Establishment of European Union I37002 Park In Hong.

Establishment of European Union

I37002 Park In Hong

▶ Before the European Integration

After the two times of terrible World Wars,Maintaining world peace became a most important task to the world.

9. May. 1950, Robert Shuman, the minister for foreign affairs of France, argued to develop deeper cooperation among European countries.

European Union of Federalists(EUF) Wanted to achieve a complete break from the old order of nation-states, and to create a federal constitution for Europe.

Their Congress took place in the Hague in May 1948. As the result, The council of Europe came to be existence.

▶ Shuman Declaration (9. May. 1950)

He presents a plan for deeper cooperation.

He proposed the creation of a European Coal and Steel Community

◈ "World peace cannot be safeguarded without the making of creative efforts proportionate to the dangers which threaten it." ◈ "Europe will not be made all at once, or according to a single plan. It will be built through concrete achievements which first create a de facto solidarity." ◈ "The pooling of coal and steel production... will change the destinies of those regions which have long been devoted to the manufacture of munitions of war, of which they have been the most constant victims."

▶ The Treaty of Paris (18. April. 1951)

Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands sign the Treaty of Paris establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).

“ Peaceful World “If countries began tocontrol the Coal and Steel commonly (the main resource in military industry) it’s more hard to make another war by a one nation states orto develop a one states’ military power. Even in the rivalrousrelationship like Fane and Germany.

▶ European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).

He saw the need to create ‘a large and dynamic common market’ on the Europe scale. (Monnet 1962: 205)’

Jean Monnet was appointed president of the High Authority of ECSC(23. July. 1952)

Not only supplies of Coal and Still which bring profits to domestic

industry. But also He wanted

to integrate Europe in all aspects of Economy and politics

※ Failure of EDC and EPC

Jean Monnet also insisted of establishing European Defence Community(EDC),

which will increase the social cohesion of Europe.

it wasn't acceptable for countriesto delegate their armament power

to supranational organization with giving up their own sovereignty of

military.

EDC was failed through being rejected by council of France in 30 August 1954.

And European political community(EPC) which was planned with EDC was also failed.

▶ The Treaty of Rome (25. March. 1957)

After the two world war, the strength of world moved to United States and Soviet Union rather than European nation states. In this awareness, to increase their economic strength,The Treaties establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) are signed

Common Market

EU countries accept products lawfully sold in another EU country.

People, goods, services, and money Can move around the EUAs Freely as within a single country

▶ The Merger Treaty (8. April. 1965)

The Treaty merging the executives of the three Communities (ECSC, EEC,

Euratom)To European Community

is signed in Brussels. It entered into force on July 1, 1967.

three institution started to be run by same executive agencies, Commission, Council of Minister,

European Parliament, and European Curt of Justice.

▶ Luxemboug Compromise. (28-29. January. 1966)

After "empty chair" France policy for seven months, Result became a retention of the

unanimity vote.

FederalistsWho wantsSupranational government

Inter-governmentalistsWho never wants to loseGovernment power.

VS

Majoritarian

Unanimity

▶ The treaty of Maastricht (7. February. 1992)

Demise of Soviet Union and Unification of Germany,“ Mass exodus of northern citizen. “EC should adopt to these changes.

1.European Union was established as second stage of European integration

2. Specific Plan for Single Currency

3. Foreign and Security policy

▶ Member States

European Economic Integration

GISA 10326 May, 2015

Michaela Mlynárová

Common (Single) Market

reduction of obstacles to trade and to the free flow

of capital and labor across countries

Europe: Single Market Program resulting in the

elimination of non-tariff trade barriers by 1st

January 1993

The Four Freedoms

1. The free movement of goods

2. The free movement of services and

freedom of establishment

3. The free movement of persons

4. The free movement of capital

European Economic Area

Economic and Monetary Union

Created in 1999

Adoption of the common currancy in 2002

elimination of the cost of exchange rate transactions

elimination of the risks associated with exchange rate

movements

cross-border comparisons of prices market

transparency

Eurozone

Monetary vs. Fiscal Policy

Monetary:

Fiscal: government spendings and taxes in the hands of each member state

Eurozone crisis (European sovereign debt crisis)

Dealing with PIIGS

Bail-out Policy – European Stability Mechanism

(2011)

Austerity measures -strict reforms-unpopular

Fiscal Compact – Treaty on Stability, Coordination

and Governance in the E. and M. Union (2013)

limiting deficits to 0,5% of GDP (or 1% if the

debt/GDP ratio is below 60%)

IDEOLOGIES, SOCIETY & CULTURE

European Integration and EU

GISA 10326 May, 2015

Bumjoon Kwon

Outline

I. Ideological dimension of European integration

II. Political & Socio-cultural dimension of European Integration

III. European Integration in the context of Globalization

IV. Regional integration & Globalization

V. Discussion and Q & A

I. Ideologies behind integration

1. Supranationalism (aka federalism) -- e.g. U.S., Russia, India, Brazil, etc. -- constitutionally binding

2. Intergovernmentalism (aka pluralism) -- e.g. United Nations -- bilateralism, multilateralism

3. (Neo-)Functionalism (often called, liberal institutionalism) -- e.g. European Union -- gradualism based on spillover effects


