What Is High Blood Pressure?Blood pressure is the amount of force exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries. A person's blood pressure is considered high when the readings are greater than 140 mm Hg systolic (the top number in the blood pressure reading) or 90 mm Hg diastolic (the bottom number). In general, high blood pressure, or hypertension, contributes to the development of coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure and kidney disease.

What Are the Effects of High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy?Although many pregnant women with high blood pressure have healthy babies without serious problems, high blood pressure can be dangerous for both the mother and the fetus. Women with pre-existing, or chronic, high blood pressure are more likely to have certain complications during pregnancy than those with normal blood pressure. However, some women develop high blood pressure while they are pregnant (often called gestational hypertension).

The effects of high blood pressure range from mild to severe. High blood pressure can harm the mother's kidneys and other organs, and it can cause low birth weight and early delivery. In the most serious cases, the mother develops preeclampsia--or "toxemia of pregnancy"--which can threaten the lives of both the mother and the fetus.

What Is Preeclampsia?Preeclampsia is a condition that typically starts after the 20th week of pregnancy and is related to increased blood pressure and protein in the mother's urine (as a result of kidney problems). Preeclampsia affects the placenta, and it can affect the mother's kidney, liver, and brain. When preeclampsia causes seizures, the condition is known as eclampsia--the second leading cause of maternal death in the U.S. Preeclampsia is also a leading cause of fetal complications, which include low birth weight, premature birth, and stillbirth.

There is no proven way to prevent preeclampsia. Most women who develop signs of preeclampsia, however, are closely monitored to lessen or avoid related problems. The only way to "cure" preeclampsia is to deliver the baby.

How Common Are High Blood Pressure and Preeclampsia in Pregnancy?High blood pressure problems occur in 6 percent to 8 percent of all pregnancies in the U.S., about 70 percent of which are first-time pregnancies. In 1998, more than 146,320 cases of preeclampsia alone were diagnosed.

Although the proportion of pregnancies with gestational hypertension and eclampsia has remained about the same in the U.S. over the past decade, the rate of preeclampsia has increased by nearly one-third. This increase is due in part to a rise in the numbers of older mothers and of multiple births, where preeclampsia occurs more frequently. For example, in 1998 birth rates among women ages 30 to 44 and the number of births to women ages 45 and older were at the highest levels in 3 decades, according to the National Center for Health Statistics. Furthermore, between 1980 and 1998, rates of twin births increased about 50 percent overall and 1,000 percent among women ages 45 to 49; rates of triplet and other higher-order multiple births jumped more than 400 percent overall, and 1,000 percent among women in their 40s.

Who Is More Likely to Develop Preeclampsia? Women with chronic hypertension (high blood pressure before becoming pregnant).

Women who developed high blood pressure or preeclampsia during a previous pregnancy, especially if these conditions occurred early in the pregnancy.

Women who are obese prior to pregnancy.

Pregnant women under the age of 20 or over the age of 40.

Women who are pregnant with more than one baby.

Women with diabetes, kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or scleroderma.

How Is Preeclampsia Detected?Unfortunately, there is no single test to predict or diagnose preeclampsia. Key signs are increased blood pressure and protein in the urine (proteinuria). Other symptoms that seem to occur with preeclampsia include persistent headaches, blurred vision or sensitivity to light, and abdominal pain.

All of these sensations can be caused by other disorders; they can also occur in healthy pregnancies. Regular visits with your doctor help him or her to track your blood pressure and level of protein in your urine, to order and analyze blood tests that detect signs of preeclampsia, and to monitor fetal development more closely.

How Can Women with High Blood Pressure Prevent Problems During Pregnancy?If you are thinking about having a baby and you have high blood pressure, talk first to your doctor or nurse. Taking steps to control your blood pressure before and during pregnancy--and getting regular prenatal care--go a long way toward ensuring your well-being and your baby's health.

Before becoming pregnant: Be sure your blood pressure is under control. Lifestyle changes such as limiting your salt intake, participating in regular physical activity, and losing weight if you are overweight can be helpful.

Discuss with your doctor how hypertension might affect you and your baby during pregnancy, and what you can do to prevent or lessen problems.

If you take medicines for your blood pressure, ask your doctor whether you should change the amount you take or stop taking them during pregnancy. Experts currently recommend avoiding angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and Angiotensin II (AII) receptor antagonists during pregnancy; other blood pressure medications may be OK for you to use. Do not, however, stop or change your medicines unless your doctor tells you to do so.

While you are pregnant: Obtain regular prenatal medical care.

Avoid alcohol and tobacco.

Talk to your doctor about any over-the-counter medications you are taking or are thinking about taking.

Does Hypertension or Preeclampsia During Pregnancy Cause Long-Term Heart and Blood Vessel Problems?The effects of high blood pressure during pregnancy vary depending on the disorder and other factors. According to the National High Blood Pressure Education Program (NHBPEP), preeclampsia does not in general increase a woman's risk for developing chronic hypertension or other heart-related problems. The NHBPEP also reports that in women with normal blood pressure who develop preeclampsia after the 20th week of their first pregnancy, short-term complications--including increased blood pressure--usually go away within about 6 weeks after delivery.

Some women, however, may be more likely to develop high blood pressure or other heart disease later in life. More research is needed to determine the long-term health effects of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and to develop better methods for identifying, diagnosing, and treating women at risk for these conditions.

Even though high blood pressure and related disorders during pregnancy can be serious, most women with high blood pressure and those who develop preeclampsia have successful pregnancies. Obtaining early and regular prenatal care is the most important thing you can do for you and your baby.

