Establishing a baseline for monitoring sea turtle nesting sites on...

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1 Establishing a baseline for monitoring sea turtle nesting sites on the Karnataka coast through coastline mapping Final Report (2016)

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Establishing a baseline for monitoring sea turtle nesting sites on the

Karnataka coast through coastline mapping

Final Report (2016)

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Submitted by:

Research Assistant: Gayathri Venkataramanan

Project Supervisors: Muralidharan. M, Naveen Namboothri,

and Kartik Shanker

EMPRI Nodal Officer: Dr. Manjunatha

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Figures ................................................................................................................... 2

List of Tables .................................................................................................................... 3

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 4

Olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) ...................................................................... 5

Description .............................................................................................................. 5

Life span and sexual maturity ................................................................................. 5

Diet .......................................................................................................................... 5

Behaviour ................................................................................................................ 5

Population and distribution ..................................................................................... 8

Nesting, incubation and hatchling emergence......................................................... 8

Study Area ...................................................................................................................... 12

Honnavar Division ................................................................................................ 12

Flora ...................................................................................................................... 12

Fauna ..................................................................................................................... 14

Fauna ..................................................................................................................... 14

Turtle Nesting Beaches of Honnavar .................................................................... 17

Hatchery Management .......................................................................................... 20

A 32 Year Long Conservation Story ..................................................................... 22

PROJECT OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................... 24

REVIEW OF LITERATURE ......................................................................................... 25

Karnataka Coast .................................................................................................... 26

MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................... 28

Beach Mapping and Profiling ................................................................................... 28

Protocol for mapping nesting beach ...................................................................... 28

Protocol for beach profiling .................................................................................. 29

Temperature Monitoring for estimating sex ratios ................................................... 30

RESULTS ....................................................................................................................... 31

Nesting Beaches of Honnavar ................................................................................... 31

Nesting in Honnavar ....................................................................................................... 36

Nesting Rate (R) .................................................................................................... 41

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Turtle Mortality ......................................................................................................... 41

Beach Mapping ......................................................................................................... 45

Beach Profiles ........................................................................................................... 47

Beach Profiling ......................................................................................................... 49

Haldipur Beach Profile .......................................................................................... 50

Kasarkod Beach Profile ......................................................................................... 52

Manki Beach Profile.............................................................................................. 55

Estimation of Sex Ratio ............................................................................................ 57

DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................. 61

Nesting Beach and Status ......................................................................................... 61

Threats to Sea Turtles of Honnavar....................................................................... 62

Natural Threats ...................................................................................................... 62

Anthropogenic Threats .......................................................................................... 63

Outreach Programmes: .......................................................................................... 68

People’s responsibility in olive ridley conservation: ............................................ 68

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................. 69

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 74

Appendix ........................................................................................................................ 84

Appendix 1: Beach profiles at Kasarkod .................................................................. 84

Appendix 2: Beach profiles at Manki ....................................................................... 97

Appendix 3: Beach profiles at Haldipur ................................................................. 105

Appendix 4: Sand Temperatures recorded at Honnavar coast ................................ 113

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List of Figures

Figure 1. Olive ridley turtle (Karnataka forest department) ........................................... 7

Figure 2. Olive ridley nesting sites of India ................................................................ 10

Figure 3. Track of a female olive ridley ....................................................................... 11

Figure 4. Pandanus and Ipomea pescaprae .................................................................. 13

Figure 5. White bellied sea eagle ................................................................................. 15

Figure 6. Honnavar Division ........................................................................................ 16

Figure 7. Map of olive ridley nesting beaches of Honnavar ........................................ 17

Figure 8. Eggs collected from a nest by the Forest Department................................... 19

Figure 9. Hatchling emerging from a nest .................................................................... 20

Figure 10. Hatcheries of Honnavar Division ................................................................ 21

Figure 11. Hatchery established and maintained since 1984 at Jali ............................. 23

Figure 12. Hatchery located in Manki .......................................................................... 23

Figure 13 Beach mapping in Haldipur ......................................................................... 29

Figure 14. Beach profiling carried out at a site ............................................................ 30

Figure 15. Data logger and its placement ..................................................................... 31

Figure 16. Haldipur beach ............................................................................................ 32

Figure 17. Haldipur beach ............................................................................................ 33

Figure 18. Kasarkod beach ........................................................................................... 34

Figure 19. Manki beach ................................................................................................ 35

Figure 20.Year wise nesting details .............................................................................. 39

Figure 21.Range wise nesting details ........................................................................... 40

Figure 22.Month wise nesting details ........................................................................... 40

Figure 23.Nesting rate plotted year wise ...................................................................... 41

Figure 24. DT9 Male turtle found in Manki ................................................................. 44

Figure 25. Dead female turtle (DT1) with eggs found in Kasarkod ............................. 44

Figure 26. Haldipur beach map .................................................................................... 45

Figure 27. Kasarkod beach maps .................................................................................. 46

Figure 28. Manki beach map ........................................................................................ 47

Figure 29.Month wise average of beach widths ........................................................... 48

Figure 30. Map of beaches profiled .............................................................................. 49

Figure 31. Haldipur profile points ................................................................................ 50

Figure 32. Haldipur beach profile ................................................................................ 51

Figure 33. Kasarkod profile points ............................................................................... 53

Figure 34. Kasarkod beach profile ............................................................................... 53

Figure 35. Manki beach profile points.......................................................................... 55

Figure 36. Manki beach profile .................................................................................... 56

Figure 37. Global temperature changes (IPCC 2013) .................................................. 60

Figure 38. Dog feeding on dead turtle in Manki .......................................................... 62

Figure 39. Trawl operations at the Kasarkod river mouth ............................................ 64

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Figure 40. Beach armour near river mouth in Haldipur ............................................... 65

Figure 41. Sea wall in Manki........................................................................................ 66

Figure 42. Mongoose feeding on garbage in Kasarkod beach ..................................... 67

List of Tables

Table 1.Nesting beaches of Honnavar Division ........................................................... 18

Table 2.Occasional and frequent nesting beaches of Uttara Kannada ......................... 19

Table 3. Hatchery locations of Honnavar Division ...................................................... 22

Table 4.1984-87 Hatchery details (Frazier 1989) ......................................................... 36

Table 5.Hatchery details of Honnavar range ................................................................ 37

Table 6.Range wise nesting data from 2010................................................................. 38

Table 7.Range wise nesting data from 2010................................................................. 43

Table 8 Nest temperature data ...................................................................................... 58

Table 9.Sand temperature predictions using IPCC Global temperature predictions .... 60

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INTRODUCTION

Sea turtles are reptiles that have evolved to a near complete aquatic life and come

ashore only to lay their eggs. There are 7 species of sea turtles found globally, namely

leatherback (Dermochelyscoricacea), green (Cheloniamydas), loggerhead

(Carettacaretta), hawksbill (Eretmochelysimbricata), olive ridley

(Lepidochelysolivacea), kemps ridley (Lepidochelyskempii) and the flatback

(Natatordepressus) (Meylan and Meylan 1999). Sea turtles are distributed throughout

the tropical oceans, except the Kemps ridley turtle which is endemic to the Gulf of

Mexico and the flatback to the Australian coast. Five species are found in the waters of

India and excluding loggerhead turtle, four species are known to nest along the coast

of India (Dash and Kar 1990; Kar and Bhaskar 1982).

All five species of sea turtles are listed in Schedule I of the Indian Wild Life

Protection Act 1972 and Appendix I of the CITES (Convention on International Trade

in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora), prohibiting trade in sea turtles and

their products. Sea turtles play an important role as flagship species for diverse

habitats such as coral reef ecosystems, sea grass meadows, open seas and sandy

beaches.

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Olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea)

The olive ridley is the smallest and considered the most abundant of all sea turtle species

in the world (Kar and Bhaskar, 1982; Shanker, 1996; Sharath, 2003).

Description

Olive green/greyish- green, with heart shaped carapace. It has 6 pairs or more of costal

scutes with 1-2 claws on flippers. Hatchlings are usually black with greenish hue on the

sides. The average weight of an adult is ~45kg and a hatchling weighs ~28gm. Turtles

attain sexual maturity when it grows over 60cm in CCL (Dash and Kar 1990, Bhupathy

and Saravanan 2002).

Life span and sexual maturity

Unknown, however, thought to reach sexual maturity at about 15 years.

Diet

Largely carnivorous and feeds mostly on crustaceans, tunicates, molluscs and fish. They

are also known to occasionally consume algal matter and jellyfish.

Behaviour

These turtles are usually solitary, preferring the open ocean. According to Lutz and

Musick (1997), in general, sea turtles migrate from foraging areas to mating areas for

reproduction and after copulation the males return to the foraging grounds while females

move towards the nesting areas. The olive ridleys also exhibit a unique nesting activity

where hundreds and thousands of female turtles nest synchronously over a period of 3-5

days, known as mass nesting or the arribada. This behaviour is observed only at a select

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few nesting beaches in Central and South America as well at 2 nesting beaches in Odisha

and Cuthbert Bay in the Andaman Islands.

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Figure 1. Olive ridley turtle (Karnataka forest department)

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Population and distribution

The olive ridley is widely considered the most abundant of the sea turtles (Pritchard,

1997). Globally they are distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics, and in India,

they nest sporadically on both the east and west coast. Nesting aggregates of over 100,000

females have been reported from Pacific Mexico, Pacific Costa Rica and Orissa on the

east coast of India (Marquez et al., 1976; Pritchard, 1997; Pandav et al., 1998). In the

western Indian Ocean, olive ridley turtles nest along the east coast of Africa, Oman

(Frazier, 1975), Pakistan (Asrar, 1999) and the west coast of India (Kar and Bhaskar,

1982). Olive ridleys also nest on the east coast of India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh (Kar

and Bhaskar, 1982), and in other South East Asian countries (Limpus, 1995). In India, a

few thousand olive ridleys nest in Northern Tamil Nadu (Bhupathy and Saravanan, 2002),

Andhra Pradesh (Tripathy et al., 2003) and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Andrews

et al., 2001). However, the single most important breeding area for olive ridley in the

Indian Ocean is Orissa, which has two active arribada beaches at Gahirmatha and

Rushikulya (Pandav et al., 1998).

Nesting, incubation and hatchling emergence

In a single nesting season, olive ridleys can lay up to 2-3 clutches and nest once every two

or three years. They are known return to the same nesting beach over many years and it is

believed that hatchlings emerging from a nesting site return to the same beach to nest

after maturity.

A few weeks after mating, the female turtles come ashore at night on sandy beaches to

nest above the high tide line. They start by making a body pit using their front flippers,

later using their hind flippers they dig a pot shaped egg chamber. The depth of the nest is

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determined by the length of the stretched hind flipper. Female turtles usually deposit

around 90-150 eggs inside the nest chamber and covers the nest with sand using hind

flippers and camouflages the nest. Turtle eggs are round, soft-shelled, and papery to

leathery in texture.

Incubation time of nests varies with species, clutch size, and temperature and humidity in

the nest. The incubation time for olive ridley is 45 days. All sea turtles exhibit

Temperature-dependent Sex Determination (TSD) i.e. the sex of the hatchling is

determined based on the incubation temperature. Sex of a turtle is determined during the

middle third of the embryonic development, pivotal temperature (generally between ~28

and 31º C, depending on the population and species) produces 1:1 ratio of females and

males (Ackerman 1997, Wibbels 2003). In a study conducted on the incubation

temperature of olive ridley eggs under laboratory conditions, the following results

obtained are as follows; 31-32º C (45-46 days) produced females, 29-30º C (53-55 days)

produced females, 26-27º C (75-78 days) produced males, suggesting that temperature

beyond 29º C produced female hatchlings (Dimond and Mohanty 1983).Hatchlings use a

carbuncle (temporary egg tooth) to help break open the shell. After hatching, they may

take 2-3 days to dig their way to the surface. Hatchlings usually wait until night to emerge

from the nest. Emerging at night reduces exposure to predators. Hatchlings of sea turtles

are photo-sensitive and use light cues to find their way to the sea, which is normally

brighter at night than that of the landward side due to the reflection of the moon and stars.

Hatchlings then orient themselves in that direction and head to the sea. Once they reach

the water a "swim frenzy" of continuous swimming takes place for about 24 to 48 hours

before utilizing the yolk reserves in the body to reach the open ocean.

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Figure 2. Olive ridley nesting sites of India

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Figure 3. Track of a female olive ridley

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Study Area

Honnavar Division

Uttara Kannada coast lies between 13°55’to 15° 31’ N and 74° 9’ to 75° 10’ E and

extends about 170 km, comprising of rocky and sandy beaches. Honnavar forest

division is one of the five forest divisions of Kanara forest circle. The division is

comprised of three subdivisions; Kumta, Honnavar and Bhatkal and seven forests

ranges namely Hiregutti, Kagal, Kumta, Honnavar, Manki, Gersoppa and Bhatkal

comprising an area of 134082 ha. Gangavali, Aganashini, Sharavathi and Venkatapur

are the major rivers flowing through the division draining into the Arabian Sea. The

division receives rain from the South-West monsoon with an average of 4000 mm per

year. The mean maximum and minimum temperature of the region is about 27.33

(±5.86) °C and relative % of humidity about 87.5 (±7.5) °C.

Flora

The beach vegetation in the Honnavar division includes Spinifex littoreus, Ipomea

pescaprae, Pandanus sp, Casuarina sp., Cocos nucifera etc.

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Figure 4. Pandanus and Ipomea pescaprae

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Fauna

Fauna

The common vertebrate fauna of Honnavar coast includes olive ridley Lepidochelys

olivacea, Indian grey mongoose Herpestes edwardsii, Indian hare Lepus nigricollis,

House crow Corvus splendens, White-bellied Sea Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster,

Brahminy Kite Haliaster indus, Black Kite Milvus migrans, White-throated kingfisher

Halcyon smyrnensis, Woolly-necked stork Ciconia episcopus, Common Kingfisher

Alcedo atthis, Egrets, Herons, Gulls Larsus sp, Terns Sternidae, etc.

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Figure 5. White bellied sea eagle

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Figure 6. Honnavar Division

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Turtle Nesting Beaches of Honnavar

Olive ridley nests are found along the entire Honnavar division and 7 nesting beaches

have been identified. The beaches are mostly sandy with small rocky patches.

Figure 7. Map of olive ridley nesting beaches of Honnavar

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Table 1.Nesting beaches of Honnavar Division

S. No Name of Nesting Beach Type of Beach Co-ordinates

1 Gangavali Sandy 14.5903 N 74.2943 E

2 Dhareshwara Sandy 14.3746 N 74.4049 E

3 Haldipur Sandy 14.3457 N 74.4348 E

4 Kasarkod Sandy 14.2602 N 74.4325 E

5 Talmakki Sandy 14.1274 N 74.4828 E

6 Bailoor (Bhatkal) Sandy 14.0586 N 74.4970 E

7 Bengre (Bhatkal) Sandy 14.0586 N 74.4969 E

Nesting beaches of Uttara Kannada

Sharath (2006) classified the beaches of Uttara Kannada based on a nesting survey

conducted between November 2000- October 2001 as frequent and occasional nesting

beaches.

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Table 2.Occasional and frequent nesting beaches of Uttara Kannada

Figure 8. Eggs collected from a nest by the Forest Department

S. No Occasional nesting sites Frequent nesting sites

1 Sirali Bhatkal

2 Kaikini Murdeshwar

3 Gunavanthe Kumta

4 Manki Amadalli

5 Kasarkod Chandya

6 Kadri Majali

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Figure 9. Hatchling emerging from a nest

Hatchery Management

The establishment of sea turtle hatcheries, its management and rescue of injured turtles

has been carried out by the forest department since 1984. Hatcheries are currently

being maintained by the Honnavar division in the following areas; Bhatkal, Manki,

Kasarkod, Haldipur, Dhareshwar and Gangavali. Intensive monitoring of beaches for

collecting nests and protecting them until the hatchling release is being carried out to

ensure the sustainability of the population in Karnataka region.

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Figure 10. Hatcheries of Honnavar Division

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Table 3. Hatchery locations of Honnavar Division

S. No Taluk Name of the village Location

1 Bhatkal Talmakki 14.1803 N & 74.4708 E

2

Honnavar

Kasarkod 14.2494 N & 74.4355 E

3 Haldipura 14.3416 N & 74.4097 E

4

Hiregutti

Dhareshwara 14.3748 N & 74.4047 E

5 Gangavali 14.589 N & 74.2951 E

A 32 Year Long Conservation Story

Sea turtle conservation efforts in the coast of Karnataka was initiated in 1984 by the State

Forest Department. The first hatchery in Karnataka was established at Jali near Bhatkal

which is still being maintained. Another hatchery in Haldipur and was established by the

then working Range Forest Officer Sri R.A. Khazi. Based on media reports between 1984

and 1985, ~40 hatcheries were established in Karnataka.

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Figure 11. Hatchery established and maintained since 1984 at Jali

Figure 12. Hatchery located in Manki

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PROJECT OBJECTIVES

Monitor the index nesting beaches on the Karnataka coast based on records of the

Forest Department as well as other stakeholders.

1. Monitor patterns in coastal accretion and erosion through standardised beach

mapping protocols to study the effect of sea level fluctuations on nesting

beaches.

2. Monitor incubation temperatures of nests using data loggers in existing

hatcheries maintained by state forest department to study the effects of

increasing temperatures on the sex ratios and the population of sea turtles.

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Global warming has been identified as a major threat in the recent years to the

ecosystem and a range of wildlife (Pereira et al., 2011; McCarty, 2001). It is vital to

study the impacts of climate change on biodiversity (Kearney et al., 2009; Margules

and Pressey, 2000; Mokany and Ferrier, 2011), especially on animals that are

vulnerable to this change. There are many potential impacts of climate change on sea

turtles, including loss of nesting habitat due to sea level rise and decline in hatching

success with incubation temperatures reaching lethal limits (Hawkes et al., 2007;

2009; Katselidis et al., 2014).

The sex of a sea turtle is temperature dependant, whereby, incubation temperature

during the middle third of incubation period influences gonadal differentiation (Bull,

1980; 1983; Mrosovsky & Pieau 1991) and successful incubation occurs within a

narrow thermal range of 25-33° C (Miller, 1985). Temperature-dependant Sex

determination (TSD) is characterized by the exclusive production of a single sex

below (male) or above (female) a transitional range of temperatures (Mrosovsky 1994,

Wibbels 2003). Within the transitional range of temperature, sex of the hatchlingis

variable and relative to incubation temperature and includes a pivotal temperature (PT)

where the sex ratio is 1:1(Mrosovsky & Pieau 1991). Pivotal temperature may vary

inter- and intra-specifically, which implies that temperature related studies need to be

conducted at a population level (Wibbels 2003). Studies have shown that the mean PT

for the olive ridley mass nesting populations nesting on Costa Rican Pacific northwest

coast is 30.5°C, the highest among sea turtles (McCoy et al., 1983, Wibbels et al.,

1998). Studies on olive ridley incubation temperatures in Gahirmatha show that

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incubation temperatures of > 30°C produce only females (Mohanty and Dimond

1986). Understanding the relationship between incubation temperature, developmental

stage and hatchling sex ratios is crucial for effective sea turtle conservation and

management.

Karnataka Coast

Chandraji (1984) reported, sea turtles nesting along the coast of Karnataka and poaching

of turtle eggs for consumption by the lower income group, however, large-scale sale was

not reported. In the year 1984, conservation efforts were initiated at a large scale along

the coast of Karnataka following the CMFRI workshop (Shanker, 2016). Frazier (1987)

visited the hatcheries in Mangalore, Kundapur, Bhatkal and found the nesting season was

between June to April and the hatchling success was around 20-94%. During the 1985-86

season, 9 hatcheries were established, however in 1986-87 only three were in operation.

According to Vasanth Kulkarni the hatchery in Jali (Bhatkal) began at 1984 and 50Rs

reward was announced to the nest informants for in-situ conservation. In the Uttara

Kannada, hatcheries at Gangavali, Kasarkod and Haldipur were initiated in 1984 but no

further details were documented. During1984-1985, 24 km stretch of beach was surveyed

in Uttara Kannada and 8 nests were located with an average clutch size of 105. The

nesting density was estimated to be 0.33 nests per kilometre. An overall of 728 eggs were

sold from 4 markets surveyed in Uttara Kannada (Sharath, 2003; 2006). Records of green

turtles occurring in the Karnataka waters has been pointed out in a study by Richardson

(2008), where Nethrani and Hog islands in the Uttara Kannada region were observed to

be feeding grounds of green turtles that nested on Sri Lankan beaches. In a study

conducted in Karwar, Karnataka, in 2001-2002, incubation temperatures and the overall

hatching success was monitored and found that sand temperatures were more variable at

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the surface whereas temperatures at nest depth of 45cms were between 29 and 32°C. Sand

temperatures at depths less than 30 cm exhibited daily variations sometimes reaching

50°C, which is lethal for sea turtle hatchlings (Drake and Spotila, 2002). At 45 cm, these

variations were far less, staying consistent between 30°C and 32°C in December and

between 29°C and 31°C in January. Nest cavities in the hatchery were less urn-shaped

than natural nests. The depth and shape of the nest cavity in the hatchery was likely to

have been important in hatching success. Sand texture in the hatchery was coarser and

had bigger grain size than in natural nesting areas, which could have resulted in reduced

hatching success (Kurian and Nayak 2003). Preliminary results suggest that there was a

difference in hatching success rates between nests laid closer to the high tide line (15 m)

and nests laid further away from the high tide line (Kurian, unpubl. thesis). Hatchlings

were also reared in captivity for 1-3 months were released in the sea. Initially some

hatchlings were allowed to crawl on the beach to the sea, when showed disorientation,

were released in water. Hatchlings released during night were drawn out of the sea due to

the presence light on the beach. Hatchlings released during daylight were never

disoriented or drawn out of the sea. Thus, the time spent in captivity did not diminish the

turtle’s sensitivity to lights. In Uttara Kannada district, lighting, human activities, garbage

on the beaches, fishing related mortality was the major threat and Bhatkal and

Murudeshwar beaches ranked first under the threat categories (Sulochana et al., 2014).

