ESE 111 -VLSI d Mi l t iVLSI and Microelectronics

VeryVeryLargeScaleIntegrationIntegration

The foundation of the information revolution

1Jan Van der Spiegeljan@seas.upenn.edu ESE111 -

Electronics is everywhere -… IC for systems meeting society’s needs

2012 2(Source: C. Claeys, IMEC)ESE111 -

Transformational effect

Advances in Electronics have transformed businesses, industries, and societies

ld idworldwide.

New opportunities for socio-economic New opportunities for socio economic advances and human development have become feasible.

Lives of people all over the world have improved through advances in health care, safety education etcsafety, education, etc.

Wealth is being created in various parts of h ld

20123

the world. ESE111 -

Microelectronics: present and future applications beyond computing

E H tiEnergy Harvesting

20124

(Source: C. Claeys, Proc. SACSST, April, 2009)

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Couple of applications beyond ticomputing

8ESE111 -

Health Care

i STAT S t

Abbott Point of Carei-STAT System

Patients point of CarePortable system with a broad menu of the most commonly-performed diagnostic tests. including g•cardiac markers, •blood gases, •chemistries and electrolytes, •lactate, coagulation, and hematology.

20129

http://www.abbottpointofcare.com/#

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Body Sensor Network

201210ESE111 -

Wearable electronics

Snowboard jacket with MP3-Bluetooth module Comments

•High-end snowboard jacket with integrated docking station for MP3-Bluetooth module

•Detachable module contains MP3 playerelectronics, Bluetooth headset functionality MMC and batteryfunctionality, MMC and battery

•Keypad and microphone are integrated into the garment

•Snowboard helmet with integrated h ill b il blearphones will be available as

accessory

2012 11

(Courtesy: W. Weber, Infineon)

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Brain-Machine Interface

Wirelessly powered

201212(Jan Rabaey, Univ. Ca, Berkely)ESE111 -

Electronic Stability Yaw Sensor ESP (Electronic Stability Program) application illustrated (Courtesy of Bosch)

Yaw Sensor Principle (Courtesy of Bosch)

201213ESE111 -

Principle of yaw rate sensor

201214

Illustration: see http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Corioliskraftanimation.gif

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Autonomous Sensor Technology:Energy Scavenging from human thermal energy

201217

SACSST, April 2009, Cape Town, C. Claeys

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L t t k t b k Lets take a step back …

18ESE111 -

Wh t k thi ibl ?What makes this possible?

Basic building block: the Transistor

19ESE111 -

Transistor as an AmplifierTransistor:

source

Transistor as amplifier

Symbol:

IdGate(valve)

Mike

Idinput

Mike

drain

output A transistor is an electronic, solid-state device that can

amplify an electric signal:

2012

Vout > Vin

Powerout > Powerin20ESE111 -

Transistor as a Switch

Vin=5V Isource

Vin

Vin=5V

Gate(valve)

ID

Vin

05V

Vin=0V

Gate(valve)

Vin=0V

drainShut off valve

The gate (valve) is completely open or completely switched off

Thus, a transistor is an electronically controlled switch

2012

controlled switch

21ESE111 -

Effect of the transistorAllowed the miniaturization of electronic circuits at higher performance (Eniac-on-a-chip,

Upenn, 1995, Van derSpiegel, et al.)

201222

Eniac, Upenn 1945 Pocket PC

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Eniac-on-a-Chip

Computer Museum, Mountain View, CA

201223

Computer Museum, Mountain View, CA

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What is an IC?IC of Integrated Circuit: Miniaturized circuit of millions of tiny t ansisto s esisto s and capacito s on transistors, resistors, and capacitors on a silicon die.