For More InformationThe NHBPEP has updated clinical guidelines on high blood pressure in pregnancy through a coordinating committee representing more than 45 medical organizations and agencies. NHBPEP is coordinated by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National Institutes of Health. The Working Group Report on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy (NIH Publication No. 00-3029) can be purchased through the NHLBI Health Information Network at (301) 592-8573 and is available on the NHLBI Web site at: "http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/heart/hbp/hbp_preg.htm." BOGUE CALCULATIONC3S = 4.0710CaO-7.6024SiO2-1.4297Fe2O3-6.7187Al2O3

C2S = 8.6024SiO2+1.0785Fe2O3+5.0683Al2O3-3.0710CaO

C3A = 2.6504Al2O3-1.6920Fe2O3C4AF = 3.0432Fe2O3Clinker analysis

SiO2Al2O3Fe2O3CaOMgOK2ONa2OSO3LOIIRTotal

21.55.22.866.61.00.60.21.01.50.598.9

Free lime = 1.0% CaO

Using the above analysis, the calculation is as follows:

Worked example of a Bogue calculation:Combined CaO = (66.6% - 1.0% free lime) = 65.6%

This is the figure we use for CaO in the calculation.

From the analysis, we have:

CaO=65.6%; SiO2=21.5%; Al2O3=5.2% and Fe2O3=2.8%

The Bogue calculation is therefore:

C3S = 4.0710CaO-7.6024SiO2-1.4297Fe2O3-6.7187Al2O3

C2S = 8.6024SiO2+1.1Fe2O3+5.0683Al2O3-3.0710CaO

C3A = 2.6504Al2O3-1.6920Fe2O3C4AF = 3.0432Fe2O3Therefore:

C3S = (4.0710 x 65.6)-(7.6024 x 21.5)-(1.4297 x 2.8)-(6.718 x 5.2)

C2S = (8.6024 x 21.5)+(1.0785 x 2.8)+(5.0683 x 5.2)-(3.0710 x 65.6)

C3A = (2.6504 x 5.2)-(1.6920 x 2.8)

C4AF = 3.0432 x 2.8

So:

C3S = 64.7%

C2S = 12.9%

C3A = 9.0%

C4AF = 8.5%

It should be stressed that the Bogue calculation does not give the 'true' amounts of the four main clinker phases present, although this is sometimes forgotten. The results of the Bogue calculation differ from the 'true' amounts (often called the phase proportions) principally because the actual mineral compositions differ - often only slightly, but occasionally more so, particularly in the case of the ferrite phase - from those assumed in the calculation.

To adjust the calculation for use with Portland cement, it is necessary to consider first what other materials may be present in the cement. If the cement is a mixture of clinker and gypsum only, the calcium bound with the gypsum can be allowed for approximately by deducting (0.7 x SO3) from the total CaO. Note that this does not allow for any clinker sulfate present as potassium or sodium sulfate and a small error will therefore be introduced. A similar adjustment can be carried out for limestone; the limestone content can be estimated by determining the CO2 content of the cement and calculating the coresponding CaO. If either slag or fly ash is present, in principle the formula could be adjusted to take it into account, but the slag or ash composition would need to be known accurately and in practice this is not an adjustment normally made.

Next / Home

You are in Clinker: the Bogue calculationThe following pages have more details on clinker composition, reactions in the kiln and cement milling:

Cement notation / Clinker compositional parameters / Combinability / Reactions in the kiln / Cement milling

DefinitionThe relative humidity of an air-water mixture is defined as the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor in the mixture to the saturated vapor pressure of water at a prescribed temperature.

Relative humidity is normally expressed as a percentage and is calculated by using the following equation:[1]

[edit] MeasurementThe relative humidity of an air-water vapor mixture can be determined through the use of psychrometric charts if both the dry bulb temperature (T) and the Wet Bulb Temperature (Tw) of the mixture are known. These quantities are readily estimated by using a sling psychrometer.

There are several empirical correlations that can be used to estimate the saturated vapor pressure of water vapor as a function of temperature. The Antoine equation is among the least complex of these formulas, having only three parameters (A, B, and C). Other correlations, such as the those presented by Goff-Gratch and Magnus Tenten, are more complicated but yield better accuracy[citation needed]. The correlation presented by Buck (1996) is commonly encountered in the literature and provides a reasonable balance between complexity and accuracy:

INCLUDEPICTURE "http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/9/4/1/9411cf98893e304dfee3f2b999d7e3cc.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET where is the dry bulb temperature expressed in degrees Celsius and is the saturated vapor pressure in hPa (absolute).

[edit] A common misconceptionOften the notion of air holding water vapor is presented to describe the concept of relative humidity. However, air simply acts as a transporter of water vapour and is not a holder of it. Therefore, relative humidity is wholly understood in terms of the physical properties of water alone and thus is unrelated to this concept.[2]

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity" \l "cite_note-2" [3] In fact, water vapor can be present in an airless volume and therefore the relative humidity of this volume can be readily determined.

The misconception that air holds water is likely the result of the use of the word saturation which is often misused in descriptions of relative humidity. In the present context the word saturation refers to the state of water vapor,[4] not the solubility of one material in another.

The thermophysical properties of water-air mixtures encountered at atmospheric conditions are reasonably approximated by assuming they behave as a mixture of ideal gases. For many practical purposes the assumption that both components (air and water) behave independently of each other is reasonable. Therefore the physical properties of an air-water mixture can be estimated by considering the physical properties of each component separately.

