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Escape[edit]

After killing Saunders, the group escaped through the D.A.V. College entrance, across the road.

Chanan Singh, aHead Constablewho was chasing them, was fatally injured by Chandrashekhar

Azad's covering fire.[24]They then fled on bicycles to pre-arranged places of safety. The police

launched a massive search operation to catch them, blocking all exits and entrances from the

city; theCIDkept a watch on all young men leaving Lahore. They hid for the next two days. On

19 December 1928, Sukhdev called onDurgawati Devi,sometimes known as Durga Bhabhi, wife

of another HSRA memberBhagwati Charan Vohra,for help, which she agreed to do. They

decided to catch the train departing from Lahore toBathindaen routeforHowrah(Calcutta)early

the next morning.[25]

Singh and Rajguru left the house early the next morning, with both men carrying loaded

revolvers.[25]Dressed in western attire and carrying Devi's sleeping child, Singh and Devi passed

off as a young couple, while Rajguru carried their luggage as their servant. At the station, Singh

managed to conceal his identity while buying tickets and the three boarded the train heading to

Cawnpore. There they boarded a train forLucknowsince the CID at Howrah railway station

usually scrutinised passengers on the direct train from Lahore.[25]At Lucknow, Rajguru left

separately forBenareswhile Singh, Devi and the infant went to Howrah, with all except Singh

returning to Lahore a few days later.[26][25][27]

1929 Assembly bomb throwing incident[edit]

Singh had for some time been exploiting the power of drama as a means to inspire revolt against

the British, purchasing amagic lanternto show slides that enlivened his talks aboutrevolutionaries who had died as a result of theKakori Conspiracy,such as Ram Prasad Bismil. In

1929, he proposed a dramatic act to the HSRA with the intention of gaining massive publicity for

their aims.[17]Influenced byAuguste Vaillant,a French anarchist who had bombed theChamber

of DeputiesinParis,[28]Singh's plan was to explode a bomb inside the Central Legislative

Assembly. The nominal intention was to protest against the Public Safety Bill and the Trade

Dispute Act, which had been rejected by the Assembly but were being enacted by

theViceroyusing his special powers; the actual intention was for the perpetrators to get

themselves arrested so that they could use appearances in court as a stage to publicise their

cause.[18]

The HSRA leadership were initially opposed to Singh participating in the bombing because they

were certain that his prior involvement in the Saunders shooting would means that his arrest on

this occasion would ultimately result in his execution. However, they eventually determined that

he was their most suitable candidate. On 8 April 1929, Singh, accompanied by Batukeshwar

Dutt, threw two bombs into the Assembly chamber from its public gallery while it was in session.

In accordance with the plan, no-one was killed by the explosions, although some members were

injured, includingGeorge Ernest Schuster,the finance member of theViceroy's Executive

Council.[29][30][31]The smoke from the bomb filled the Assembly and if they had chosen then they

probably could have escaped in the confusion; instead they stayed, shouting slogans ofInquilab

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Zindabad!("Long Live the Revolution") and showered leaflets. The two men were arrested and

subsequently moved through a series of jails in the Delhi area.[32]Gandhi, once again, issued

strong words of disapproval for their deed.[23]

Assembly bomb case trial[edit]

Singh was elated with the success of the bombing and referred to it and the forthcoming legal

proceedings as a "drama". The trial took place in the first week of June, following a preliminary

hearing in May. On 12 June both men were sentenced to life imprisonment for "causing

explosions of a nature likely to endanger life, unlawfully and maliciously."[32][33]

Dutt had been defended byAsaf Ali,while Singh defended himself.[34]Doubts have been raised

about the accuracy of testimony offered at the trial. One key discrepancy related to the automatic

pistol that Singh had been carrying at the time of his arrest. Some witnesses said that he had

fired two or three shots and the police sergeant who arrested him testified that the gun was

pointed downward when he took it from him and that Singh "was playing with it."[35]According to

the India Law Journal, however, these accounts were incorrect because Singh had turned over

the pistol himself.[36]According to Kooner,[37]Singh "committed one great blunder" by taking his

pistol on that day "when it was clear not to harm anybody and offer for police arrest without any

protest." Kooner further states that the police connected "the shell of the gun fire found from the

(Saunders') murder site and the pistol."

