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■Essential Question: –How did the end of World War I change America in the 1920s? ■Warm-Up...
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Transcript of ■Essential Question: –How did the end of World War I change America in the 1920s? ■Warm-Up...
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■Essential Question:Essential Question:
–How did the end of World War I change America in the 1920s?
■Warm-Up QuestionWarm-Up Question:
–How was America changed by World War I?
•Socially?
•Economically?
•Politically?
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The Roaring Twenties
■Participation in WWI transformed the United States in the 1920s:
–The USA was the richest & most developed country in the world
–Mass production, high wages, new consumer goods & forms of entertainment labeled the decade the “Roaring Twenties”
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“A Return to Normalcy”
■In 1920, Americans elected Republican Warren Harding who promised a “return to normalcy”
“America’s present need is not heroics, but healing; not nostrums, but normalcy;
not revolution, but restoration…”—President Warren Harding, 1920
What would a “return to normalcy” mean for America after WWI?
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What does this
image reveal about
America in the
1920s?
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Foreign Policy■In the 1920s, American foreign
policy “returned to normal” by embracing isolationism:
–The U.S. rejected the Treaty of Versailles & never joined the League of Nations
–Many citizens felt the U.S. was “duped” into joining WWI & became committed to neutrality
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Foreign Policy■However, U.S. isolationism was
selective because the USA did play a role in world affairs:–The U.S. hosted a naval
conference aimed to reduce the military strength of all nations
–Loaned European nations billions of dollars to help rebuild after WWI
–Joined other world powers in a commitment to world peace by signing the Kellogg-Briand Pact
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What does this image & quote
reveal about America in the 1920s?
“The chief business of the American people
is business.”
—President Calvin Coolidge, 1925
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Pro-Business Policies ■In the 1920s, three Republican
presidents were elected (Harding, Coolidge, & Hoover) who helped America “return to normalcy” by adopting pro-business policies:–Kept taxes low so Americans
could spend their wages–Kept gov’t interference in
business to a minimum to allow private enterprise to flourish
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Pro-Business Policies ■Pro-business policies meant no
new progressive reforms:–Americans felt confident that
reforms had limited the influence of monopolies, cleaned up cities, & regulated the economy
–As workers wages rose & their hours declined, Americans were happy to spend their money
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What do these images reveal about America in the 1920s?
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The “Roaring Twenties”■Pro-business policies & mass
production techniques developed during WWI led to an industrial revolution in consumer goods:–Industrial growth led to high
wages for workers & cheap products for Americans to buy
–The appetite for consumer goods & availability of cheap credit led to a decade of spending known as the “Roaring Twenties”
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America entered an industrial revolution making consumer goods like cars & appliances
Henry Ford’s mass production techniques made automobiles affordable for many Americans
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Consumer Appliances
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Entertainment
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What do these images reveal about America in the 1920s?
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Urbanization
By 1920, more people lived in cities than in
rural areas due to the industrial revolution, mass immigration, &
jobs during WWI
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Urbanization■The dominance of urban America
divided society:–Urban society was characterized
by diversity, consumerism, freedom, & entertainment
–Rural society was characterized by religious fundamentalism, nativism, & tradition
■Throughout the 1920s, the values of these 2 societies clashed
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The 1920s: Student Presentations■To understand the changes that took place
in America in the 1920s, student groups will research 1 theme of the 1920s & provide a brief class presentation:–Provide a brief overview of the topic –Use the image gallery provided to
highlight specific examples or ideas–All students in groups are expected to
participate in the presentation■After each presentation, the teacher will
provide notes
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America in the 1920s:Consumerism
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Consumerism ■The 1920s saw a burst of personal
prosperity & consumer spending–Mass production led to a huge
number of new products: Cars, electric appliances, new fashions
–Advertising boomed to convince people to spend their money
–Companies offered ways for consumers to buy on credit through monthly installment plans
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Consumer Goods, Advertising, & Credit
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America in the 1920s:Harlem Renaissance
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Harlem Renaissance■The Great Migration during WWI
led to a concentration of African Americans in northern cities
■The Harlem Renaissance was the flourishing of black culture:–Jazz blended African & European
musical traditions into a distinctly “American” style of music
–Louis Armstrong & Duke Ellington were popular jazz musicians
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The “Jazz Age”
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Harlem Renaissance–The most popular author was
Langston Hughes, who wrote poems & novels about black pride
■Harlem represented the “New Negro”: the idea that African Americans should freely express themselves, embrace their culture, & strive for racial equality
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America in the 1920s:The Changing Role
of Women
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Changing Role of Women■Women’s roles changed in the 1920s
–In 1920, the 19th Amendment granting women the right to vote (But, many women did not vote)
–New fashion trends, voting rights, & more leisure time led to an increased sense of freedom
–Advertisers emphasized women’s sexuality & appearance
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Changing Role of Women■Many young, unmarried women
embraced their independence & sexuality as “flappers”:–Fashions like shorter hemlines,
“bobbed” hair, & hats–Smoked cigarettes, drank alcohol,
danced at clubs, used makeup –Many had sex outside of marriage
& used cars to “park” with boys ■These behaviors were shocking to
traditional-minded women
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Flapper Fashion
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America in the 1920s:Literature
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Literature ■The 1920s produced some of
America’s most important literature
–Authors F. Scott Fitzgerald & Sinclair Lewis were critical of 1920s consumerism & conformity
–Some authors became part of a the “Lost Generation” who rejected war & were very critical of American society
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Significant Authors of the 1920s
Ernest HemingwayF. Scott FitzgeraldT. S. Eliot
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America in the 1920s:Sports Mania
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Sports Mania ■New forms of entertainment emerged
in the 1920s as Americans gained more leisure time & personal income
–Baseball, boxing, & football were popular sports
–Radio broadcasts brought sporting events to national audiences
–Sports gave Americans a new generation of heroes
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Sports Heroes of the 1920s
Babe Ruth of the New York Yankees was the biggest sports hero of the 1920s
Baseball was segregated; Satchel Paige & Josh Gibson were Negro League heroes
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Sports Heroes of the 1920s
Heavyweight boxer Jack Dempsey was so popular, his prize fights set financial &
attendance records throughout the 1920s
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Sports Heroes of the 1920s
Other sports heroes of the 1920s include: Red Grange, Gertrude Ederle, Bobby Jones
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America in the 1920s:Movies & Radio
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Popularity of Movies & Radio■Movies & radios became widely
popular in the 1920s:–Over 500 stations connected the
nation by broadcasting music, sports, as well as news, religious, comedic, & dramatic programming
–“Talking” movies helped grow Hollywood & celebrity movie stars
–By 1929, over 100 million people went to movies each week
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Radio in the 1920s
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Music of the 1920s
Tin Pan Alley produced 90% of the popular music in the 1920s,
focusing on ragtime, dance music, & jazz
Irving Berlin was the most popular of the ragtime composers
of the 1920s
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Movies in the 1920s
“The Jazz Singer” was the first “talking” picture
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America in the 1920s:Improved
Transportation
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Improved Transportation■Automobiles transformed America:
–Henry Ford’s assembly line made cars affordable; By 1929, 1 of 5 Americans owned a car
–Car manufacturing became the biggest industry in the nation & stimulated the U.S. economy
–New roads, gas stations, & shopping centers were built
–Cars gave people freedom & became a symbol of status
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The Automobile
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The Automobile
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Improved Transportation■Airplanes captured the attention of
Americans in the 1920s–In 1927, Charles Lindbergh made
the 1st trans-Atlantic solo flight, becoming the biggest celebrity of the 1920s
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