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Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 20051 Intellectual Property. Censorship and Freedom of...
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Transcript of Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 20051 Intellectual Property. Censorship and Freedom of...
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 1
Intellectual Property. Censorship and Freedom of Speech. Privacy
19.10. 2005
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 2
Today
Intellectual property Censorship – Internet censorship Privacy
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 3
But first …..
A Home Computer http://users.net1plus.com/scottm/
HomeComputer.jpg
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 4
Intellectual property
Intellectual property rights Protecting intellectual property Restictions on Use Protection for software Morality of copying software
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 5
What is intellectual property
Any unique product of the human intellect that has commercial value: Songs, books, films, paintings, inventions,
software. Source: (The university of Texas – Intellectual
properties: www.uta.edu/tto/ip-defs.htm)
Can one own intellectual property? Discuss
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 6
Property rights
John Locke (1632-1704) developed a theory of Property rights:
The Second Treatise of Government People have a right to property in their own
person Nobody has the right to the person of
anybody else People have the right to their own labour People have the right to things they have
removed for Nature through their own labour
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 7
Is there a natural right to intellectual property?
Locke: Physical objects Today: Ideas
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 8
Fair use
It is legal to reproduce a copyright work in some cicumstances: Educational use Use of non-fiction rather than fiction Parts rather than whole chapters Use of out-of-print material
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 9
Censorship
What is censorship? Discuss
Case: Revenge on the Internet
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 10
What is censorship?
’The attempt to supress or regulate public access to material considered offensive or harmful.’
Excercised by governments and religious institutions
Example: Government monopolization: The Soviet Union: suppressed flow of information and freedom of speech
Possesion of child pornography
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 11
The Internet: Challenges
Many-to-many communications Difficult to censure compared with
newspapers and Television The Internet is dynamic, large
More….discuss
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 12
Cases described in Dagbladet (Magasinet)
Revenge on the Internet Revenge by e-mail
Slander about the love life of a well-known lawyer
Not just in the office, but in all cyberspace (!)
Usenet discussions - Difficult to stop e-mail campaigns
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 13
Ethical problem:
Chain letters (e-mails) describing people in a negative way.
Not necessarily illegal Unethical? Protection of privacy vs. freedom of
speech? Discuss
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 14
Example
Information about private things must be of interest to the public
For instance: A politician for the Christian Democratic
Party (KrF) who publically advocates a moral view and in private does something completely different
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 15
Ethical Views on Censorship
Kant’s view: Have courage to use your own reason Obstacles to using own reason were
removed in the Enlightenment Kant opposed censorship
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 16
John Stuart Mill
Freedom of expression Good ideas prevail over bad ones Applied to the www: supports the free
exchange of opinions and oppose all government censorship
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 17
Priniciple of harm - John Stuart Mill
’The only ground on which intervention is justified is to prevent harm to others, the individual’s own good is not a sufficient condition’.
Excercise Write down examples of censorship that
are based on this principle.
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 18
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 19
Freedom of Expression
A constitutional right An absolute right?
Discuss
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 20
INTERNET FREE EXPRESSION ALLIANCE
http://www.ifea.net/ Quote: ’The Internet is a powerful and
positive forum for free expression. It is the place where "any person can
become a town crier with a voice that resonates farther than it could from any soapbox,"
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 21
Cont.
’Internet users, online publishers, library and academic groups and free speech and journalistic organizations share a common interest in opposing the adoption of techniques and standards that could limit the vibrance and openness of the Internet as a communications medium.
Indeed, content "filtering" techniques already have been implemented in ways inconsistent with free speech principles, impeding the ability of Internet users to publish and receive constitutionally protected expression. ’
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 22
Freedom in Cyberspace
Discuss these views: The Internet is a common area, a public
space like a village square, except that it is the largest common area that has yet existed.
This world-wide community is as large and diverse as humanity itself. Therefore, no one community's standards can govern the type of speech permissible on the Internet.
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 23
Continued….
In the words of John Gilmore, a founding member of the EFF (Electronic Frontier Foundation) "The Internet interprets censorship as
damage, and routes around it." Because of the Internet's robust design, it is
impossible to completely block access to information except in very limited and controlled circumstances blocking access to a specific site from a home
computer using a firewall to block certain sites from
employees on a workplace network. http://livinginternet.com/i/ip_speech.htm
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 24
Freedom of Speech and Press on the Internet
The Free Software Foundation supports the freedoms of speech, press, and association on the Internet.