Further trial and execution[edit]

The HSRA had set up bomb factories in Lahore andSaharanpurin 1929. On 15 April that year,

the Lahore bomb factory was discovered by the police, leading to the arrest of other members of

HSRA, including Sukhdev,Kishori LalandJai Gopal.Not long after this, the Saharanpur factory

was also raided and further conspirators became informants. With the new information available

to them, the police were able to connect the three strands of the Saunders murder, Assembly

bombing and bomb manufacture.[38]Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev were charged with the murder

of Saunders.[39]

Hunger strike and Lahore conspiracy case[edit]

Singh was re-arrested for murdering Saunders and Chanan Singh based on substantial evidence

against him, including the statements of his associates, Hans Raj Vohra and Jai Gopal.[36]His lifesentence in the Assembly Bomb case was deferred till the Saunders' case was decided.[40]He

was sent to the Mianwali jail from the Delhi jail,[34]where he witnessed discrimination between

European and Indian prisoners, and led other prisoners in a hunger strike to protest this.[41]

They demanded equality in standards of food, clothing, toiletries and other hygienic necessities,

as well as availability of books and a daily newspaper for the political prisoners,[41]whom they

demanded should not be forced to do manual labour or any undignified work in the jail.[42]

Muhammad Ali Jinnahspoke in the Assembly supporting Singh,[43]and sympathised with the

prisoners on hunger strike. He declared on the floor of the Assembly:

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7/26/2019 Escape and Death of Bhagat Singh

3/7

The man who goes on hunger strike has a soul. He is moved by that soul, and he believes in the

justice of his cause ... however much you deplore them and however much you say they are

misguided, it is the system, this damnable system of governance, which is resented by the

people.[44]

Jawaharlal Nehrumet Singh and the other strikers in Mianwali jail. After the meeting, he stated:

I was very much pained to see the distress of the heroes. They have staked their lives in this

struggle. They want that political prisoners should be treated as political prisoners. I am quite

hopeful that their sacrifice would be crowned with success.[45]

The Government tried to break the strike by placing different food items in the prison cells to test

the hungry prisoners' resolve. Water pitchers were filled with milk so that either the prisoners

remained thirsty or broke their strike but nobody faltered and the impasse continued. The

authorities then attempted forcing food using feeding tubes into the prisoners, but were

resisted.[46][d]With the matter still unresolved, the Indian Viceroy,Lord Irwin,broke his vacation

inSimlato discuss the situation with the jail authorities.[48]Since the activities of the hunger

strikers had gained popularity and attention amongst the people nationwide, the government

decided to advance the start of the Saunders murder trial, which was henceforth called the

Lahore Conspiracy Case. Singh was transported to Borstal Jail, Lahore,[49]and the trial of this

case began there on 10 July 1929. In addition to charging them for the murder of Saunders,

Singh and 27 other prisoners were charged with plotting a conspiracy to murder Scott and

waging a war against the King.[36]Singh, still on hunger strike, had to be carried to the court

handcuffed on a stretcher: he had lost 14 pounds (6.4 kg) weight from 133 pounds (60 kg) before

the strike.[49]

By now, the condition of another hunger striker,Jatindra Nath Das,lodged in the same jail had

deteriorated considerably. The Jail committee recommended his unconditional release, but the

government rejected the suggestion and offered to release him on bail. On 13 September 1929,

Das died after a 63-day hunger strike.[49]

Almost all the nationalist leaders in the country paid tribute to Das' death, and Mohammad Alam

andGopi Chand Bhargavaresigned from the Punjab Legislative Council in protest.Motilal

Nehrumoved a successfuladjournment motionin the Central Assembly as a censure against the

"inhumane treatment" of the Lahore prisoners.[50]Singh finally heeded a resolution of the

Congress party and the request of his father, ending ended his 116-day hunger strike on 5

October 1929.[36]During this period, Singh's popularity among common Indians extended beyond

Punjab.[51][52]Singh's attention now turned to his trial, where he was to face a British team

representing the Crown and comprising C. H. Carden-Noad, Kalandar Ali Khan, Gopal Lal and

the prosecuting inspector, Bakshi Dina Nath.[36]The defence was composed of eight lawyers.