[edit] Significance of relative humidity[edit] Climate controlClimate control refers to the control of temperature and relative humidity for human comfort, health and safety, and for the technical requirements of machines and processes, in buildings, vehicles and other enclosed spaces.

[edit] ComfortHumans are sensitive to humid air because the human body uses evaporative cooling as the primary mechanism to regulate temperature.[citation needed] Under humid conditions, the rate at which perspiration evaporates on the skin is lower than it would be under arid conditions. Because humans perceive the rate of heat transfer from the body rather than temperature itself [5], we feel warmer when the relative humidity is high than when it is low.

For example, if the air temperature is 24 C (75 F) and the relative humidity is zero percent, then the air temperature feels like 21 C (69 F).[6] If the relative humidity is 100 percent at the same air temperature, then it feels like 27 C (80 F).[6] In other words, if the air is 24 C and contains saturated water vapor, then the human body cools itself at the same rate as it would if it were 27 C and dry.[6] The heat index and the humidex are indices that reflect the combined effect of temperature and humidity on the cooling effect of the atmosphere on the human body.

[edit] BuildingsWhen controlling the climate in buildings using HVAC systems the key is to control the relative humidity in a comfortable range - low enough to be comfortable but high enough to avoid problems associated with very dry air.

When the temperature is high and the relative humidity is low, evaporation of water is rapid; soil dries, wet clothes hung on a line or rack dry quickly, and perspiration readily evaporates from the skin. Wooden furniture can shrink causing the paint that covers these surfaces to fracture.

When the temperature is high and the relative humidity is high, evaporation of water is slow. When relative humidity approaches 100 percent, condensation can occur on surfaces, leading to problems with mold, corrosion, decay, and other moisture-related deterioration.

Certain production and technical processes and treatments in factories, laboratories, hospitals and other facilities require specific relative humidity levels to be maintained using humidifiers, dehumidifiers and associated control systems.

[edit] VehiclesThe same basic principles as in buildings, above, apply. In addition there may be safety considerations. For instance high humidity inside a vehicle can lead to problems of condensation, such as misting of windshields and shorting of electrical components.

In sealed vehicles and pressure vessels such as pressurised airliners, submersibles and spacecraft these considerations may be critical to safety, and complex environmental control systems including equipment to maintain pressure are needed. For example, airliner fuselages are susceptible to corrosion from humidity, and avionics are susceptible to condensation, and as the failure of either is potentially catastrophic, airliners operate with low internal relative humidity, often under 10%, especially on long flights. The low humidity is a consequence of drawing in the very cold air with a low absolute humidity, which is found at airliner cruising altitudes. Subsequent warming of this air lowers its relative humidity. This causes discomfort such as sore eyes, dry skin, and drying out of mucosa, but humidifiers are not employed to raise it to comfortable mid-range levels because dry air is essential to safe flight.

[edit] Pressure dependenceThe relative humidity of an air-water system is dependent not only on the temperature but also on the absolute pressure of the system of interest. This dependence is demonstrated by considering the air-water system shown below. The system is closed (i.e. no matter enters or leaves the system).

If the system at State A is isobarically heated (heating with no change in system pressure) then the relative humidity of the system decreases because the saturated vapor pressure of water increases with increasing temperature. This is shown in State B.

If the system at State A is isothermally compressed (compressed with no change in system temperature) then the relative humidity of the system increases because the partial pressure of water in the system increases with increasing system pressure. This is shown in State C.

Therefore a change in relative humidity can be explained by a change in system temperature, a change in the absolute pressure of the system, or change in both of these system properties.

[edit] Enhancement factorThe enhancement factor is defined as the ratio of the saturated vapor pressure of water in moist air to the saturated vapor pressure of pure water vapor.

The enhancement factor is equal to unity for ideal systems. However, in real systems the interaction effects between real gas molecules result in a small increase of the saturation vapor pressure of water in air relative to saturated vapor pressure of pure water vapor. Therefore, the enhancement factor is normally slightly greater than unity for real systems.

The enhancement factor is commonly used to correct the saturated vapor pressure of water vapor when empirical relationships, such as those developed by Wexler, Goff, and Gratch, are used to estimated the properties of psychrometric systems.

Buck has reported that, at sea level, the vapor pressure of water in saturated moist air amounts to an increase of approximately 0.5% over the saturated vapor pressure of pure water.[7][edit] Related conceptsThe term relative humidity is reserved for systems of water vapor in air. The term relative saturation is used to describe the analogous property for systems consisting of a condensable phase other than water in a non-condensable phase other than air.[8][edit] Other important facts

A gas in this context is referred to as saturated when the vapor pressure of water in the air is at the equilibrium vapor pressure for water vapor at the temperature of the gas and water vapor mixture; liquid water (and ice, at the appropriate temperature) will fail to lose mass through evaporation when exposed to saturated air. It may also correspond to the possibility of dew or fog forming, within a space that lacks temperature differences among its portions, for instance in response to decreasing temperature. Fog consists of very minute droplets of liquid, primarily held aloft by isostatic motion (in other words, the droplets fall through the air at terminal velocity, but as they are very small, this terminal velocity is very small too, so it doesn't look to us like they are falling and they seem to be being held aloft).

The statement that relative humidity (RH%) can never be above 100%, while a fairly good guide, is not absolutely accurate, without a more sophisticated definition of humidity than the one given here. An arguable exception is the Wilson cloud chamber which uses, in nuclear physics experiments, an extremely brief state of "supersaturation" to accomplish its function.

