimilation; emigration(c) multiculturalism; pluralism(d) prejudice; discrimination
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Concept Quiz
47
The system of state-controlled racial segregation in South Africa was called ______.
(a) institutional racism(b) apartheid(c) Jim Crow(d) colonial rule
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Concept Quiz
48
According to the text, affirmative action programs are an example of ______.
(a) antiracism(b) racism(c) scapegoating(d) discrimination
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Concept Quiz
49
What happened in 1954 to set the civil rights movement in motion?
(a) The Black Panther Party was formed.(b) Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” speech.(c) The Supreme Court decided in Brown v. Board of Education that “separate” was inherently unequal.(d) The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was formed.
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Discussion Question: Thinking Sociologically
50
Compare the assimilation experiences of Asians and Latinos. What are the criteria for assimilation? Which group has assimilated most readily? Explain the sociological reasons for the difference in assimilation between the two groups.