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

Beach Mapping and Profiling

Beach mapping and profiling methods are used to study the changing dynamics of the

beach. Every year the beach undergoes changes due to wind, tide or anthropogenic and

nesting activity. Emery board method (Emery, 1961) is used to profile a beach

whereas the beach boundaries are mapped by traversing along the tree line and low

tide line using a hand held GPS.

Protocol for mapping nesting beach

1. Beach mapping is done between the tree line and the low tide line to demarcate

the available nesting area.

2. A handheld GPS device is used for the beach mapping, where the GPS device

draws a track using the GPS location of the user at pre-set intervals.

3. The user walks along the low tide line and tree line with the GPS each month

to map the width of the nesting beach.

4. The tracks thus obtained are fed into GIS Software (Geographical information

system) such as QGIS to create a map of the nesting beach.

5. This method allows us to derive at map of the nesting beach each month and

how it varies during the course of a nesting season and with subsequent nesting

seasons.

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Figure 13 Beach mapping in Haldipur

Protocol for beach profiling

1. Further using the “Emery” method, the profile sections of the beach are marked

to also derive the beach height and volume.

2. A point close to the tree line is fixed as the beach profile point and GPS

locations are marked.

3. A pole is placed on the profile point marked as pole A, which serves as an

index and a second pole is placed at a point where beach slope changes and

marked as pole B.

4. One person stands near pole A and locates a point in pole that coincides with a

point in pole B and the horizon.

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5. Readings of points in pole A and B and the perpendicular distance between the

poles are recorded.

6. A third pole is fixed in line with pole A and B at the next beach slope.

7. Steps 4 to 6 are repeated until reaching the low tide line.

8. A graph is plotted with the readings to obtain the profile of the beach.

Figure 14. Beach profiling carried out at a site

Temperature Monitoring for estimating sex ratios

Sand temperatures were monitored by deploying data loggers in the hatcheries within

1m radius of the nests. The HOBO pendant Data logger with accuracy of (±0.53°C)

was buried in the sand at a depth of 45cm which is the estimated average depth of

olive ridley sea turtle nests (Silas et al., 1984, Firdous 1985). The hourly temperature

was monitored from March until May in Kasarkod, Haldipur and Manki beach and

averaged.

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Figure 15. Data logger and its placement

RESULTS

Nesting Beaches of Honnavar

Extending about 65 km the beaches of Honnavar are predominantly sandy with few

patches of rocky coasts. Four rivers drain in the sea forming estuaries which are the

preferred nesting site for olive ridley sea turtles (CasasAndreu 1978; Ma´rquez 1996).

The shores are moderately to highly populated, mostly with fisher folks.

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Figure 16. Haldipur beach

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Figure 17. Haldipur beach

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Figure 18. Kasarkod beach

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Figure 19. Manki beach

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Nesting in Honnavar

Olive ridley is the only species known to nest in the beaches of Honnavar. Since 1984

eggs are collected from the beaches and maintained in a hatchery until the hatchlings

emerge.

Table 4.1984-87 Hatchery details (Frazier 1989)

S. no

Date Total

no. Of

nests

No. of eggs per nest Hatchling success

First Last Min Max Max Min

1984-85 No data available

1985-86 18 Aug 4 April 44 120 175 - -

1986-87 2 Aug 6 Feb 25 85 150 - -

Over the 33-year period, over 80,852 eggs have been collected from the three ranges,

of which 35,579 hatchlings were released. The hatchling success rate is 44%. The

average clutch size is 106 and a maximum clutch observed was 175.

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Table 5.Hatchery details of Honnavar range

S. No Year Eggs collected

Hatchlings

Released

Hatching success rate

1 1984 1930 530 27%

2 1985 2218 1149 52%

3 1986 3949 1858 47%

4 1987 6025 3150 52%

5 1988 3171 1551 49%

6 1989 5683 2795 49%

7 1990 2801 1106 39%

8 1991 2881 1393 48%

9 1992 2395 1281 53%

10 1993 2460 1350 55%

11 1994 1968 1200 61%

12 1995 760 449 59%

13 1996 2506 1105 44%

14 1997 2285 950 42%

15 1998 2817 1227 44%

16 1999 3422 1075 31%

17 2000 4470 1700 38%

18 2001 3540 2403 68%

19 2002 2377 1318 55%

20 2003 550 275 50%

21 2004 1065 300 28%

22 2005 72 36 50%

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Table 6.Range wise nesting data from 2010

Season Honnavar Manki Kumta No. of nests

2010-2011 9 0 0 9

2011-2012 5 0 0 5

2012-2013 12 4 5 21

2013-2014 10 0 5 15

2014-2015 13 3 7 23

2015-2016 16 2 1 19

Total 65 9 18 92

Well-documented nesting data is available from 2010-2016. This data was analysed

and the following observations were made:

23 2006 535 375 70%

24 2007 365 62 17%

25 2008 325 190 58%

26 2009 397 257 65%

27 2010 4909 2131 43%

28 2011 2992 994 33%

29 2012 3038 1390 46%

30 2013 2703 823 30%

31 2014 1760 503 29%

32 2015 2609 305 12%

33 2016 1874 348 NA

TOTAL 80852 35579 44%

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2014-2015, season had the maximum number of nests followed by 2012-2013.

2011-2012 has the lowest number of nests with only 5 nests observed during

the particular season.

A graph of the nesting frequency for the six seasons is given below. 92 nests

were collected in the three ranges Honnavar, Manki and Haldipur and

maintained in the hatchery closest in the particular range.

Figure 20.Year wise nesting details

Of the three ranges the nesting frequency was observed in the order of

Honnavar>Kumta>Manki. The overall 92 nests were found from the three ranges

Honnavar (65), manki (9) and Kumta (18).

9

5

21

15

23

19

0

5

10

15

20

25

No

. of.

ne

sts

Year

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Figure 21.Range wise nesting details

The nesting season begins as early as October and lasts till April. The peak nesting

season in Honnavar is December, January and February. In 2013, however, a nest was

observed in the month of July.

Figure 22.Month wise nesting details

0

5

10

15

20

25

Kumta

Manki

Honnavar

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

No

. of.

ne

st

2015-2016

2014-2015

2013-2014

2012-2013

2011-2012

2010-2011

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Nesting Rate (R)

Nesting rate (R) is the number of nests observed each month. The average nesting

intensity was estimated at 2.88. The highest nesting intensity 4.6 was observed in 2014-

2015 season and the lowest nesting intensity was 1.25 in the year 2011-2012.

Figure 23.Nesting rate plotted year wise

Nesting Density: No. of Nests/ km/ year (D)

The nesting density of Honnavar region was estimated to be 0.99 nests/ km/ year.

Madhyastha et al., (1986) have observed only the sporadic nesting of olive ridleys

along the Karnataka coast, and assessed their nesting density between Mangalore and

Mukka area to be 0.75/km. Sharath, 2003 estimated the overall nesting density for

Uttara Kannada district as 0.33 nests/ km/ survey.

Turtle Mortality

Fishing is the main activity of most villages along the Karnataka. The boats used for

fishing comprises of traditional, purse seine and also medium range trawlers which are

2.25

1.25

3 3

4.6

3.17

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016

Ne

stin

g ra

te

Year

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mostly used for deep sea fishing. Compared to Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts,

traditional boats (locally called pati doni) are found more commonly in the Uttara

Kannada region; fishing activity in the area is much less compared to Udupi and

Dakshina Kannada areas. Hence, waters in this region are also found less disturbed

(Pandit and Soans 2013). In 1998, a rapid survey conducted estimated the mechanised

craft used in India. Karnataka was estimated to use 10.81 boats/km of coastlines

ranking 3rd in India, gill nets at 38.94 boats/km of coastline ranking 8th in India and

traditional boats at 26.93 boats/km of coastline ranking 4th in India. Deveraj and

Vivekanandan 1993 found out active fisher folk per sq.km was 1.1 between the year

1961-62 and 9.7 between 1996-97 showing 782 percent change. Whereas production

rates were 5.3 and 1.3 annual production per fisher in 1961-62 and 1996-67

respectively showing -75 percent decrease in the change in percentage. In the survey

by Rajagopalan et al., 2001 the mortality rates due to fisheries between 1997-99 was

only 10 with all the instances being reported from 1997.

During the study period frequent walks were made in Haldipur, Kasarkod and Manki

beaches for survey and turtle carcass were observed. Upon sighting of a turtle carcass

the date, location, species, sex, CCL and CCW were noted. Carcass with severely

damaged scutes CCL and CCW were not measured. The details of which are given

below.

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Table 7.Range wise nesting data from 2010

S. No Turtle ID Date of

Observation

Turtle species Beach name CCL CCW

1 DT1 11.2.2016 Olive ridley Manki 67 66

2 DT2 11.2.2016 Olive ridley Manki NA NA

3 DT3 21.2.2016 Olive ridley Kasarkod 68 67

4 DT4 13.3.2016 Olive ridley Manki NA NA

5 DT5 20.3.2016 Olive ridley Kasarkod NA NA

6 DT6 23.4.2016 Olive ridley Manki 65 65

7 DT7 23.4.2016 Olive ridley Manki 60 60

8 DT8 23.4.2016 Olive ridley Manki NA NA

9 DT9 23.4.2016 Olive ridley Manki NA NA

10 DT10 7.7.2016 Olive ridley Kasarkod NA NA

During the survey between February till July, 10 turtles were found washed ashore in

Manki and Kasarkod beaches. Of the ten turtles, five were intact and others were

highly degraded and broken. Turtles attain sexual maturity when it grows over 60cm

in CCL (Dash and Kar 1990, Bhupathy and Saravanan 2002). The turtles in Honnavar

that were intact and measured were all over 60cm. DT1, DT3, DT6 and DT7 were all

females. DT1 found on Manki was a female and has a deep cut above the rear flipper,

exposing several eggs.

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Figure 24. DT9 Male turtle found in Manki

Figure 25. Dead female turtle (DT1) with eggs found in Kasarkod

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Beach Mapping

Figure 26. Haldipur beach map

Haldipur beach map

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Figure 27. Kasarkod beach maps

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Figure 28. Manki beach map

Beach Profiles

Beach profiles were carried from February till June and the beach widths were

calculated. The beach width was measured from the Low tide line (LTL) till the

vegetation line (VL). The beach widths gradually decreased as the monsoon advanced.

Given below is the graph of beach widths for Kasarkod, Manki, Haldipur.

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Figure 29.Month wise average of beach widths

253035404550556065707580859095

jan-feb feb-march april may june

Ave

rage

be

ach

wid

th

Beach width average- Month wise

Kasarkod

Haldipur

Manki

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Beach Profiling

Figure 30. Map of beaches profiled

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Haldipur Beach Profile

The sea turtle nesting beach at Haldipur stretches between 14.35618512 N &

74.40659332 E and 14.29970568 N & 74.42220306 E, it is 6.8 Km long and 9

permanent beach profiling points with 700m interval have been established at the site.

Figure 31. Haldipur profile points

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Figure 32. Haldipur beach profile (Horizontal axis represents the beach width and the

vertical axis of the beach height)

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

February

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

March

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

April

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Kasarkod Beach Profile

The sea turtle nesting beach at Kasarkod stretches between 14.29726931N &

74.42526754 E and 14.22824786 N 74.44283685 E &, it is 8.1 Km long and 13

permanent beach profiling points with approximately 650m interval have been

established at the site.

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

May

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

-10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150

June

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Figure 33. Kasarkod profile points

Figure 34. Kasarkod beach profile (Horizontal axis represents the beach width and the

vertical axis of the beach height)

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

-10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130

February

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-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

March

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

April

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

May

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Manki Beach Profile

The sea turtle nesting beach at Manki stretches between 14.20112478 N &

74.46208798 E and 14.14321035N & 74.74851626 E, it is 7 km long and 11

permanent beach profiling points with approximately 650m interval have been

established at the site

Figure 35. Manki beach profile points

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

June

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Figure 36. Manki beach profile (Horizontal axis represents the beach width and the

vertical axis of the beach height)

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

-10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130

February

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

March

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

-10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130

April

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Estimation of Sex Ratio

Data loggers kept in the sand at 45cm depth adjacent to the nests monitored the

temperature of the sand every one hour for a period of 3 months. The temperatures

were then noted against the respective nesting period to estimate the sex ratio. Studies

on olive ridley incubation temperature in Gahirmatha show that incubation

temperatures of > 30°C produce only females (Mohanty and Dimond 1986). Kurian

and Nayak (2003) found that nests placed in Karwar at 45 cm showed less sand

temperature variations and remained consistent between 30°C and 32°C (in December)

and between 29°C and 31°C (in January). In the present study, the nests collected from

January till March showed and average incubation temperature of 31 in January, 31-32

in February and 32 in March predicting all the hatchlings emerged to be females.

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

May

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

-10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130

June

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Table 8 Nest temperature data

Nest ID Date of nest

collection

No. of.

Incubation days

Eggs

collected

Average Sand

temperature

T84(50) 21-01-2016 50 132 31

T85(50) 28-01-2016 50 83 31

T86(50) 28-01-2016 50 120 31

T87(50) 03-02-2016 50 115 31

T88(50) 05-02-2016 50 76 31

T89(50) 11-02-2016 50 100 31

T90(50) 27-02-2016 50 105 32

T91(50) 07-03-2016 50 113 32

Predicted future temperature and its impact on the sea turtles

Global warming has the potential to impact sea turtles, the predicted increase in

temperature could potentially cause lower hatching success (Miller, 1985; Hawkes et

al., 2007) and a gradual shift towards a feminisation of sea turtle populations

(Mrosovsky, 1994; Hawkes et al., 2007, 2009). These changes will have the potential

to compromise the viability of sea turtle populations, especially those severely

threatened by other factors (e.g. direct and indirect take, pollution, etc.). Temperature

is of profound importance as an environmental factor for marine turtles, affecting

features of their life history from hatchling sex determination (Yntema & Mrosovsky

1980) to adult distribution (Spotila & Standora 1985, Seebacher & Franklin 2005).

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Earlier studies have related Atmospheric Temperature (AT) to sand temperature and

have found the two to be correlated strongly enough to predict and reconstruct sand

temperature at rookeries in Ascension Island, Pasture Bay (Long Island, Antigua),

Thomson Causeway (Mississippi, USA) and Bald Head Island (North Carolina, USA)

(Janzen1994, Hays et al., 1999, 2003, Glen & Mrosovsky 2004, Hawkes et al., 2007).

Understanding the rates and extents at which sand temperatures are likely to change

and the ecological implication from these changes will aid managers to mitigate

potential threats and prioritize their efforts to conserve sea turtles in the face of climate

change (Hays et al., 2003; Fuentes et al., 2009a).

Data obtained from the loggers placed in Honnavar over a period of three months and

the air temperature was used to understand trends in future sand temperature.

Meteorological AT data were obtained from the Karnataka State Natural Disaster

Monitoring Centre and the average air temperature for Honnavar is 28°C. Studies

show correlation between the AT and the sand temperature. AT and the sand

temperature was correlated before the regression model (Pearson correlation value=

47.3) and used for further analysis. Linear regression model was used to find the

variation of air temperature based on the depended variable sand temperature. Sand

temperature is directly proportional to the AT (r2 value= 0.213, P< 0.0001). The

following regression equation was developed Sand temp=23.1+.308*AT, to predict

future sand temperature using IPCC Global climate change predictions (IPCC 2013).

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Figure 37. Global temperature changes (IPCC 2013)

Table 9.Sand temperature predictions using IPCC Global temperature predictions

Scenarioa

2046–2065 2081–2100

Meana Predicted sand

temperature Meana

Predicted sand

temperature

RCP2.6 1 32.032 1 32.032

RCP4.5 1.4 32.1552 1.8 32.2784

RCP6.0 1.3 32.1244 2.2 32.4016

RCP8.5 2 32.34 3.7 32.8636

aBased on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) ensemble; changes calculated with respect to the 1986–

2005 period. Using Hadley Centre Climatic Research Unit Gridded Surface Temperature Data Set 4 (HadCRUT4) and its

uncertainty estimate (5 to 95% confidence interval), the observed warming from 1850–1900 to the reference period 1986–2005 is

0.61 [0.55 to 0.67] °C.

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Studies on olive ridley incubation temperature in Gahirmatha shows that incubation

temperatures of > 30°C produce only females (Mohanty and Dimond 1986). The

predicted sand temperature 2046-2065, 2081-2100 are >32°C which may skew sea

turtle population′s sex ratios towards complete feminization and furthermore decrease

hatching success. Sea turtle populations are now impacted by a range of anthropogenic

activities (Johannes and Macfarlane, 1991; Harris et al., 2000; Lutcavage et al., 2003,

Moore et al., 2009). Therefore, precautionary actions and suitable management

strategies may be necessary to mitigate the predicted impacts from climate change and

to ensure that sea turtles have more chance of survival.

DISCUSSION

Nesting Beach and Status

Only one species has been reported to nest on the Karnataka coast; viz. the olive ridley,

while there has been reports of green and hawksbill turtle strandings from the region.

Olive ridley nests are found along the entire Honnavar division and 7 nesting beaches

have been identified. Nesting season in Uttar Kannada starts by the end of September and

lasts till March. The forest department and the local fisherman folk collect eggs from the

nests and relocate them to a secure location in hatcheries as part of the conservation

programme. In the 2016 nesting season, more nests were observed in Kasarkod and

Haldipur. The Manki range only a single nest was located and moved to the hatchery,

after 60 days of incubation period 53 hatchlings out of 120. No nesting was observed this

season in Bhatkal. Habitat loss, fishery related mortality and poaching are the major

threats for sea turtles in this region. The forest department of Honnavar Division carries

out numerous steps to conserve sea turtles.

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Threats to Sea Turtles of Honnavar

The decline of the sea turtle population over the last century is attributed to direct harvest,

egg collection, incidental capture in fishing gear, loss of habitat and pollution (Brautigam

and Eckert, 2006; Mortimer and Donnelly, 2007). Sea turtles are endangered by natural

and man- made threats.

Natural Threats

Turtle eggs are vulnerable to predators such as jackals, dogs, crabs, mongooses, feral

dogs and even ants. Nests that are laid close to the high tide gets washed off during spring

tides. Hatchlings that emerge during the day are preyed upon by birds (crows, kites,

eagles, gulls, etc.), crabs and other predatory fish in the sea.

Figure 38. Dog feeding on dead turtle in Manki

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Anthropogenic Threats

Anthropogenic factors are major contributors to the declining turtle population. The

anthropogenic factors are as follows.

I. Poaching

Marine turtles are being consumed by people world-wide and for over 4000 years

(Frazier, 2003). Local beliefs prevailing around the benefits of consuming turtle eggs and

its meat in the Uttar Kannada region has led to some incidents of poaching. Due to

awareness among the people regarding the conservation status of the species by the State

Forest Department and local NGO’s this has greatly reduced.

II. Incidental by-catch

Incidental by-catch and drowning in trawl nets is claimed to be the largest cause of

mortality of sea turtles along the coast of Odisha, where over 10,000 dead turtles are

believed to wash ashore annually (Wright and Mohanty 2002). Mechanized fishing

without the use of TEDs in trawlers is the main threat to adult turtles. With the increase in

commercial fishing using larger mechanized vessels in the waters of Uttar Kannada in

recent years, this could pose a major threat in the years to come in areas such as Netrani

and Hog Island off the coast of Bhatkal which are probable feeding grounds for sea turtles

(Ritchardson, 2009).

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Figure 39. Trawl operations at the Kasarkod river mouth

III. Habitat Loss

Coastal development such as sea walls, establishment of settlements, illumination,

unplanned Casuarina plantations, sand mining and tourism result in the loss of nesting

habitats.

1. Beach Armouring: Armouring can include sea walls, rock revetments, sandbag

structures, sand fencing, gabions, and other rigid structures. Beach armouring can

eliminate nesting habitat, exacerbate erosion, block access by nesting turtles, and

fatally entrap turtles. Structures built perpendicular to the coast and intended to

control long-shore sand movement (e.g., groins and jetties) present similar threats

to nesting habitat. Such structures typically exacerbate erosion on down-current

sand beaches (Witherington 1999). In Uttara Kannada with the threat of increasing

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sea levels, sea wall construction in the region has been rampant to reduce beach

erosion during the monsoon. In regions around Jali, Bhatkal, nesting of turtles

post sea wall construction has almost ceased due to loss of access to sandy

beaches. In Manki the reduction in turtle nesting can be attributed due to the sea

walls, increased human habitation and lighting.