For a given dewpoint and its corresponding absolute humidity, the relative humidity will change inversely, albeit nonlinearly, with the temperature. This is because the partial pressure of water increases with temperature the operative principle behind everything from hair dryers to dehumidifiers.

Due to the increasing potential for a higher water vapor partial pressure at higher air temperatures, the water content of air at sea level can get as high as 3% by mass at 30 C (86 F) compared to no more than about 0.5% by mass at 0 C (32 F). This explains the low levels (in the absence of measures to add moisture) of humidity in heated structures during winter, indicated by dry skin, itchy eyes, and persistence of static electric charges. Even with saturation (100% relative humidity) outdoors, heating of infiltrated outside air that comes indoors raises its moisture capacity, which lowers relative humidity and increases evaporation rates from moist surfaces indoors (including human bodies.)

Similarly, during summer in humid climates a great deal of liquid water condenses from air cooled in air conditioners. Warmer air is cooled below its dewpoint and the excess water vapor condenses. This phenomenon is the same as that which causes water droplets to form on the outside of a cup containing an ice-cold drink.

A useful rule of thumb is that the maximum absolute humidity doubles for every 20F or 10C increase in temperature. Thus, the relative humidity will drop by a factor of 2 for each 20F or 10C increase in temperature, assuming conservation of absolute moisture. For example, in the range of normal temperatures, air at 70F or 20C and 50% relative humidity will become saturated if cooled to 50F or 10C, its dewpoint and 40F or 5C air at 80% relative humidity warmed to 70F or 20C will have a relative humidity of only 29% and feel dry. By comparison, a relative humidity between 40% and 60% is considered healthy and comfortable in comfort controlled environments (ASHRAE Standard 55 - see thermal comfort).

Water vapor is a lighter gas than air at the same temperature, so humid air will tend to rise by natural convection. This is a mechanism behind thunderstorms and other weather phenomena. Relative humidity is often mentioned in weather forecasts and reports, as it is an indicator of the likelihood of precipitation, dew, or fog. In hot summer weather, it also increases the apparent temperature to humans (and other animals) by hindering the evaporation of perspiration from the skin as the relative humidity rises. This effect is calculated as the heat index or humidex.

A device used to measure humidity is called a hygrometer, one used to regulate it is called a humidistat, or sometimes hygrostat. (These are analogous to a thermometer and thermostat for temperature, respectively.)

Average, Standard Deviation and Relative Standard Deviation

How will your data compare with other peoples data? Lets find out. We will do this by pulling together everybodys

data, then calculating the average, standard deviation, and relative standard deviation. You can then compare your

data with the average of everybodys data.

The average result, x, is calculated by summing the individual results and dividing this sum by the number (n) of

individual values:

x=

x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + . . . .

n

The standard deviation is a measure of how precise the average is, that is, how well the individual numbers agree with

each other. It is a measure of a type of error called random error - the kind of error people cant control very well. It

is calculated as follows:

standard deviation, S =

(x1 - x)2 + (x2 - x)2 + (x3 - x)2 + . . .

n - 1

The relative standard deviation (RSD) is often times more convenient. It is expressed in percent and is obtained by

multiplying the standard deviation by 100 and dividing this product by the average.

relative standard deviation, RSD = 100S / x

Example: Here are 4 measurements: 51.3, 55.6, 49.9 and 52.0. Calculate the average, standard deviation, and relative standard

deviation.

average, x=

51.3 + 55.6 + 49.9 + 52.0

4

=

208.8

4

= 52.2

standard deviation, S =

(51.3 - 52.2)2 + (55.6 - 52.2)2 + (49.9 - 52.2)2 + (52.0 - 52.2)2

4 - 1

=

(-0.9)2 + (3.4)2 + (-2.3)2 + (-0.2)2

3

=

0.81 + 11.56 + 5.29 + 0.04

3

= 5.9

= 2.4

relative standard deviation, RSD = 100S / x=

2.4

52.2

x 100 = 4.6%

Our final result for this example can be written as 52.2 2.4 or 52.2 4.6%Estimation Of Degree Of Calcination

Collect a Kilnfeed sample and corresponding V cyclone discharge material.

Determine the Loss on Ignition of both the samples as,

L1 = %LOI of Kilnfeed

L2 =%LOI of V Cyclone discharge material

Calculate the % Degree of Calcination using the formula:

% degree of calcination = [L1 * (100-L2)- L2 * (100-L1)]/[L1 * (100-L2)]* 100

or

1-[{ L2 * (100 - L1)}/{L1 * (100 - L2)}]*100

For routine analysis consider % LOI of Kilnfeed as 36% and prepare a chart for various % LOI of V Cyclone discharge meal and use as ready reconer.

Degree of Calcination

C (%) = ( fi - di) * 100

fi .

