ET 01 Definition and Types of Research
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Transcript of ET 01 Definition and Types of Research
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
IN ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
ET01 DEFINITIONS
AND TYPES OF RESEARCH
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ET01 - DEFINITIONS AND TYPES OF
RESEARCH
CONTENTS
1. Definitions of Research Methodology and Research
2. Objectives of Research
3. Characteristics of Research
4. Criteria of a Good Research
5. Qualities of a Good Research
6. Need for Research7. Scope/Significance of Research
8. Types of Research
9. Overview of the Research Process
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1. DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND
RESEARCH
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Methodology is defined as a highly intellectual human
activity used in the investigation of nature and matter, and deals
specifically with the manner in which data is collected, analyzed and
interpreted.
RESEARCH
Research is an endeavor to discover answers to intellectual and
practical problems through the application of scientific methods
Research is the systematic process of collecting and analyzinginformation (data) in order to increase our understanding of the
phenomenon about which we are concerned or interested.
The purpose of research is to discover answers through the application
of scientific procedures.
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2. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
The objectives of research are:
To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into
it Exploratory or Formulative Research.
To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual,
situation or a group Descriptive Research.
To determine the frequency of occurrence of an event or its association
with other events Diagnostic Research.
To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables
Hypothesis-Testing Research.
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3. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
Research is directed towards the solution of a problem.
Research is based upon observable experience or empirical evidence.
Research demands accurate observation and description.
Research involves gathering new data from primary sources or using
existing data for a new purpose.
Research activities are characterized by carefully designed procedures.
Research requires expertise i.e., skill necessary to carryout
investigation, search the related literature and to understand and
analyze the data gathered.
Research is objective and logical applying every possible test to
validate the data collected and conclusions reached. Research involves the quest for answers to unsolved problems.
Research requires courage.
Research is characterized by patient and unhurried activity.
Research is carefully recorded and reported.
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4. CRITERIA OF A GOOD RESEARCH
Purpose clearly defined.Research process detailed.
Research design thoroughly planned.
High ethical standards applied.
Limitations frankly revealed.
Adequate analysis for decision makers needs.
Findings presented unambiguously.
Conclusions justified.
Researchers experience reflected.
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5. QUALITIES OF A GOOD RESEARCH
Systematic
Logical
Empirical
Replicable
Creative
Use of multiple methods
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6. NEED FOR RESEARCH
EXPLORATION
DESCRIBE
DIAGNOSE
HYPOTHESIS
INDUCTIONS AND DEDUCTIONS
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7. SCOPE/SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH
Research for decision making
Throws light on risks and uncertainty
Identifies alternative courses of action
Helps in economic use of resources
Helps in project identification
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Solves investment problems
Solves pricing problems
Solves allocation problems
Solves decision making issues in Human
Resources (HR)
Solves various operational and planning
problems of business and industry
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Provides the basis for all government policiesin our economic system.
Helps social scientists in studying socialrelationships and in seeking answers tovarious social problems.
For students, research means or a way toattain a higher position in the social structure.
For professionals in research, it may mean asource of livelihood.
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For philosophers and thinkers, research means
the outlet for new ideas and insights.
For literary men and women, research means
development of new styles and creative work.
For analysts and intellectuals, research means
generalizations of new theories.
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8. TYPES OF RESEARCH
Descriptive Research - Fact finding investigationwhich is aimed at describing the characteristics ofindividual, situation or a group (or) describing thestate of affairs as it exists at present.
Analytical Research - Primarily concerned withtesting hypothesis and specifying and interpretingrelationships, by analyzing the facts or informationalready available.
Applied Research - Carried out to find solution to areal life problem requiring an action or policy decision.
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Fundamental Research (basic or pure research) -Undertaken for the sake of knowledge without anyintention to apply it in practice. It is undertaken out of
intellectual curiosity and is not necessarily problem-oriented.
Quantitative Research - Employed for measuring the
quantity or amount of a particular phenomenon by theuse of statistical analysis.
Qualitative Research - Non-quantitative type ofanalysis which is aimed at finding out the quality of a
particular phenomenon.
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Survey Research The process of conducting a study of
specific groups or populations using questionnaires,
structured interviews and observation with data recordingsheets.
Correlational Research Determines whether, and to what
degree a relationship exists between two or morequantifiable variables.
Causal Comparative Research Used when a hypothesis
cannot be tested by manipulating a variable.
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Adaptational Research/Implementation Research The
stepping up of research results to the level of immediate
application for achieving specific practical goals.
Action Research The joining of the researcher in the
activities of the group being studied in an informal,
qualitative, interpretive and experimental manner(participant-as-observer).
Intervention Studies Conducted to evaluate the impact of
specific interventions on the prevention of disease, often in
the context of community-based intervention trials or
modifying the clinical course of disease.
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Formative Research Conducted to understand behavioral,
structural or systematic factors that influence decisions and
actions.
Social Marketing and Communications Research
Undertaken to ensure that marketing decisions are
empirically based.
Operations Research A technique that seeks the
determination of the best (optimum) of action of a decision
problem under the restriction of limited resources.
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Conceptual Research - Used by philosophers andthinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpretexisting ones.
Empirical Research - Data based research whichdepends on experience or observation alone. It is aimedat coming up with conclusions without due regard for
system and theory.
One-time Research Research confined to a singletime period.
Longitudinal Research Research carried on overseveral time periods.
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Diagnostic Research (also clinical research) - Aims atidentifying the causes of a problem, frequency ofoccurence and the possible solutions for it.
Exploratory Research Preliminary study of anunfamiliar problem, about which the researcher haslittle or no knowledge. It is aimed to gain familiarity
with the problem, to generate new ideas or to make aprecise formulation of the problem. Hence it is alsoknown as formulative research.
Experimental Research Designed to assess the effect
of one particular variable on a phenomenon bykeeping the other variables constant or controlled.
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Historical Research The study of past records and other
information sources, with a view to finding the origin and
development of a phenomenon and to discover the trendsin the past, in order to understand the present and to
predict the future.
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9. OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS
Define Research Problem
Review Concept and Theories
Review Previous Research Findings
Formulate Hypothesis
Design Research
Collect Data
Analyze Data (Test Hypothesis )
Interpret and Report.
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THANK YOU