Figure 40. Beach armour near river mouth in Haldipur

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Figure 41. Sea wall in Manki

2. Beach Lighting: Artificial lighting near nesting beaches deters sea turtles from

nesting and interferes with the ability of hatchlings to orient from their nest to the

sea. Hatchlings find the sea by orienting toward the brightest horizon

(Witherington and Martin, 1996). The brightness of artificial lighting can disorient

hatchlings away from the sea and leave them vulnerable to dehydration,

exhaustion, and predation. As a consequence, any artificial lighting visible from a

nesting beach can cause high hatchling mortality. In Kasarkod, due lights from the

eco-park, few of the hatchlings from the hatchery (located near the eco-park) gets

disoriented. In Manki due to settlements in the coastal region, increased use of

light and beach armouring, the nesting population has drastically reduced.

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IV. Pollution and Debris:

Debris (e.g., rope, fishing line, glass, metal, plastic, and Styrofoam), recreational

and work equipment (e.g., chairs, chaise lounges, watercraft, umbrellas, parked

vehicles, pipes, refuse cans, tarpaulins), structures (e.g., cabanas, shanties, animal

pens, boardwalks, fencing), and other obstacles have the potential to entrap,

entangle, and impede nesting turtles and their hatchlings. In Haldipur, Kasarkod

and Manki, high amounts of debris such as plastic bottles, polythene bags,

discarded nets, glass bottles and medical waste (used syringe, vials) was littered

along the entire beach. Degradable waste and human excreta was found along the

settlements which attracts possible turtle predators such as dogs, cats and

mongoose.

Figure 42. Mongoose feeding on garbage in Kasarkod beach

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Outreach Programmes:

The Karnataka Forest department has taken up several initiatives to involve the local

communities in their conservation efforts.

People’s responsibility in olive ridley conservation:

During the nesting season local fisherman and students are encouraged to participate in

turtle conservation. Talks are conducted in each range where students and local fishermen

community are given information regarding the turtles, their biology, migration,

importance, threats and how they can help in protecting the turtles through people’s

participation.

Sale of turtle eggs in the open market was prevalent in the 80’s but has been curtailed by

the law after being declared as Scheduled species. Poaching of eggs is common in most

villages except in Haldipur, Apsarakonda, Dhareshwara and Talmakki of the Uttara

Kannada district, and Maravante and Trasi in Udupi district. Eggs are usually poached by

the people of lower income class, however, large scale sale in markets is not reported

(Chandraji 1984). As fishing activity on the beach starts in the early hours (traditional

fishing), there is a high likelihood of eggs being poached mostly for consumption.

However, few cases of illegal poaching occur, the forest department has offered a

honorarium of Rs.600 to people informing regarding the nesting of turtles to ensure the

survival of the species and also to involve the local participation in turtle conservation.

The Department has finalised the honorarium with the presence of the informants.

Poaching of eggs has however decreased in Kundapur and Honavar Forest Divisions, on

account of conservation efforts by the forest department and non- governmental

organisations (Pandit and Soans 2013).

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CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the study, the following conclusions were made:

Olive ridley is found to nest along 7 beaches Gangavali, Dhareshwara,

Haldipur, Kasarkod, Talmakki, Bailoor (Bhatkal), Bengre (Bhatkal).

Based on conversations with the locals, nesting in few beaches such as Manki

after the construction of sea walls nesting has drastically reduced.

The nesting season begins as early as October and lasts till April. The peak

nesting season in Honnavar is December to February. In 2013, however, a nest

was observed in the month of July.

The 2014-2015 season had the maximum number of nests followed by 2012-

2013. 2011-2012 has the lowest number of nests with only 5 nests observed

during the particular season.

The average nesting intensity (R) was estimated at 2.88/month. The highest

nesting intensity 4.6 was observed in 2014-2015 season and the lowest nesting

intensity was 1.25 in the year 2011-2012.

The nesting density of Honnavar region was estimated to be 0.99 nests/ km/

year. Madhyastha et al. (1986) observed only sporadic nesting of olive ridleys

along the Karnataka coast, and assessed the nesting density between

Mangalore and Mukka area to be 0.75/km. Sharath(2003) estimated the overall

nesting density for Uttara Kannada district as 0.33 nests/ km/ survey.

Overall nesting for six seasons from 2010-2016 was 92 nests. 65, 9, 18 nests

were collected and protected from the three ranges Honnavar, Manki and

Kumta respectively, in the order of Honnavar>Kumta>Manki.

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The hatching success rate is 44%. The average clutch size is 106 and a

maximum clutch observed was 175. This can be assisted with better hatchery

management based on the best management practices guidelines that has been

prepared as part of this project.

During the survey between February and July, 10 turtles were found washed

ashore in Manki and Kasarkod beaches. Out of ten turtles, five were intact and

others were highly degraded. Turtles attain sexual maturity when they grow over

55cm in CCL (Dash and Kar 1990; Bhupathy and Saravanan 2002). The turtles in

Honnavar that were intact and measured were all over 60cm. DT1, DT3, DT6 and

DT7 were all females except for one male found at Manki.

Beach profiles were carried from February till June and the beach widths

gradually decreased as the monsoon advanced.

Studies on olive ridley incubation temperature in Gahirmatha, shows that

incubation temperatures of > 30°C produce only females (Mohanty and Dimond

1986). Kurian and Nayak (2003) found that nests placed in Karwar at 45 cm

showed less sand temperature variations and remained consistent between 30°C

and 32°C (in December) and between 29°C and 31°C (in January). In the present

study the nests collected from January till March shows incubation temperature of

31 in January, 31-32 in February, 32 in March predicting all the hatchlings

emerged to be females.

Predictions on future sand temperature shows complete feminization and decrease

in hatchling success by 2046.

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The following recommendations are made to the forest department and the stake holders

based on the study:

Long term monitoring of nesting turtles and the nest temperature for better

understanding of climate change impacts on the particular locality and study shifts

in the nesting population.

Nesting sites must be patrolled regularly during the nesting season for locating

nests by the forest department and data sheets must be precisely used for the

collection of data.

Hatchery management protocol must be strictly followed and nests should be

relocated at the earliest and to a closer locale.

Hatcheries should be maintained at areas with no light pollution. In Kasarkod

hatchery three hatchlings were disoriented and moved towards the light from the

Eco-park.

Hatchlings should be released as soon as possible and preferably during late hours

to minimize predation rates.

Beach cleaning should be carried out in beaches. Ghost nets and medical waste

such as syringe and vials must not be discarded in the sea.

Littering along the coastal village must be strictly prohibited as they attract

possible predators.

Mechanized gear and trawlers must be prohibited within 5-20 km from the

beaches.

Awareness program among the local fishermen communities must be continued

and the involvement of local communities for the conservation of species should

be carried out

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Most of the research conducted on marine turtles has been carried out in

Karnataka is on nesting beaches. However, the sea turtles spend majority of their

life in the sea for feeding, mating, migrating Sea turtles migrate thousands of

kilometres between the nesting and foraging grounds. Tagging of turtles provides

valuable source of information on various aspects such as biology, population size

and migration, nesting females, time interval between nesting and nesting sites

(site fidelity).

Satellite telemetry allows researchers to track turtle on open sea for acquisition of

data on post nesting, migratory pathways and identifying their foraging and

breeding grounds.

To better understand the impacts of climate change on sex ratios of sea turtle

hatchlings a long term collaborative project involving the local capacities of the

Forest Department, EMPRI and research organizations should be maintained.

Regular nest temperature monitoring can be carried out in all the nests being

relocated to hatcheries and all dead hatchling individuals can be preserved and

checked for sexing as well as reasons for mortality by Dakshin Foundation.

Coastal regions especially the index beaches should be continuously monitored for

shoreline changes especially in regions where sea walls are being proposed to

calculate the impacts they would have on the local coastal habitats.

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Yntema, C.L., Mrosovsky, N., 1980. Sexual differentiation in hatchling loggerheads

(Caretta caretta) incubated at different controlled temperatures. Herpetologica 36, 33–36.

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Appendix

Appendix 1: Beach profiles at Kasarkod

Month Transect id Transect Strata

Elevation

Beach Width

Feb KK_BP_1 0 0

Feb KK_BP_1 1 -0.26 13.58 Feb KK_BP_1 2 -0.25 19.69 Feb KK_BP_1 3 -0.17 24.85

Feb KK_BP_1 4 0.32 35.51 Feb KK_BP_1 5 -0.32 35.88 Feb KK_BP_1 6 -1.11 42.51 March KK_BP_1 0 0

March KK_BP_1 1 -0.06 7.85 March KK_BP_1 2 -0.085 14.61 March KK_BP_1 3 -0.095 25.74 March KK_BP_1 4 -0.36 27.63 March KK_BP_1 5 -1.035 37.45 april KK_BP_1 0 0

april KK_BP_1 1 -0.09 2.58 april KK_BP_1 2 0.055 5.62

april KK_BP_1 3 -0.355 6.32 april KK_BP_1 4 -1.04 14.78 april KK_BP_1 5 -1.085 26.96 May KK_BP_1 0 0

May KK_BP_1 1 -0.195 6.22 May KK_BP_1 2 -0.52 6.68 May KK_BP_1 3 -0.525 11.5 May KK_BP_1 4 -1.01 21.24 Feb KK_BP_10 0 0

Feb KK_BP_10 1 0.34 10.9 Feb KK_BP_10 2 0.52 19.54 Feb KK_BP_10 3 -0.07 22.98

Feb KK_BP_10 4 -0.1 26.8 Feb KK_BP_10 5 -0.4 29.65 Feb KK_BP_10 6 -0.37 31.94 Feb KK_BP_10 7 0 39.51 Feb KK_BP_10 8 -0.2 40.14 Feb KK_BP_10 9 -0.11 40.7 Feb KK_BP_10 10 -0.235 40.83 Feb KK_BP_10 11 -0.81 47.5 Feb KK_BP_10 12 -0.705 59

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Feb KK_BP_10 13 -0.25 64.78

March KK_BP_10 0 0

March KK_BP_10 1 0.015 3.57 March KK_BP_10 2 -0.105 7.7 March KK_BP_10 3 -0.38 10.47 March KK_BP_10 4 -0.435 14 March KK_BP_10 5 0.045 20.24 March KK_BP_10 6 -0.21 20.4 March KK_BP_10 7 -0.91 24.76 March KK_BP_10 8 0.465 28.87 March KK_BP_10 9 -0.55 38.4 March KK_BP_10 10 -0.47 56.92 april KK_BP_10 0 0

april KK_BP_10 1 1.35 4.37 april KK_BP_10 2 -0.205 8.99 april KK_BP_10 3 -0.605 12.99 april KK_BP_10 4 -0.02 17.33

april KK_BP_10 5 -0.065 21.38 april KK_BP_10 6 -0.255 25.86 april KK_BP_10 7 -0.32 29.39 april KK_BP_10 8 -0.37 32.84 april KK_BP_10 9 -0.42 36.94 april KK_BP_10 10 -0.3 40.71 april KK_BP_10 11 -0.225 44.75 april KK_BP_10 12 -0.47 48.27

May KK_BP_10 0 0

May KK_BP_10 1 -0.025 7.13 May KK_BP_10 2 -0.75 12.71 May KK_BP_10 3 -0.18 27.77 May KK_BP_10 4 -1.195 37.84 May KK_BP_10 5 -0.65 50.32 May KK_BP_10 6 -0.37 60.97 May KK_BP_10 7 -0.705 81.93 Feb KK_BP_11 0 0

Feb KK_BP_11 1 0.07 5.09 Feb KK_BP_11 2 -0.82 9.25

Feb KK_BP_11 3 -0.15 14.63 Feb KK_BP_11 4 0.14 19.65 Feb KK_BP_11 5 -0.61 22.71 Feb KK_BP_11 6 -0.05 31.65 Feb KK_BP_11 7 -1.47 44.59 Feb KK_BP_11 8 -0.6 57.59 Feb KK_BP_11 9 -0.46 69.26 March KK_BP_11 0 0

March KK_BP_11 1 -0.03 2.73

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March KK_BP_11 2 0.16 4.75 March KK_BP_11 3 -0.575 7.06 March KK_BP_11 4 -0.305 9.39 March KK_BP_11 5 -0.13 13.58 March KK_BP_11 6 0.145 19.44 March KK_BP_11 7 -0.55 22.17 March KK_BP_11 8 0.14 25.24 March KK_BP_11 9 0.105 30.82 March KK_BP_11 10 -0.415 32.07 March KK_BP_11 11 -0.34 33.05 March KK_BP_11 12 -0.75 38.47 March KK_BP_11 13 -0.335 42.37 March KK_BP_11 14 -0.355 51.05 March KK_BP_11 15 -0.28 60.12 april KK_BP_11 0 0

april KK_BP_11 1 1.35 4.31 april KK_BP_11 2 -0.75 8.69 april KK_BP_11 3 -0.11 11.79 april KK_BP_11 4 -0.12 19.82 april KK_BP_11 5 -0.715 22.45 april KK_BP_11 6 -0.56 33.11 april KK_BP_11 7 -0.87 41.89 april KK_BP_11 8 -0.92 66.72 May KK_BP_11 0 0

May KK_BP_11 1 0.05 4.94

May KK_BP_11 2 -0.685 8.19 May KK_BP_11 3 -0.065 19.29 May KK_BP_11 4 -0.56 22.71 May KK_BP_11 5 0.145 33.96

May KK_BP_11 6 -0.425 39.07 May KK_BP_11 7 -1.07 48.93 May KK_BP_11 8 -0.89 64.1 Feb KK_BP_12 0 0

Feb KK_BP_12 1 -0.175 12.69 Feb KK_BP_12 2 0.29 19.13 Feb KK_BP_12 3 -0.4 24.76

Feb KK_BP_12 4 -0.66 26.34 Feb KK_BP_12 5 -0.5 38.32 Feb KK_BP_12 6 0.33 48.04 Feb KK_BP_12 7 -0.305 51.29 Feb KK_BP_12 8 -0.06 61.19 Feb KK_BP_12 9 -1.18 69.09 Feb KK_BP_12 10 -0.975 83.29 Feb KK_BP_12 11 -0.43 94.33 March KK_BP_12 0 0

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March KK_BP_12 1 0.115 5.18

March KK_BP_12 2 -0.71 6.76 March KK_BP_12 3 -0.43 19.13 March KK_BP_12 4 -0.295 28.12 March KK_BP_12 5 -0.43 31.77 March KK_BP_12 6 -0.095 35.11 March KK_BP_12 7 0.125 40.73 March KK_BP_12 8 -0.49 42.76 March KK_BP_12 9 -1.205 53.71 March KK_BP_12 10 -0.665 70.6 March KK_BP_12 11 -0.14 80.11 april KK_BP_12 0 0

april KK_BP_12 1 0.05 4.23

april KK_BP_12 2 -0.745 6.3 april KK_BP_12 3 -0.44 18.6 april KK_BP_12 4 0.34 27.18 april KK_BP_12 5 -0.41 31.48 april KK_BP_12 6 0.11 41.68 april KK_BP_12 7 -0.21 48.84 april KK_BP_12 8 -0.965 57 april KK_BP_12 9 -1.1 74.93 May KK_BP_12 0 0

May KK_BP_12 1 0.015 5.45 May KK_BP_12 2 -0.62 7 May KK_BP_12 3 -0.445 17.89

May KK_BP_12 4 0.315 28.54 May KK_BP_12 5 -0.46 33.65 May KK_BP_12 6 0.055 48.8 May KK_BP_12 7 -1.28 61.48 May KK_BP_12 8 -0.91 77.61 june KK_BP_12 0 0 0 june KK_BP_12 1 0.03 4.89 june KK_BP_12 2 -0.675 6.72 june KK_BP_12 3 -0.345 15.42 june KK_BP_12 4 0.11 24.97 june KK_BP_12 5 -0.955 31.22 june KK_BP_12 6 -1 43.22

Feb KK_BP_13 0 0

Feb KK_BP_13 1 0.165 7.86 Feb KK_BP_13 2 -0.38 8.32 Feb KK_BP_13 3 -0.055 22.86 Feb KK_BP_13 4 -0.265 29.62 Feb KK_BP_13 5 -0.67 41.3 Feb KK_BP_13 6 -0.875 55.74 Feb KK_BP_13 7 -0.495 80.83

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March KK_BP_13 0 0

March KK_BP_13 1 0.165 11.86 March KK_BP_13 2 -0.38 18.18 March KK_BP_13 3 -0.055 28.72 March KK_BP_13 4 -0.32 33.04 March KK_BP_13 5 -0.67 33.66 March KK_BP_13 6 -0.875 41.65 March KK_BP_13 7 -0.495 82.62 april KK_BP_13 0 0

april KK_BP_13 1 0.11 12.22 april KK_BP_13 2 -0.38 30.2 april KK_BP_13 3 0.185 32.62 april KK_BP_13 4 -1.02 42.54

april KK_BP_13 5 -1.185 65.11 May KK_BP_13 0 0

May KK_BP_13 1 0.075 5.45 May KK_BP_13 2 0.055 12.36 May KK_BP_13 3 -0.32 17.99 May KK_BP_13 4 -0.065 28.69 May KK_BP_13 5 0.135 40.29 May KK_BP_13 6 0.29 50.51 May KK_BP_13 7 -0.245 51.07 May KK_BP_13 8 -1.14 59.96 May KK_BP_13 9 -1.07 70.02 Feb KK_BP_2 0 0

Feb KK_BP_2 1 0.21 13.26 Feb KK_BP_2 2 0.325 27.16 Feb KK_BP_2 3 0.06 36.93 Feb KK_BP_2 4 -0.595 40.44 Feb KK_BP_2 5 0.065 49.46 Feb KK_BP_2 6 0.15 62.31 Feb KK_BP_2 7 -0.36 67.76 Feb KK_BP_2 8 -0.345 71.27 Feb KK_BP_2 9 -1.31 80.86 Feb KK_BP_2 10 -1.025 94.08 March KK_BP_2 0 0

March KK_BP_2 1 0.095 6.03 March KK_BP_2 2 0.065 12.79 March KK_BP_2 3 0.45 35.21 March KK_BP_2 4 -0.625 39.06 March KK_BP_2 5 0.095 49.27 March KK_BP_2 6 0.09 64.63 March KK_BP_2 7 -0.615 65.02 March KK_BP_2 8 -0.81 70.11 March KK_BP_2 9 -0.89 78.71

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april KK_BP_2 0 0

april KK_BP_2 1 0.055 5.2 april KK_BP_2 2 0.15 16.17 april KK_BP_2 3 0.385 29.34 april KK_BP_2 4 -0.105 36.84 april KK_BP_2 5 -0.56 40.59 april KK_BP_2 6 0.305 63.47 april KK_BP_2 7 -0.145 64.64 april KK_BP_2 8 -0.1 65.45 april KK_BP_2 9 -1.115 72.2 april KK_BP_2 10 -1.33 87.82 May KK_BP_2 0 0

May KK_BP_2 1 0.13 7.32

May KK_BP_2 2 0.085 14.38 May KK_BP_2 3 0.19 23.66 May KK_BP_2 4 0.155 37.34 May KK_BP_2 5 -0.655 42.37

May KK_BP_2 6 0.29 63.55 May KK_BP_2 7 -0.395 64.87 May KK_BP_2 8 -0.47 73.27 May KK_BP_2 9 -0.61 82.23 May KK_BP_2 10 -0.625 92.2 june KK_BP_2 0 0

june KK_BP_2 1 0.205 11.22 june KK_BP_2 2 0.485 32.93

june KK_BP_2 3 -0.45 42.77 june KK_BP_2 4 -1.285 54.29 june KK_BP_2 5 -0.95 72.03 Feb KK_BP_3 0 0

Feb KK_BP_3 1 -0.205 11.37 Feb KK_BP_3 2 -0.195 20.54 Feb KK_BP_3 3 -0.57 22.61 Feb KK_BP_3 4 -0.315 30.05 Feb KK_BP_3 5 0.33 39.15 Feb KK_BP_3 6 -0.47 42.04 Feb KK_BP_3 7 -0.93 49.78 Feb KK_BP_3 8 -1.06 62.54

March KK_BP_3 0 0

March KK_BP_3 1 -0.565 6.74 March KK_BP_3 2 -0.435 9.51 March KK_BP_3 3 -0.19 12.85 March KK_BP_3 4 0.345 22.53 March KK_BP_3 5 0.145 28.08 March KK_BP_3 6 -0.24 33.57 March KK_BP_3 7 0.395 46.74

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March KK_BP_3 8 -0.88 47.56

March KK_BP_3 9 -1.29 56.45 april KK_BP_3 0 0

april KK_BP_3 1 -0.08 3.98 april KK_BP_3 2 -0.125 11.59 april KK_BP_3 3 -0.86 12.63 april KK_BP_3 4 -0.98 20.45 april KK_BP_3 5 -0.415 31.72 april KK_BP_3 6 -0.405 48.64 april KK_BP_3 7 -0.34 63.74 May KK_BP_3 0 0

May KK_BP_3 1 -0.205 4 May KK_BP_3 2 -0.11 7.99

May KK_BP_3 3 -0.655 9.05 May KK_BP_3 4 -0.115 13.92 May KK_BP_3 5 -0.64 20.89 May KK_BP_3 6 -0.615 28.72

May KK_BP_3 7 -0.54 36.29 Feb KK_BP_4 0 0

Feb KK_BP_4 1 0.01 7.57 Feb KK_BP_4 2 -0.28 11.09 Feb KK_BP_4 3 0.09 17.27 Feb KK_BP_4 4 0.285 26.9 Feb KK_BP_4 5 -0.22 31.54 Feb KK_BP_4 6 -0.335 33.43

Feb KK_BP_4 7 -0.25 36.5 Feb KK_BP_4 8 -0.36 40.73 Feb KK_BP_4 9 -0.845 49.18 Feb KK_BP_4 10 -0.75 61.13 March KK_BP_4 0 0

