Ethical Considerations of ICT Integration in Careers …Ethical Considerations of ICT Integration in...
Transcript of Ethical Considerations of ICT Integration in Careers …Ethical Considerations of ICT Integration in...
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Ethical Considerations of ICT
Integration in Careers Practice
James P. Sampson, Jr.
Quebec City, Canada
June 4, 2014
Presentation at the Symposium entitled,
“Integration of ICT within Career Development &
Guidance Practice” at the IAEVG International
Conference in Guidance and Career Development
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Organization of the Presentation
• Introduction
• Social Equity Issues
• Resource Issues
• Service Issues
• Professional Standards
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Introduction
• Evolution of ICT in guidance
– Batch processing of career assessments by
mainframe computers and minicomputers
– Local delivery of career assessments, information,
and instruction on personal computers
– Distance delivery of career assessments,
information, and instruction on the Internet, along
with distance service delivery and social media via
the Internet
• Evolution of ethical issues – stability & change
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Social Equity Issues
• The Internet allows counseling and guidance to
transcend geographic and physical barriers
• Increased Internet access from cheaper
computers and mobile devices (smart phones
& tablets)
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Social Equity Issues
• However, access is still not universal
– With a global population in 2011 of almost 7 billion,
this still means that 4,620,000,000 people in the
world do not have ready access to the Internet
• Even in the most economically advanced
countries there are still individuals with little to
no access to the Internet – Public access
points are inadequate
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Social Equity Issues
• Equity of access to career interventions
is a social justice issue
• Equity of access to the Internet is also a
social justice issue
• The costs of computer hardware and
access fees puts the Internet further out
of reach of persons with limited financial
resources
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Resource Issues
• Quality of Assessments and Information
Delivered on the Internet
• Availability of User Support when
Needed
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Quality of Assessments & Information
• Highly variable quality of assessments
online with little evidence of validity
• Variable quality of test interpretations
• Career information has similar problems
of variability and validity evidence
– Some data inaccurate, biased, out-of-date
– Some good data is poorly presented
• Individuals may be getting better access
to inferior guidance resources 8
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Quality of Assessments & Information
• Economics of publishing a factor
– High costs of developing and distributing
paper products created a disincentive for
producing low quality resources
– Lower costs for electronic publishing make
it more economically viable to produce and
distribute poor quality information
– (Many responsible publishers remain who
produce high quality resources)
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Availability of User Support
• Successful use of resources dependent
on readiness for career decision making
• Individuals with lower readiness need
more assistance to make effective use
of career resources
• Individuals with higher readiness need
little or no support from a practitioner to
use career resources
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Availability of User Support
• Resources in the past were provided by
a practitioner
• Resources now widely available on the
Internet
• Many users unprepared for independent
use of resources
• Web sites do not generally indicate
circumstances where help is needed 11
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Service Issues
• Confidentiality and User Privacy
• Distance Service Delivery
• Social Media
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Confidentiality and User Privacy
• The expanded access to information
increases the chances for inappropriate
access
• Data security measures not uniformly
followed
• A Lack of auditory and visual privacy is
also a problem, especially at public sites
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Distance Service Delivery
• The Internet improves access due to
problems of disability or geography
• Potential problems:
– Inappropriate clients (mental health/literacy)
– Unavailability of local emergency contacts
– Limited awareness of local conditions
– Limited awareness of culture
– Confusion regarding practitioner credentials
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Social Media
• Used to deliver and market services
• Potential problems:
– Maintaining professional boundaries
between practitioners and the individuals
they serve
– Reaching a mutual understanding with the
client of the purpose and use of social
media in service delivery
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Professional Standards
• Ethical Standards
• Credentialing Standards
• Accreditation Standards
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Ethical Standards
• Ethical codes created to educate
professionals, as well as protecting the public
• Three approaches in developing ethical codes
1. Incorporating elements of ICT use into relevant
sections of a general code
2. Creating specialized codes
3. Including ethical issues related to guidance as
one component of standards for the design and
delivery of computer-based career resources
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Ethical Standards
• Codes are keeping up-to-date, such as
distance services and social media
• Changes in the way that individuals gain
access to resources and services have
not made issues that were originally
identified thirty years ago any less
relevant today
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Credentialing Standards
• Credentialing standards were created, in part,
as a conceptual basis for voluntary
professional certification
• Function similar to ethical codes with ICT
elements added to general credentialing
standards or creation of specialized standards
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Accreditation Standards
• Accreditation standards are intended to
ensure that students graduating from
preparation programs have the necessary
knowledge and skills to effectively practice
• Accreditation standards are more general
than ethical or credentialing standards
regarding ICT in service delivery
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Conclusion
• Professional associations are working to
keep standards up-to-date
• However, research is needed to guide
the development of future standards and
training resources
• The success of ICT in guidance depends
on our ability to shape fast changing
technology in organizations and
professions that change more slowly 21
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Reference
• Sampson, J. P., & Makela, J. P. (2014).
Ethical issues associated with information
and communication technology in
counseling and guidance. International
Association for Educational and
Vocational Guidance Journal, 14, 135-
148. doi:10.1007/s10775-013-9258-7
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For more information
www.career.fsu.edu/techcenter