ESS grade 11 summative september 2012

GURU CHARAN KUMAR/IB ESS 2012

HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT

ESS GRADE 11 SUMMATIVE-SEPTEMBER 2012

TIME: 1 HOUR MARKS: 45

1) The diagram below shows storages (in percentage of total water) and flows in the global

water cycle. The rates of flow are given in 1015

kg yr–1

.

(a) (i) what is the source of energy which drives the water cycle? ........................ . (1)

(ii) In which of the processes given in the diagram does this energy enter the cycle?

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(b) (i) what percentage of all precipitation falls directly into the oceans?

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(ii) What percentage of all evaporated water comes from the oceans?

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(c) (i) Assuming the cycle is in steady state, what mass of water flows into the oceans

through run-off and groundwater flow per year?

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........................................................................................................................... (2)

(ii) Explain why this figure might increase in the future, as a result of burning fossil

fuels.

CLOUDS0.001 %

ATMOSPHERICWATER VAPOUR

0.001 %

SURFACE WATER 0.001 %ICE 2 % GROUND WATER 1 %

OCEAN97 %

Condensation400

Precipitation 300

Precipitation 100

Evaporation 64

Evaporation 336

Run-off/groundwater flow


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(d) Name a storage of water in the biosphere that is not shown in the diagram, and explain how

water is transferred in and out of this storage.

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(e) (i) State briefly one way in which one of the other flows in the diagram might change if

evaporation rates were to increase.

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(ii) Describe how two changes in the flows shown on the diagram could lead to a fall in

global temperatures and reduce global warming.

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(iii) Name the type of feedback involved in this reduction in global warming.

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(f) Identify each of the different processes referred to on the diagram as either transfer or

transformation processes.

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(Total 20 marks)

2) a) Define the following terms.

(i) Negative feedback

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(ii) Positive feedback

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(b) Suggest why most ecosystems are negative feedback systems.

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The diagram below represents a coal fired power station.

[Source: Adapted from D D Kemp, Global Environment Issues, A Climatological Approach, (Taylor & Francis,1994) p.

7. Reproduced by permission of Cengage Learning]

(c) Complete the diagram above by naming the missing input and the two missing outputs. (2)

(Total 5 marks)

smoke

coal

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

warm water


3) a) (i) State the first law of thermodynamics.

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(ii) Calculate the amount of energy output in the model below.

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(b) The diagram below represents a simplified hydrological cycle.

Input

1000 kJ

energy

10 % loss to

atmosphere

15 % stored

after loss to

atmosphere

OUTPUT = ?


(i) Identify the processes corresponding to the arrows labeled 1 to 4 in the diagram.

1. ................................................................

2. ................................................................

3. ................................................................

4. ................................................................ (2)

(ii) Suggest one weakness in the model above.

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4.

3.2.

1.

ATMOSPHERE

GROUND


The graph below shows the estimated world water withdrawals from 1960 to 2000.

[J Loh, The Living Planet Report, © [2002] WWF (panda.org). Some rights reserved.]

(iii) Calculate the percentage increase in world water withdrawals from 1960 to 2000.

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(iv) Suggest three reasons for the increase in water withdrawals during the period 1960

to 2000.

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(Total 11 marks)

4) Figure 1 Relationship between number of Figure 2 Altitude habitat model 100

rodent species and altitude

4

3

2

1

0

Year

Water withdrawals /10 km yr 3 3 –1

200019951990198519801975197019651960


(a) With reference to Figure 1 describe the relationship which appears to exist between altitude

and the number of rodent species.

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(b) Predict three ways in which the altitude habitat model in Figure 2 might change as a result

of global warming.

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(c) (ii) Explain the difference between an open system and a closed system.

100

Numbers

of

rodent

species

s snowline

mountain 0 Altitude in 3000

metres


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(b) The first and second laws of thermodynamics suggest that energy is neither made or lost,

merely transformed. Using a named ecosystem, outline how this occurs.

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(Total 9 marks)

ESS grade 11 summative september 2012

Education

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