Ethnic Groups in China

7/30/2019 Ethnic Groups in China

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Ethnic groups in China


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As a large united multi-national state, China is composed of groups.

Among them Han Chinese account for 91.59% in of the overChinese population and the other 55 make up the remainingaccording to the Fifth National Population Census of 2000.

2005 sampling, Han constitute about 91.9% of the totapopulation

As the combined population of these other ethnic groups isthan that of the Han, they form the 55 ethnic minorities of C


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Han People

Their population is approx. 1159.4 million, The Han people can be found in almost every part of China

they mainly live in the middle and lower reaches of the YelloYangtze River and the Pearl River, and also in the Northeast Region (Songliao Plain).

They form the largest ethnic group not only within China anlargest in the world.

The Han people have their own distinctive way of life.


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http://mlcaphg.wikispaces.com/Ethnic+Groups+of+China


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HanZhaungManchuHuiMiaoUyghursYiTujia

MongolsTibetanBuyeiDongYaoKorean

QiangTu

Xibe

Mulao

Kyrgyz

Daur

Jingpo

Salar

Blang

Maonan

Tajik

Pumi

Achang

Nu

EwenkiJing

Jino

De'ang

Uzbeks

Russian

Yugur

Bonan

MonbaOroqen

Derung

Tatars

Hezhen

Lhoba

Gaoshan

Bai

Hani

Li

Kazak

Dai

She

Lisu

GelaoLahu

Dongxian

Va

Sui

Nakhi


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The largest ethnic groups of China:

Han 1.2 Billion

Zhaung 16.1 Million

Manchu 10.6m

Hui 9.8m

Miao 8.9m

Uyghurs 8.3m

Tujia 8

Yi 7.7

Mongols 5.8

Tibetan 5.4

Buyei 2.9

Dong 2.9

Yao 2.6

Korean 1.9

Bai 1.8

Hani 1.4

Li 1.2

Kazak 1.2

Dai

1.1


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After the breakup of Yugoslavia and the dissolution of the Sovietthere was a shift in official conceptions of minorities in China: radefining them as "nationalities", they became "ethnic groups".

the TERM "nationality" treats the minorities of China as societiefully functional division of labor", history, and territory, while theethnicity treats minorities as a "category" and focuses on theirmaintenance of boundaries and their self-definition in relation tomajority group.

These changes are reflected in uses of the term minzu and its traThe official journal Minzu Tuanjie changed its English name fromNationality Unityto Ethnic Unityin 1995. Similarly, the Central Ufor Nationalities changed its name to Minzu University of China. began to prefer the term zuqun() over minzu.[17]
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The PRC's Constitution and laws guarantee equal rights to all ethnic groups

help promote ethnic minority groups' economic and cultural development. One notable preferential treatment ethnic minorities enjoy is their exemptio

population growth control of the One-Child Policy.

Ethnic minorities are represented in the National People's Congress as well agovernments at the provincial andprefectural levels.

Some ethnic minorities in China live in ethnic autonomous areassuch as InnXinjiang, Guangxi, Ningxia and Tibet, as well as numerous autonomous prefe

counties, nationality townships and towns have been set up. These "regional autonomies" guarantee ethnic minorities the freedom to us

develop their ethnic languages, and to maintain their own cultural and socia

In addition, the PRC government has provided preferential economic develoaid to areas where ethnic minorities live.[21]
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Islam in China

Chinese Muslims have been in China for the last 1,400 yearscontinuous interaction with Chinese society.[1]Muslims live region in China.[2]

Various sources estimate different numbers of Muslims in CSome sources indicate that about 12% of the total populatChina are Muslims.

Chinese Muslims have been in China for the last 1,400 yearscontinuous interaction with Chinese society.[1] "Islam expangradually across the maritime and inland silk routes from ththe 10th centuries through trade and diplomatic exchanges
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Muslims in China Muslims live in every region in China.[2] The highest concentrations are found in the northwe

of Xinjiang, Gansu, and Ningxia, with significant populations also found throughout Yunnan psouthwest China and Henan province in central China.[2]

Of China's 55 minority groups, 10 groups are predominantly Muslim. The largest groups in d

are

Hui (9.8 million in year 2000 census, or 48% of the officially tabulated number of Muslims),