When Jai Gopal turned into a prosecution witness, Prem Dutt, the youngest amongst the 28

accused, threw his slipper at Gopal in court.[53]The magistrate ordered that all the accused

should be handcuffed, despite all other revolutionaries having dissociated themselves from the

act. Singh and others refused to be handcuffed and were therefore subjected to brutal

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ngh#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndia_Law_Journal2008-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndia_Law_Journal2008-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndia_Law_Journal2008-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanyalYadavSinghSingh2006.5Bhttp:.2F.2Fbooks.google.com.2Fbooks.3Fid.3DB7zHp7ryy_cC.26lpg.3DPA84_84.5D-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanyalYadavSinghSingh2006.5Bhttp:.2F.2Fbooks.google.com.2Fbooks.3Fid.3DB7zHp7ryy_cC.26lpg.3DPA84_84.5D-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanyalYadavSinghSingh2006.5Bhttp:.2F.2Fbooks.google.com.2Fbooks.3Fid.3DB7zHp7ryy_cC.26lpg.3DPA84_84.5D-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanyalYadavSinghSingh2006.5Bhttp:.2F.2Fbooks.google.com.2Fbooks.3Fid.3DB7zHp7ryy_cC.26lpg.3DPA84_84.5D-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndia_Law_Journal2008-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh#cite_note-cambridge-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh#cite_note-cambridge-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndia_Law_Journal2008-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh#cite_note-FOOTNOTENayar2000.5Bhttp:.2F.2Fbooks.google.com.2Fbooks.3Fid.3DbG9lA6CrgQgC.26pg.3DPA91_91.5D-54http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adjournment_motion&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motilal_Nehruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motilal_Nehruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopi_Chand_Bhargavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh#cite_note-FOOTNOTENayar2000.5Bhttp:.2F.2Fbooks.google.com.2Fbooks.3Fid.3DbG9lA6CrgQgC.26pg.3DPA89_89.5D-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Dashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh#cite_note-FOOTNOTENayar2000.5Bhttp:.2F.2Fbooks.google.com.2Fbooks.3Fid.3DbG9lA6CrgQgC.26pg.3DPA89_89.5D-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndia_Law_Journal2008-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh#cite_note-FOOTNOTENayar2000.5Bhttp:.2F.2Fbooks.google.com.2Fbooks.3Fid.3DbG9lA6CrgQgC.26pg.3DPA89_89.5D-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh#cite_note-FOOTNOTENayar2000.5Bhttp:.2F.2Fbooks.google.com.2Fbooks.3Fid.3DbG9lA6CrgQgC.26pg.3DPA88_88.5D-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimlahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._F._L._Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh#cite_note-FOOTNOTENayar2000.5Bhttp:.2F.2Fbooks.google.com.2Fbooks.3Fid.3DbG9lA6CrgQgC.26pg.3DPA83_83.5D-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh#cite_note-FOOTNOTENayar2000.5Bhttp:.2F.2Fbooks.google.com.2Fbooks.3Fid.3DbG9lA6CrgQgC.26pg.3DPA83_83.5D-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh#cite_note-FOOTNOTENayar2000.5Bhttp:.2F.2Fbooks.google.com.2Fbooks.3Fid.3DbG9lA6CrgQgC.26pg.3DPA85_85.5D-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh#cite_note-47

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beating.[54]The revolutionaries refused to attend the court and Singh wrote a letter to the

magistrate citing various reasons why they had done so.[55]The trial was henceforth ordered to be

carried out in the absence of the accused or members of the HSRA. This was a setback for

Singh as he could no longer use the trial as a forum to publicise his views.[56]

Special Tribunal[edit]

To speed up the slow trial, the Viceroy, Lord Irwin, declared an emergency on 1 May 1930, and

promulgated an ordinance setting up a special tribunal composed of three high court judges for

this case. The ordinance cut short the normal process of justice as the only appeal after the

tribunal was at thePrivy Councillocated in England.[36]The Tribunal was authorised to function

without the presence of any of the accused in court, and to accept death of the persons giving

evidence as a concession to the defence. Consequent to Lahore Conspiracy Case Ordinance

No.3 of 1930, the trial was transferred from Kishan's court to the tribunal composed of Justice J.