(or)

= (1 - LOIsample) x (100 - LOIfeed)

(100 - LOIsample) x (LOIfeed)

C : Apparent percent calcination of the

sample

fi : Ignition loss of the original feed

di : Ignition loss of the sample

Sr. Joint President (HQ) Jaiprakash Associates Limited Sector-128, Noida-201 304, Distt. Gautam Budh Nagar, (U.P) Website: www.jalindia.com

KIND Attn: T.MOHAN RAO ,DY.MANAGERDEAR SIR,earliear we asked for raw maerials testing charges , we need clinker analysis also please send testing charges for clinker including minor oxides and excluding minor oxides both rates we go furtherregardsK.SUBBA RAOAGM(P&QC)SREE JAYAJOTHI CEMENTS LTDe mail: subbarao.k@jothicements.com

Top of Form

Code

College Name

ABITAKSHAYA BHARATHI INST OF TECHNOLOGY,SIDDAVATAMABRKABR COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY,KANIGIRIAGCTAKULA GOPAYYA COLL. OF ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY,TADEPALLIGUDEMAIETAMARA INST. OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,NARSARAOPETAKITABDULKALAM INST. OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCI.,KOTHAGUDEMAMRNA.M.REDDY MEMORIAL COLL. OF ENGINEERING,NARSARAOPETAMRTAMR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,ADILABADANSNST. ANNS COLLEGE OF ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY,CHIRALAASEKAKULA SREERAMULU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,TANUKUAZDWAZAD COLLEGE OF ENGG FOR WOMEN,MOINABADBVCEB V CHALAMAIAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE,ODALAREVUBVSRBVSR ENGINEERING COLLEGE,CHIMAKURTHYCHBRCHEBROLU ENGINEERING COLLEGE,GUNTURCHKNCHAITANYA INST. OF SCI. AND TECHNOLOGY,KAKINADACHNDCHUNDI RANGANAYAKULU ENGINEERING COLLEGE,CHILAKALURIPETCITMCOASTAL INST OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT,VIZIANAGARAMCITYCHALAPATHI INST OF TECHNOLOGY,GUNTURCWETCITY WOMEN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,HYDERABADELRUELURU COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY,ELURUESWRESWAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,NARSARAOPETEVMNE V M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,NARSARAOPETGDNWG.D.M.M. COLL OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN,NANDIGAMAGECGGUNTUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE,GUNTURGISTGANDHIJI INST OF SCI AND TECHNOLOGY,JAGGAIAHPETAGNAWSRI GNANESWARI RES AND TECHNOLOGY ACADEMY FOR WOMEN,VIZIANAGARAMGVRSG V R AND S COLLEGE OF ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY,GUNTURJITEJOGAIAH INST OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCI,PALAKOLEJITWJAYA INST OF TECHNOLOGY SCI FOR WOMEN,HANAMKONDAJJITJ.J.INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY,MAHESWARAMKCITKRISHNA CHAITANYA INST OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES,MARKAPURKECWKRISHNAVENI ENGG COLLEGE FOR WOMEN,NARSARAOPETKETWKAKINADA INST OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN,KAKINADAKIMSKONASEEMA INST OF MGMT SCIENCES AND COLL OF ENGG.,AMALAPURAMKITKKAKINADA INST OF ENGG TECHNOLOGY,KAKINADAKPITKRISHNAS PRAGATHI INST OF TECHNOLOGY,RAJAHMUNDRYKPSWKITE WOMENS COLLEGE OF PROFESSIONAL ENGG SCIENCES,SHABADKTMCSRI KOTTAM TULASI REDDY MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGG.,ITIKYALKVSRDR.K.V.SUBBA REDDY INST. OF TECHNOLOGY,KURNOOLKVSWDR.K.V.SUBBA REDDYCOLL OF ENGG FOR WOMEN,KURNOOLLENOLENORA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,RAMPACHODAVARAMMINAMINA INST OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN,MIRYALAGUDAMKTWM.KALAVATHAMMA INST OF TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN,RAJAMPETAMLECMALINENI LAKSHMAIAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE,SINGARAYAKONDAMLEWMALINENI LAKSHMAIAH WOMENS ENGG. COLLEGE,GUNTURMOTKMOTHER TERESA INSTITUTE OF SCI. AND TECHNOLOGY,SATHUPALLYMPLGSRI MITTAPALLI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,GUNTURMPTBMENTEY PADMANABHAM COLL OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY,BHIMAVARAMMSITMONTESSORI SIVA SIVANI INST OF SCI AND TECHNOLOGY,MYLAVARAMMXITMATRIX INST OF TECHNOLOGY,CHIKATIMAMIDINEWTNEWTON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING,MACHERLANEXSNEXUS COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,YACHARAMNGMANIGAMA ENGINEERING COLLEGE,KARIMNAGARNIETNETAJI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,CHOUTUPPALNITNNARSARAOPET INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,NARSARAOPETNLNDNALANDA INSTITUTE OF ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY,SATTENAPALLYNMRWNIMRA WOMENS COLL OF ENGINEERING,JUPUDINNTSNALANDA INST OF TECHNOLOGY,SATTENAPALLYNOVHNOVA COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY,BATASINGARAMNOVWNOVA COLLEGE OF ENGG.AND TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN,JUPUDINVAVNOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,IBRAHIMPATNAMPACEPACE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES,ONGOLEPITMPRAJNA INST. OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT,PALASAPITSPRASAD INST. OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE,JAGGAIAHPETAPITWPRIYADARSHINI INST. OF TECH. AND SCIENCES FOR WOMEN,TENALIPNCVP. NAGAIAH CHOUDARY AND VIJAY INST OF ENGG AND TECH,GUNTURPPDVPALADUGU PARVATHI DEVI COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH,GANNAVARAMPPITPULIPATI PRASAD INST OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCI,KHAMMAMPRECDR PAUL RAJS ENGINEERING COLLEGE,BHADRACHALAMRIETRAJAMAHENDRI INST OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY,RAJAHMUNDRYRNECRAO AND NAIDU ENGINEERING COLLEGE,ONGOLESGITDR SAMUEL GEORGE INSTITUTE OF ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY,MARKAPURSITKSARADA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCI.,KHAMMAMSITMSARADA INSTITUTE OF SCI. TECHNOLOGY AND MGMT,SRIKAKULAMSKECSREE KAVITHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE,KAREPALLYSPRGS P R COLLEGE OF ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY,GHATKESARSSCTSRI SAI COLL OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY,ANANTAPURSSEASHRI SAI INSTITUTE OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY,ANANTAPURSSMRSRI SAI MADHAVI INST OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,RAJAHMUNDRYSSNESRI SATYANARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE,ONGOLESTICST. THERESSA INST. OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY,CHEEPURUPALLYTECATENALI ENGINEERING COLLEGE,TENALITMLNTIRUMALA ENGINEERING COLLEGE,NARSARAOPETVAISSRI VAISHNAVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,SRIKAKULAMVHNISREE VAHINI INSTT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,TIRUVURUVISTSRI VENKATESWARA INST OF SCI AND INFO.TECHNOLOGY,TADEPALLIGUDEMVIVKSRI VIVEKA INST OF TECHNOLOGY,NUNNAVKGKVIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCI.,GODAVARIKHANIVKRTSRI V.KRISHNAM RAJU COLL OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY,BHIMAVARAMVNRCVELAGA NAGESWARA RAO COLL OF ENGINEERING,PONNURVSECVAZIR SULTAN ENGINEERING. COLLEGE,KHAMMAMVSEKSRI VASAVI INST OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY,TANUKUVSLWV.S.LAKSHMI ENGG COLLEGE FOR WOMEN,KAKINADAVTTWVAISHNAVI INST OF TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN,TIRUPATHIVVGVVKR AND VNB ENGINEERING COLLEGE,GUDIVADAVYCCVRS AND YRN COLLEGE OF ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY,CHIRALAYBRMY.P.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,MEDAK