Uyghur (8.4 million, 41%),

Kazakh(1.25 million, 6.1%),

Dongxiang (514,000, 2.5%),

Kyrgyz (161,000),

Salar (105,000),

Tajik (41,000),

Uzbeks, Bonan (17,000),

and Tatar (5,000).[2]

However, individual members of traditionally Muslim ethnic groups may profess other religioall. Additionally, Tibetan Muslims are officially classified along with the Tibetan people. Musl

predominantly in the areas that border Central Asia, Tibet and Mongolia,i.e. Xinjiang, Ningxia, Gansu and Qinghai, which is known as the "Quran Belt".[47]
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The start According to China Muslims' traditional legendary accounts, Is

first brought to China by an embassy led by Saad ibn abi Waqqwas sent by Uthman, the third Caliph, (that was in 651, less thyears after the death ofMuhammad) which are confusions witibn abi Waqqas's earlier visits.

The embassy was led by Saad ibn AbWaqqs, the maternal unMuhammad himself. Emperor Gaozong, the Tang emperor whthe envoy then ordered the construction of the Memorialmosque in Canton, the first mosque in the country, in memoryMuhammad.[7][9]
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While many historians tend to say that there is no evidence for Waqq

ever coming to China,[9] they do believe that Muslim diplomats and mcame to Tang China within a few decades from the beginning of the MEra.[9]

The first major Muslim settlements in China consistedof Arab and Persian merchants.[10] During the Tang and especially the comparatively well-established, even if somewhat segregated, mercancommunities existed in the port cities of Guangzhou, Quanzhou,and Hangzhou on China's southeastern seaboard, as well as in the intesuch as Chang'an, Kaifeng, and Yangzhou.[11]

Guangzhou is home to four mosques, including the famous Huaishengbelieved to have been built by Saad ibn Abi Waqqas, the uncle of MuhThe city also has a grave believed to be that of ibn Abi Waqqas (fatherabi Waqqas).[12]
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Song Dynasty

By the time of the Song Dynasty, Muslims had come to play role in the import/export industry.[7][11] The office of Directoof Shipping was consistently held by a Muslim during this pe

In 1070, the Song emperor Shenzong invited 5,300 Muslim mfrom Bukhara, to settle in China in order to create a buffer zbetween the Chinese and the Liao empire in the northeast.

these men were settled between the Sung capitalof Kaifeng and Yenching (modern day Beijing).[17] They werePrince Amir Sayyid "So-fei-er" (his Chinese name) who was rbeing called the "father" of the Muslim community in Chinahim Islam was named by the Tang and Song Chinese as Dashof the Arabs").[18] He renamed it to Huihui Jiao
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Tombs of Imam Asim and MazaarZafar Sadiq

"On the foothills of Mount Lingshan are the tombs of two ofcompanions that Prophet Muhammad sent eastwards to prIslam. Known as the "Holy Tombs," they house the companiZu and Wu-Ko-Shuntheir Chinese names, of course.

The other two companions went to Guangzhou andYangzhou."[20] "The Imam (Islamic Holy Man) Asim is said tobeen one of the first Islamic missionaries in the region. His nalso spelled Imam Hashim (man of c.1000 CE in Hotan). Thesite includes the reputed tomb of the Imam, a mosque, andrelated tombs."[21] There is also a mazaar of Imam Zafar Sad
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Yuan Dynasty

During the Mongol-founded Yuan Dynasty (12711368), large number

Muslims settled in China. Hundreds of thousands of Muslims immigrants were recruited and for

relocated from Western and Central Asia by the Mongols to help themtheir rapidly expanding empire.[2] The Mongols used Persian, Arab andBuddhist Uyghur administrators, generically known as semu[]("vacolor")[23] to act as officers of taxation and finance.

