Eslprintables - Descriptive Grammar

8/11/2019 Eslprintables - Descriptive Grammar

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PHRASE-is a lg expression chich exists is made up of the HEAD= somedependent element(noun ph.a tall bo !ad" phr.an ello# apple!$erbphrase- must hale done%. &'A SE - )a be independent or dependent*a lgexpression made up of a sub" and an agreeing $erb chich )a beindependent or dependent(She li+es music-indep., ill tal+ to him. ind/ 0f0 meet him dep/% SE12E1&E -is al#a s dependent eg.expression(She li+esmusic%3%S0)P'E -4consist of a single indep.clause4Has onl one $erbeg.She li$es 0n P5oc+ 6% ) '20P'E -must hale At least 6 clausesa%&7)P7 1D -relation of &lausem is a coordination =6 clauses lin+ed bcoordination.8oth are indep.and e9uall important*are on the sames ntactic stages eg.She li+es :lms and often goes to theciemna.lin+ers;A1D 8 2*7R b% &7)P'E< - 6clauses lin+ed bsubordination.7ne clause is higher than the Rother eg.0 ll see him #hen 0ha$e time.lin+ers; HE1* 0> 2H7 ?H.VERBS;3 %2RA1S020@E- al#a s follo#ed b at least one ob"ect ha$epassi$e $oice a% )7172RA1S020@E -follo#ed b 3 ob".eg.0 li+e musicb%[email protected] 6 ob".e.g.0 #rote them a note.c% &7)P'EERE120A' - 0n that case* so*other#ise* or else* 0n other #ords* chich means* >% &712RAS20@E- on thecontrar * 0n +ontrast* on the Rother hand* instead ?% &71&ESS0@E-ho#e$er* et* still* ne$ertheless* all the same* H% 4 2E)P7RA' -mean#hile* 0n the meantime* subse9uenc 4 D0S&7 RSA' b the #a *incidentall CONCORD- agrement bet#een sentenc"e elements3%GRAMMATICAL- if S. is plural the $erb must be also plural, it s aconcorde according to a grammatical master eg.-s,-es- endings of thesub"ect. 2he bo is, 2he bo s are &lausem chich are al#a s singular- hatsou do doesn t reall master me -the same abort prepositions and andphrases6% NATIONAL po"Zcio# -according to the i dea for pluralitA%&7''E&20@E - depending ho# #e understand it- it s a group of People orindi$iduall .eg. 2 he audienc"e*cre#* team* StaN* go$ernment-0S, ARE. 2he

doming, 872H Anna A1D Peter ARE. COORDINATION - Peter(3%and 2om(6 %li+e piQQa. hat sou do and #hat sou sa AREinteresting, Jour problem and m problem ARE the same.&77RD01A2071 APP7S02071 - ) sister and her best friend is#ith herKthe same person% U ASS0 &77RD01A2071 - 4not bmeans of [and but Rother lin+ers4-as #ell as, together #ith,along #ith &Qaso#ni+ siZ QgadQa Qa#sQe Q pier#sQ mrQecQo#ni+iem. His Rother* as #ell as his 8arents* #as there.PR717 1 &71&7RD - E$er one #antedto ta+e their luggage-neutral if tal+ing abort someone* e$er one* no one.etc.8 2O71E should choose 71E S friend carefull VOCATIVES #o5acQ- usuall it s a non phrase chich function either as acallor address4 &A'' - Peter* dinner s read (to p a attentionto us* to call sb% 4 ADDRESS- ) bac+ aches* doctor.(toaddress someone more politel *spea+ers relations hip%