Bottom of Form

LIST OF QUALITY CONTROL EQUIPMENTS.

No.Test equipment/chemicals and identification numbers(where applicable)Least count

and range

(where

applicable)Remarks

(Indicate Number

of equipments)

1XRF analyzer (11 elements) Bruker make0.01 %1

2Vibrating Cup Mills Insmart make2

3Pelletizers Insmart make2

4Compressive Strength Machine0-250 1KN

0-500 2 KN 0-1000 5KN1

5Proving ring 1000KN0.002mm1

6Humidity Chambers - Remi Make1o C/ 1 % 3

7Environmental chamber Aimil make1

8Vibrating Machine, Aimil make1 rpm2

9Cube Moulds Aimil Make150

10Auto Clave Testing Machines Aimil make0.4Kg/Cm22

11Le-Chatlier Water Bath - Aimil make1

12Laboratory Ball Mill Aimil Make, 5kg capacity2

13Laboratory Jaw Crusher- Aimil Make 1 & Insmart Make 12

14Pulveriser Aimil make2

15Length Comparator0.002mm1

16Tacho meter 20000 rpm capacity1 rpmd1

17Vicat Apparatus Aimil Make8

18Setting Time Moulds Aimil Make18

19Mixer Machine - 1

20Flow Table1

21Hot Plates Indo Tech make3

22Hot Air Oven Indo Tech Make 2; Aimil Make 21O C4

23Muffle Furnace 0-1200oC Tempo make 2 ; Indo Tech Make 11O C3

24Muffle Furnace 0-1400oC - Indo Tech Make 11O C1

25Electronic Balances 6KG capacity0.5Grams2

26Electronic Balances 200 Grams capacityAdair dutt-0.0001 & Essae 0.0013

27Electronic Top loading Balances 200 Grams capacity0.0012

28Laboratory Test SievesAs required

29Blains Apparatus Aimil Make3

30Standard NCCBM Cement VeilsOPC 4; PPC 4;FLY ASH 4

31Bomb Calorimeter Make - Advance Research Instruments 1 cal1

32Flame Photo meter Aimil make1

33Digital stop watch0-0.01 second2

34Platinum Crucibles with lid, 30gms capacity4

35Distilled water Plant 2

ALL OTHER NECESSARY CHEMICALS, GLASS WARE AND BOOKS ARE AVAILABLE AS PER IS 4031 & IS 4032.