The idea of functionalism

“If one were to visualize a map of the world showing economic and social activities, it would appear as an intricate web of interests and relations crossing and recrossing political divisions -- not a fighting map of States and frontiers, but a map pulsating with the realities of everyday life. They are the natural basis for international organizations: and the task is to bring that map, which is a functioning reality, under joint international government, at least in its essential lines. The political lines will then in time be overlaid and blurred by this web of joint relations and administrations.” (pp. 358-359)

-- David

Mitrany (1948)


(World Conflict Horizon, 2012)


(Bilateral air services agreements between WTO members)


David Mitrany (1888-1975)

-- The Functional Approach to World Organization (1948) -- Compared the post-WWI (1919) and post-WWII (1948) periods in 1948, international mood favors active international society

-- Progressive trends of the post-WWII era 1. trend for national self-government 2. trend for radical social change, caused by political independence of

former colonies -- “Speaking internationally…there is in this social nationalism or

national socialism an actual danger of regression. The modern political trend has led increasingly to the splitting up of the world into independent states.” (pp. 350-351)


Winston Churchill’s vision of a “United States of Europe” -- federalist approach to European integration -- shifting the “core” of integration from Anglo-French to Franco-German reconciliation -- British focused instead on the security issues and the Anglo-American partnership -- since the British moved out of the “core” of the European integration, the British position and approach to EU has

always taken a form of pluralist than federalist -- continental Europe moved ahead with a federalist approach

the original six (France, West Germany, Italy, Luxemburg, Belgium, and the Netherlands) wanted a more far-

reaching, supra-national form of integration


Mitrany’s ideas of Functionalism

-- “International house-building” should be based on two opposite forces 1. the need and habit of material cooperation 2. the general clinging to political segregation -- How to reconcile these two socio-economic & political needs?

-- Three types of “international house-building” 1. A general and fairly loose network or association 2. Federation 3. Functional arrangements

-- Critical of the LoN, or UN system: “such a loose arrangement is inadequate in scope and uncertain in working.” (p. 351)


Mitrany’s ideas of Functionalism

-- Critical of federalism, too (although desirable as the ultimate goal)

“a federation unites, but it also restricts. It rests on a rigid division of powers and functions between territorial authorities which have equal status; and that division is…laid down in a written constitution.” (p. 352)

-- Characteristics of federalism: rigid, inflexible, unpragmatic,

etc.

-- Functional idea as a new political device is shaped by 1. the will for national distinctiveness 2. the need for social and economic integration


Mitrany on the main features of Functionalism

1. need-based, not power-based integration and cooperation

2. functional, practical, pragmatic, administrative, bureaucratic, apolitical, neutral, non-ideological

political bargaining is not necessary

3. guarantees: a) autonomous existence b) autonomous development 4. flexible and adjustable

5. combines classical realism (rational choice) and idealism (peace-building)

“Post-war European moves toward co-operation and integration were the result not of idealism, but of the old selfish games of nation-states.”


Mitrany’s words on functionalism

-- “…nations can be bound together into a world community only if we link them up by what unites, not by what divides.” (p. 359)

-- “unlike rigid political arrangements, they are…capable of concrete adjustment, in keeping with changes in the conditions of the function.” (p. 358)

-- “Functional neutrality is possible, where political neutrality is not.”

(p. 358)

-- “functional schemes are at best complementary, each helping the others, and at worst independent of each other.” (p. 357)

-- “development of federation by installments” (p. 360)


Functionalism: from theory to policy

-- Schuman Plan under the French foreign minister Robert Schuman

-- Jean Monnet (1888-1979) was the actual architecture of the Plan a) French economist and diplomat b) “father of the European integration” c) idea of sectoral integration (function-specific & gradualist) with supranational powers d) aimed at “overcoming the old enmity between France and Germany” e) drafted the Schuman Plan for Franco-German rapprochement, which evolved into ECSC in 1951 f) first President of the High Authority of ECSC (1952-1955)


Functionalism: from theory to policy

-- Schuman Plan a) proposed that “coal and steel resources in western Europe

should be pooled and co-administered by a supra-national

authority” b) aimed at both economic and security purposes -- improving market by reducing tariffs and other barriers -- handling instability caused by the shortage of coal and oversupply of steel -- Franco-German rapprochement creating further and

wider regional integration prospects


European Coal and Steel Community

-- Alsace-Lorraine

-- The original six : France, West Germany, Belgium, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, and Italy


Significance of ECSC

1) First supra-national authority -- first kind of “pulled sovereignty”2) Direct taxing power for generating community income -- financially less dependent on its member states3) Common Assembly -- established the first inter-state assembly in Europe with

legally guaranteed powers4) Court of Justice -- established a separate system of rule of law independent

from its member countries


On establishing ECSC, the Schuman Plan declared:

1) It would mark the birth of a united Europe2) It would make war between member states impossible3) It would encourage world peace4) It would transform Europe in a ‘step-by-step’ process

leading to the unification of Europe democratically, unifying two political blocks separated by the Iron Curtain

5) It would create the world’s first supranational institution6) It would create a common market across the community7) It would, starting with the coal and steel sector, revitalize

the whole European economy by similar community processes

II. Political & socio-cultural issues of EU

Democratic deficit or Transnational democracy?