@ocati$es )a be - a name! Peter(#ith titles-Dr.%4famil terms-mum 4 titles of respe+t4 )adam* Sir 4mar+er sof status-)r.President 4 general nouns- ladies W gentleman4 pronouns-

ou* somebod 4 &lauses; #hoe$er said that. NEGATION -Ho# it s achie$edM A% \ 172 ]-inserted bet#een the operatorWgredication4She doesn tV 8% #ords negati$e 0n form Wmeaningn -none* no one* nobod * n othing* no#here*neither..not &% #ords negati$e onl 0n meaning - hard * barel *seldom* scarcel * rarel * 'ittle* fe#. TYPES OF NEGATION - 3%&'A SE 1E?A2071 - b means of risingintonation sou ma+ethe #hole sentenc"e n egati$e. SJ12A&20& >EA2 RES -4negati$e &lausem are follo#ed b positi$e 2ag 9uestiomnm-1obod doming* are the M4 follo#ed b negati$eagreementresponces-Doesn t He +no# s uM- 1o* He doesn t4follo#ed b negati$e 2ag &lausem #ith additi$e meaning 0can t dance W n either He can.4no asserti$e items- an *an one* an #here* man * much* At all* e$er* either*an longer.6% LOCAL NEGATION- onl 3 element is negated#hile the Rest is not- 0 sa# him not long ago,She s notinteligent. SCOPE OF NEGATION - ( AS0^?%- stretch of lgo$er #hich a negator Has semantic inXuence eg.#hich isnegated- usuall from the negator to the end of the clause-She de:nitel didn t sape+ to him(it s d e_nitel she didnt%,She didn t de:nitel sape+ to him(it s not de:nitel she didnt %FOCUS OF NEGATION - 4 one element is negated #hile the

Rest is not.4 mar+ed b intonation- 2he didn t paint the hallblue SJ12A& .-Declarati$e,0nterrogti$e, 0mperati$e,Exclamati$e, Statement, Uuestion, Directi$e, exlamation INVERSION- 0n declarati$e statements. 3%1E?A20@E4appearsin all tenses4must be used if the conditionalis are4the S.mabe a non or a pronoun 4appears after items #hich arenegati$e 0n form W meaning or "ust 0n meaning.Sub"ect=operator in$ersion.-1e$er ha$e 0 seen C At no timeC7n no account C 1or do 0C Dunder no circumstancesC 1otuntil C1o sooner had 0..2HA1Chard *8ar le*Scarcel .6 %'02ERARJ- S.-@ in$ersion4appearsmalin after ad$erbials(of place%At m feet la a beautifulstream. 4appears onl 0n 6 tenses-present Wpast simple.4theS.must be a non.4it s optional. % &71D02071A' -3S2.SH7 'D-Should He come..61D- ERE- ere 0 ou.,0f He #ere to +no#-

ere He to +no#. RD HAD, ERE Had Heforgotten.. SENTENCES- 3%SYNTACTICALY ( s+5adnio#o%-4connected #ith the structure-A% DE&'ARA20@ES- S-@ order-0li+e music 8 %012ERR7?A20@ES-S-@ in$ersion- Do ou li+e herM&%0)PERA20@ES-no S*@ i 8ARE in:niti$e-&7)E HEREOD%E0&

H- U ES2 .-the expected ans#er is an out o fan open rangehat music do ou li+eM % A'2ER1A20@E- the expected ans#er

is one of those presented 0n the +uest. hich music do oupreferM roc+ o popM % &71D &20@E A%P7S020@E-#ithasserti$e items- did ou meet somebod M8 %1E?20@E- Expresssurprise W disbelief. Don t ou +no# himO&% DE&'ARA20@E- #ith no in$ersion but raising intonation-Jou ha$e got thetic+etsM(up%.D%U ES2071 2A?S - Jou +no# the ans#er*don t

ouM(up%as+ing for $eri:cation because ou re not sure.(do#n%-for con:rmation onl . F% EERE1&E-refering to thesame entit eg person*in the external #orld-)ar combedherself(exactl the same person% 8% S 8S202 2071 - using thesame name- 0 #on t he 3 st priQe last ear and she #on oneF ears ago(ma be it #as st h diNerent but still the 3 st priQe%.ELLIPSIS-grammatical omission(Qero substitution%4shema come tonight but 0 doubt #hether she #illRECOVERABILITY- the same as pro-forms. TYPES OFELLIPSIS-3%PH717'7?0&A' - omission of a sound or as llable-cause. 6% 2E'E?RAPH0& -bloc+ language. CRITERIAFOR ELIPSIS- 3%)issing expression is precisel reco$erable6%2he elliptical sentence is defecti$e] %2he insertion of themissing expression results in a grammatical and meaningfulstructure. %2he missing expression is reco$erable from the