Top of Form

Code

College Name

ABRKABR COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY,KANIGIRIACEEADARSH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,GOLLAPROLUADTSANASUYA DEVI INST OF TECH SCIENCES,BIBINAGARAESSARAVINDAKSHA EDNL SOC GROUP OF INSTNS,SURYAPETAGCTAKULA GOPAYYA COLL. OF ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY,TADEPALLIGUDEMAIMEAMALAPURAM INST OF MGMT SCI COLL OF ENGG,MUMMIDIVARAMAMRNA.M.REDDY MEMORIAL COLL. OF ENGINEERING,NARSARAOPETASEKAKULA SREERAMULU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,TANUKUASOKASHOK INST OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY,MALKAPURAZDWAZAD COLLEGE OF ENGG FOR WOMEN,MOINABADBCTWBHARATH COLL OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN,KADAPABITWBADARI INST OF TECHNOLOGY SCI WOMEN,KAKINADADBITDON BOSCO INST. OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCI,GUNTURGLIMA1 GLOBAL INST OF ENGG TECHNOLOGY,MARKAPURGNAWSRI GNANESWARI RES AND TECHNOLOGY ACADEMY FOR WOMEN,VIZIANAGARAMGOKBGOKUL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. AND SCI.S,BOBBILIGVITG V V R INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BHIMAVARAMGVRSG V R AND S COLLEGE OF ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY,GUNTURGVRWGVRS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOR WOMEN,GUNTURISTSINTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF TECH AND SCIENCES FOR WOMEN,RAJAHMUNDRYKECWKRISHNAVENI ENGG COLLEGE FOR WOMEN,NARSARAOPETKIMSKONASEEMA INST OF MGMT SCIENCES AND COLL OF ENGG.,AMALAPURAMKISRKAKINADA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCIENCES,RAMACHANDRAPURAMMJRTMJR COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY,PULICHERLAMLEWMALINENI LAKSHMAIAH WOMENS ENGG. COLLEGE,GUNTURMPLWSRI MITTAPALLI INST OF TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN,GUNTURMPTBMENTEY PADMANABHAM COLL OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY,BHIMAVARAMMXITMATRIX INST OF TECHNOLOGY,CHIKATIMAMIDINEWTNEWTON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING,MACHERLANMRWNIMRA WOMENS COLL OF ENGINEERING,JUPUDINOVWNOVA COLLEGE OF ENGG.AND TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN,JUPUDINVEWNOVA INST OF TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN,ELURUNVRTN.V.R.COLLEGE OF ENGG TECHNOLOGY,TENALIPECCPONNUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE,GUNTURPETWPRINCETON INST OF ENGG TECH FOR WOMEN,GHATKESARPITTPRIYADARSHINI INST. OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES,TENALIPNCVP. NAGAIAH CHOUDARY AND VIJAY INST OF ENGG AND TECH,GUNTURPYDEPYDAH COLL OF ENGINEERING,KAKINADASECTSREENIVASA COLLEGE OF ENGG TECHNOLOGY,KURNOOLSGITDR SAMUEL GEORGE INSTITUTE OF ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY,MARKAPURSIMHSIMHADRI EDNL SOC GRP OF INSTNS,SABBAVARAMSTMWST.MARYS WOMENS ENGINEERING COLLEGE,GUNTURVBTSVISHWA BHARATHI INST OF TECH AND SCINCES,NADARGULVIITVIVEKANANDA INST OF SCI AND INFO.TECHNOLOGY,SHADNAGARVJITVIJETHA INST OF TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE,NARSAPURAMVKRTSRI V.KRISHNAM RAJU COLL OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY,BHIMAVARAMVSEKSRI VASAVI INST OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY,TANUKUVSLWV.S.LAKSHMI ENGG COLLEGE FOR WOMEN,KAKINADAVTTWVAISHNAVI INST OF TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN,TIRUPATHI

Bottom of Form

FromHuman Resource Manager.Cappaand D'Alberto Nigeria PlcPO Box 870,72 Campbell Street,Lagos, Nigeria.www.cappadalberto.co.cc

ATTN: Krishna Murthy B,

This is an Affirmation that your experience and qualifications were found satisfactory for the requirements of Cappa and D'Alberto Nigeria Plc, and as such you have emerged successful and have been issued a job offer by us.The soft copy of yourJob Offer letteris attached, do accept our offer by signing in the appropriate place and send us scanned copy of the duly signed Job Offer Letter. The terms of agreement are not negotiable, do ignore or inform us if you do not accept the offer, as a suitable replacement will be sort after 5 working days.Contact the NigerianMinistry of Internal Affairswith the below contact details and obtain yourExpatriateQuota Approval Certificate to enable us safely apply for your Work and Residence Permit / Visa;

Nigerian Ministry of Internal AffairsBlock F Old Federal Secretariat,Garki Area 1, P.M.B.16,Garki,Abuja,Nigeria.Tel: +234-8077856267E-mail:intaffairs.ng@minister.com

Direct all your queries to me via email or call me on +234-80754 -33118.

Congratulations,

Regards,

Ogunkoya DanielHuman Resource ManagerTo

Date: 16.08.2010THE UNIT HEADSREE JAYAJOTHI CEMENTS LTD.,

THROUGH: A.G.M (Q.C.) & G.M. (ENG)

Respected Sir,

Sub: payment of house rent payment reg.

Humbly, I (E.Venkateswarlu, Chemist, Q.C. Department) would like to bring to your kind notice that, I have taken a house at Banaganapalli, for a monthly rent of Rs.2000/- . Hence I am requesting your kind selves to advise our Personal Department to arrange to pay the house rent Rs.2000/-(Two thousand only) every month as per the norms of the company.

For your kind action in this regard, I am very much thankful to you forever.

Thanking you Sir,Yours faithfully,

(E.VENKATESWARLU)

To

Date: 24.07.2010

Vice President (T & A)

SREE JAYAJOTHI CEMENTS LTD.,

Respected Sir,

Sub: payment of house rent payment reg.

Humbly, I (S.Gridhar Reddy, Chemist, Q.C. Department) would like to bring to your kind notice that, I have taken a house at Banaganapalli, for a monthly rent of Rs.2000/- . Hence I am requesting your kind selves to advise our Personal Department to arrange to pay the house rent Rs.2000/-(Two thousand only) every month as per the norms of the company.

For your kind action in this regard, I am very much thankful to you forever.

