Essentials of Planning
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Transcript of Essentials of Planning
Essentials of
Planning
Topics• Different concepts or types of
planning.• Steps in Planning process.• How to set goals.• Creativity, innovation and
Brainstorming
PLANNINGplanning is deciding in advance what to do, how to
do , when to do it and who is to do it.
What to do focus on task itself .
How to do focus on way of doing.
when to do mean time of doing. who is to do mean the person who
will do it.
Planning involves setting goals and deciding how best to achieve them.
Planning is a brainstorming process which needs a lot of time.
It requires decision making, choosing a future course of action.
It bridges the gap between from where we are, where we want to go.
PLANNING
Relationship of Planning and Controlling
planningImplementation
of plan
ControllingTheplan
Types of Plans Plans can be classified as ……..Mission or PurposeObjectives or GoalsStrategiesProceduresRulesProgramsBudgets
Mission or Purpose The mission identifies the basic purpose or function of an
enterprise. Every organization should have mission or purpose.
Mission or purpose of (business) generally is the production and distribution of goods and services.
The mission of a university is teaching, research and providing education services to community.
The mission of state highway department is the design, building and operation of a system of state highways.
The purpose of the courts is the interpretation of laws and their applications.
Goals and Objectives Goals are the targets towards which activity is
aimed. They represent the end point of planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling.
Difference between Objectives and goals
Objective: small target. Completing education is objective for student.
Goal: large target. Getting job is a goal for every student.
Levels of Goals
ghg
strategic
goals
Ttactical Goals
Ooperational Goals
Top management
Middle management
Low level Mgt
Strategy Strategy is a course of action by which a
firm can achieve its targets(goals).
Strategy is something which is concerned with competitiveness ,that is, taking competitive advantage over your opponent.
Example: Company wants to increase its sales through (improving the quality) of its products.
Policies Policies are guidelines that are established to
support efforts to achieve the goals. policies are established at high level and applied to the entire organization.
Example: The policy of hiring MBA qualified candidates. The policy of hiring young employees.
PROCEDURES Procedures are guides to actions and they detail the
exact manner in which certain activities must be accomplished. They are chronological sequence of required actions.
Example: Conducting performance appraisals, the procedure is…. 1: Setting performance standards 2: Comparing original performance with standards. 3: Performance discussion.
Rules Rules are usually the simplest types of plans,
allowing no discussion. They are without any discretion.
Example: NO SMOKING is the rules in the organization.
Program Programs are the combination of goals, policies,
procedures, rules, resources to be allocated etc. They are ordinarily supported by budgets.
Example: Five year program of an organization to improve the
status and quality of its thousands supervisors
Budget A budget is a statement of expected results
expressed in numerical terms. A budget may be expressed in financial terms.
Example: A budget may include Expenses Revenues
Steps in planning
Being aware of opportunities Establishing objectives
Determining alternative courses
Evaluating alternative courses Selecting a course
Quantifying plans by budgeting
Steps in Planning
How to set goals
Steps in setting goals 1: Specify the goal to be reached or tasks to be
done.
What do you want to accomplish?
Do you want to increase the sales? Reduce cost? Improve quality? Boost customer service?
2:Specify how performance will be measured. Performance can be measured according to
these two criteria's. Physical unit: number of errors, quantity of
production, quality. Time: Meeting deadlines, completing a
projects, punctuality.
steps in setting goals
3: Specify the standards or targets to be reached.
In this stage the required performance are specified.
Example: The target may be to produce 40 units per
hour, completing the project by 15 December.
steps in setting goals
4:Specify the time span to be involved. To have positive impact on performance,
goals must have time span within which they are to be completed.
Example: Your goal for the semester may involve few
months.
steps in setting goals
5: Priorities the goals: When multiple goals are present, they need to be
priorities. Otherwise efforts can be focused poorly. Example: If you want to obtain grade “A”. Examination counts 70%,
assignment 20%, class contribution 10%. priorities examination assignment class contribution.
steps in setting goals
6: Coordination. It is important to know that whether goals
depends on other individuals, if so, coordination and cooperation with them may be needed.
steps in setting goals
Creativity Creativity: usually refers to the ability and power to develop new
ideas or Cognitive process of developing new ideas, concepts , commodity etc.
Innovation: The use of new ideas in products or services. Brainstorming: The technique of encouraging group members to
generate as many ideas as they can on a given topic and then selecting the best idea.