ESSD_RED

12-EIP-RO BUCURES 09

European Seminar on Sustainable Development

Chances and risks of REDD regarding climate change and the

role of the European Union

European Seminar on Sustainable Development Sinaia, Romania

April 2013 Group RED



1. Problem: Climate change and global warming

• Forestry sector responsible for 20% of GHG emissions

• Deforestation as a main contributer

• 47% of all forests located in humid tropics

• Logging and land use change as income source for indigenous people

• Discrepancy between economic and ecologic interests



2. Option: Mitigation – REDD and REDD+

• UN-Programme: Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)

• Enhanced by aspects of sustainable development (REDD+)

• Compensating opportunity cost from avoiding deforestation and forest degradation



Group members

• Tutor: Sebastian Gebauer Expert: Daniel Otto

Marion Balthasar FernUniversität in Hagen

Germany Environmental Sciences

Mark Janssen Open Universiteit The Netherlands

Environmental Sciences

Veronique Kussé Universiteit Antwerpen

Belgium Environmental Sciences

David R. Maas Leuphana Universität Lüneburg

Germany Business Administration/

Sustainability Sciences

Tilman Stechele FernUniverstität in Hagen

Germany Environmental Sciences

Jacqueline Steindl Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz

Austria Teacher Studies



3a. Research: Research Questions

How can the European Union foster a global agreement on REDD that contributes to climate change mitigation and sustainable development?

– How is REDD built and what are the coherences within SD?

– What are the different stakeholders and what is the EU's position?

– Which action has been done by and in the EU and how can they be enhanced?

– What are the problems and risks related to the introduction and maintenance of REDD?

– What are the achievements and chances of REDD in terms of its status quo and further development?

• Hypotheses



3b. Research: Method

• Literature based

• Application of the four module approach (Parker et al. 2009) – Scope

– Reference level

– Financing

– Distribution



3c. Research: The Four Module Approach



3d. The Four Module Approach - Financing

• Direct-market approach

– Usage of REDD CERs

– REDD credits very cheap

• Market-linked approach

– E.g. auctioning of credits

• Fund-based approach

– Voluntary or compulsory

– Constraint in usage

– E.g. UN-REDD Programme Fund, FCPF funds, …



3e. The Four Module Approach – Phased approach

Source: BMZ, Ready for REDD 2011



3f. Research: The Four Module Approach



3g. The Four Module Approach - Distribution

Source: Parker et al. 2009



4. Answers: How REDD is built.

• No global mechanism yet

• Most actions take sustainable aspects in consideration (REDD+).

• Actions mostly implemented on a national level. Also efforts on sub-national level.

• Actions publicly funded. Mostly fund-based, phased approach being implemented.

• Negotiations on all factors are going on.



4a. Answers: The coherences within SD

• Ecologic: Supports climate change mitigation

• Social: Cooperation with indigenous people

• Economic: Change to a greener economy

• Reduced deforestation and forest degradation will improve quality of life for current and future generations in developed and developing countries.



4b. Answers: The stakeholders

• United Nations Organization

• Funding governments

• European Union

• Receiving governments

• The private sector

• NGOs



Global Not specified

Canada USA

Norway

Japan

Funding Governments

Australia

The EU AOSIS

Receiving Governments

CfRN COMIFAC

Others

UNO

Brazil

Indonesia

Time

Subnational National

Scale

TCG (Indonesia)

TNC

Key:



RED

Canada

USA

Norway

Japan

Australia

The EU

AOSIS

CfRN

COMIFAC

UNO Brazil

Indonesia

Financing

REDD+ REDD

Scope TCG*

TNC*

Phased Approach

* Additional Distribution

Mechanism

Funding Governments

Receiving Governments

Others

Key:



4c. Answers: The EU‘s position and its actions

• Hesitation / reluctance: Integration of REDD carbon credits within the EU ETS

• Difficult negotiation position:

– Internal governance problem

– External credibility problem

• Actions: EU REDD Facility, FLEGT (and several others)

• Enhancements

– Development of coherent opinion on REDD

– Establishment of a better negotiation position

– Promotion of a global mechanism for REDD



4d. Answers: REDD in practice

Source: REDD Monitor



4e. Answers: Problems and risks

• Case study: Indonesia

• Conflicting policies

• Weak government

• Tenure problems

• Mechanism related aspects

– Rule enforcement

– MRV

– Targeting of financing

• Role of indigenous people

• REDD fatigue Source: REDD Monitor



4f. Answers: Achievements and chances

• Case study: Brazil

• Strong government

• Redistribution of work to a sub-national level

• Supporting citizens

• Consequent law enforcement Source: REDD Monitor



4g. Answers: How can the EU foster a global agreement on REDD that contributes to climate change mitigation and SD?

• Improvement of EU’s difficult negotiation position

• Global agreement needed

• REDD can be an effective policy to mitigate climate change and promote SD



5. Testing of hypotheses

1) REDD is an efficient and effective policy to counteract climate change on a global level.

2) The EU can play a decisive role with regard to a successful implementation of REDD by providing financial resources and knowledge, alongside participation in framing, furthering and maintaining the necessary policy.

3) REDD offers economic alternatives to destructive land use practices to developing countries.

ESSD_RED

Documents

Transcript of ESSD_RED