COORDINATION - an e9ual relationship bet#een clauses in acompound sentence. 3 .... 6 (3*6- &71 701S %(V-'01BERS = coordinator= coordinating con"unction-and* but*or %.TYPES OF COORDINATION - 3%'01BED=s ndetic A and 86% 1'01BED=uns ndetic A*8-#ithout an lin+er. % ) '20P'EA*8*& and D-a fe# con"oints more than 6O %P7'JSJ1DE20&- Aand 8 and & and D SJ12A&20& FEATURES OF COORDINATION -3%A1D*8 2*7R-can appear in the initil position of the secondclauseonl . ohn pla s the guitar and his sister pla s the piano6%.coordinated clauses are se9uenticall :xed W their ordercannot be re$ersed. %coordinators can be preceeded b anotherlin+er He learnta lot and et he failed.(#e ma after]and]putan thing but not in front of it as in case of

bacause]%. %coordinators can lin+ clause elements eg.7i 7d..F%coordinators can lin+ subordinate clauses He 9uit because(3%

he #as tired and because he #anted to rest. 6THE USE OFCOORDINATORS -AND-3%SEU E1&E - 0 #ashed the dishes anddried them(chronological% 6% RES '2 -He heard the explosion andleft home. % &712RAS2 - Peter is reser$ed and 8ett isopen. %&71&ESS071 - He tried hard and failed. F% &71D02071ED-?i$e me the mone and 0 #ill do the shopping.G%S 0)0'AR02J -0tshould be no problem and similarl all the rest should bein$ol$ed. %ADD02071-He had coNee and mineral #ater.I%&7))E12-He failed and that s not surprised . OR -3%exclusion-

Jou can ha$e tea or coNee(3 of them% 6% &7RRE&2071- He ishapp or he seems to be % 01&' S071 - Jou can ha$e tea orcoNee or both. % 1E?A20@E &71D02071 - a+e up or ou ll be late.BUT 3%&712RAS2 -She s poor but happ . CORELATIVECOORDINATORS - consist of t#o parts. 872H(3%VA1D (6%-both9uestion true`prular E02HER(3%V7R (6%-one sentencetrue`principal of aproximit . 1E02HER(3%V17R(6%-none of themtrue=plural (3-E1D7RS01? 02E) 6- COORDINATOR)COORDINATION OF NOUN PHRASES - 3%2om and )ar +no#the ans#er(both +no#- SE?RE?A27RJ% 6%2om and )ar ma+e anice couple( &7)801A27RJ*) 2 A' %

%>ish and &hips 0S cheap here( &7)801A27RJ 102ARJ- onemeal% %2om and ane pla against Paul and 8ett ( &7)801A27RJ

7012%. &7)P'E< &77RD01A2071 - con"oins are combined ofunits. 3%Ser$e beer in a mug and coNee in a cup 6 %Paint the hallblue and the +itchen red %8u Peter a to car and 8ett a doll.