Muslims headed many corporations in China in the early Yuan period.

scholars were brought to work on calendar making and astronomy. Tharchitect Yeheidie'erding (Amir al-Din) learned from Han architecture to design the construction of the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, Dadu, otknown as Khanbaligh, the predecessor of present-day Beijing.[25]

The term Hui originated from the Mandarin "Huihui," a term first usedthe Yuan Dynasty to describe Central Asian, Persian and Arab resident
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Yuan Dynasty Genghis Khan, and the following Yuan Emperors forbade Islamic pract

Halal butchering, forcing Mongol methods of butchering animals on M

Circumcision was also forbidden other restrictive degrees continued

The persecution became so severe that Muslim Generals joined Han Crebelling against the Mongols. The Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang had Generals like Lan Yu who rebelled against the Mongols and defeated tcombat. Some Muslim communities had the name in Chinese which m"baracks" and also mean "thanks", many Hui Muslims claim it is becau

they played an important role in overthrowing the Mongols and it wasthanks by the Han Chinese for assisting them.[28]

The muslims in the many parts revolted against the Yuan dynasty butrebellion was crushed in some parts and the muslims were massacredYuan loyalist commander Chen Youding.

Mi D t
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Ming Dynasty

During the following Ming Dynasty, Muslims were influential around gocircles.

Six of Ming Dynasty founder Zhu Yuanzhang's most trusted generals wMuslim, including Lan Yu who, in 1388, led a strong imperial Ming armythe Great Wall and won a decisive victory over the Mongols in Mongoleffectively ending the Mongol dream to re-conquer China. Zhu Yuanzhwrote a praise of Islam, the The Hundred-word Eulogy.

His Majesty ordered to have mosques built in Xijing and Nanjing [the ccities], and in southern Yunnan, Fujian and Guangdong. His Majesty alspersonally wrote baizizan [a eulogy] in praise of the Prophet's virtues.[3

Additionally, the Yongle Emperor hired Zheng He, perhaps the most famChinese Muslim and China's foremost explorer, to lead seven expeditiothe Indian Ocean, from 1405 and 1433.
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The Muslims in China who were descended fromearlier immigration began to assimilate by speaking Chinesedialects and by adopting Chinese names and culture.

Mosque architecture began to follow traditional Chinese arc

This era, sometimes considered the Golden Age of Islam in C

Nanjing become an important center of Islamic study in Ch Muslims in Ming dynasty Beijing were given relative freedom

Chinese, with no restrictions placed on their religious practifreedom of worship, and being normal citizens in Beijing.

Ming Dynasty


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Ming Dynasty

The later emporerss policy towards the Islamic religion was tolerant, while t

policy towards ethnic minorities was of integration through forced marriage Muslims were allowed to practice Islam, but if they were members of other

groups they were required by law to intermarry, so Hui had to marry Han sindifferent ethnic groups, with the Han often converting to Islam.

Integration was mandated through intermarriage by Ming law, ethnic minormarry people of other ethnic groups. The Chinese during the Ming dynasty aforce foreigners like the Hui into marrying Chinese women.[34] Marriage betwclass Han Chinese and Hui Muslims was low, since upper class Han Chinese m

both refuse to marry Muslim women, and forbid their daughters from marrymen, since they did not want to convert due to their upper class status. Onlmean status Han Chinese men would convert if they wanted to marry a Hui

Ming law allowed Han Chinese men and women to not have to marry Hui, amarry each other, while Hui men and women were required to marry a spoutheir race.[35][36][37]
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Qing Dynasty

When the Qing dynasty invaded the Ming dynasty in 1644, MMing loyalists led by muslim leaders Milayin, Ding GuodongShouying led a revolt in 1646 against the Qing during the Mrebellion in order to drive the Qing out and restore the MingYanchang Zhu Shichuan to the throne as the emperor.

The Muslim Ming loyalists were crushed by the Qing with 10

them, including Milayin and Ding Guodong killed.

The Hui Muslim population of Beijing was unaffected by therebels during the Dungan revolt.[40]
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Republic of China

After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, Sun Yat Sen, who establishthe Republic of China, immediately proclaimed that the coubelonged equally to the Han, Man (Manchu), Meng(Mongol), Hui (Muslim),[n 1] Tsang (Tibetan), and Miao peopl

During the rule of the Kuomintang party, the Kuomintang apthe Muslim warlords of the family known as the Ma clique a

Military Governors of the provinces of Qinghai, Gansu and N

Bai Chongxi was a Muslim General and Defence Minister of during this time.
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People's Republic of China

During the Cultural Revolution, mosques along with other religio

buildings were often defaced, destroyed or closed and copies ofthe Quran were destroyed along with temples, churches, BuddhDaoist monasteries, and cemeteries.[43][page needed]