March KK_BP_4 1 -0.085 6.97 March KK_BP_4 2 -0.23 9.84 March KK_BP_4 3 0.105 17.81 March KK_BP_4 4 0.265 26.74 March KK_BP_4 5 -0.27 31.15 March KK_BP_4 6 -0.315 33.18 March KK_BP_4 7 -0.195 35.72

March KK_BP_4 8 -0.25 38.05 March KK_BP_4 9 -0.735 46.08 March KK_BP_4 10 -0.715 57.4 March KK_BP_4 11 -0.54 78.17 april KK_BP_4 0 0

april KK_BP_4 1 -0.075 8.86 april KK_BP_4 2 -0.22 12.27 april KK_BP_4 3 0.355 27.5

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april KK_BP_4 4 -0.185 32.1

april KK_BP_4 5 -0.21 33.66 april KK_BP_4 6 -0.095 42.13 april KK_BP_4 7 -1.36 56.38 april KK_BP_4 8 -0.835 75.88 april KK_BP_4 9 -0.485 91.35 May KK_BP_4 0 0

May KK_BP_4 1 -0.005 7.05 May KK_BP_4 2 -0.265 11.57 May KK_BP_4 3 0.39 25.95 May KK_BP_4 4 -0.125 28.53 May KK_BP_4 5 -0.105 31.74 May KK_BP_4 6 -0.28 34.03

May KK_BP_4 7 0.025 39.05 May KK_BP_4 8 -0.025 44.22 May KK_BP_4 9 -0.29 45.39 May KK_BP_4 10 -0.895 51.22 May KK_BP_4 11 -0.69 59.3 May KK_BP_4 12 -0.47 73.2 june KK_BP_4 0 0

june KK_BP_4 1 -0.15 8.65 june KK_BP_4 2 -0.05 17.95 june KK_BP_4 3 0.195 27 june KK_BP_4 4 -0.35 35.04 june KK_BP_4 5 -0.72 44.08

june KK_BP_4 6 -0.25 50.23 Feb KK_BP_5 0 0

Feb KK_BP_5 1 -0.045 2.5 Feb KK_BP_5 2 -0.455 5.73 Feb KK_BP_5 3 -0.15 11.25 Feb KK_BP_5 4 0 18.55 Feb KK_BP_5 5 -0.335 22.65 Feb KK_BP_5 6 -0.57 28.37 Feb KK_BP_5 7 -0.75 38.64 March KK_BP_5 0 0

March KK_BP_5 1 -0.585 4.98 March KK_BP_5 2 -0.055 16.03

March KK_BP_5 3 -0.3 16.94 March KK_BP_5 4 -0.905 25.05 March KK_BP_5 5 -0.48 36.39 april KK_BP_5 0 0

april KK_BP_5 1 0.005 1.32 april KK_BP_5 2 -0.56 5.5 april KK_BP_5 3 0.16 19.36 april KK_BP_5 4 -1.185 32.13

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april KK_BP_5 5 -0.83 50.33

april KK_BP_5 6 -0.68 71.6 May KK_BP_5 0 0

May KK_BP_5 1 -0.665 6.29 May KK_BP_5 2 0.095 11.54 May KK_BP_5 3 0.08 21.71 May KK_BP_5 4 -0.465 26.12 May KK_BP_5 5 -0.535 30.51 May KK_BP_5 6 -1.04 47.41 Feb KK_BP_6 0 0

Feb KK_BP_6 1 -0.055 10.2 Feb KK_BP_6 2 0.255 21.58 Feb KK_BP_6 3 0.7 37.96

Feb KK_BP_6 4 -0.525 40.62 Feb KK_BP_6 5 -0.145 42.57 Feb KK_BP_6 6 -0.47 46.91 Feb KK_BP_6 7 -1.14 59.33

March KK_BP_6 0 0

March KK_BP_6 1 -0.09 7.34 March KK_BP_6 2 0.125 15.57 March KK_BP_6 3 0.345 27.07 March KK_BP_6 4 0.53 37.9 March KK_BP_6 5 -0.475 40.12 March KK_BP_6 6 -0.325 42.83 March KK_BP_6 7 -1.32 52.68

March KK_BP_6 8 -0.485 64.2 april KK_BP_6 0 0

april KK_BP_6 1 -0.125 5.9 april KK_BP_6 2 0.04 11.69 april KK_BP_6 3 0.315 23.67 april KK_BP_6 4 0.635 37.74 april KK_BP_6 5 -0.22 39.01 april KK_BP_6 6 -0.285 44.24 april KK_BP_6 7 -1.01 54.04 april KK_BP_6 8 -0.6 60.98 april KK_BP_6 9 -0.59 73.3 april KK_BP_6 10 -0.755 94.2

May KK_BP_6 0 0

May KK_BP_6 1 -0.1 8.7 May KK_BP_6 2 0.115 16.07 May KK_BP_6 3 0.235 24.11 May KK_BP_6 4 0.6 37.39 May KK_BP_6 5 -0.255 39.06 May KK_BP_6 6 -0.145 44.71 May KK_BP_6 7 -0.46 45.56

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May KK_BP_6 8 -1.215 53.33

May KK_BP_6 9 -0.69 65.63 Feb KK_BP_7 0 0

Feb KK_BP_7 1 -0.145 2.42 Feb KK_BP_7 2 -0.16 11.77 Feb KK_BP_7 3 -0.405 24.68 Feb KK_BP_7 4 -1.02 33.27 Feb KK_BP_7 5 0.48 52.7 Feb KK_BP_7 6 0.18 67.43 Feb KK_BP_7 7 -0.3 72.99 Feb KK_BP_7 8 -0.66 73.5 Feb KK_BP_7 9 -1.395 91.16 March KK_BP_7 0 0

March KK_BP_7 1 -0.17 3.64 March KK_BP_7 2 0.075 7.05 March KK_BP_7 3 -0.115 11.62 March KK_BP_7 4 0.02 15.7

March KK_BP_7 5 -0.135 19.52 March KK_BP_7 6 -0.24 22.23 March KK_BP_7 7 -0.84 28.73 March KK_BP_7 8 0.015 35.14 March KK_BP_7 9 0.395 49.46 March KK_BP_7 10 0.05 66.2 March KK_BP_7 11 -0.835 67.93 March KK_BP_7 12 -1.02 76.44

March KK_BP_7 13 -0.74 93.16 March KK_BP_7 14 -0.215 110.77 april KK_BP_7 0 0

april KK_BP_7 1 -0.11 6.76 april KK_BP_7 2 -0.095 14.53 april KK_BP_7 3 -0.345 21.91 april KK_BP_7 4 -0.93 29.31 april KK_BP_7 5 0.19 40.95 april KK_BP_7 6 0.465 63.5 april KK_BP_7 7 -0.84 72.14 april KK_BP_7 8 -0.945 80.76 april KK_BP_7 9 -0.61 94.1

april KK_BP_7 10 -0.93 119.56 May KK_BP_7 0 0

May KK_BP_7 1 -0.095 3.6 May KK_BP_7 2 -0.18 10.33 May KK_BP_7 3 -0.135 20.24 May KK_BP_7 4 -1.08 29.7 May KK_BP_7 5 0.06 36.15 May KK_BP_7 6 0.185 45.19

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May KK_BP_7 7 0.395 57.6

May KK_BP_7 8 -0.13 66.03 May KK_BP_7 9 -0.365 70.29 May KK_BP_7 10 -1.23 77.65 May KK_BP_7 11 -1.15 94.45 june KK_BP_7 0 0

june KK_BP_7 1 -0.15 6.88 june KK_BP_7 2 -0.095 14.43 june KK_BP_7 3 -0.285 21.56 june KK_BP_7 4 -0.48 24.5 june KK_BP_7 5 -0.325 32.55 june KK_BP_7 6 0.1 40.57 june KK_BP_7 7 -0.95 47.42

Feb KK_BP_8 0 0

Feb KK_BP_8 1 0.15 3.17 Feb KK_BP_8 2 0.245 8.65 Feb KK_BP_8 3 -0.65 11.7

Feb KK_BP_8 4 -0.855 19.36 Feb KK_BP_8 5 0.145 31.57 Feb KK_BP_8 6 0.51 42.23 Feb KK_BP_8 7 -0.66 43.05 Feb KK_BP_8 8 -0.485 48.81 Feb KK_BP_8 9 -0.37 50.83 Feb KK_BP_8 10 -1.135 61.77 Feb KK_BP_8 11 -0.425 70.67

March KK_BP_8 0 0

March KK_BP_8 1 0.21 7.73 March KK_BP_8 2 0.23 13.27 March KK_BP_8 3 -0.705 16.45 March KK_BP_8 4 -0.78 23.72 March KK_BP_8 5 -0.04 31.75 March KK_BP_8 6 0.69 46.32 March KK_BP_8 7 -0.555 47.55 March KK_BP_8 8 -0.46 52.38 March KK_BP_8 9 -0.375 54.74 March KK_BP_8 10 -0.95 62.32 March KK_BP_8 11 -0.59 73

March KK_BP_8 12 -0.395 86.55 april KK_BP_8 0 0

april KK_BP_8 1 -0.195 3.16 april KK_BP_8 2 -0.385 13.03 april KK_BP_8 3 -0.34 16.5 april KK_BP_8 4 -0.805 25.73 april KK_BP_8 5 -0.075 37.2 april KK_BP_8 6 0.7 51.82

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april KK_BP_8 7 -0.55 54.54

april KK_BP_8 8 -0.59 61.27 april KK_BP_8 9 -0.97 71.44 april KK_BP_8 10 -0.795 92.44 May KK_BP_8 0 0

May KK_BP_8 1 -0.385 5.18 May KK_BP_8 2 -0.25 13.71 May KK_BP_8 3 -0.52 20.04 May KK_BP_8 4 -0.635 26.66 May KK_BP_8 5 -0.235 28.47 May KK_BP_8 6 0.21 38.63 May KK_BP_8 7 0.69 52.38 May KK_BP_8 8 -0.495 54.61

May KK_BP_8 9 -0.28 61.98 May KK_BP_8 10 -0.925 68.35 May KK_BP_8 11 -0.88 80.73 May KK_BP_8 12 -0.4 96.91 Feb KK_BP_9 0 0

Feb KK_BP_9 1 0.15 5.88 Feb KK_BP_9 2 0.03 12.53 Feb KK_BP_9 3 -1.01 20.38 Feb KK_BP_9 4 -0.1 31.84 Feb KK_BP_9 5 0.225 39.76 Feb KK_BP_9 6 -0.485 40.43 Feb KK_BP_9 7 -0.3 42.68

Feb KK_BP_9 8 -0.555 42.91 Feb KK_BP_9 9 -1.235 56.35 Feb KK_BP_9 10 -0.32 64.04 March KK_BP_9 0 0

March KK_BP_9 1 -0.035 5.43 March KK_BP_9 2 -0.04 12.75 March KK_BP_9 3 -0.41 15.82 March KK_BP_9 4 -0.545 19.98 March KK_BP_9 5 -0.12 27.37 March KK_BP_9 6 0.285 38.3 March KK_BP_9 7 -1.21 39.78 March KK_BP_9 8 -0.22 40.59

March KK_BP_9 9 -0.995 49.94 March KK_BP_9 10 -0.425 60.87 March KK_BP_9 11 -0.28 75.87 april KK_BP_9 0 0

april KK_BP_9 1 0.155 3.38 april KK_BP_9 2 -0.205 5.58 april KK_BP_9 3 -1.16 14.94 april KK_BP_9 4 -0.035 22.8

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april KK_BP_9 5 0.685 37.34

april KK_BP_9 6 -0.59 39.02 april KK_BP_9 7 -0.345 44.65 april KK_BP_9 8 -0.185 49.18 april KK_BP_9 9 -0.91 57.92 april KK_BP_9 10 -0.755 74.07 april KK_BP_9 11 -0.425 86.57 May KK_BP_9 0 0

May KK_BP_9 1 -0.345 8.81 May KK_BP_9 2 -0.67 13.8 May KK_BP_9 3 -0.145 22.88 May KK_BP_9 4 0.255 31.91 May KK_BP_9 5 -0.5 33.21

May KK_BP_9 6 -0.375 38.39 May KK_BP_9 7 -1.06 47.33 May KK_BP_9 8 -0.79 65.73 May KK_BP_9 9 -0.42 76.11 May KK_BP_9 10 -0.655 96.54 june KK_BP_9 0 0

june KK_BP_9 1 -0.155 6.73 june KK_BP_9 2 -0.94 14.13 june KK_BP_9 3 0.05 30.21 june KK_BP_9 4 -0.335 31.29 june KK_BP_9 5 -0.795 37.81 june KK_BP_9 6 -1.3 54.01

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Appendix 2: Beach profiles at Manki

month Transect id Transect Strata Elevation Beach Width

Feb MN_BP_1 0 0

Feb MN_BP_1 1 -0.1 8.56 Feb MN_BP_1 2 0.2 15.65 Feb MN_BP_1 3 0.205 26.73 Feb MN_BP_1 4 -0.165 28.56 Feb MN_BP_1 5 -0.08 29.53 Feb MN_BP_1 6 -1.315 42.46 Feb MN_BP_1 7 -0.445 53.83

March MN_BP_1 0 0

March MN_BP_1 1 0.035 9.86 March MN_BP_1 2 0.36 26.95 March MN_BP_1 3 -0.195 29.85 March MN_BP_1 4 -0.67 34.57 March MN_BP_1 5 -0.5 40.95 March MN_BP_1 6 -0.835 58.9 March MN_BP_1 7 -0.62 74.78 april MN_BP_1 0 0

april MN_BP_1 1 -0.02 5.92 april MN_BP_1 2 0.195 14.59 april MN_BP_1 3 0.265 25.96

april MN_BP_1 4 -0.51 34.21 april MN_BP_1 5 -0.895 42.18 april MN_BP_1 6 -0.76 58.25 May MN_BP_1 0 0

May MN_BP_1 1 0.21 15.42 May MN_BP_1 2 0.205 26.42 May MN_BP_1 3 -0.245 32.45 May MN_BP_1 4 -0.64 38.12 May MN_BP_1 5 -0.87 53.15 May MN_BP_1 6 -0.63 72.31 june MN_BP_1 0 0

june MN_BP_1 1 -0.53 4.8

june MN_BP_1 2 -0.565 23.2 Feb MN_BP_10 0 0

Feb MN_BP_10 1 -0.555 6.48 Feb MN_BP_10 2 0.11 15.6 Feb MN_BP_10 3 0.195 25.45 Feb MN_BP_10 4 -0.255 27.66 Feb MN_BP_10 5 -0.36 31.44 Feb MN_BP_10 6 -1.165 43

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Feb MN_BP_10 7 -0.635 56.15

March MN_BP_10 0 0 0 March MN_BP_10 1 -0.585 6.75 March MN_BP_10 2 0.065 15.11 March MN_BP_10 3 0.23 26.03 March MN_BP_10 4 -0.355 29.08 March MN_BP_10 5 -0.88 40.24 March MN_BP_10 6 -0.95 58.65 March MN_BP_10 7 -0.865 83.3 april MN_BP_10 0 0

april MN_BP_10 1 -0.295 3.66 april MN_BP_10 2 -0.315 12.38 april MN_BP_10 3 0.24 27.33

april MN_BP_10 4 -0.335 29.88 april MN_BP_10 5 -0.48 39.96 april MN_BP_10 6 -0.7 47.96 april MN_BP_10 7 -0.85 61.38 May MN_BP_10 0 0

May MN_BP_10 1 -0.695 8.26 May MN_BP_10 2 0.255 28.33 May MN_BP_10 3 -0.34 30.99 May MN_BP_10 4 -0.325 37.96 May MN_BP_10 5 -0.77 46.37 May MN_BP_10 6 -0.82 56.87 june MN_BP_10 0 0

june MN_BP_10 1 -0.445 4.9 june MN_BP_10 2 -0.26 5.34 june MN_BP_10 3 -0.87 15.25 june MN_BP_10 4 -0.84 30.62 Feb MN_BP_11 0 0

Feb MN_BP_11 1 0.105 7.78 Feb MN_BP_11 2 0.395 18.31 Feb MN_BP_11 3 0.33 30.89 Feb MN_BP_11 4 -0.235 37.63 Feb MN_BP_11 5 -0.61 46.97 Feb MN_BP_11 6 -0.52 58.13 Feb MN_BP_11 7 -0.415 72.68

March MN_BP_11 0 0 0 March MN_BP_11 1 -0.08 7.69 March MN_BP_11 2 0.435 18.3 March MN_BP_11 3 0.285 31.28 March MN_BP_11 4 -0.24 39.52 March MN_BP_11 5 -0.755 55.38 March MN_BP_11 6 -0.475 72.15 March MN_BP_11 7 -0.38 86.49

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March MN_BP_11 8 -0.68 110.98

april MN_BP_11 0 0

april MN_BP_11 1 0.035 6.54 april MN_BP_11 2 0.05 6.75 april MN_BP_11 3 0.265 12.81 april MN_BP_11 4 0.265 21.62 april MN_BP_11 5 0.16 30.56 april MN_BP_11 6 -0.195 42.71 april MN_BP_11 7 -0.155 46.97 april MN_BP_11 8 -0.66 58.04 april MN_BP_11 9 -0.91 84.77 May MN_BP_11 0 0

May MN_BP_11 1 0.125 7.75

May MN_BP_11 2 0.42 18.39 May MN_BP_11 3 0.245 43.75 May MN_BP_11 4 -0.565 49.65 May MN_BP_11 5 -1.1 65.26

Feb MN_BP_2 0 0

Feb MN_BP_2 1 -0.31 7.27 Feb MN_BP_2 2 -1.395 9.48 Feb MN_BP_2 3 -0.105 11.42 Feb MN_BP_2 4 -0.33 12.23 Feb MN_BP_2 5 0.115 15.82 Feb MN_BP_2 6 0.105 16.45 Feb MN_BP_2 7 0.19 24.37

Feb MN_BP_2 8 0.245 34.74 Feb MN_BP_2 9 -0.42 40.59 Feb MN_BP_2 10 0.1 46.5 Feb MN_BP_2 11 0.095 57.66 Feb MN_BP_2 12 -0.54 63.42 Feb MN_BP_2 13 -0.64 78.21 March MN_BP_2 0 0

March MN_BP_2 1 -0.165 9.86 March MN_BP_2 2 -0.42 26.95 March MN_BP_2 3 -0.37 28.08 March MN_BP_2 4 0.205 32.27 March MN_BP_2 5 0.265 41.4

March MN_BP_2 6 0.17 50.45 March MN_BP_2 7 -0.335 57.03 March MN_BP_2 8 0.145 60.61 March MN_BP_2 9 0.17 69.77 March MN_BP_2 10 -0.575 80.51 March MN_BP_2 11 -0.89 97.44 March MN_BP_2 12 -0.91 122.89 april MN_BP_2 0 0

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april MN_BP_2 1 -0.2 5.39

april MN_BP_2 2 -0.105 8.91 april MN_BP_2 3 -0.435 14.59 april MN_BP_2 4 -0.28 15.22 april MN_BP_2 5 -0.005 19.2 april MN_BP_2 6 0.215 20.52 april MN_BP_2 7 0.22 27.64 april MN_BP_2 8 0.165 37.14 april MN_BP_2 9 -0.255 41.12 april MN_BP_2 10 0.41 57.58 april MN_BP_2 11 -0.695 67.2 april MN_BP_2 12 -1.03 81.68 May MN_BP_2 0 0

May MN_BP_2 1 -0.49 8.69 May MN_BP_2 2 -0.215 11.56 May MN_BP_2 3 -0.265 12.72 May MN_BP_2 4 0.19 16.21 May MN_BP_2 5 0.475 34.37 May MN_BP_2 6 -0.255 39.19 May MN_BP_2 7 0.33 54.29 May MN_BP_2 8 -0.895 67.1 May MN_BP_2 9 -1.15 96.45 Feb MN_BP_3 0 0

Feb MN_BP_3 1 -0.51 12.38 Feb MN_BP_3 2 0.105 26.69

Feb MN_BP_3 3 -0.57 36.93 Feb MN_BP_3 4 -0.495 49.86 March MN_BP_3 0 0

March MN_BP_3 1 -0.435 8.66 March MN_BP_3 2 -0.085 15.8 March MN_BP_3 3 0.19 23.74 March MN_BP_3 4 -0.095 27.83 March MN_BP_3 5 -1.03 45.25 March MN_BP_3 6 -1.03 75.4 april MN_BP_3 0 0

april MN_BP_3 1 -0.325 5.54 april MN_BP_3 2 -0.185 16.06

april MN_BP_3 3 0.25 27.08 april MN_BP_3 4 -0.065 40.73 april MN_BP_3 5 -0.625 48.39 april MN_BP_3 6 -0.96 67.29 May MN_BP_3 0 0

May MN_BP_3 1 -0.385 22.87 May MN_BP_3 2 0.185 40.79 May MN_BP_3 3 -0.49 46.67

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May MN_BP_3 4 -0.745 59.82

May MN_BP_3 5 -0.78 81.97 Feb MN_BP_4 0 0

Feb MN_BP_4 1 -0.13 4.46 Feb MN_BP_4 2 0.185 11.02 Feb MN_BP_4 3 -0.085 11.72 Feb MN_BP_4 4 -0.07 13.07 Feb MN_BP_4 5 -0.155 21.23 Feb MN_BP_4 6 0.125 29.9 Feb MN_BP_4 7 -0.67 34.77 Feb MN_BP_4 8 -0.795 48.69 Feb MN_BP_4 9 -0.335 56.88 Feb MN_BP_4 10 -0.22 63.89