Coldstream (president), Justice G. C. Hilton and Justice Agha Hyder (members).[57]

The case commenced on 5 May 1930 in Poonch House, Lahore against 18 accused. On 20 June

1930, the constitution of the Special Tribunal was changed to Justice G.C. Hilton (president),

Justice J.K. Tapp and Justice Sir Abdul Qadir.[58]On 2 July 1930, ahabeas corpuspetition was

filed in the High Court challenging the ordinance and said that it was ultra viresand therefore

illegal, stating that the Viceroy had no powers to shorten the customary process of determining

justice.[36]The petition argued that theAct,allowed the Viceroy to introduce an ordinance and set

up such a tribunal only under conditions of break down of law-and-order, whereas there had

been no such breakdown. However, the petition was dismissed as being premature.[59]Carden-

Noad presented the government's grievous charges of conducting dacoities, bank-robbery, and

illegal acquisition of arms and ammunition amongst others.[36]The evidence of G. T. H. Hamilton

Harding, the Lahore superintendent of police, shocked the court, when he stated that he had filed

theFirst Information Reportagainst the accused under specific orders from the chief secretary

(D.J. Boyd[60])to the governor of Punjab (Sir Geoffrey Montmorency[60])and that he was unaware

of the details of the case. The prosecution mainly depended upon the evidence of P. N. Ghosh,

Hans Raj Vohra and Jai Gopal who had been Bhagat Singh's associates in the HSRA. On 10

July 1930, the tribunal decided to press charges against only 15 of the 18 accused, and allowed

their petitions to be taken up for hearing the next day. The tribunal conducted the trial from 5 May

1930 to 10 September 1930.[36]The three accused against whom the case was withdrawn

included Dutt, who had already been awarded a life sentence in the Assembly bomb case.[61]

The ordinance (and the tribunal) would lapse on 31 October 1930 as it had not been passed in

the Central Assembly or the British Parliament. On 7 October 1930, the tribunal delivered its 300-

page judgement based on all the evidence and concluded that participation of

Singh,SukhdevandRajguruwas proved beyond reasonable doubt in Saunders' murder, and

sentenced them to death by hanging.[36]The remaining 12 accused were all sentenced to

rigorous life imprisonment.[62]

Appeal to the Privy Council[edit]

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InPunjab,a defence committee drew up a plan to appeal to the Privy Council. Singh was initially

against the appeal, but later agreed to it in the hope that the appeal would popularise the HSRA

in Britain. The appellants claimed that the ordinance which created the tribunal was invalid, while

the government countered that the Viceroy was completely empowered to create such a tribunal.

The appeal was dismissed byJudge Viscount Dunedin.[63]

Reactions to the judgment[edit]

After the rejection of the appeal to the Privy Council, Congress party presidentMadan Mohan

Malviyafiled a mercy appeal before Irwin on 14 February 1931.[64]An appeal was sent

toMahatma Gandhiby prisoners to intervene.[36]In his notes dated 19 March 1931, the Viceroy

recorded:

While returning Gandhiji asked me if he could talk about the case of Bhagat Singh, because

newspapers had come out with the news of his slated hanging on March 24th. It would be a very

unfortunate day because on that day the new president of the Congress had to reach Karachi

and there would be a lot of hot discussion. I explained to him that I had given a very careful

thought to it but I did not find any basis to convince myself to commute the sentence. It appeared

he found my reasoning weighty.[65]

TheCommunist Party of Great Britainexpressed its reaction to the case:

The history of this case, of which we do not come across any example in relation to the political

cases, reflects the symptoms of callousness and cruelty which is the outcome of bloated desire

of the imperialist government of Britain so that fear can be instilled in the hearts of the repressed

people.[64]