During that time, the government also constantly accused Musliother religious groups of holding "superstitious beliefs" and prom"anti-socialist trends".[44]

The government began to relax its policies towards Muslims in 19Islam is experiencing a modest revival and there are now [45] manmosques in China. There has been an upsurge in Islamic expressmany nation-wide Islamic associations have been organized to cointer-ethnic activities among Muslims.[46]
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Number of Muslims in China

China is home to a large population of adherents of Islam. According to the CIA World Factboof the total population in China are Muslims.[48] The 2000 census counts imply that there may20 million Muslims in China.[49] A 2009 study done by the Pew Research Center, based on Chiconcluded there are 21,667,000 Muslims in China, accounting for 1.6% of the totalpopulation.[7][50] According to the State Administration for Religious Affairs (SARA), there are million Muslims in the country while unofficial estimates range as high as 50 million. Accordithere are approximately 36,000 Islamic places of worship, more than 45,000 imams, and 10 Iin the country.[51]

An early historical estimate of the Muslim population of the then Qing Empire belongs to themissionary Marshall Broomhall. In his book, published in 1910, he produced estimates for eabased on the reports of missionaries working there, who had counted mosques, talked to muBroomhall admits the inadequacy of the data for Xinjiang, estimating the Muslim population

virtually the entire population of the province at the time) in the range from 1,000,000 (basepopulation number of 1,200,000 in the contemporary Statesman's Yearbook) to 2,400,000 (2200,000 "Hasak", and 200,000 "Tungan", as per George Hunter). He uses the estimates of 2,03,500,000 for Gansu(which then also included today's Ningxia and parts ofQinghai), 500,000for Zhili (i.e., Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei), 300,000 to 1,000,000 for Yunnan, and smaller numbprovinces, down to 1,000 in Fujian. For Mongolia (then, part of the Qing Empire) he takes an of 50,000 to 100,000.[52] Summing up, he arrives to the grand total of 4,727,000 to 9,821,000throughout the Qing Empire of its last years, i.e. just over 1-2% of the entire country's estimaof 426,045,305
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Islamic education in China

Over the last twenty years a wide range of Islamic educationopportunities have been developed to meet the needs of ChMuslim population.

In addition to mosque schools, government Islamic collegesindependent Islamic colleges, a growing number of studentsgone overseas to continue their studies at international Isla

universities in Egypt, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Iran,and Malaysia.[2]

Qngzhn () is the Chinese term for certain Islamic instiIts literal meaning is "pure truth
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Chinese Muslims and the Hajj

It is known that Admiral Zheng He (13711435) and his Muslim c

made the journey to Mecca and performed the Hajj during one oformer's voyages to the western ocean between 1401-1433.[58] OChinese Muslims may have made the Hajjpilgrimage to Mecca incenturies followed; however, there is little information on this. TGeneral Ma Lin (warlord), made a Hajj to Mecca.[59] General MaFuxiang along with Ma Linyi sponsored Imam Wang Jingzhai wheon hajj to Mecca in 1921.[60]Yihewani Imam Hu Songshan went o1925.[61] Briefly during the Cultural Revolution, Chinese Muslimsallowed to attend the Hajj, and only did so through Pakistan, butwas reversed in 1979. Chinese Muslims now attend the Hajj in lanumbers, typically in organized groups, with a record 10,700 ChiMuslim pilgrims from all over the country making the Hajj in 200
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China Islamic Association

In April 2001, the government set up the China Islamic Association, which was described as athe spread of the Qur'an in China and oppose religious extremism". The association is to be rreligious leaders who are charged with making "a correct and authoritative interpretation" ofand canon.

It will compile and spread inspirational speeches and help imams improve themselves, and vmade by clerics around the country. This latter function is probably the key job as far as the cgovernment is concerned. It is worried that some clerics are using their sermons to spread se

Some examples of the religious concessions granted to Muslims are:

Muslim communities are allowed separate cemeteries

Muslim couples may have their marriage consecrated by an Imam

Muslim workers are permitted holidays during major religious festivals

Chinese Muslims are also allowed to make the Hajj to Mecca, and more than 45,000 Chinesedone so in recent years.[68]

In areas where Muslims are a majority, the breeding of pigs is not allowed, in deference to Msensitivities[
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Islamic architecture