Thanking you Sir,

Yours faithfully,

(S.GIRIDHAR REDDY)

To

Date: 26.07.2010

Vice President (T & A)

SREE JAYAJOTHI CEMENTS LTD.,

Respected Sir,

Through: PROPER CHANNELSub:-

I would like to bring to your kind notice that, I (Y.Venkateswara Reddy, Supervisor, Mechanical Department) am working in this esteemed Organisation since 07.08.2007 and placed under probation for a period of Six Months w.e.f. 01.04.2009. My probation is also completed by 01.10.2009 and so far I have not received my conformation orders.At present I am drawing a monthly salary is Rs.5000/- only (even not equal to the other Trainee Diploma holders salary) I am suffering a lot to meet my family expensive.Hence I am requesting your kind selves to consider my request and help me in this regard.For your kind action I am very much thankful to you forever.

Thanking You Sir,

Yours faithfully,(Y.VENKATESWARA REDDY)

Jump to page contentTop of Form

HTMLCONTROL Forms.HTML:Hidden.1

HTMLCONTROL Forms.HTML:Submitbutton.1 Bottom of Form

Logout

Home

Coal

Carbon Capture & Storage

Coal & the Environment

Coal & Society

About WCI

News

Resources

WCI Publications

Coal & Copenhagen Climate Talks 2009

ECOAL

Case Studies

Coal Statistics

Coal & Steel Statistics

Coal Conversion Statistics

Shipping Terms Glossary

WCI Presentations

WCI Workshops

Archived News

Frequently Asked Questions

Links

Publications Order Form

Blog

Members Area

You are here:

Resources

Coal Statistics

Coal Conversion Statistics

Coal Conversion Statistics

Basis of Analysis

DefinitionsAs Received (ar): includes Total Moisture (TM)Air Dried (ad): includes Inherent Moisture (IM) onlyDry Basis (db): excludes all MoistureDry Ash Free (daf): excludes all Moisture & Ash

The Proximate Analysis of any coal i.e. the % content of Moisture, Ash (A), Volatile Matter (VM), Fixed Carbon (FC) - also Sulphur (S) and Calorific Value (CV) - can be expressed on any of the above bases.

Conversions

To obtain:-Air DryDry BasisAs Received

- multiply

ar by:(100 - IM%) / (100 - TM%)100 / (100 - TM%)-

ad by:-100 / (100 - IM%)(100 - TM%) / (100 - IM%)

db by:(100 - IM%) / 100-(100 - TM%) / 100

[For daf, multiplydb by 100/(100-A)]

Example:

araddbdaf

TM11.0---

IM2.02.0--

Ash12.013.213.5-

VM30.033.033.739.0

FC47.051.852.861.0

Sulphur1.01.11.12-

MASS

Units:Metric ton (t) = tonne = 1000 kilograms (= 2204.6 lb)Imperial or Long ton (lt) = 1016.05 kilograms (= 2240 lb)Short (US) ton (st) = 907.19 kilograms (= 2000 lb)

Conversions:From long ton to metric tonmultiply by 1.016From short ton to metric tonmultiply by 0.9072Mt - million tonnesMtce - million tonnes of coal equivalent (= 0.697 Mtoe)Mtoe - million tonnes of oil equivalent

Calorific Values (CV)

Units:kcal/kg - Kilocalories per kilogramMJ/kg* - Megajoules per kilogramBtu/lb - British Thermal Units per pound* 1 MJ/kg = 1 Gigajoule/tonne (GJ/t)

Gross & Net Calorific Values

Gross CV or higher heating value' (HHV) is the CV under laboratory conditions.Net CV or 'lower heating value' (LHV) is the useful calorific value in boiler plant. The difference is essentially the latent heat of the water vapour produced

Conversions Units

From kcal/kg to MJ/kg multiply by 0.004187From kcal/kg to Btu/lb multiply by 1.800From MJ/kg to kcal/kg multiply MJ/kg by 238.8From MJ/kg to Btu/lb multiply MJ/kg by 429.9From Btu/lb to kcal/kgmultiply Btu/lb by 0.5556From Btu/lb to MJ/kg multiply Btu/lb by 0.002326

Conversions - Gross/Net (per ISO, for As Received figures)

kcal/kg: Net CV = Gross CV - 50.6H - 5.85M - 0.191OMJ/kg: Net CV = Gross CV - 0.212H - 0.0245M - 0.0008OBtu/lb: Net CV = Gross CV - 91.2H - 10.5M - 0.34O- where M is % Moisture, H is % Hydrogen, O is % Oxygen (from ultimate analysis*, also As Received).

* Ultimate analysis determines the amount of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur.For typical bituminous coal with 10% M and 25% Volatile Matter, the differences between gross and net calorific values are approximately as follows:

260 kcal/kg1.09 MJ/kg470 Btu/lb

Power Generation

1 MWh = 3600 MJ1 MW = 1 MJ/s1 MW (thermal power) [MWth] = approx 1000 kg steam/hour1 MW (electrical power) [MWe] = approx MWth / 3

A 600 MWe coal-fired power station operating at 38% efficiency and 75% overall availability will consume approximately:- Bituminous coal (CV 6000 kcal/kg NAR*): 1.5 Mt/annum- Brown coal (CV 2250 kcal/kg NAR*): 4.0 Mt/annum

* Net As ReceivedSources: GWC Coal Handbook & IEA Clean Coal CentreDocuments

WCI Coal Conversion Facts fact card (2007)

Share this Page

Helpful Links

CCS Projects Map

Climate Change

Coal News

ECOAL

Coal Statistics

Email: info@worldcoal.orgTel: +44 (0) 20 7851 0052Fax: +44 (0) 20 7851 0061Contact us | Terms & Conditions | Accessibility | Site Map2010 World Coal Institute

_1343738156.unknown

_1343738157.unknown

_1343738155.unknown

_1343738154.bin