A plan to rescue Singh and fellow HSRA inmates from the jail failed. HSRA member Devi's

husband, Bhagwati Charan Vohra, attempted to manufacture bombs for the purpose, but died

when they exploded accidentally.[66]

Execution[edit]

Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were sentenced to death in the Lahore conspiracy case and

ordered to be hanged on 24 March 1931.[67]That schedule was moved forward by 11 hours and

he was hanged on 23 March 1931 at 7:30 pm[68]inLahorejail with his comrades Rajguru and

Sukhdev. It is reported that no magistrate of the time was willing to supervise his hanging as was

required by law. The execution was supervised by an honorary judge, who also signed the threedeath warrants as their original warrants had expired.[69]The jail authorities then broke the rear

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wall of the jail and secretly cremated the three martyrs under cover of darkness outsideGanda

Singh Walavillage, and then threw the ashes into theSutlejriver, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi)

fromFerozepore.[60][67][70]

Criticism of the Special Tribunal and method of execution[edit]

Singh's trial has been described by the Supreme Court as "contrary to the fundamental doctrine

of criminal jurisprudence" because there was no opportunity for the accused to defend

themselves.[71]The Special Tribunal was a departure from the normal procedure adopted for a

trial and its decision could only be appealed to the Privy Council located in Britain.[36]The

accused were absent from the court and the judgement was passed ex-parte.[72]The ordinance,

which was introduced by the Viceroy to form the Special Tribunal, was never approved by the

Central Assembly or the British Parliament, and it eventually lapsed without any legal or

constitutional sanctity.[73]

Reactions to the executions[edit]

Front page ofThe Tribuneannouncing Bhagat Singh's execution

The execution of Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were reported widely by the press, especially as

they were on the eve of the annual convention of theCongress partyatKarachi.[74]Gandhi faced

black flag demonstrations by angry youths who shouted "Down with Gandhi".[14]TheNew York

Timesreported:

A reign of terror in the city of Cawnpore in the United Provinces and an attack on Mahatma

Gandhi by a youth outside Karachi were among the answers of the Indian extremists today to the

hanging of Bhagat Singh and two fellow-assassins.[75]

Hartalsand strikes of mourning were called.[76]TheCongress party,during theKarachisession,

declared:

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While dissociating itself from and disapproving of political violence in any shape or form, this

Congress places on record its admiration of the bravery and sacrifice of Bhagat Singh, Sukh Dev

and Raj Guru and mourns with their bereaved families the loss of these lives. The Congress is of

the opinion that their triple execution was an act of wanton vengeance and a deliberate flouting of

the unanimous demand of the nation for commutation. This Congress is further of the opinion

that the [British] Government lost a golden opportunity for promoting good-will between the two

nations, admittedly held to be crucial at this juncture, and for winning over to methods of peace a

party which, driven to despair, resorts to political violence.[77]

In the issue of Young Indiaof 29 March 1931, Gandhi wrote:

"Bhagat Singh and his two associates have been hanged. The Congress made many attempts to

save their lives and the Government entertained many hopes of it, but all has been in a vain.

Bhagat Singh did not wish to live. He refused to apologise, or even file an appeal. Bhagat Singh

was not a devotee of non-violence, but he did not subscribe to the religion of violence. He took to

violence due to helplessness and to defend his homeland. In his last letter, Bhagat Singh wrote, "

I have been arrested while waging a war. For me there can be no gallows. Put me into the mouth

of a cannon and blow me off." These heroes had conquered the fear of death. Let us bow to

them a thousand times for their heroism.

But we should not imitate their act. In our land of millions of destitute and crippled people, if we

take to the practice of seeking justice through murder, there will be a terrifying situation. Our poor

people will become victims of our atrocities. By making a dharma of violence, we shall be reaping

the fruit of our own actions.

Hence, though we praise the courage of these brave men, we should never countenance their

activities. Our dharma is to swallow our anger, abide by the discipline of non-violence and carry

out our duty."[78]

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