In Chinese, a mosque is called qngzhn s() or "pure truth temple." The Great Mosque of Xi'an (first estTang era) and the Great Southern Mosque in Jinan, whose current buildings date from the Ming Dynasty, do notthe features often associated with traditional mosques. Instead, they follow traditional Chinese architecture. M

China incorporate more of the elements seen in mosques in other parts of the world. Western Chinese mosqueto incorporate minarets and domes while eastern Chinese mosques were more likely to look like pagodas.[72]

An important feature in Chinese architecture is its emphasis on symmetry, which connotes a sense of grandeur;everything from palaces to mosques. One notable exception is in the design ofgardens, which tends to be as aspossible. Like Chinese scroll paintings, the principle underlying the garden's composition is to create enduring flpatron wander and enjoy the garden without prescription, as in nature herself.

On the foothills of Mount Lingshan are the tombs of two of the four companions that Muhammad sent eastwarKnown as the "Holy Tombs," they house the companions Sa-Ke-Zu and Wu-Ko-Shuntheir Chinese names, of cotwo companions went to Guangzhou and Yangzhou.[73]

Chinese buildings may be built with bricks, but wooden structures are the most common; these are more capabwithstanding earthquakes, but are vulnerable to fire. The roof of a typical Chinese building is curved; there are

of gable types, comparable with the classical orders of European columns. As in all regions the Chinese Islamic architecture reflects the local architecture in its style. China is renowned fo

mosques, which resemble temples. However, in western China the mosques resemble those of the middle eastminarets, curvy arches and dome shaped roofs. In northwest China where the Chinese Hui have built their mosqcombination of east and west. The mosques have flared Chinese-style roofs set in walled courtyards entered thrwith miniature domes and minarets.[72] The first mosque was the Great Mosque of Xian, or the Xian Mosque, wthe Tang Dynasty in the 7th century.[74]
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MZhncng () Ma Zhancang was a Chinese Muslim general of the 36th Div

(National Revolutionary Army), who served under Generals Zhongying and Ma Hushan. At the Battle of Kashgar (1933), repulsed an attack of Uighurs led by the Syrian Arab Tawfiq Bwounding Tawfiq.[1]

He fought against Uighur and Kirghiz rebels, and destroyed tEast Turkestan Republic after defeating uighur and kirghiz fig

at Kashgar, Yarkand, and Yangi Hissar in 1934.[2][3][4] He killeduighur leadersTimur Beg, Abdullah Bughra, and Nur Ahmad Bughra.[5] .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Zhancanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Zhancanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Zhancanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Zhancanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Zhancanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Zhancanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Zhancanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Zhancang


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Hu Songshan ( )

Hu Songshan (18801955), a Hui, was born in 1880, in TongxinCounty, Ningxia, China. His muslim name in Arabic was Sa'd al-

Din( ; sirdndng). Although he was born Sufiand turned Yihewani, and later became an important Imam,scripturalist, and leader of the Yihewani Muslim sect in China.

He was influential and played an important role in Chinese Islam inthis position as he propagated reformist doctrines in Ningxia in hislater life.

Hu also played a role in rallying Muslims against the Japanese

invasion of China. When Japan invaded China in 1937 during the Second Sino Japanese

War, Hu Songshan ordered that the Chinese Flag be salutedduring morning prayer, along with deference to nationalism. Aprayer was written by him in Arabic and Chinese which prayed forthe defeat of the Japanese and support of the Chinese government.The Quran was used to justify struggling against the Japanese.[4][5]
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Zhnzhqi nn yunzh wmen de zhngf , shwmen deyngcnshwmen de kngzhn shnglxiomiwmen denn boyuwmenminzo drn qnl h cnsh de boxngchiqinkungfngshtmen defijzhulujnjin zng shshbng yn zhnshtmen de jngjbngkuqi nn jing tichngf tmenZhnzhqi nn shngzhnwmen de qdzhyng ba

Oh God! Help our government and nation, defeate the invadersexterminate our enemies. Protect us from the evil deeds done bviolent Japanese. They have occupied our cities and killed our peupon them a furious wind, cause their airplanes to fall in the wildand their battleships to sink in the sea! Cause their army to scatteconomy to collapse! Give them their just reward! True God, ansprayer! So be it.

Ethnic Groups in China

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