March MN_BP_4 0 0 0 March MN_BP_4 1 -0.02 13.08 March MN_BP_4 2 -0.235 19.2 March MN_BP_4 3 0.165 31.3 March MN_BP_4 4 -0.37 34.92 March MN_BP_4 5 -0.465 38.89 March MN_BP_4 6 -0.69 45.95 March MN_BP_4 7 -0.5 57.46 March MN_BP_4 8 -0.4 78.6 april MN_BP_4 0 0

april MN_BP_4 1 -0.1 5.33 april MN_BP_4 2 0.115 13.54

april MN_BP_4 3 -0.205 21.78 april MN_BP_4 4 0.18 36.31 april MN_BP_4 5 -0.315 38.78 april MN_BP_4 6 -1.05 46.64 april MN_BP_4 7 -0.76 62.05 May MN_BP_4 0 0

May MN_BP_4 1 -0.115 6.94 May MN_BP_4 2 0.155 12.98 May MN_BP_4 3 -0.27 18.51 May MN_BP_4 4 0.365 35.06 May MN_BP_4 5 -1.04 41.42 May MN_BP_4 6 -0.94 56.5

May MN_BP_4 7 -0.365 66.82 june MN_BP_4 0 0 0 june MN_BP_4 1 -0.765 13.08 june MN_BP_4 2 -1.07 19.2 Feb MN_BP_5 0 0

Feb MN_BP_5 1 -0.19 6.99 Feb MN_BP_5 2 0.155 17.05 Feb MN_BP_5 3 0.045 26.39

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Feb MN_BP_5 4 0.06 38.42

Feb MN_BP_5 5 -0.715 45.64 Feb MN_BP_5 6 -0.725 58.47 Feb MN_BP_5 7 -0.26 66.73 March MN_BP_5 0 0 0 March MN_BP_5 1 -0.115 10.99 March MN_BP_5 2 0.165 25.93 March MN_BP_5 3 0.12 39.32 March MN_BP_5 4 -0.66 46.7 March MN_BP_5 5 -0.86 56.06 March MN_BP_5 6 -0.465 67.78 March MN_BP_5 7 -0.325 84.15 april MN_BP_5 0 0

april MN_BP_5 1 -0.135 6.58 april MN_BP_5 2 0.185 19.76 april MN_BP_5 3 0.29 41.82 april MN_BP_5 4 -0.205 43.85 april MN_BP_5 5 -0.82 48.96 april MN_BP_5 6 -1.09 65.8 May MN_BP_5 0 0

May MN_BP_5 1 0.025 25.04 May MN_BP_5 2 0.35 43.23 May MN_BP_5 3 -0.235 44.1 May MN_BP_5 4 -0.225 45.29 May MN_BP_5 5 -1.02 54.39

May MN_BP_5 6 -0.527 61.7 Feb MN_BP_6 0 0

Feb MN_BP_6 1 -0.185 7.78 Feb MN_BP_6 2 -0.065 21.36 Feb MN_BP_6 3 -0.57 25.17 Feb MN_BP_6 4 -0.595 34.59 Feb MN_BP_6 5 -0.235 41.06 March MN_BP_6 0 0 0 March MN_BP_6 1 -0.115 7.09 March MN_BP_6 2 -0.03 18.32 March MN_BP_6 3 -0.305 27.79 March MN_BP_6 4 -0.145 28.3

March MN_BP_6 5 -0.985 38.8 March MN_BP_6 6 -0.51 51.9 March MN_BP_6 7 -0.495 75.19 april MN_BP_6 0 0

april MN_BP_6 1 -0.14 8.87 april MN_BP_6 2 0.155 22.33 april MN_BP_6 3 -0.435 27.92 april MN_BP_6 4 -0.67 33.42

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april MN_BP_6 5 -0.875 49.75

May MN_BP_6 0 0

May MN_BP_6 1 -0.075 6.03 May MN_BP_6 2 0.015 18.14 May MN_BP_6 3 -0.345 23.14 May MN_BP_6 4 -0.755 28.64 May MN_BP_6 5 -0.88 42.18 june MN_BP_6 0 0

june MN_BP_6 1 0.91 13.43 Feb MN_BP_7 0 0

Feb MN_BP_7 1 0.07 5.21 Feb MN_BP_7 2 0.185 11.87 Feb MN_BP_7 3 -0.415 16.68

Feb MN_BP_7 4 -0.37 21.73 Feb MN_BP_7 5 0.105 33.86 Feb MN_BP_7 6 -0.055 41.24 Feb MN_BP_7 7 -0.48 47.75

Feb MN_BP_7 8 -0.595 57.39 March MN_BP_7 0 0 0 March MN_BP_7 1 0.225 11.89 March MN_BP_7 2 -0.71 20.06 March MN_BP_7 3 0.105 30.4 March MN_BP_7 4 -0.015 41.41 March MN_BP_7 5 -0.5 47.15 March MN_BP_7 6 -0.765 55.87

March MN_BP_7 7 -0.54 66.89 March MN_BP_7 8 -0.52 86.86 april MN_BP_7 0 0

april MN_BP_7 1 0.105 6.42 april MN_BP_7 2 0.08 12.25 april MN_BP_7 3 -0.675 20.59 april MN_BP_7 4 0.095 32.22 april MN_BP_7 5 -0.06 44.32 april MN_BP_7 6 -0.98 53.59 april MN_BP_7 7 -0.88 68.01 May MN_BP_7 0 0

May MN_BP_7 1 0.23 12.17

May MN_BP_7 2 -0.755 21.13 May MN_BP_7 3 0.255 43.48 May MN_BP_7 4 -0.33 44.61 May MN_BP_7 5 -0.885 53.06 May MN_BP_7 6 -0.78 65.11 Feb MN_BP_8 0 0

Feb MN_BP_8 1 -0.47 7.26 Feb MN_BP_8 2 -0.395 17.42

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Feb MN_BP_8 3 -0.115 20.54

Feb MN_BP_8 4 -0.16 22.08 Feb MN_BP_8 5 -0.235 22.58 Feb MN_BP_8 6 0.255 34.74 Feb MN_BP_8 7 0.44 47.35 Feb MN_BP_8 8 -0.165 47.54 Feb MN_BP_8 9 -0.765 51.6 Feb MN_BP_8 10 -0.78 60.62 March MN_BP_8 0 0 0 March MN_BP_8 1 -0.89 17.12 March MN_BP_8 2 -0.345 23.01 March MN_BP_8 3 -0.225 24.09 March MN_BP_8 4 0.24 34.51

March MN_BP_8 5 0.455 48.42 March MN_BP_8 6 -0.4 50.94 March MN_BP_8 7 -0.93 57.28 March MN_BP_8 8 -0.875 71.08 March MN_BP_8 9 -0.38 83.63 april MN_BP_8 0 0

april MN_BP_8 1 -0.34 5.94 april MN_BP_8 2 -0.465 16.69 april MN_BP_8 3 -0.285 23.06 april MN_BP_8 4 -0.27 24.83 april MN_BP_8 5 0.295 35.62 april MN_BP_8 6 0.465 48.88

april MN_BP_8 7 -0.26 51.1 april MN_BP_8 8 -1.185 59.35 april MN_BP_8 9 -0.94 75.8 May MN_BP_8 0 0

May MN_BP_8 1 -0.62 13.51 May MN_BP_8 2 -0.265 20.18 May MN_BP_8 3 -0.165 22.21 May MN_BP_8 4 -0.24 23.89 May MN_BP_8 5 0.76 48.72 May MN_BP_8 6 -0.385 50.47 May MN_BP_8 7 -1.04 58.96 May MN_BP_8 8 -0.465 64.67

june MN_BP_8 0 0

june MN_BP_8 1 -0.48 10.38 june MN_BP_8 2 -0.58 21.75 june MN_BP_8 3 -1.29 50.46 Feb MN_BP_9 0 0

Feb MN_BP_9 1 0.375 7.19 Feb MN_BP_9 2 0.355 18.63 Feb MN_BP_9 3 -0.32 19.72

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Feb MN_BP_9 4 -0.745 24.93

Feb MN_BP_9 5 -0.67 36.99 Feb MN_BP_9 6 -0.33 45.44 March MN_BP_9 0 0 0 March MN_BP_9 1 0.135 3.74 March MN_BP_9 2 0.5 18.11 March MN_BP_9 3 -0.615 23.06 March MN_BP_9 4 -0.95 35.96 March MN_BP_9 5 -0.74 55.16 april MN_BP_9 0 0

april MN_BP_9 1 0.055 2.66 april MN_BP_9 2 0.115 6.95 april MN_BP_9 3 0.25 13.25

april MN_BP_9 4 0.275 22.72 april MN_BP_9 5 -1.08 30.54 april MN_BP_9 6 -0.97 46.14 May MN_BP_9 0 0

May MN_BP_9 1 0.27 9.19 May MN_BP_9 2 0.63 24.63 May MN_BP_9 3 -0.7 29.11 May MN_BP_9 4 -1.37 43.62

Appendix 3: Beach profiles at Haldipur

Month Transect id Transect Strata Elevation Beach Width april HL_BP_1 0 0

april HL_BP_1 1 0.255 7.61 april HL_BP_1 2 0.275 19.57 april HL_BP_1 3 -0.43 33.31 april HL_BP_1 4 -0.125 42.9 april HL_BP_1 5 0.715 68.64 april HL_BP_1 6 -0.3 70.12 april HL_BP_1 7 -0.815 82.52 april HL_BP_1 8 -0.79 103.56 april HL_BP_1 9 -0.46 123.36

april HL_BP_1 10 -0.395 136.99 Feb HL_BP_1 0 0

Feb HL_BP_1 1 0.435 19.4 Feb HL_BP_1 2 -0.145 20.99 Feb HL_BP_1 3 -0.08 27.31 Feb HL_BP_1 4 -0.035 30.66 Feb HL_BP_1 5 -0.205 35.83 Feb HL_BP_1 6 0.05 49.21

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Feb HL_BP_1 7 0.175 57.29

Feb HL_BP_1 8 0.405 68.59 Feb HL_BP_1 9 -0.51 70.77 Feb HL_BP_1 10 -0.155 77.9 Feb HL_BP_1 11 -0.935 92.85 Feb HL_BP_1 12 -0.64 109.95 Feb HL_BP_1 13 -0.155 121.77 Feb HL_BP_1 14 -0.385 140.82 March HL_BP_1 0 0

March HL_BP_1 1 0.515 20.53 March HL_BP_1 2 -0.32 29.87 March HL_BP_1 3 -0.255 42.89 March HL_BP_1 4 0.245 54.87

March HL_BP_1 5 0.48 68.27 March HL_BP_1 6 -0.285 69.47 March HL_BP_1 7 -1.04 81.73 March HL_BP_1 8 -0.6 98.98 March HL_BP_1 9 -0.385 118 May HL_BP_1 0 0

May HL_BP_1 1 0.385 7.19 May HL_BP_1 2 0.285 20.07 May HL_BP_1 3 -0.23 24.25 May HL_BP_1 4 -0.255 41.19 May HL_BP_1 5 0.675 71.59 May HL_BP_1 6 -0.29 73.79

May HL_BP_1 7 -0.155 86.39 May HL_BP_1 8 -1.25 102.83 May HL_BP_1 9 -0.49 123.42 May HL_BP_1 10 -0.535 149.81 april HL_BP_2 0 0

april HL_BP_2 1 -1.15 3.27 april HL_BP_2 2 -0.47 10.86 april HL_BP_2 3 -0.285 12.74 april HL_BP_2 4 -0.125 25.89 april HL_BP_2 5 0.21 47.21 april HL_BP_2 6 -0.265 49.9 april HL_BP_2 7 0.135 62.59

april HL_BP_2 8 -1.4 74.3 april HL_BP_2 9 -0.625 85.54 april HL_BP_2 10 -0.82 112.36 Feb HL_BP_2 0 0

Feb HL_BP_2 1 -0.32 6 Feb HL_BP_2 2 -0.455 9.16 Feb HL_BP_2 3 0.115 28.16 Feb HL_BP_2 4 0.05 42.7

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Feb HL_BP_2 5 -0.275 45.21

Feb HL_BP_2 6 0.015 63.87 Feb HL_BP_2 7 -0.55 64.32 Feb HL_BP_2 8 -1.475 80.86 Feb HL_BP_2 9 -0.435 100.38 june HL_BP_2 0 0

june HL_BP_2 1 -0.115 3.78 june HL_BP_2 2 -0.425 6.62 june HL_BP_2 3 0.26 31.86 june HL_BP_2 4 -0.765 35.8 june HL_BP_2 5 -1.05 45.68 March HL_BP_2 0 0

March HL_BP_2 1 -0.335 5.43

March HL_BP_2 2 -0.44 8.64 March HL_BP_2 3 -0.055 19.89 March HL_BP_2 4 0.155 27 March HL_BP_2 5 0.04 33.05

March HL_BP_2 6 0.045 42.66 March HL_BP_2 7 -0.305 45.23 March HL_BP_2 8 0.06 56.61 March HL_BP_2 9 -0.685 62.57 March HL_BP_2 10 -0.95 73.94 March HL_BP_2 11 -0.68 95.04 May HL_BP_2 0 0

May HL_BP_2 1 -0.625 6.38

May HL_BP_2 2 0.005 19.91 May HL_BP_2 3 0.2 39.72 May HL_BP_2 4 -0.275 43.17 May HL_BP_2 5 0.245 56.12 May HL_BP_2 6 -1.48 66.18 May HL_BP_2 7 -0.805 84.86 May HL_BP_2 8 -0.6 108.24 april HL_BP_3 0 0

april HL_BP_3 1 -0.685 2.45 april HL_BP_3 2 -0.465 5.2 april HL_BP_3 3 0.04 17.72 april HL_BP_3 4 0.615 40.58

april HL_BP_3 5 -0.015 42.97 april HL_BP_3 6 -0.24 47.46 april HL_BP_3 7 -0.93 56.38 april HL_BP_3 8 -0.695 62.99 april HL_BP_3 9 -0.57 73.18 april HL_BP_3 10 -0.75 94.97 Feb HL_BP_3 0 0

Feb HL_BP_3 1 -0.035 8.03

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Feb HL_BP_3 2 0.01 19.21

Feb HL_BP_3 3 0.585 36.24 Feb HL_BP_3 4 -0.655 43.19 Feb HL_BP_3 5 -0.78 45.2 Feb HL_BP_3 6 -1.005 57.66 Feb HL_BP_3 7 -0.215 65.01 Feb HL_BP_3 8 -0.54 80.19 March HL_BP_3 0 0

March HL_BP_3 1 -0.05 14.05 March HL_BP_3 2 0.305 24.36 March HL_BP_3 3 0.395 36.57 March HL_BP_3 4 -0.24 38.06 March HL_BP_3 5 -0.315 41.04

March HL_BP_3 6 -0.055 41.3 March HL_BP_3 7 -0.52 46.49 March HL_BP_3 8 -0.895 55.11 March HL_BP_3 9 -0.56 66.28 March HL_BP_3 10 -0.59 82.03 May HL_BP_3 0 0

May HL_BP_3 1 -1.12 4.89 May HL_BP_3 2 -0.05 17.5 May HL_BP_3 3 0.7 40.31 May HL_BP_3 4 -0.295 43.06 May HL_BP_3 5 -0.11 46.6 May HL_BP_3 6 -0.305 46.89

May HL_BP_3 7 -1.39 56.46 May HL_BP_3 8 -0.69 75.8 May HL_BP_3 9 -0.705 101.88 april HL_BP_4 0 0

april HL_BP_4 1 -1.39 5.25 april HL_BP_4 2 0.03 11.53 april HL_BP_4 3 0.165 18.76 april HL_BP_4 4 -0.285 21.38 april HL_BP_4 5 0.13 28.23 april HL_BP_4 6 0.175 37.8 april HL_BP_4 7 -0.29 46.25 april HL_BP_4 8 -1.14 55.48

april HL_BP_4 9 -1.4 77.3 Feb HL_BP_4 0 0

Feb HL_BP_4 1 0.255 13.96 Feb HL_BP_4 2 -0.31 16.52 Feb HL_BP_4 3 0.31 33.06 Feb HL_BP_4 4 -0.235 35.41 Feb HL_BP_4 5 -0.165 42.15 Feb HL_BP_4 6 -0.6 42.58

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Feb HL_BP_4 7 -1.135 58.3

Feb HL_BP_4 8 -0.365 71.24 Feb HL_BP_4 9 -0.39 82.06 june HL_BP_4 0 0

june HL_BP_4 1 -1.22 4.37 june HL_BP_4 2 0.13 14.1 june HL_BP_4 3 0.125 32.03 june HL_BP_4 4 -1.14 40.4 june HL_BP_4 5 -0.07 50.85 March HL_BP_4 0 0

March HL_BP_4 1 0.04 4.75 March HL_BP_4 2 0.115 8.6 March HL_BP_4 3 0.095 12.93

March HL_BP_4 4 -0.28 15.32 March HL_BP_4 5 0.33 31.81 March HL_BP_4 6 -0.195 34.15 March HL_BP_4 7 -0.13 37.54

March HL_BP_4 8 -0.895 45.39 March HL_BP_4 9 -0.76 54.96 March HL_BP_4 10 -0.6 70.06 May HL_BP_4 0 0

May HL_BP_4 1 -1.455 5.52 May HL_BP_4 2 0.225 18.97 May HL_BP_4 3 -0.29 21.62 May HL_BP_4 4 0.305 37.64

May HL_BP_4 5 -0.215 45.71 May HL_BP_4 6 -0.41 50.58 May HL_BP_4 7 -1.295 62.3 May HL_BP_4 8 -0.455 75.94 May HL_BP_4 9 -1.03 105.72 april HL_BP_5 0 0

april HL_BP_5 1 -0.795 10.49 april HL_BP_5 2 -0.23 30.04 april HL_BP_5 3 -0.225 33.34 april HL_BP_5 4 -0.115 44.63 april HL_BP_5 5 -0.89 51.73 april HL_BP_5 6 -1.255 63.8

april HL_BP_5 7 -0.74 77.81 Feb HL_BP_5 0 0

Feb HL_BP_5 1 -0.615 9.65 Feb HL_BP_5 2 -0.23 28.97 Feb HL_BP_5 3 -0.205 31.05 Feb HL_BP_5 4 -0.25 44.74 Feb HL_BP_5 5 -0.78 45.26 Feb HL_BP_5 6 -0.785 52.57

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Feb HL_BP_5 7 -0.375 59.85

March HL_BP_5 0 0

March HL_BP_5 1 -0.345 5.63 March HL_BP_5 2 -0.21 9.47 March HL_BP_5 3 -0.085 18.62 March HL_BP_5 4 -0.165 28.76 March HL_BP_5 5 -0.18 30.83 March HL_BP_5 6 -0.215 40.35 March HL_BP_5 7 -1.01 48.81 March HL_BP_5 8 -1.08 66.63 May HL_BP_5 0 0

May HL_BP_5 1 -0.55 9.06 May HL_BP_5 2 -0.105 21.48

May HL_BP_5 3 -0.19 29.24 May HL_BP_5 4 -0.27 34.09 May HL_BP_5 5 -0.185 48.76 May HL_BP_5 6 -1.52 59.53

May HL_BP_5 7 -0.54 74.3 May HL_BP_5 8 -0.865 99.2 april HL_BP_6 0 0

april HL_BP_6 1 -0.58 6.62 april HL_BP_6 2 0.7 22.72 april HL_BP_6 3 -0.165 23.6 april HL_BP_6 4 -1.06 31.21 april HL_BP_6 5 -1.445 42.51

april HL_BP_6 6 -0.385 51.31 Feb HL_BP_6 0 0

Feb HL_BP_6 1 -0.81 11.65 Feb HL_BP_6 2 0.35 17.96 Feb HL_BP_6 3 0.595 27.72 Feb HL_BP_6 4 -1.12 28.61 Feb HL_BP_6 5 -0.76 35.86 Feb HL_BP_6 6 -0.495 36.92 Feb HL_BP_6 7 -0.445 45.26 Feb HL_BP_6 8 -0.59 57.7 june HL_BP_6 0 0

june HL_BP_6 1 -0.3 4.7

june HL_BP_6 2 -0.38 11.9 june HL_BP_6 3 0.2 26.62 june HL_BP_6 4 -0.065 31.82 june HL_BP_6 5 -0.3 35.94 March HL_BP_6 0 0

March HL_BP_6 1 -0.3 4.7 March HL_BP_6 2 -0.38 11.9 March HL_BP_6 3 0.81 26.62

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March HL_BP_6 4 -0.155 26.92

March HL_BP_6 5 -0.49 31.04 March HL_BP_6 6 -1.325 40.56 March HL_BP_6 7 -0.97 53.68 May HL_BP_6 0 0

May HL_BP_6 1 -0.96 9.16 May HL_BP_6 2 0.67 25.32 May HL_BP_6 3 -0.185 26.5 May HL_BP_6 4 -0.14 27.67 May HL_BP_6 5 -0.255 30.12 May HL_BP_6 6 -0.585 32.89 May HL_BP_6 7 -0.21 33.19 May HL_BP_6 8 -1.195 45.44