PSE D7-&77RD01A2071 -an afterthought added 48ett pla stennis and Peter too . APPA1DED &77RD01A2071 -idiomatic She smore and more tired.42here are people and people. U ASS0&77RD01A2071 - instead of and] #e ha$e 4along #ith 4as #ellas 4 to e$er #ith.Peter as #ell as enn #as tired. SUBORDINATION 2he relationship bet#een clauses in complexsentence.& lauses #hich are subordinate al#a s function as onesentence element.2herefore it can t be independent. CLAUSES-3%.>0102E-s+o Qone-clauses #ith tenses*modals and sub"ect.2hema be independent or d ependent.40 ll #ait here4She candance.6% 171->0102E- no tenseOno modals.2he re al#a sdependent.S.ma be present. % @ER8'ESS -no $erb but]tobe]present.Al#a s subordinate. >7R)A''01BERS3 %S 87RD01A27RS -A%S01?'E 7RD -after*although* as*because* before* for*if*lest* once* since* though*till*until*under. e left after he had telephoned sb.8% ) '20 7RD -as if* asthough* as soon as* pro$ided that* in case&%&7RE'[email protected]* no sooner..than* #hether..or 2he more ouearn the more ou spend.6% H-E'E)E12S -in interrogati$e clauses* exclamati$e clauses*conditional concessi$e clauses* relati$e clauses. 0 m as+ing #hat

ou #ant % 2HA2-pronoun in relati$e clauses-nie ma prQecin+aO 2he girl that ou see.. % S 8 E&2-7PERA27R -in$ersion inconditional clauses-Should he come*tell him.F%.2he absence of a:nite $erb because non-:nite clauses are al#a s subordinate.FUNCTIONAL TYPES OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSES-3%17)01A' 6%AD@ER80A'

%&7)PERA20@E %RE'A20@E.. %COMPERATIVE -porY#na#cQe.A% 7> 171-EU0 @A'E1&E- a%R0S01?-01>'E&2071A'(endings-erC-est%*DES&R0P20@E(more*most%*0RRE? 'AR(goodCbetter%. b% >A''01? - lessCleast 6%EU 0@A'E1&E-clauses are e9ual-as..as* so..as* the same..as* %S >>0&0E1&J-enough` nounCad$.ad"ènough %of E2ER c%ad$`preposition-PHRASA' PREP.@ER8-P 2 P 02H PHRASAL VERBS -3%012RA1S020@E- cannot be changed into passi$e because has noob"ect eg.to catch onC torn upC brea+ do#nC ta+e oNC gi$e inC blo#upC fall out- 2he plane too+ oN 6% 2RA1S020@E- od#rotnie- set upCput a#a C :nd outC bring upC ma+e upC loo+ upC fall out- She ga$eup smo+ing-ga$e smo+ing up-ga$e it up PREPOSITIONALVERBS- 3% 2JPE-0 $erb`prep`&.prep-passi$e o+ loo+ atC careforC go intoC cope #ithC appro$e of- 'oo+ after children-'oo+ after

them 6% 2JPE 00- $erb`7d`prep`&.prep-passi$e o+- than+ forCremind ofC pro$ide #ithC despite ofC con:ne toC protect from- 2han+s our friends for help-than+s them for it PHRASAL PREPVERB-3% 2JPE 0 $erbàd$`prep`&.prep-passi$e o+- put up #ithCloo+ for#ard toC do #a #ithC loo+ up toC loo+ do#n onC face upto- &ut do#n on smo+ing it 6% 2JPE00- $erbàd$`prep`&.prep-passi$e o+- put sth do#n to sthC ta+esth out on sbC let sb in on sth-He put his success to hard #or+.MINOR TYPES- @ER8`@ER8 - ma+e*do (#ith% C put paid toC getrid ofC get going @ER8ÀD - brea+ e$entC plead 9uilt C cut shortCrub dr @ER8`6 PREP. de$elop from toC appl to forC tal+ toaboutC translate from...toC COMPLEMENTATION OF VERB 3%012RA1S020@E A% Pure 0 ntransiti$es-He is sleepingC 0t doesn tmatter 8% ith 0mplied 7b"ect-He drin+sC She smo+esC 0 m reading&%&hangeable 0nto 2ransiti$es-2he door opened-He opened thedoor 6%&7P 'AR='01B01? `&S 7R A of Space

