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![Page 1: Ethical Issues Associated with Information and Communication Technology in Guidance James P. Sampson, Jr. Mannheim, Germany - October 2012 Symposium entitled,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e115503460f94afdcec/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ethical Issues Associated with Information and Communication
Technology in Guidance
James P. Sampson, Jr.
Mannheim, Germany - October 2012
Symposium entitled, “Ethical Standards of IAEVG – How can Ethics in Guidance Respond to the
Challenges of a Changing World?” at Career Guidance for Social Justice,
Prosperity and Sustainable Employment - Challenges for the 21st Century”
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Organization of the Presentation
• Introduction
• Social Equity Issues
• Resource Issues
• Service Issues
• Professional Standards
• Conclusion
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Introduction
• Evolution of ICT in guidance
– Batch processing of career assessments by mainframe computers and minicomputers
– Local delivery of career assessments, information, and instruction on personal computers
– Distance delivery of career assessments, information, and instruction on the Internet, along with distance service delivery and social media via the Internet
• Evolution of ethical issues – stability & change
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Social Equity Issues
• The Internet allows counseling and guidance to transcend geographic and physical barriers
• Increased Internet access from cheaper computers and mobile devices (smart phones & tablets)
• However, access is still not universal
– With a global population in 2011 of almost 7 billion, this still means that 4,620,000,000 people in the world do not have ready access to the Internet
• Even in the most economically advanced countries there are still individuals with little to no access to the Internet – Public access points are inadequate
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Social Equity Issues
• Equity of access to career interventions is a social justice issue
• Equity of access to the Internet is also a social justice issue
• The costs of computer hardware and access fees puts the Internet further out of reach of persons with limited financial resources
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Resource Issues
• Quality of Assessments and Information Delivered on the Internet
• Availability of User Support when Needed
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Quality of Assessments & Information
• Highly variable quality of assessments online with little evidence of validity
• Variable quality of test interpretations• Career information has similar problems
of variability and validity evidence– Some data inaccurate, biased, out-of-date– Some good data is poorly presented
• Individuals may be getting better access to inferior guidance resources 7
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Quality of Assessments & Information
• Economics of publishing a factor– High costs of developing and distributing
paper products created a disincentive for producing low quality resources
– Lower costs for electronic publishing make it more economically viable to produce and distribute poor quality information
– (Many responsible publishers remain who produce high quality resources)
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Availability of User Support
• Successful use of resources dependent on readiness for career decision making
• Individuals with lower readiness need more assistance to make effective use of career resources
• Individuals with higher readiness need little or no support from a practitioner to use career resources
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Availability of User Support
• Resources in the past were provided by a practitioner
• Resources now widely available on the Internet
• Many users unprepared for independent use of resources
• Web sites do not generally indicate circumstances where help is needed
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Service Issues
• Confidentiality and User Privacy
• Distance Service Delivery
• Social Media
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Confidentiality and User Privacy
• The expanded access to information increases the chances for violations of confidentiality
• Data security measures not uniformly followed by practitioners
• A Lack of auditory and visual privacy is also a problem, especially at public access Internet sites
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Distance Service Delivery
• The Internet improves access due to problems of disability or geography
• Potential problems:– Inappropriate clients (mental health/literacy)– Unavailability of local emergency contacts– Limited awareness of local conditions– Limited awareness of diverse cultures– Confusion regarding practitioner credentials
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Social Media
• Used to deliver and market services
• Potential problems:– Maintaining professional boundaries
between practitioners and the individuals they serve
– Reaching a mutual understanding with the client on the purpose and use of social media in service delivery
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Professional Standards
• Ethical Standards
• Credentialing Standards
• Accreditation Standards
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Ethical Standards
• Ethical codes created to educate professionals, as well as protecting the public
• Three approaches in developing ethical codes
1. Incorporating elements of ICT use into relevant sections of a general code
2. Creating specialized codes
3. Including ethical issues related to guidance as one component of standards for the design and delivery of computer-based career resources
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Ethical Standards
• Codes are being kept up-to-date, such as distance services and social media
• Changes in the way that individuals gain access to resources and services have not made issues that were originally identified thirty years ago any less relevant today
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Credentialing Standards
• Credentialing standards were created, in part, as a conceptual basis for voluntary professional certification
• These standards function similar to ethical codes with ICT elements added to general credentialing standards or the creation of specialized standards
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Accreditation Standards
• Accreditation standards are intended to ensure that students graduating from preparation programs have the necessary knowledge and skills to effectively practice
• Accreditation standards are more general than ethical or credentialing standards regarding ICT in service delivery
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Conclusion
• Professional associations are working to keep standards up-to-date
• However, research is needed to guide the development of future standards and training resources
• The success of ICT in guidance depends on our ability to shape fast changing technology in organizations and professions that change more slowly 20
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For more information
www.career.fsu.edu/techcenter