May HL_BP_6 9 -0.225 55.8 May HL_BP_6 10 -0.76 77.35 april HL_BP_7 0 0

april HL_BP_7 1 -0.54 5.78

april HL_BP_7 2 -0.355 12.23 april HL_BP_7 3 0.355 26.53 april HL_BP_7 4 -0.17 28.1 april HL_BP_7 5 -0.005 38.02 april HL_BP_7 6 -1.22 50.4 april HL_BP_7 7 -1.15 71.21 Feb HL_BP_7 0 0

Feb HL_BP_7 1 -0.545 6.71

Feb HL_BP_7 2 0.45 21.85 Feb HL_BP_7 3 -0.22 22.15 Feb HL_BP_7 4 -0.205 32.19 Feb HL_BP_7 5 -0.455 32.67 Feb HL_BP_7 6 -0.55 37.51 Feb HL_BP_7 7 -0.495 46.95 March HL_BP_7 0 0

March HL_BP_7 1 -0.37 2.9 March HL_BP_7 2 -0.265 8.52 March HL_BP_7 3 0.235 15.43 March HL_BP_7 4 0.21 22.97 March HL_BP_7 5 -0.195 23.59

March HL_BP_7 6 -0.115 33.53 March HL_BP_7 7 -0.99 42.82 March HL_BP_7 8 -0.675 54.69 March HL_BP_7 9 -0.62 71.25 May HL_BP_7 0 0

May HL_BP_7 1 -0.77 7.87 May HL_BP_7 2 -0.075 10.57 May HL_BP_7 3 0.455 24.24

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May HL_BP_7 4 -0.29 27.36

May HL_BP_7 5 0.02 38.96 May HL_BP_7 6 -0.185 39.38 May HL_BP_7 7 -1.34 52.35 May HL_BP_7 8 -0.355 60.54 May HL_BP_7 9 -0.625 88.24 april HL_BP_8 0 0

april HL_BP_8 1 0.07 6.02 april HL_BP_8 2 0.465 15.54 april HL_BP_8 3 -0.54 17.41 april HL_BP_8 4 -1.2 24.56 april HL_BP_8 5 -0.865 32.07 Feb HL_BP_8 0 0

Feb HL_BP_8 1 -0.005 6.85 Feb HL_BP_8 2 0.005 13.96 Feb HL_BP_8 3 -0.17 20.6 Feb HL_BP_8 4 -0.365 22.32

Feb HL_BP_8 5 -0.97 27.52 Feb HL_BP_8 6 -0.73 33.9 Feb HL_BP_8 7 -0.755 46.04 june HL_BP_8 0 0

june HL_BP_8 1 -0.03 9.3 june HL_BP_8 2 -0.45 14.75 june HL_BP_8 3 -0.145 22.73 March HL_BP_8 0 0

March HL_BP_8 1 0.02 6.58 March HL_BP_8 2 0.375 18.65 March HL_BP_8 3 -0.125 18.92 March HL_BP_8 4 -0.24 19.84 March HL_BP_8 5 -1.015 26.1 March HL_BP_8 6 -1.24 39.7 May HL_BP_8 0 0

May HL_BP_8 1 0.04 4.36 May HL_BP_8 2 0.395 16.65 May HL_BP_8 3 -0.545 19.27 May HL_BP_8 4 -1.23 27.15 May HL_BP_8 5 -1.23 43.28

april HL_BP_9 0 0

april HL_BP_9 1 -0.55 4.62 april HL_BP_9 2 -0.88 13.39 Feb HL_BP_9 0 0

Feb HL_BP_9 1 0.4 12.84 Feb HL_BP_9 2 -0.415 13.64 Feb HL_BP_9 3 -1.06 22.94 Feb HL_BP_9 4 -1.38 37.97

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March HL_BP_9 0 0

March HL_BP_9 1 -1.19 12.27 March HL_BP_9 2 -0.91 22.67 May HL_BP_9 0 0

May HL_BP_9 1 -1.265 14.03 May HL_BP_9 2 -0.74 31.54

Appendix 4: Sand Temperatures recorded at Honnavar coast

Sno Date time Kasarkod Manki HR/MEAN 1 06-03-16 16:30:00 32 31 31

2 06-03-16 17:30:00 32 31 31 3 06-03-16 18:30:00 32 31 31 4 06-03-16 19:30:00 32 31 31 5 06-03-16 20:30:00 32 31 31

6 06-03-16 21:30:00 32 31 31 7 06-03-16 22:30:00 32 31 32 8 06-03-16 23:30:00 32 31 32 9 07-03-16 00:30:00 32 31 32

10 07-03-16 01:30:00 32 31 32 11 07-03-16 02:30:00 32 31 32 12 07-03-16 03:30:00 32 31 32 13 07-03-16 04:30:00 32 31 31

14 07-03-16 05:30:00 32 31 31 15 07-03-16 06:30:00 32 31 31 16 07-03-16 07:30:00 32 31 31 17 07-03-16 08:30:00 32 31 31 18 07-03-16 09:30:00 32 31 31 19 07-03-16 10:30:00 32 31 31 20 07-03-16 11:30:00 32 30 31 21 07-03-16 12:30:00 32 30 31 22 07-03-16 13:30:00 32 30 31 23 07-03-16 14:30:00 32 30 31 24 07-03-16 15:30:00 31 30 31 25 07-03-16 16:30:00 31 30 31

26 07-03-16 17:30:00 32 31 31 27 07-03-16 18:30:00 32 31 31 28 07-03-16 19:30:00 32 31 31 29 07-03-16 20:30:00 32 31 31 30 07-03-16 21:30:00 32 31 31 31 07-03-16 22:30:00 32 31 31 32 07-03-16 23:30:00 32 31 31 33 08-03-16 00:30:00 32 31 31

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34 08-03-16 01:30:00 32 31 31

35 08-03-16 02:30:00 32 31 31 36 08-03-16 03:30:00 32 31 31 37 08-03-16 04:30:00 32 31 31 38 08-03-16 05:30:00 32 31 31 39 08-03-16 06:30:00 32 31 31 40 08-03-16 07:30:00 32 31 31 41 08-03-16 08:30:00 32 31 31 42 08-03-16 09:30:00 32 31 31 43 08-03-16 10:30:00 32 30 31 44 08-03-16 11:30:00 32 30 31 45 08-03-16 12:30:00 32 30 31 46 08-03-16 13:30:00 31 30 31

47 08-03-16 14:30:00 31 30 31 48 08-03-16 15:30:00 31 30 31 49 08-03-16 16:30:00 31 30 31 50 08-03-16 17:30:00 31 31 31 51 08-03-16 18:30:00 32 31 31 52 08-03-16 19:30:00 32 31 31 53 08-03-16 20:30:00 32 31 31 54 08-03-16 21:30:00 32 31 31 55 08-03-16 22:30:00 32 31 31 56 08-03-16 23:30:00 32 31 31 57 09-03-16 00:30:00 32 31 31 58 09-03-16 01:30:00 32 31 31

59 09-03-16 02:30:00 32 31 31 60 09-03-16 03:30:00 32 31 31 61 09-03-16 04:30:00 32 31 31 62 09-03-16 05:30:00 32 31 31 63 09-03-16 06:30:00 32 31 31 64 09-03-16 07:30:00 32 31 31 65 09-03-16 08:30:00 32 31 31 66 09-03-16 09:30:00 32 30 31 67 09-03-16 10:30:00 32 30 31 68 09-03-16 11:30:00 32 30 31 69 09-03-16 12:30:00 32 30 31 70 09-03-16 13:30:00 32 30 31

71 09-03-16 14:30:00 32 30 31 72 09-03-16 15:30:00 31 30 31 73 09-03-16 16:30:00 31 30 31 74 09-03-16 17:30:00 32 31 31 75 09-03-16 18:30:00 32 31 31 76 09-03-16 19:30:00 32 31 31 77 09-03-16 20:30:00 32 31 31 78 09-03-16 21:30:00 32 31 31

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79 09-03-16 22:30:00 32 31 31

80 09-03-16 23:30:00 32 31 31 81 10-03-16 00:30:00 32 31 31 82 10-03-16 01:30:00 32 31 31 83 10-03-16 02:30:00 32 31 31 84 10-03-16 03:30:00 32 31 31 85 10-03-16 04:30:00 32 31 31 86 10-03-16 05:30:00 32 31 31 87 10-03-16 06:30:00 32 31 31 88 10-03-16 07:30:00 32 31 31 89 10-03-16 08:30:00 32 31 31 90 10-03-16 09:30:00 32 30 31 91 10-03-16 10:30:00 32 30 31

92 10-03-16 11:30:00 32 30 31 93 10-03-16 12:30:00 31 30 31 94 10-03-16 13:30:00 31 30 31 95 10-03-16 14:30:00 31 30 31 96 10-03-16 15:30:00 31 30 31 97 10-03-16 16:30:00 31 30 31 98 10-03-16 17:30:00 31 31 31 99 10-03-16 18:30:00 31 31 31

100 10-03-16 19:30:00 32 31 31 101 10-03-16 20:30:00 32 31 31 102 10-03-16 21:30:00 32 31 31 103 10-03-16 22:30:00 32 31 31

104 10-03-16 23:30:00 32 31 31 105 11-03-16 00:30:00 32 31 31 106 11-03-16 01:30:00 32 31 31 107 11-03-16 02:30:00 32 31 31 108 11-03-16 03:30:00 32 31 31 109 11-03-16 04:30:00 32 31 31 110 11-03-16 05:30:00 32 31 31 111 11-03-16 06:30:00 32 31 31 112 11-03-16 07:30:00 32 31 31 113 11-03-16 08:30:00 32 31 31 114 11-03-16 09:30:00 32 31 31 115 11-03-16 10:30:00 32 31 31

116 11-03-16 11:30:00 32 30 31 117 11-03-16 12:30:00 32 30 31 118 11-03-16 13:30:00 32 30 31 119 11-03-16 14:30:00 31 30 31 120 11-03-16 15:30:00 31 30 31 121 11-03-16 16:30:00 31 31 31 122 11-03-16 17:30:00 31 31 31 123 11-03-16 18:30:00 32 31 31

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124 11-03-16 19:30:00 32 31 31

125 11-03-16 20:30:00 32 31 31 126 11-03-16 21:30:00 32 31 31 127 11-03-16 22:30:00 32 31 31 128 11-03-16 23:30:00 32 31 31 129 12-03-16 00:30:00 32 31 31 130 12-03-16 01:30:00 32 31 31 131 12-03-16 02:30:00 32 31 31 132 12-03-16 03:30:00 32 31 31 133 12-03-16 04:30:00 32 31 31 134 12-03-16 05:30:00 32 31 31 135 12-03-16 06:30:00 32 31 31 136 12-03-16 07:30:00 32 31 31

137 12-03-16 08:30:00 32 31 31 138 12-03-16 09:30:00 32 31 31 139 12-03-16 10:30:00 32 31 31 140 12-03-16 11:30:00 32 31 31 141 12-03-16 12:30:00 32 31 31 142 12-03-16 13:30:00 32 30 31 143 12-03-16 14:30:00 32 31 31 144 12-03-16 15:30:00 32 31 31 145 12-03-16 16:30:00 32 31 31 146 12-03-16 17:30:00 32 31 31 147 12-03-16 18:30:00 32 31 31 148 12-03-16 19:30:00 32 31 31

149 12-03-16 20:30:00 32 31 31 150 12-03-16 21:30:00 32 31 31 151 12-03-16 22:30:00 32 31 31 152 12-03-16 23:30:00 32 31 31 153 13-03-16 00:30:00 32 31 31 154 13-03-16 01:30:00 32 31 31 155 13-03-16 02:30:00 32 31 31 156 13-03-16 03:30:00 32 31 31 157 13-03-16 04:30:00 32 31 31 158 13-03-16 05:30:00 32 31 31 159 13-03-16 06:30:00 32 31 31 160 13-03-16 07:30:00 32 31 31

161 13-03-16 08:30:00 32 31 31 162 13-03-16 09:30:00 32 31 31 163 13-03-16 10:30:00 32 31 31 164 13-03-16 11:30:00 32 31 31 165 13-03-16 12:30:00 32 31 31 166 13-03-16 13:30:00 32 31 31 167 13-03-16 14:30:00 32 31 31 168 13-03-16 15:30:00 32 31 31

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169 13-03-16 16:30:00 32 31 31

170 13-03-16 17:30:00 32 31 31 171 13-03-16 18:30:00 32 31 31 172 13-03-16 19:30:00 32 31 31 173 13-03-16 20:30:00 32 31 31 174 13-03-16 21:30:00 32 31 31 175 13-03-16 22:30:00 32 31 31 176 13-03-16 23:30:00 32 31 32 177 14-03-16 00:30:00 32 31 32 178 14-03-16 01:30:00 32 31 32 179 14-03-16 02:30:00 32 31 32 180 14-03-16 03:30:00 32 31 32 181 14-03-16 04:30:00 32 31 32

182 14-03-16 05:30:00 32 31 32 183 14-03-16 06:30:00 32 31 32 184 14-03-16 07:30:00 32 30 31 185 14-03-16 08:30:00 32 30 31 186 14-03-16 09:30:00 32 30 31 187 14-03-16 10:30:00 32 30 31 188 14-03-16 11:30:00 32 30 31 189 14-03-16 12:30:00 32 30 31 190 14-03-16 13:30:00 32 30 31 191 14-03-16 14:30:00 32 30 31 192 14-03-16 15:30:00 32 30 31 193 14-03-16 16:30:00 32 30 31

194 14-03-16 17:30:00 32 30 31 195 14-03-16 18:30:00 32 30 31 196 14-03-16 19:30:00 32 31 31 197 14-03-16 20:30:00 32 31 31 198 14-03-16 21:30:00 32 31 31 199 14-03-16 22:30:00 32 31 31 200 14-03-16 23:30:00 32 31 31 201 15-03-16 00:30:00 32 31 31 202 15-03-16 01:30:00 32 31 31 203 15-03-16 02:30:00 32 31 31 204 15-03-16 03:30:00 32 31 31 205 15-03-16 04:30:00 32 31 31

206 15-03-16 05:30:00 32 30 31 207 15-03-16 06:30:00 32 30 31 208 15-03-16 07:30:00 32 30 31 209 15-03-16 08:30:00 32 30 31 210 15-03-16 09:30:00 32 30 31 211 15-03-16 10:30:00 32 30 31 212 15-03-16 11:30:00 32 30 31 213 15-03-16 12:30:00 32 30 31

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214 15-03-16 13:30:00 32 30 31

215 15-03-16 14:30:00 32 30 31 216 15-03-16 15:30:00 32 30 31 217 15-03-16 16:30:00 32 30 31 218 15-03-16 17:30:00 31 30 31 219 15-03-16 18:30:00 31 30 31 220 15-03-16 19:30:00 31 30 31 221 15-03-16 20:30:00 31 30 31 222 15-03-16 21:30:00 31 30 31 223 15-03-16 22:30:00 32 30 31 224 15-03-16 23:30:00 32 30 31 225 16-03-16 00:30:00 32 30 31 226 16-03-16 01:30:00 32 30 31

227 16-03-16 02:30:00 32 30 31 228 16-03-16 03:30:00 32 30 31 229 16-03-16 04:30:00 32 30 31 230 16-03-16 05:30:00 32 30 31 231 16-03-16 06:30:00 32 30 31 232 16-03-16 07:30:00 32 30 31 233 16-03-16 08:30:00 32 30 31 234 16-03-16 09:30:00 32 30 31 235 16-03-16 10:30:00 32 30 31 236 16-03-16 11:30:00 32 30 31 237 16-03-16 12:30:00 32 30 31 238 16-03-16 13:30:00 31 30 31

239 16-03-16 14:30:00 31 30 31 240 16-03-16 15:30:00 31 30 31 241 16-03-16 16:30:00 31 30 31 242 16-03-16 17:30:00 31 30 31 243 16-03-16 18:30:00 31 30 31 244 16-03-16 19:30:00 31 30 31 245 16-03-16 20:30:00 31 30 31 246 16-03-16 21:30:00 31 30 31 247 16-03-16 22:30:00 31 30 31 248 16-03-16 23:30:00 31 30 31 249 17-03-16 00:30:00 32 30 31 250 17-03-16 01:30:00 32 30 31

251 17-03-16 02:30:00 32 30 31 252 17-03-16 03:30:00 32 30 31 253 17-03-16 04:30:00 32 30 31 254 17-03-16 05:30:00 32 30 31 255 17-03-16 06:30:00 32 30 31 256 17-03-16 07:30:00 32 30 31 257 17-03-16 08:30:00 32 30 31 258 17-03-16 09:30:00 32 30 31

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259 17-03-16 10:30:00 32 30 31

260 17-03-16 11:30:00 32 30 31 261 17-03-16 12:30:00 32 30 31 262 17-03-16 13:30:00 32 30 31 263 17-03-16 14:30:00 32 30 31 264 17-03-16 15:30:00 31 30 31 265 17-03-16 16:30:00 31 30 31 266 17-03-16 17:30:00 31 30 31 267 17-03-16 18:30:00 31 30 31 268 17-03-16 19:30:00 31 30 31 269 17-03-16 20:30:00 31 30 31 270 17-03-16 21:30:00 31 30 31 271 17-03-16 22:30:00 31 30 31

272 17-03-16 23:30:00 31 30 31 273 18-03-16 00:30:00 31 30 31 274 18-03-16 01:30:00 32 30 31 275 18-03-16 02:30:00 32 30 31 276 18-03-16 03:30:00 32 30 31 277 18-03-16 04:30:00 32 30 31 278 18-03-16 05:30:00 32 30 31 279 18-03-16 06:30:00 32 30 31 280 18-03-16 07:30:00 32 30 31 281 18-03-16 08:30:00 32 30 31 282 18-03-16 09:30:00 32 30 31 283 18-03-16 10:30:00 32 30 31

284 18-03-16 11:30:00 31 30 31 285 18-03-16 12:30:00 31 30 31 286 18-03-16 13:30:00 31 30 31 287 18-03-16 14:30:00 31 30 31 288 18-03-16 15:30:00 31 30 31 289 18-03-16 16:30:00 31 30 31 290 18-03-16 17:30:00 31 30 31 291 18-03-16 18:30:00 31 30 31 292 18-03-16 19:30:00 31 30 31 293 18-03-16 20:30:00 31 30 31 294 18-03-16 21:30:00 31 30 31 295 18-03-16 22:30:00 31 30 31

296 18-03-16 23:30:00 31 30 31 297 19-03-16 00:30:00 31 30 31 298 19-03-16 01:30:00 31 30 31 299 19-03-16 02:30:00 31 30 31 300 19-03-16 03:30:00 32 30 31 301 19-03-16 04:30:00 32 30 31 302 19-03-16 05:30:00 32 30 31 303 19-03-16 06:30:00 32 30 31

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304 19-03-16 07:30:00 32 30 31

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452 25-03-16 11:30:00 32 30 31 453 25-03-16 12:30:00 32 30 31 454 25-03-16 13:30:00 32 30 31 455 25-03-16 14:30:00 32 30 31 456 25-03-16 15:30:00 32 30 31 457 25-03-16 16:30:00 32 30 31 458 25-03-16 17:30:00 32 30 31 459 25-03-16 18:30:00 32 31 31 460 25-03-16 19:30:00 32 31 31 461 25-03-16 20:30:00 32 31 31 462 25-03-16 21:30:00 32 31 31 463 25-03-16 22:30:00 32 31 31

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799 08-04-16 22:30:00 33 32 32

800 08-04-16 23:30:00 33 32 32 801 09-04-16 00:30:00 33 32 32 802 09-04-16 01:30:00 33 32 32 803 09-04-16 02:30:00 33 32 32 804 09-04-16 03:30:00 33 32 32 805 09-04-16 04:30:00 33 32 32 806 09-04-16 05:30:00 33 32 33 807 09-04-16 06:30:00 33 32 33 808 09-04-16 07:30:00 33 32 32 809 09-04-16 08:30:00 33 32 32 810 09-04-16 09:30:00 33 32 32 811 09-04-16 10:30:00 33 32 32

812 09-04-16 11:30:00 33 32 32 813 09-04-16 12:30:00 33 32 32 814 09-04-16 13:30:00 33 32 32 815 09-04-16 14:30:00 33 32 32 816 09-04-16 15:30:00 33 32 32 817 09-04-16 16:30:00 33 32 32 818 09-04-16 17:30:00 33 32 32 819 09-04-16 18:30:00 33 32 32 820 09-04-16 19:30:00 33 32 32 821 09-04-16 20:30:00 33 32 32 822 09-04-16 21:30:00 33 32 32 823 09-04-16 22:30:00 33 32 32

824 09-04-16 23:30:00 33 32 32 825 10-04-16 00:30:00 33 32 32 826 10-04-16 01:30:00 33 32 32 827 10-04-16 02:30:00 33 32 32 828 10-04-16 03:30:00 33 32 32 829 10-04-16 04:30:00 33 32 32 830 10-04-16 05:30:00 33 32 32 831 10-04-16 06:30:00 33 32 33 832 10-04-16 07:30:00 33 32 33 833 10-04-16 08:30:00 33 32 32 834 10-04-16 09:30:00 33 32 32 835 10-04-16 10:30:00 33 32 32

836 10-04-16 11:30:00 33 32 32 837 10-04-16 12:30:00 33 32 32 838 10-04-16 13:30:00 33 32 32 839 10-04-16 14:30:00 33 32 32 840 10-04-16 15:30:00 33 32 32 841 10-04-16 16:30:00 33 32 32 842 10-04-16 17:30:00 33 32 32 843 10-04-16 18:30:00 33 32 32