Save the Web is a movement dedicated to ensuring that the highest priority of Internet law in Europe is to protect individual Internet users' rights.
http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/basic-freedoms.html
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 25
Red Alert
The digital copyright threat : The most dangerous new proposed law is being pushed in Brussels by powerful multinational film, music and software companies. They are telling EU politicians that the Internet will turn us all into thieves, and want sweeping new laws that extend their rights on the Internet. If succeeds, they will destroy the Web as we know it. But they didn't succeed in America, and we can still stop them in Europe . But we have to act now.
Threats to privacy : A wide range of businesses, governments, and law-enforcement agencies want to watch what we do on the Internet. We will lose our rights to privacy if we don't defend them.
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 26
Organizations that work for freedom in computer development and electronic communications
openrevolt.org This site is devoted to providing information about the European Copyright Directive and similar legislation.
OpenCores The OpenCores project exists to further the aims of the Open IP Core definition,
chillingeffects.org Chilling Effects is a collection point for cease and desist notices concerning online activity -- we invite visitors to enter C&Ds they have received or sent. The website collects the C&Ds in a searchable database and hyperlinks them to explanations of the legal issues.
The League for Programming Freedom The League for Programming Freedom is an organization that opposes software patents and user interface copyrights.
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 27
Cont Free Protocols Foundation The Free Protocols
Foundation (FPF) is an independent public forum, dedicated to the support of patent-free protocols.
Electronic Frontier Foundation EFF, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, is a non-profit, non-partisan organization working in the public interest to protect fundamental civil liberties, including privacy and freedom of expression, in the arena of computers and the Internet.
Electronic Privacy Information Center EPIC is a public interest research center in Washington, D.C. It was established in 1994 to focus public attention on emerging civil liberties issues and to protect privacy, the First Amendment, and constitutional values.
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 28
Cont…. Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility CPSR is a
public-interest alliance of computer scientists and others concerned about the impact of computer technology on society. We work to influence decisions regarding the development and use of computers because those decisions have far-reaching consequences and reflect our basic values and priorities.
Global Internet LibertyCampaign The GILC comprises of members from American Civil Liberties Union, the Electronic Privacy Information Center, Human Rights Watch, the Internet Society, Privacy International, the Association des Utilisateurs d'Internet, and other civil liberties and human rights organizations. They advocate the prohibition of censorship of on-line communication, and insist that on-line free expression should not be restricted by indirect means such as excessively restrictive governmental or private controls over computer hardware or software, telecommunications infrastructure, or other essential components of the Internet.
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 29
Protection of Privacy
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 30
Electronic surveillance The Internet poses threats to personal security and
privacy. Sensitive information is circulating in electronic
form, including telephone conversations, FAX messages, electronic mail, fund transfers, trade secrets and health records.
The same technological advances that have brought enormous benefits to humankind also make us more vulnerable than ever before to unwanted and potentially dangerous snooping by Governments business competitors Terrorists Nosy neighbors Hackers thieves.
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 31
Harms and benefits of privacy
Illegal and unethical acvtivities Privacy – A Necessary right?
Discussion
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 32
Laws
§2 – ’The Law of Personal Privacy’ – ’Lov om personvern’ – Norway
US law – Privacy Act of 1974
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 33
The Center for Democracy and Technology – On spyware
CDT is working on several fronts to combat the "spyware" problem. http://www.cdt.org/mission/
’We believe a complete solution will require a combination of better enforcement of
existing laws, anti-spyware technologies, self-regulatory policies, and possibly new legislation.’
Yes?
Ethics - MS008A - Kirsten Ribu - HiO - 2005 34
Privacy International
Privacy International (PI) is a human rights group formed in 1990 as a watchdog on surveillance and privacy invasions by governments and corporations.
PI is based in London, England, and has an office in Washington, D.C.
PI has conducted campaigns and research throughout the world on issues ranging from wiretapping and national security, to ID cards, video surveillance, data matching, police information systems, medical privacy, and freedom of information and expression.
http://www.privacyinternational.org/