Gate WirePackaged IC ChipPackaged IC ChipSILICON DIOXIDE

POLYSILICON

Wire

Gate Wireg pg p

Source

Wafer Wafer N-TYPE P-TYPE

DrainWire

2012

TransistorTransistorSILICON

P TYPESILICONIC DieIC Die

(IBM)Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia; Circuits – How electronic things work24ESE111 -

Ten quintillion Ten quintillion:

10x1018

Is about the number grains of rice harvested in 2004

Number of transistors fab icated in 2004fabricated in 2004

In 2008: 1B transistors

2012

In 2008: 1B transistors fabricated/capita

25(Ed Lazowska, U. Wash, 2009)ESE111 -

Integrated Circuit (IC) at the heart of the revolution

(Intel)

(IBM)

( )

Chips of ever increasing complexity

201227

Chips of ever smaller dimension

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Chip complexity illustrated

Intel, 2-Billion Trans. ,Processor (Tukwila: Itanium processor);

201228

Compare to a street mapESE111 -

The world of the very small

(IBM)

Submicron and nanoscale dimensions

201229ESE111 -

Moore’s lawMoore’s Law: chip complexity doubles every

two yearstwo years

(courtesy: Dan Hutchinson)(courtesy: Dan Hutchinson)

EMTM640-1-30ESE111 -

40+ years of Moore’s law

From a few to over one billion transistor per chip

2012 (Source: Intel,Tahir Ghani) 31ESE111 -

Silicon Nano-electronics

201232(K. Zhang, Intel) ESE111 -

SRAM Scaling

201233

(K. Zhang, Intel)

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How to realize such complex l t i t electronic systems

a. Designing of the systemb. Manufacturing

34ESE111 -

Digital Components and Systems

Simple digital gates

Larger components: Half adder, full adder, …

Even larger blocks: Memory Multiplexers ALU, memory controller, etc

201236ESE111 -

Transistors Form Basis for Logic Elements

Logic Operations and Symbols:Logic Operations and Symbols:

INVERTER NAND NOR EXNOR

AND OR EXOR

201237ESE111 -

Simplest Logic Gate

Inverter

201238ESE111 -

Digital Gate: Inverter

vin vout

R

5V

5Vvout

RLVout=0V

RL

Vin=5V

Vin 0

5V

out

NMOS 0

5V

in 05V

V =5V5VV t

Vin=0V

~

Vout=5V

05VVout

201239ESE111 -

Other gates

A

B

RL

5VRL

5V

A

L

A

C

L

C

C = A BWith transistors AA C = A.B

B B

201240ESE111 -

Other gates: NOR

A

R

5V 5VB

C = A+BWith transistors

RL RLC

A BA B

201241ESE111 -

Arithmetic

Additions Subtractions MultipicationsAdditions, Subtractions, Multipications

A (1)Addition: A (1) CARRY (1)Addition: A: 1 B: + 1

B (1) SUM (0) ------- 1 0 ( )

SumCarry

201242ESE111 -

Full Adder

Example: adding two 2-bit numbers: 11+01

Carry in1 bit slice Circuit for 1 bit slice:

CiA

+BC S

1 1+0 1

1 A

B

S

FACo S01 0

B

CiCo

FA

Carry out

201243ESE111 -

Full Adder: single bit

AiBiGGiCircuit for 1 bit slice:

Ci

Pi

A

B

S

FA

?What is insidea Full Adder?Ci

CiCo

a Full Adder?

Ci+1

Si

201244ESE111 -

4-bit Ripple-Carry Binary Adder

A four-bit Ripple Carry Adder made from four 1-bit Full Adders: AiBibit Full Adders:

FA

AiBi

CiCi+1 FA

Si

201245ESE111 -

Where to learn more about designing digital circuits?

ESE 170 and ESE 171

201246ESE111 -

ESE170: Principles of Digital DesignESE170: Principles of Digital DesignDeals with building blocks of digital systemsdigital systems

?

(Intel)

EMTM640-1-47ESE111 -

What comes after ESE170? –

A hi

Digital System Design: CSE371Microcontrollers: ESE350

Electronics/VLSI: ESE216

Architecture ALU RAM

Control

Microelectronics: ESE319Circuits/VLSI

ESE170 Chip design (VLSI): * Digital: ESE570* Analog: ESE419

Fabrication &Devices * Analog: ESE419

Devices: ESE218Devices

2012

Microfabrication: ESE46048ESE111 -

Questions?

201249ESE111 -