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844 10-04-16 19:30:00 33 32 32

845 10-04-16 20:30:00 33 32 32 846 10-04-16 21:30:00 33 32 32 847 10-04-16 22:30:00 33 32 32 848 10-04-16 23:30:00 33 32 32 849 11-04-16 00:30:00 33 32 32 850 11-04-16 01:30:00 33 32 32 851 11-04-16 02:30:00 33 32 32 852 11-04-16 03:30:00 33 32 33 853 11-04-16 04:30:00 33 32 33 854 11-04-16 05:30:00 33 32 33 855 11-04-16 06:30:00 33 32 33 856 11-04-16 07:30:00 33 32 33

857 11-04-16 08:30:00 33 32 33 858 11-04-16 09:30:00 33 32 33 859 11-04-16 10:30:00 33 32 33 860 11-04-16 11:30:00 33 32 32 861 11-04-16 12:30:00 33 32 32 862 11-04-16 13:30:00 33 32 32 863 11-04-16 14:30:00 33 32 32 864 11-04-16 15:30:00 33 32 32 865 11-04-16 16:30:00 33 32 32 866 11-04-16 17:30:00 33 32 32 867 11-04-16 18:30:00 33 32 32 868 11-04-16 19:30:00 33 32 32

869 11-04-16 20:30:00 33 32 32 870 11-04-16 21:30:00 33 32 32 871 11-04-16 22:30:00 33 32 32 872 11-04-16 23:30:00 33 32 32 873 12-04-16 00:30:00 33 32 32 874 12-04-16 01:30:00 33 32 32 875 12-04-16 02:30:00 33 32 33 876 12-04-16 03:30:00 33 32 33 877 12-04-16 04:30:00 33 32 33 878 12-04-16 05:30:00 33 32 33 879 12-04-16 06:30:00 33 32 33 880 12-04-16 07:30:00 33 32 33

881 12-04-16 08:30:00 33 32 33 882 12-04-16 09:30:00 33 32 33 883 12-04-16 10:30:00 33 32 33 884 12-04-16 11:30:00 33 32 33 885 12-04-16 12:30:00 33 32 32 886 12-04-16 13:30:00 33 32 32 887 12-04-16 14:30:00 33 32 32 888 12-04-16 15:30:00 33 32 32

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889 12-04-16 16:30:00 33 32 32

890 12-04-16 17:30:00 33 32 32 891 12-04-16 18:30:00 33 32 32 892 12-04-16 19:30:00 33 32 32 893 12-04-16 20:30:00 33 32 32 894 12-04-16 21:30:00 33 32 32 895 12-04-16 22:30:00 33 32 32 896 12-04-16 23:30:00 33 32 32 897 13-04-16 00:30:00 33 32 33 898 13-04-16 01:30:00 33 32 33 899 13-04-16 02:30:00 33 32 33 900 13-04-16 03:30:00 33 32 33 901 13-04-16 04:30:00 33 32 33

902 13-04-16 05:30:00 33 32 33 903 13-04-16 06:30:00 33 32 33 904 13-04-16 07:30:00 33 32 33 905 13-04-16 08:30:00 33 32 33 906 13-04-16 09:30:00 33 32 33 907 13-04-16 10:30:00 33 32 33 908 13-04-16 11:30:00 33 32 33 909 13-04-16 12:30:00 33 32 33 910 13-04-16 13:30:00 33 32 33 911 13-04-16 14:30:00 33 32 33 912 13-04-16 15:30:00 33 32 32 913 13-04-16 16:30:00 33 32 32

914 13-04-16 17:30:00 33 32 32 915 13-04-16 18:30:00 33 32 32 916 13-04-16 19:30:00 33 32 32 917 13-04-16 20:30:00 33 32 32 918 13-04-16 21:30:00 33 32 32 919 13-04-16 22:30:00 33 32 33 920 13-04-16 23:30:00 33 32 33 921 14-04-16 00:30:00 33 32 33 922 14-04-16 01:30:00 33 32 33 923 14-04-16 02:30:00 33 32 33 924 14-04-16 03:30:00 33 32 33 925 14-04-16 04:30:00 33 32 33

926 14-04-16 05:30:00 33 32 33 927 14-04-16 06:30:00 33 32 33 928 14-04-16 07:30:00 33 32 33 929 14-04-16 08:30:00 33 32 33 930 14-04-16 09:30:00 33 32 33 931 14-04-16 10:30:00 33 32 33 932 14-04-16 11:30:00 33 32 33 933 14-04-16 12:30:00 33 32 33

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934 14-04-16 13:30:00 33 32 33

935 14-04-16 14:30:00 33 32 33 936 14-04-16 15:30:00 33 32 33 937 14-04-16 16:30:00 33 32 32 938 14-04-16 17:30:00 33 32 32 939 14-04-16 18:30:00 33 32 32 940 14-04-16 19:30:00 33 32 32 941 14-04-16 20:30:00 33 32 32 942 14-04-16 21:30:00 33 32 32 943 14-04-16 22:30:00 33 32 32 944 14-04-16 23:30:00 33 32 33 945 15-04-16 00:30:00 33 32 33 946 15-04-16 01:30:00 33 32 33

947 15-04-16 02:30:00 33 32 33 948 15-04-16 03:30:00 33 32 33 949 15-04-16 04:30:00 33 32 33 950 15-04-16 05:30:00 33 32 33 951 15-04-16 06:30:00 33 32 33 952 15-04-16 07:30:00 33 32 33 953 15-04-16 08:30:00 33 32 33 954 15-04-16 09:30:00 33 32 33 955 15-04-16 10:30:00 33 32 33 956 15-04-16 11:30:00 33 32 33 957 15-04-16 12:30:00 33 32 33 958 15-04-16 13:30:00 33 32 33

959 15-04-16 14:30:00 33 32 33 960 15-04-16 15:30:00 33 32 32 961 15-04-16 16:30:00 33 32 32 962 15-04-16 17:30:00 33 32 32 963 15-04-16 18:30:00 33 32 32 964 15-04-16 19:30:00 33 32 32 965 15-04-16 20:30:00 33 32 32 966 15-04-16 21:30:00 33 32 32 967 15-04-16 22:30:00 33 32 32 968 15-04-16 23:30:00 33 32 33 969 16-04-16 00:30:00 33 32 33 970 16-04-16 01:30:00 33 32 33

971 16-04-16 02:30:00 33 32 33 972 16-04-16 03:30:00 33 32 33 973 16-04-16 04:30:00 33 32 33 974 16-04-16 05:30:00 33 32 33 975 16-04-16 06:30:00 33 32 33 976 16-04-16 07:30:00 33 32 33 977 16-04-16 08:30:00 33 32 33 978 16-04-16 09:30:00 33 32 33

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979 16-04-16 10:30:00 33 32 33

980 16-04-16 11:30:00 33 32 33 981 16-04-16 12:30:00 33 32 33 982 16-04-16 13:30:00 33 32 33 983 16-04-16 14:30:00 33 32 33 984 16-04-16 15:30:00 33 32 33 985 16-04-16 16:30:00 33 32 33 986 16-04-16 17:30:00 33 32 33 987 16-04-16 18:30:00 33 32 33 988 16-04-16 19:30:00 33 32 33 989 16-04-16 20:30:00 33 32 33 990 16-04-16 21:30:00 33 32 33 991 16-04-16 22:30:00 33 32 33

992 16-04-16 23:30:00 33 32 33 993 17-04-16 00:30:00 33 32 33 994 17-04-16 01:30:00 33 32 33 995 17-04-16 02:30:00 33 32 33 996 17-04-16 03:30:00 33 32 33 997 17-04-16 04:30:00 33 32 33 998 17-04-16 05:30:00 33 32 33 999 17-04-16 06:30:00 33 32 33

1000 17-04-16 07:30:00 33 32 33 1001 17-04-16 08:30:00 33 32 33 1002 17-04-16 09:30:00 33 32 33 1003 17-04-16 10:30:00 33 32 33

1004 17-04-16 11:30:00 33 32 33 1005 17-04-16 12:30:00 33 32 33 1006 17-04-16 13:30:00 33 32 33 1007 17-04-16 14:30:00 33 32 33 1008 17-04-16 15:30:00 33 32 33 1009 17-04-16 16:30:00 33 32 33 1010 17-04-16 17:30:00 33 32 33 1011 17-04-16 18:30:00 33 32 33 1012 17-04-16 19:30:00 33 32 33 1013 17-04-16 20:30:00 33 32 33 1014 17-04-16 21:30:00 33 32 33 1015 17-04-16 22:30:00 33 32 33

1016 17-04-16 23:30:00 33 32 33 1017 18-04-16 00:30:00 33 32 33 1018 18-04-16 01:30:00 33 32 33 1019 18-04-16 02:30:00 33 32 33 1020 18-04-16 03:30:00 33 32 33 1021 18-04-16 04:30:00 33 32 33 1022 18-04-16 05:30:00 33 32 33 1023 18-04-16 06:30:00 33 32 33

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1024 18-04-16 07:30:00 33 32 33

1025 18-04-16 08:30:00 33 32 33 1026 18-04-16 09:30:00 33 32 33 1027 18-04-16 10:30:00 33 32 33 1028 18-04-16 11:30:00 33 32 33 1029 18-04-16 12:30:00 33 32 33 1030 18-04-16 13:30:00 33 32 33 1031 18-04-16 14:30:00 33 32 33 1032 18-04-16 15:30:00 33 32 33 1033 18-04-16 16:30:00 33 32 32 1034 18-04-16 17:30:00 33 32 32 1035 18-04-16 18:30:00 33 32 32 1036 18-04-16 19:30:00 33 32 32

1037 18-04-16 20:30:00 33 32 32 1038 18-04-16 21:30:00 33 32 32 1039 18-04-16 22:30:00 33 32 32 1040 18-04-16 23:30:00 33 32 33 1041 19-04-16 00:30:00 33 32 33 1042 19-04-16 01:30:00 33 32 33 1043 19-04-16 02:30:00 33 32 33 1044 19-04-16 03:30:00 33 32 33 1045 19-04-16 04:30:00 33 32 33 1046 19-04-16 05:30:00 33 32 33 1047 19-04-16 06:30:00 33 32 33 1048 19-04-16 07:30:00 33 32 33

1049 19-04-16 08:30:00 33 32 33 1050 19-04-16 09:30:00 33 32 33 1051 19-04-16 10:30:00 33 32 33 1052 19-04-16 11:30:00 33 32 33 1053 19-04-16 12:30:00 33 32 33 1054 19-04-16 13:30:00 33 32 33 1055 19-04-16 14:30:00 33 32 33 1056 19-04-16 15:30:00 33 32 32 1057 19-04-16 16:30:00 33 32 32 1058 19-04-16 17:30:00 33 32 32 1059 19-04-16 18:30:00 33 32 32 1060 19-04-16 19:30:00 33 32 32

1061 19-04-16 20:30:00 33 32 32 1062 19-04-16 21:30:00 33 32 32 1063 19-04-16 22:30:00 33 32 33 1064 19-04-16 23:30:00 33 32 33 1065 20-04-16 00:30:00 33 32 33 1066 20-04-16 01:30:00 33 32 33 1067 20-04-16 02:30:00 33 32 33 1068 20-04-16 03:30:00 33 32 33

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1069 20-04-16 04:30:00 33 32 33

1070 20-04-16 05:30:00 33 32 33 1071 20-04-16 06:30:00 33 32 33 1072 20-04-16 07:30:00 33 32 33 1073 20-04-16 08:30:00 33 32 33 1074 20-04-16 09:30:00 33 32 33 1075 20-04-16 10:30:00 33 32 33 1076 20-04-16 11:30:00 33 32 33 1077 20-04-16 12:30:00 33 32 33 1078 20-04-16 13:30:00 33 32 33 1079 20-04-16 14:30:00 33 32 33 1080 20-04-16 15:30:00 33 32 33 1081 20-04-16 16:30:00 33 32 33

1082 20-04-16 17:30:00 33 32 33 1083 20-04-16 18:30:00 33 32 33 1084 20-04-16 19:30:00 33 32 33 1085 20-04-16 20:30:00 33 32 33 1086 20-04-16 21:30:00 33 32 33 1087 20-04-16 22:30:00 33 32 33 1088 20-04-16 23:30:00 33 32 33 1089 21-04-16 00:30:00 33 32 33 1090 21-04-16 01:30:00 33 32 33 1091 21-04-16 02:30:00 33 32 33 1092 21-04-16 03:30:00 33 32 33 1093 21-04-16 04:30:00 33 32 33

1094 21-04-16 05:30:00 33 32 33 1095 21-04-16 06:30:00 33 32 33 1096 21-04-16 07:30:00 33 32 33 1097 21-04-16 08:30:00 33 32 33 1098 21-04-16 09:30:00 33 32 33 1099 21-04-16 10:30:00 33 32 33 1100 21-04-16 11:30:00 33 32 33 1101 21-04-16 12:30:00 33 32 33 1102 21-04-16 13:30:00 33 32 33 1103 21-04-16 14:30:00 33 32 33 1104 21-04-16 15:30:00 33 32 33 1105 21-04-16 16:30:00 33 32 33

1106 21-04-16 17:30:00 33 32 33 1107 21-04-16 18:30:00 33 32 33 1108 21-04-16 19:30:00 33 32 33 1109 21-04-16 20:30:00 33 32 33 1110 21-04-16 21:30:00 33 32 33 1111 21-04-16 22:30:00 33 32 33 1112 21-04-16 23:30:00 33 32 33 1113 22-04-16 00:30:00 33 32 33

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1114 22-04-16 01:30:00 33 32 33

1115 22-04-16 02:30:00 33 32 33 1116 22-04-16 03:30:00 33 32 33 1117 22-04-16 04:30:00 33 32 33 1118 22-04-16 05:30:00 33 32 33 1119 22-04-16 06:30:00 33 32 33 1120 22-04-16 07:30:00 33 32 33 1121 22-04-16 08:30:00 33 32 33 1122 22-04-16 09:30:00 33 32 33 1123 22-04-16 10:30:00 33 32 33 1124 22-04-16 11:30:00 33 32 33 1125 22-04-16 12:30:00 33 32 33 1126 22-04-16 13:30:00 33 32 33

1127 22-04-16 14:30:00 33 32 33 1128 22-04-16 15:30:00 33 32 33 1129 22-04-16 16:30:00 33 32 33 1130 22-04-16 17:30:00 33 32 33 1131 22-04-16 18:30:00 33 32 33 1132 22-04-16 19:30:00 33 32 33 1133 22-04-16 20:30:00 33 32 33 1134 22-04-16 21:30:00 33 32 33 1135 22-04-16 22:30:00 33 32 33 1136 22-04-16 23:30:00 33 32 33 1137 23-04-16 00:30:00 33 32 33 1138 23-04-16 01:30:00 33 32 33

1139 23-04-16 02:30:00 33 32 33 1140 23-04-16 03:30:00 33 32 33 1141 23-04-16 04:30:00 33 32 33 1142 23-04-16 05:30:00 33 32 33 1143 23-04-16 06:30:00 33 32 33 1144 23-04-16 07:30:00 33 32 33 1145 23-04-16 08:30:00 33 32 33 1146 23-04-16 09:30:00 33 32 33 1147 23-04-16 10:30:00 33 32 33 1148 23-04-16 11:30:00 33 32 33 1149 23-04-16 12:30:00 33 32 33 1150 23-04-16 13:30:00 33 32 33

1151 23-04-16 14:30:00 33 32 33 1152 23-04-16 15:30:00 33 32 33 1153 23-04-16 16:30:00 33 32 33 1154 23-04-16 17:30:00 33 32 33 1155 23-04-16 18:30:00 33 32 33 1156 23-04-16 19:30:00 33 32 33 1157 23-04-16 20:30:00 33 32 33 1158 23-04-16 21:30:00 33 32 33

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1159 23-04-16 22:30:00 33 32 33

1160 23-04-16 23:30:00 33 32 33 1161 24-04-16 00:30:00 33 32 33 1162 24-04-16 01:30:00 33 32 33 1163 24-04-16 02:30:00 33 32 33 1164 24-04-16 03:30:00 33 32 33 1165 24-04-16 04:30:00 33 32 33 1166 24-04-16 05:30:00 33 32 33 1167 24-04-16 06:30:00 33 32 33 1168 24-04-16 07:30:00 33 32 33 1169 24-04-16 08:30:00 33 32 33 1170 24-04-16 09:30:00 33 32 33 1171 24-04-16 10:30:00 33 32 33

1172 24-04-16 11:30:00 33 32 33 1173 24-04-16 12:30:00 33 32 33 1174 24-04-16 13:30:00 33 32 33 1175 24-04-16 14:30:00 33 32 33 1176 24-04-16 15:30:00 33 32 33 1177 24-04-16 16:30:00 33 32 33 1178 24-04-16 17:30:00 33 32 33 1179 24-04-16 18:30:00 33 32 33 1180 24-04-16 19:30:00 33 32 33 1181 24-04-16 20:30:00 33 32 33 1182 24-04-16 21:30:00 33 32 33 1183 24-04-16 22:30:00 33 32 33

1184 24-04-16 23:30:00 33 32 33 1185 25-04-16 00:30:00 33 32 33 1186 25-04-16 01:30:00 33 32 33 1187 25-04-16 02:30:00 33 32 33 1188 25-04-16 03:30:00 33 32 33 1189 25-04-16 04:30:00 33 32 33 1190 25-04-16 05:30:00 33 32 33 1191 25-04-16 06:30:00 33 32 33 1192 25-04-16 07:30:00 33 32 33 1193 25-04-16 08:30:00 33 32 33 1194 25-04-16 09:30:00 33 32 33 1195 25-04-16 10:30:00 33 32 33

1196 25-04-16 11:30:00 33 32 33 1197 25-04-16 12:30:00 33 32 33 1198 25-04-16 13:30:00 33 32 33 1199 25-04-16 14:30:00 33 32 33 1200 25-04-16 15:30:00 33 32 33 1201 25-04-16 16:30:00 33 32 33 1202 25-04-16 17:30:00 33 32 33 1203 25-04-16 18:30:00 33 32 33

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1204 25-04-16 19:30:00 33 32 33

1205 25-04-16 20:30:00 33 32 33 1206 25-04-16 21:30:00 33 32 33 1207 25-04-16 22:30:00 33 32 33 1208 25-04-16 23:30:00 33 32 33 1209 26-04-16 00:30:00 33 32 33 1210 26-04-16 01:30:00 33 32 33 1211 26-04-16 02:30:00 33 32 33 1212 26-04-16 03:30:00 33 32 33 1213 26-04-16 04:30:00 33 32 33 1214 26-04-16 05:30:00 33 32 33 1215 26-04-16 06:30:00 33 32 33 1216 26-04-16 07:30:00 33 32 33

1217 26-04-16 08:30:00 33 32 33 1218 26-04-16 09:30:00 33 32 33 1219 26-04-16 10:30:00 33 32 33 1220 26-04-16 11:30:00 33 32 33 1221 26-04-16 12:30:00 33 32 33 1222 26-04-16 13:30:00 33 32 33 1223 26-04-16 14:30:00 33 32 33 1224 26-04-16 15:30:00 33 32 33 1225 26-04-16 16:30:00 33 32 33 1226 26-04-16 17:30:00 33 32 33 1227 26-04-16 18:30:00 33 32 33 1228 26-04-16 19:30:00 33 32 33

1229 26-04-16 20:30:00 33 32 33 1230 26-04-16 21:30:00 33 32 33 1231 26-04-16 22:30:00 33 32 33 1232 26-04-16 23:30:00 33 32 33 1233 27-04-16 00:30:00 33 32 33 1234 27-04-16 01:30:00 33 32 33 1235 27-04-16 02:30:00 33 32 33 1236 27-04-16 03:30:00 33 32 33 1237 27-04-16 04:30:00 33 32 33 1238 27-04-16 05:30:00 33 32 33 1239 27-04-16 06:30:00 33 32 33 1240 27-04-16 07:30:00 33 32 33

1241 27-04-16 08:30:00 33 32 33 1242 27-04-16 09:30:00 33 32 33 1243 27-04-16 10:30:00 33 32 33 1244 27-04-16 11:30:00 33 32 33 1245 27-04-16 12:30:00 33 32 33 1246 27-04-16 13:30:00 33 32 33 1247 27-04-16 14:30:00 33 32 33 1248 27-04-16 15:30:00 33 32 33

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1249 27-04-16 16:30:00 33 32 33

1250 27-04-16 17:30:00 33 32 33 1251 27-04-16 18:30:00 33 32 33 1252 27-04-16 19:30:00 33 32 33 1253 27-04-16 20:30:00 33 32 33 1254 27-04-16 21:30:00 33 32 33 1255 27-04-16 22:30:00 33 32 33 1256 27-04-16 23:30:00 33 32 33 1257 28-04-16 00:30:00 33 32 33 1258 28-04-16 01:30:00 33 32 33 1259 28-04-16 02:30:00 33 32 33 1260 28-04-16 03:30:00 33 32 33 1261 28-04-16 04:30:00 33 32 33

1262 28-04-16 05:30:00 33 32 33 1263 28-04-16 06:30:00 33 32 33 1264 28-04-16 07:30:00 33 32 33 1265 28-04-16 08:30:00 33 32 33 1266 28-04-16 09:30:00 33 32 33 1267 28-04-16 10:30:00 33 32 33 1268 28-04-16 11:30:00 33 32 33 1269 28-04-16 12:30:00 33 32 33 1270 28-04-16 13:30:00 33 32 33 1271 28-04-16 14:30:00 33 32 33 1272 28-04-16 15:30:00 33 32 33 1273 28-04-16 16:30:00 33 32 33