%)7172RA1S020@E `7D(noun phrase* :nite clause*non :nite c.%-belie$e* bring* call*close*do*en"o *feel*:nd*got*heer*help*+eep*borro#*lose*lo$e*ma+e.need*Recei$e*remember*see*ta+e*use*#in MIDDLE VERBS-monotrans.$.#ith no passi$e-ha$e*:t*suit*resemble*e9ual*)ean*contain*comprise*lac+ MONOTR.FOLLOWED BY THAT -3%>A&2 A' P 8'0& (Speech At%-all tenses-agree*la *announce*den *state*&laim 6%>A&2 A' PR0@A2E(0ntelectual States%-all tenses-belie$e*&onsider*doubt* expect*hope*+no# % S AS0@E(&hange%-shouldCsub"uncti$e-sugest*insist*re9uire*demand*propose % E)720@E(Emotional States%-all tensesCshould-anno *oncern*mar$el*re"oice*surprise* #onder*regret*#orrF%HJP72HES0S(speculation%-h pothetical past Sub"uncti$e-#ish


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audienc"e #as big(as a #hole% , 2he audienc"e #ere applouding theartist(each indi$iduall %8%Eiatand she a >ord. % >01A' -of predication- 0 am happ if ou are.

%DITRNSITIVE-7i`7d-as+*pa *teach*tell*sho# 70-aperson*noun phr*:nite cl* 7D- noun phr*:nite cl*non :nitec.F%OMPLEX TRANSITIVE- 7d`&o-appoint*belie$e*consider*call*get*&hoose*declare*:nd*li+e*elect*

ant*name*prefer*thin+*COMPLEMENTATION OF ADJ 3%Prepositional Phrase-0 amcurious a bout it 6%>inite &lause-0 m happ that ou re comeC0,mcurious #her he is. %1on :nite cl.-He is splendid to #aitC2hesoup is too hot to eat. THE


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NOUN PHRASE - 2he tall (premodi:cation% !"# (Head%sitting in the corner#ho "ust smile at ou(postmod.% PRE)7D0>0ERS =determinates-determiners*numerals-numbers* epithets-ad"*participles* classi:ers-nouns*-s geniti$e P7S2)7D0>0ERS -prepositional phrases*clauses-:nite(relati$e clauses%*non-:nite(-ing-ed*in:niti$e%)7D0>0&A2071S-0%3% 2E)P7RARJ - postmod.-#ater #hich is hot6%PER)A1E12 -premod.=hot #ater-ad";:rst! 00%3% ReS2R0c20@E(de:ning%-)sister #ho li$es there OOO-0 can ha$e more than 3 sister6% 171-RES20&20@E-) sister*#ho l$es there-onl one sister(it can be omitted*onl additionalinformation% 17)01A'0 A2071 -4noun phrase #hose elements correspondto the elements of the sentence-He refused to ans#er-His refusal toans#er-nominaliQation

NOMINALS I ADVERBIAL CLAUSES- PRA$TYC%NA C%&'NOMINALCLAUSES ma function as4Sub"ect-2hat #e need him..4Sub"ecteQtraposed-02 is ob$ious that #e need him 4 7b"ect indirect-2ell #hoe$erou #ant47b"ect direct-".#` #here 0 am.4&omplement of S.4 ] of 7.0consider Him to be reliable.4 ] of Preposition-2he tal+ed About #here togo.4- of Ad".0 m glad to see ou that4apposit$e His suggestion 2hat #eshould sta is implausible. STRUCTURAL TYPES;3%THAT-CLAUSE- 2hatshe ll come is doubtful(S%40 noticed that he had left(7d%4 ) assumption isthat the ll arri$e(&s%4 e re happ that ou re here(&ad".% 6% WH-IRROGATIVE CLAUSES-4Ho# the boo + ll sell is a m ster (S%40 can timagine #here he is (7d% 42he problem is #ho ll #ater the plants(&s%4 His9uestion* #h no one reacted* can t be replied(App% 40 m not sure #hat