-- EU integration process as an ‘elite movement’ largely removed from

public interests or opinion

-- gap between the popular perception of and the elite project for EU

-- Anthony D. Smith on EU integration

“There is…little prospect of a European ‘super-nation’ until the

majority of each European nation’s population becomes infused

with a genuinely European consciousness.”


European identity or “Europeanness” “The kind of sense of community that is relevant for

integration,...turned out to be rather a matter of mutual sympathy and loyalties; of ‘we-feeling,’ trust, and mutual consideration...of mutually successful predictions of behavior – in short, a matter of a perpetual dynamic process of mutual attention, communication, perception of needs, and responsiveness in the process of decision-making.”

(Karl Deutsch 1957, p. 17)

The “we-feeling” of Europeanness -- loyalties have to shift from the smaller nation-states to a greater common European unit -- Eurobarometer (45% attached to EU while 52% do not!!) (http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb82/eb82_citizen_en.pdf) (pp. 10-13)

http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb82/eb82_citizen_en.pdf


European identity

1) collective identity : a sense of belonging to a group (collective) that is so strong

that a person will even sacrifice the individual identity to

dedicate to the goals and preservation of the collective 2) Europeanness: “shared experience” or “shared heritage” -- heritage of Roman law and ancient Greek political

philosophy -- Judeo-Christian ethics -- Renaissance humanism and individualism -- Enlightenment rationalism and science -- artistic classicism and romanticism -- traditions of civil rights, democracy, and rule of law -- industrial revolution and modernity


European citizenship (effective since 1993) a) political rights -- a right to vote in EU Parliament elections -- a right to vote in municipal and local

elections -- a right to access EU government

documents b) rights of free movement -- free movement & residence -- non-discrimination on

grounds of nationality c) rights abroad -- a right to protection by the diplomatic or consular authorities of other members in

non- member states

EU citizenship is only supplementary to national citizenship


‘Unity in Diversity’ or ‘Diversity in Unity’

-- what about the non-European immigrants?

-- what about Turkey?

-- what about Islam? -- what about the distinct past, history, tradition, and experiences

of the Central European countries?

-- where is the final eastern border of EU?

-- does (neo-)functionalism still explain the contemporary European integration or EU enlargement?

-- Europe ≠ EU ≠ Western Europe


‘Unity in Diversity’ or ‘Diversity in Unity’

“unacceptable historical myths…and a patchwork memory-less scientific ‘culture’ held together solely by the political will and economic interest that are so often subject to change.”

-- A. D. Smith

“by their incessant search for their own identity and by their fight for survival, the small nations resist the terrifying push toward uniformity on this earth…because small nations have to create, continuously, and worry about, self relevance -- if they stop, they may fall into lethargy and dreaminess, but unlike large nations’ dreams, theirs may end up in a state of never waking up.”

-- Milan Kundera’s Czech Destiny, 1968

III. European integration & Globalization

Significance of European politics

1) Globalization of the sovereign state system -- Europe as the birthplace of nation-state -- birthplace of sovereignty -- birthplace of secularism -- birthplace of rationalism -- post-colonial era : globalization of the international political system

2) European politics as the future global political trend? -- Euro-skeptics v. Euro-enthusiasts

IV. Regional Integration & Globalization

Building blocks or Stumbling blocks?

European integration either as an expression of turbo-charged globalization or as a protective shield against the negative ‘fall-out’ from globalization

1) Regionalization/regionalism as building blocks

-- promote prospects for multilateralism -- actors can ‘learn’ and get accustomed to the effects of

liberalization -- regional agreements are often more to do with strategic or

political alliances than trade liberalization -- regionalism has more positive than negative political effects

IV. Regional Integration & Globalization

Building blocks or Stumbling blocks?

2) Regionalization/regionalism as stumbling blocks

-- it creates trade diversion -- it creates ‘attention diversion’ no incentive for

multilateralism -- competing arrangements may lock in incompatible

regulatory structures and standards across regions -- creating multiple legal frameworks and dispute settlement mechanisms weakens efficiency and rather creates disarray -- regionalization/regionalism creates frictions between

competing blocs

V. Discussion / Q & A

What do you think? Has EU served as a stumbling block or building block to globalization?

Is it possible for other regions to follow in the footsteps of EU to achieve a special blend of supranational and intergovernmental form of regionalism? Should EU serve as a model for others? Can or should the less developed countries integrate regionally emulating the EU model?

Fraser Cameron notes that historical reconciliation is the first step toward regional integration. France and Germany have done that based on rationalism, moving beyond the mutually shared historical animosity. In fact, functionalism is based on the assumption of rational actors. Given the fact that rationalism is a product of the European Enlightenment, can other regions successfully incorporate and utilize functional ideas of integration? Can the three countries in East Asia, for example, move beyond romanticism or emotionalism to rationally integrate based on the ideas of functionalism?

Establishment of European Union I37002 Park In Hong.

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