1274 28-04-16 17:30:00 33 32 33 1275 28-04-16 18:30:00 33 32 33 1276 28-04-16 19:30:00 33 32 33 1277 28-04-16 20:30:00 33 32 33 1278 28-04-16 21:30:00 33 32 33 1279 28-04-16 22:30:00 33 32 33 1280 28-04-16 23:30:00 33 32 33 1281 29-04-16 00:30:00 33 32 33 1282 29-04-16 01:30:00 33 32 33 1283 29-04-16 02:30:00 33 32 33 1284 29-04-16 03:30:00 33 32 33 1285 29-04-16 04:30:00 33 32 33

1286 29-04-16 05:30:00 33 32 33 1287 29-04-16 06:30:00 33 32 33 1288 29-04-16 07:30:00 33 32 33 1289 29-04-16 08:30:00 33 32 33 1290 29-04-16 09:30:00 33 32 33 1291 29-04-16 10:30:00 33 32 33 1292 29-04-16 11:30:00 33 32 33 1293 29-04-16 12:30:00 33 32 33

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1307 30-04-16 02:30:00 33 32 33 1308 30-04-16 03:30:00 33 32 33 1309 30-04-16 04:30:00 33 32 33 1310 30-04-16 05:30:00 33 32 33 1311 30-04-16 06:30:00 33 32 33 1312 30-04-16 07:30:00 33 32 33 1313 30-04-16 08:30:00 33 32 33 1314 30-04-16 09:30:00 33 32 33 1315 30-04-16 10:30:00 33 32 33 1316 30-04-16 11:30:00 33 32 33 1317 30-04-16 12:30:00 33 32 33 1318 30-04-16 13:30:00 33 32 33

1319 30-04-16 14:30:00 33 32 33 1320 30-04-16 15:30:00 33 32 33 1321 30-04-16 16:30:00 33 32 33 1322 30-04-16 17:30:00 33 32 33 1323 30-04-16 18:30:00 33 32 33 1324 30-04-16 19:30:00 33 32 33 1325 30-04-16 20:30:00 33 32 33 1326 30-04-16 21:30:00 33 32 33 1327 30-04-16 22:30:00 33 32 33 1328 30-04-16 23:30:00 33 32 33 1329 01-05-16 00:30:00 33 32 33 1330 01-05-16 01:30:00 33 32 33

1331 01-05-16 02:30:00 33 32 33 1332 01-05-16 03:30:00 34 32 33 1333 01-05-16 04:30:00 34 32 33 1334 01-05-16 05:30:00 34 32 33 1335 01-05-16 06:30:00 34 32 33 1336 01-05-16 07:30:00 34 32 33 1337 01-05-16 08:30:00 34 32 33 1338 01-05-16 09:30:00 34 32 33

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1352 01-05-16 23:30:00 34 32 33 1353 02-05-16 00:30:00 34 32 33 1354 02-05-16 01:30:00 34 32 33 1355 02-05-16 02:30:00 34 32 33 1356 02-05-16 03:30:00 34 32 33 1357 02-05-16 04:30:00 34 32 33 1358 02-05-16 05:30:00 34 32 33 1359 02-05-16 06:30:00 34 32 33 1360 02-05-16 07:30:00 34 32 33 1361 02-05-16 08:30:00 34 32 33 1362 02-05-16 09:30:00 34 32 33 1363 02-05-16 10:30:00 34 32 33

1364 02-05-16 11:30:00 34 32 33 1365 02-05-16 12:30:00 34 32 33 1366 02-05-16 13:30:00 34 32 33 1367 02-05-16 14:30:00 34 32 33 1368 02-05-16 15:30:00 34 32 33 1369 02-05-16 16:30:00 34 32 33 1370 02-05-16 17:30:00 34 32 33 1371 02-05-16 18:30:00 34 32 33 1372 02-05-16 19:30:00 34 32 33 1373 02-05-16 20:30:00 34 32 33 1374 02-05-16 21:30:00 34 32 33 1375 02-05-16 22:30:00 34 32 33

1376 02-05-16 23:30:00 34 32 33 1377 03-05-16 00:30:00 34 32 33 1378 03-05-16 01:30:00 34 32 33 1379 03-05-16 02:30:00 34 32 33 1380 03-05-16 03:30:00 34 32 33 1381 03-05-16 04:30:00 34 32 33 1382 03-05-16 05:30:00 34 32 33 1383 03-05-16 06:30:00 34 32 33

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1397 03-05-16 20:30:00 34 32 33 1398 03-05-16 21:30:00 34 32 33 1399 03-05-16 22:30:00 34 32 33 1400 03-05-16 23:30:00 34 32 33 1401 04-05-16 00:30:00 34 32 33 1402 04-05-16 01:30:00 34 32 33 1403 04-05-16 02:30:00 34 32 33 1404 04-05-16 03:30:00 34 32 33 1405 04-05-16 04:30:00 34 32 33 1406 04-05-16 05:30:00 34 32 33 1407 04-05-16 06:30:00 34 32 33 1408 04-05-16 07:30:00 34 32 33

1409 04-05-16 08:30:00 34 32 33 1410 04-05-16 09:30:00 34 32 33 1411 04-05-16 10:30:00 34 32 33 1412 04-05-16 11:30:00 34 32 33 1413 04-05-16 12:30:00 34 32 33 1414 04-05-16 13:30:00 34 32 33 1415 04-05-16 14:30:00 34 32 33 1416 04-05-16 15:30:00 34 32 33 1417 04-05-16 16:30:00 34 32 33 1418 04-05-16 17:30:00 34 32 33 1419 04-05-16 18:30:00 34 32 33 1420 04-05-16 19:30:00 34 32 33

1421 04-05-16 20:30:00 34 32 33 1422 04-05-16 21:30:00 34 32 33 1423 04-05-16 22:30:00 34 32 33 1424 04-05-16 23:30:00 34 32 33 1425 05-05-16 00:30:00 34 32 33 1426 05-05-16 01:30:00 34 32 33 1427 05-05-16 02:30:00 34 32 33 1428 05-05-16 03:30:00 34 32 33

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1442 05-05-16 17:30:00 34 32 33 1443 05-05-16 18:30:00 34 32 33 1444 05-05-16 19:30:00 34 32 33 1445 05-05-16 20:30:00 34 32 33 1446 05-05-16 21:30:00 34 32 33 1447 05-05-16 22:30:00 34 32 33 1448 05-05-16 23:30:00 34 32 33 1449 06-05-16 00:30:00 34 32 33 1450 06-05-16 01:30:00 34 32 33 1451 06-05-16 02:30:00 34 32 33 1452 06-05-16 03:30:00 34 32 33 1453 06-05-16 04:30:00 34 32 33

1454 06-05-16 05:30:00 34 32 33 1455 06-05-16 06:30:00 34 32 33 1456 06-05-16 07:30:00 34 32 33 1457 06-05-16 08:30:00 34 32 33 1458 06-05-16 09:30:00 34 32 33 1459 06-05-16 10:30:00 34 32 33 1460 06-05-16 11:30:00 34 32 33 1461 06-05-16 12:30:00 34 32 33 1462 06-05-16 13:30:00 34 32 33 1463 06-05-16 14:30:00 34 32 33 1464 06-05-16 15:30:00 34 32 33 1465 06-05-16 16:30:00 34 32 33

1466 06-05-16 17:30:00 34 32 33 1467 06-05-16 18:30:00 34 32 33 1468 06-05-16 19:30:00 34 32 33 1469 06-05-16 20:30:00 34 32 33 1470 06-05-16 21:30:00 34 32 33 1471 06-05-16 22:30:00 34 32 33 1472 06-05-16 23:30:00 34 32 33 1473 07-05-16 00:30:00 34 32 33

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1487 07-05-16 14:30:00 34 32 33 1488 07-05-16 15:30:00 34 32 33 1489 07-05-16 16:30:00 34 32 33 1490 07-05-16 17:30:00 34 32 33 1491 07-05-16 18:30:00 34 32 33 1492 07-05-16 19:30:00 34 32 33 1493 07-05-16 20:30:00 34 32 33 1494 07-05-16 21:30:00 34 32 33 1495 07-05-16 22:30:00 34 32 33 1496 07-05-16 23:30:00 34 32 33 1497 08-05-16 00:30:00 34 32 33 1498 08-05-16 01:30:00 34 32 33

1499 08-05-16 02:30:00 34 32 33 1500 08-05-16 03:30:00 34 32 33 1501 08-05-16 04:30:00 34 32 33 1502 08-05-16 05:30:00 34 32 33 1503 08-05-16 06:30:00 34 32 33 1504 08-05-16 07:30:00 34 32 33 1505 08-05-16 08:30:00 34 32 33 1506 08-05-16 09:30:00 34 32 33 1507 08-05-16 10:30:00 34 32 33 1508 08-05-16 11:30:00 34 32 33 1509 08-05-16 12:30:00 34 32 33 1510 08-05-16 13:30:00 34 32 33

1511 08-05-16 14:30:00 34 32 33 1512 08-05-16 15:30:00 34 32 33 1513 08-05-16 16:30:00 34 32 33 1514 08-05-16 17:30:00 34 32 33 1515 08-05-16 18:30:00 34 32 33 1516 08-05-16 19:30:00 34 32 33 1517 08-05-16 20:30:00 34 32 33 1518 08-05-16 21:30:00 34 32 33

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1532 09-05-16 11:30:00 34 32 33 1533 09-05-16 12:30:00 34 32 33 1534 09-05-16 13:30:00 34 32 33 1535 09-05-16 14:30:00 34 32 33 1536 09-05-16 15:30:00 34 32 33 1537 09-05-16 16:30:00 34 32 33 1538 09-05-16 17:30:00 34 32 33 1539 09-05-16 18:30:00 34 32 33 1540 09-05-16 19:30:00 34 32 33 1541 09-05-16 20:30:00 34 32 33 1542 09-05-16 21:30:00 34 32 33 1543 09-05-16 22:30:00 34 32 33

1544 09-05-16 23:30:00 34 32 33 1545 10-05-16 00:30:00 34 32 33 1546 10-05-16 01:30:00 34 32 33 1547 10-05-16 02:30:00 34 32 33 1548 10-05-16 03:30:00 34 32 33 1549 10-05-16 04:30:00 34 32 33 1550 10-05-16 05:30:00 34 32 33 1551 10-05-16 06:30:00 34 32 33 1552 10-05-16 07:30:00 34 32 33 1553 10-05-16 08:30:00 34 32 33 1554 10-05-16 09:30:00 34 32 33 1555 10-05-16 10:30:00 34 32 33

1556 10-05-16 11:30:00 34 32 33 1557 10-05-16 12:30:00 34 32 33 1558 10-05-16 13:30:00 34 32 33 1559 10-05-16 14:30:00 34 32 33 1560 10-05-16 15:30:00 34 32 33 1561 10-05-16 16:30:00 34 32 33 1562 10-05-16 17:30:00 34 32 33 1563 10-05-16 18:30:00 34 32 33

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1577 11-05-16 08:30:00 34 32 33 1578 11-05-16 09:30:00 34 32 33 1579 11-05-16 10:30:00 34 32 33 1580 11-05-16 11:30:00 34 32 33 1581 11-05-16 12:30:00 34 32 33 1582 11-05-16 13:30:00 34 32 33 1583 11-05-16 14:30:00 34 32 33 1584 11-05-16 15:30:00 34 32 33 1585 11-05-16 16:30:00 34 32 33 1586 11-05-16 17:30:00 34 32 33 1587 11-05-16 18:30:00 34 32 33 1588 11-05-16 19:30:00 34 32 33

1589 11-05-16 20:30:00 34 32 33 1590 11-05-16 21:30:00 34 32 33 1591 11-05-16 22:30:00 34 32 33 1592 11-05-16 23:30:00 34 32 33 1593 12-05-16 00:30:00 34 32 33 1594 12-05-16 01:30:00 34 32 33 1595 12-05-16 02:30:00 34 32 33 1596 12-05-16 03:30:00 34 32 33 1597 12-05-16 04:30:00 34 32 33 1598 12-05-16 05:30:00 34 32 33 1599 12-05-16 06:30:00 34 32 33 1600 12-05-16 07:30:00 34 32 33

1601 12-05-16 08:30:00 34 32 33 1602 12-05-16 09:30:00 34 32 33 1603 12-05-16 10:30:00 34 32 33 1604 12-05-16 11:30:00 34 32 33 1605 12-05-16 12:30:00 34 32 33 1606 12-05-16 13:30:00 34 32 33 1607 12-05-16 14:30:00 34 32 33 1608 12-05-16 15:30:00 34 32 33

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1610 12-05-16 17:30:00 34 32 33 1611 12-05-16 18:30:00 34 32 33 1612 12-05-16 19:30:00 34 32 33 1613 12-05-16 20:30:00 34 32 33 1614 12-05-16 21:30:00 34 32 33 1615 12-05-16 22:30:00 34 32 33 1616 12-05-16 23:30:00 34 32 33 1617 13-05-16 00:30:00 34 32 33 1618 13-05-16 01:30:00 34 32 33 1619 13-05-16 02:30:00 34 32 33 1620 13-05-16 03:30:00 34 32 33 1621 13-05-16 04:30:00 34 32 33

1622 13-05-16 05:30:00 34 32 33 1623 13-05-16 06:30:00 34 32 33 1624 13-05-16 07:30:00 34 32 33 1625 13-05-16 08:30:00 34 32 33 1626 13-05-16 09:30:00 34 32 33 1627 13-05-16 10:30:00 34 32 33 1628 13-05-16 11:30:00 34 32 33 1629 13-05-16 12:30:00 34 32 33 1630 13-05-16 13:30:00 34 32 33 1631 13-05-16 14:30:00 34 32 33 1632 13-05-16 15:30:00 34 32 33 1633 13-05-16 16:30:00 34 32 33

1634 13-05-16 17:30:00 34 32 33 1635 13-05-16 18:30:00 34 32 33 1636 13-05-16 19:30:00 34 32 33 1637 13-05-16 20:30:00 34 32 33 1638 13-05-16 21:30:00 34 32 33 1639 13-05-16 22:30:00 34 32 33 1640 13-05-16 23:30:00 34 32 33 1641 14-05-16 00:30:00 34 32 33 1642 14-05-16 01:30:00 34 32 33 1643 14-05-16 02:30:00 34 32 33 1644 14-05-16 03:30:00 34 32 33 1645 14-05-16 04:30:00 34 32 33

1646 14-05-16 05:30:00 34 32 33 1647 14-05-16 06:30:00 34 32 33 1648 14-05-16 07:30:00 34 32 33 1649 14-05-16 08:30:00 34 32 33 1650 14-05-16 09:30:00 34 32 33 1651 14-05-16 10:30:00 34 32 33 1652 14-05-16 11:30:00 34 32 33 1653 14-05-16 12:30:00 34 32 33

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1655 14-05-16 14:30:00 34 32 33 1656 14-05-16 15:30:00 34 32 33 1657 14-05-16 16:30:00 34 32 33 1658 14-05-16 17:30:00 34 32 33 1659 14-05-16 18:30:00 34 32 33 1660 14-05-16 19:30:00 34 32 33 1661 14-05-16 20:30:00 34 32 33 1662 14-05-16 21:30:00 34 32 33 1663 14-05-16 22:30:00 34 32 33 1664 14-05-16 23:30:00 34 32 33 1665 15-05-16 00:30:00 34 32 33 1666 15-05-16 01:30:00 34 32 33

1667 15-05-16 02:30:00 34 32 33 1668 15-05-16 03:30:00 34 32 33 1669 15-05-16 04:30:00 34 32 33 1670 15-05-16 05:30:00 34 32 33 1671 15-05-16 06:30:00 34 32 33 1672 15-05-16 07:30:00 34 32 33 1673 15-05-16 08:30:00 34 32 33 1674 15-05-16 09:30:00 34 32 33 1675 15-05-16 10:30:00 34 32 33 1676 15-05-16 11:30:00 34 32 33 1677 15-05-16 12:30:00 34 32 33 1678 15-05-16 13:30:00 34 32 33

1679 15-05-16 14:30:00 33 32 33 1680 15-05-16 15:30:00 33 32 33 1681 15-05-16 16:30:00 33 32 33 1682 15-05-16 17:30:00 33 32 33 1683 15-05-16 18:30:00 33 32 33 1684 15-05-16 19:30:00 33 32 33 1685 15-05-16 20:30:00 33 32 33 1686 15-05-16 21:30:00 33 32 33 1687 15-05-16 22:30:00 33 32 33 1688 15-05-16 23:30:00 33 32 33 1689 16-05-16 00:30:00 33 32 33 1690 16-05-16 01:30:00 33 32 33

1691 16-05-16 02:30:00 33 32 33 1692 16-05-16 03:30:00 33 32 33 1693 16-05-16 04:30:00 33 32 33 1694 16-05-16 05:30:00 33 32 33 1695 16-05-16 06:30:00 33 32 33 1696 16-05-16 07:30:00 33 31 32 1697 16-05-16 08:30:00 33 31 32 1698 16-05-16 09:30:00 33 31 32

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1700 16-05-16 11:30:00 33 31 32 1701 16-05-16 12:30:00 33 31 32 1702 16-05-16 13:30:00 33 31 32 1703 16-05-16 14:30:00 33 31 32 1704 16-05-16 15:30:00 33 31 32 1705 16-05-16 16:30:00 33 31 32 1706 16-05-16 17:30:00 33 31 32 1707 16-05-16 18:30:00 33 32 33 1708 16-05-16 19:30:00 33 32 33 1709 16-05-16 20:30:00 33 32 33 1710 16-05-16 21:30:00 33 32 33 1711 16-05-16 22:30:00 33 32 33

1712 16-05-16 23:30:00 34 32 33 1713 17-05-16 00:30:00 34 32 33 1714 17-05-16 01:30:00 34 32 33 1715 17-05-16 02:30:00 34 32 33 1716 17-05-16 03:30:00 34 32 33 1717 17-05-16 04:30:00 34 32 33 1718 17-05-16 05:30:00 34 32 33 1719 17-05-16 06:30:00 34 32 33 1720 17-05-16 07:30:00 34 32 33 1721 17-05-16 08:30:00 34 32 33 1722 17-05-16 09:30:00 34 32 33 1723 17-05-16 10:30:00 34 32 33

1724 17-05-16 11:30:00 34 32 33 1725 17-05-16 12:30:00 34 32 33 1726 17-05-16 13:30:00 34 32 33 1727 17-05-16 14:30:00 34 32 33 1728 17-05-16 15:30:00 34 31 32 1729 17-05-16 16:30:00 34 32 33 1730 17-05-16 17:30:00 34 32 33 1731 17-05-16 18:30:00 34 32 33 1732 17-05-16 19:30:00 34 32 33 1733 17-05-16 20:30:00 34 32 33 1734 17-05-16 21:30:00 34 32 33 1735 17-05-16 22:30:00 34 32 33

1736 17-05-16 23:30:00 34 32 33 1737 18-05-16 00:30:00 34 32 33 1738 18-05-16 01:30:00 34 32 33 1739 18-05-16 02:30:00 34 32 33 1740 18-05-16 03:30:00 34 31 32 1741 18-05-16 04:30:00 34 31 32 1742 18-05-16 05:30:00 34 31 32 1743 18-05-16 06:30:00 34 31 32

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1757 18-05-16 20:30:00 33 31 32 1758 18-05-16 21:30:00 33 31 32 1759 18-05-16 22:30:00 33 31 32 1760 18-05-16 23:30:00 33 31 32 1761 19-05-16 00:30:00 33 31 32 1762 19-05-16 01:30:00 33 31 32 1763 19-05-16 02:30:00 33 31 32 1764 19-05-16 03:30:00 33 31 32 1765 19-05-16 04:30:00 33 31 32 1766 19-05-16 05:30:00 33 31 32 1767 19-05-16 06:30:00 33 31 32 1768 19-05-16 07:30:00 33 31 32

1769 19-05-16 08:30:00 33 31 32 1770 19-05-16 09:30:00 33 31 32 1771 19-05-16 10:30:00 33 31 32 1772 19-05-16 11:30:00 33 31 32 1773 19-05-16 12:30:00 33 31 32 1774 19-05-16 13:30:00 33 31 32 1775 19-05-16 14:30:00 33 31 32 1776 19-05-16 15:30:00 33 31 32 1777 19-05-16 16:30:00 33 31 32 1778 19-05-16 17:30:00 33 31 32 1779 19-05-16 18:30:00 33 31 32 1780 19-05-16 19:30:00 33 31 32

1781 19-05-16 20:30:00 33 31 32 1782 19-05-16 21:30:00 33 31 32 1783 19-05-16 22:30:00 33 31 32 1784 19-05-16 23:30:00 33 31 32 1785 20-05-16 00:30:00 33 31 32 1786 20-05-16 01:30:00 33 31 32 1787 20-05-16 02:30:00 33 31 32 1788 20-05-16 03:30:00 33 31 32

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1790 20-05-16 05:30:00 33 31 32 1791 20-05-16 06:30:00 33 31 32 1792 20-05-16 07:30:00 33 31 32 1793 20-05-16 08:30:00 33 31 32 1794 20-05-16 09:30:00 33 31 32 1795 20-05-16 10:30:00 33 31 32 1796 20-05-16 11:30:00 33 31 32