ou #ant42he consulted us on #hen to lea$e(& prep.% % YES NOINTERROGATIVE CLAUSES(*!+, IF WHEATHER-0f nie mo e b napocQ t+u QdaniaO% 4 Do ou +no# if it s openM(7d%4 hether he li+es me isuncertain(S% %ALTERNATIVE INTERROGATIVE CLAUSES-He didn t tellme #hether 0 should #ait or not (7d% F% EXCLAMATIVE CLAUSES-40t isincre dible ho# tall he is(S ex% 40 remember #hat the time it #as(7d%4 0read a report of #hat an impression the had mede(& prep% G% NOMINALRELATIVE CLAUSES-4 hoe$er did it should admit it(S%40 too+ #hat thega$e me(7d% 4He ga$e #hoe$er as+ed the cop (7i% 4Jou can call me #hat

ou li+e(&d% %TO-INFINITIVE CLUSES-42o err is human(S%4 He li+es torelax(7d% 4 2he best cause is to tell the truth(&s% 4Jour ambition*to befmous*is plausible(App%4 0 m anxious to meet her.(&ad"% I% ING CLAUSES-4 atc hing 2@ is her hobb (S%4 His "ob is collecting taxes(&s%40 m buslearning (&ad"%4 He thin+s o/+ emigrating (& prep% K% BARE INFCLAUSES- hat he does is comp lain(&s% 42urn oN the tap #as all 0 did(S%ADVERBIAL CLAUSES-all function as ad$erbials- TYPES;3% 7> TIME-lin+ers- #hen* #hile*until*till*before*after*as soon as*once*the momentthet*immediatel that-0 ll call ou*#hen 0 ha$e time.6%of PLACE-

HERE(E@ER% he li$es #here he #as born. %of CONDITION-if*unless*pro$ided that*on (under% condition that* as long as* gi$en that*supposing that A %01D0RE&2(comment follo#ed* the conditional sentencedoesn t depend on Vsentence%-0f ou remember our last histor lesson*the #ar bro+e out.. 8% 01D0RE&2-a%7PE1 -(3 S2 *7% b%HJP72HE20&A' -6 1D RD%

%RETHROICAL CONDITION- if* 0f he is FL* 0 m the Pope.C He s FL if he isa da . F%7> CONCESSION - although*though*e$en though*much as*despiteof*in spite of*for all`ing.-2hough he is poor*he is happ . G% ALTERNATIVECONDITIONAL-CONCESSIVE CLAUSES-#hetherVor- hether h e pa sfor the bro+en $ase or bu a ne# one* 0 #on t in$ite him again.G UNIVERSAL-CONDITIONAL CONCESSIVE CLAUSES-#hoe$er*#hate$er*#here$er*ho#e$er ..- hate$er ou sa *0 #on t belie$e ou.I%of CONTRAST-#hile* #hereas.She s a doctor*#hile her husband is a plumber. K%of EXCEPTION exceptthat*but that*onl that.-0 d ha$e paid except that 0 had no mone on me.3L%REASON-because*as*since*for-She #ent to bed erl * b ecause she #astired. 33%of PURPOSE - in order to*so as to*so that*in order that-He #entthere in order to relax.36% RESULT -so(that%- 2he paid him a lot so he #ashapp . 3 % SIMILARITY -as*li+e-Do as 0 told ou She s li+e she has ne$erbeen before. 3 % COMPARISON -as if* as though-0t loo+s as if it s going torain.CShe acts as though she #ere the boss.3F% PROPORTION- as..so*the..the

2he more he has* the more he #ants.CAs the e$ening approached*so theirfati9ue became clear.3G% PREFERENCE- rather than* sooner than.-2hefought until death sooner than surrender.


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Eslprintables - Descriptive Grammar

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