Esa/fphp/tganu1 MEATS. esa/fphp/tganu2 Objectives Describe the composition and structure of meat and...
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Transcript of Esa/fphp/tganu1 MEATS. esa/fphp/tganu2 Objectives Describe the composition and structure of meat and...
esa/fphp/tganu 2
Objectives
• Describe the composition and structure of meat and explain how they relate to meat selection and cooking methods
• Explain the effect that aging has on meat and identify the two primary aging methods
• Identify primal cuts and the major fabricated cuts
• Choose appropriate cooking methods for the most important meat cuts
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MEATS
Definition
Meat is muscle tissue, the flesh of domestic
animals (cattle, hogs, and lambs) and of wild
animals (such as deer).
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MEATS – Composition
Muscle tissue consists of three major components:
Water75%, shrinkage can be a big problem in cooking meat
Protein 20%, when protein has coagulated to the desired degree, the meat is said to be “done”
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MEATS – Composition
Fat 5%, a certain amount of fat is desirable for three reasons:- Juiciness Marbling is fat that is deposited within the
muscle tissue. - Tenderness Marbling separates muscle fibers, making then
easier to chew- Flavor The main source of flavor in meat
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MEATS – Composition
* Surface fat protects the meat, especially
roasts from drying out during cooking as
well as in storage
Carbohydrate
Very small amount of carbohydrate. Important in achieving the desirable flavor and appearance of browned meats
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MEATS – Structure
There are two important fibers that makes up
the structure of meats:
Muscle fibers
Lean meat is composed of long, thin muscle fibers bound together in bundles. These determine the texture or grain of a piece of a meat
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MEATS – Structure
Connective tissue
Muscle fibers are bound together in a network of proteins called connective tissues
Connective tissue is tough, thus to cook meat successfully, you should know:
- which meats are high in connective tissues
and which are low
- the best ways to make tough meats tender
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MEATS – Structure
Meats are highest in connective tissue if:
They come from muscle that are more exercised (legs, shoulders)
They come from older animals
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MEATS – StructureTypes of connective tissue:
CollagenUsually white in color, moist heat will turn collagen into gelatin and water, thus:- moist-heat at low temperatures are most effective
- use acid to tenderize collagen, marinate, or use tomato or wine to the cooking liquid
- add tenderizers to meats (papain)
- enzymes are naturally present in meats. They break down some connective tissue and other proteins as
meat ages
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MEATS – Structure Elastin
Usually yellow in color and is usually the tendons that surrounds the meat. Older animals have a higher proportion of elastin than younger animals. Cannot be broken down in cooking, thus:
- tendering can be accomplished only by removing the elastin (cutting away tendon)
- mechanically breaking up the fibers through pounding and cutting, grinding, slicing thinly against the grain
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MEATS – Inspection and Grading
Inspection is a guarantee of wholesomeness not of quality or tenderness:The animal was not diseasedThe meat is cleanFit for human consumption Grading is a quality designation, based on the :TextureFirmnessColorAgeMarbling
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MEATS – Aging
Soon after slaughter, an animal’s muscles stiffen
due to chemical changes in the flesh (rigor mortis).
However this stiffness will gradually disappear
caused by enzymes in the flesh.
• Green Meat
Meat that has not had enough time to soften, relatively tough and flavorless
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MEATS – Aging• Aged Meat
Holding meats in coolers under controlled conditions to provide time for this natural tenderizing is called aging. It increases tenderness and flavor.
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Wet Aging
Carcasses are broken into smaller cuts and enclosed in plastic vacuum packs (Cryovac@)
MEATS – Aging
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MEATS – AgingDry Aging• Process of storing meats, usually large cuts,
under carefully controlled conditions.
• The meat is not packaged or wrapped, and it is exposed to air on all sides
• Temperature, humidity, and air circulation are precisely controlled to prevent spoilage
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MEATS – Basic CutsMeat cuts are based upon 2 factors: The muscle and bone structure Knowing the bone structure of meat animals is
essential for :- identification of meat cuts- boning and cutting meats- carving cooked meats
Uses and appropriate cooking methods of various parts of the animal- which part should be grilled or braised
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MEATS – Basic CutsBeef, lamb, veal, and pork may be in some or all of these forms:
CarcassesThe whole animal, minus entrails, head, feet, and hide (except pork)
Sides, Quarters, Foresaddles, Hindsaddles
Primal or Wholesale Cuts
Fabricated Cuts
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MEATS – Basic Cuts Sides, Quarters, Foresaddles, Hindsaddles
- beef is split first through the backbone into sides. Sides are divided between the 12th and 13th ribs into forequarter and hindquarter
- veal and lamb are not split into side but are divided between ribs 12 and 13 into foresaddle or hindsaddle
- pork carcasses are cut directly into primal cuts
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MEATS – Basic Cuts Primal or Wholesale Cuts
- The primary divisions of quarters, foresaddles,
hindsaddles, and carcasses
- each primal may be fabricated, or cut up and
trimmed
- primal cuts are always the starting point for
smaller cuts
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MEATS – Basic Cuts Fabricated Cuts
- Primal cuts are fabricated into smaller cuts for roast, steaks, chops, cutlets, stewing meat, ground meat, and so forth, according to individual customer requirements and specifications
- Portion-controlled cuts are ready-to-cook meats cut according to customers specifications
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MEATS – Basic Cuts
Meats Primal Cuts Fabricated Cuts
Beef Short loin Club steaks, Porterhouse steaks, T-bone steaks, Strip loin, Short tenderloin
Lamb Hotel rack Rack, Crown roast, Rib chops
Veal Loin Saddle, Loin chops
Pork Ham Fresh ham, Smoked ham, Ham steaks
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Beef Tenderloin
Head Tail Center
Goulash
Fillet mignon Fillet steak
Tournadoes
Chateau briand
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Pork Loin Cuts
pork back ribs
pork loin chop
pork butterfly chop
pork center loin roast
pork rib chop
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MEATS – Cooking and HandlingThe good of cooking meats: To develop tenderness To develop flavor To prevent excessive shrinkage and nutrient loss To develop appearance
Heat affects tenderness in two ways: It tenderizes connective tissue if moisture is
present and cooking is slow
It toughens protein. Even meats low in connective tissue can be though and dry if cooked at excessively high heats for too long
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MEATS – Cooking and HandlingThe Principal of Low-Heat Cooking
Low-heat cooking is essential for most meat cooking methods. High heat toughens and shrinks protein and result in excessive moisture loss
Broiled meat stays tender if it is done quickly Roast cooked at low temp. have better yields
than those roasted at high heat Meat should be simmered not boiled because
moist heat penetrates meat quickly
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MEATS – Breaking Down Connective Tissue
Remember!!!Tender cuts, cooked primarily by dry heat
Slightly less tender cuts, cooked sometimes by dry and sometimes by moist heat
Least tender cuts, cooked almost always by moist heat
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MEATS – Cooking and HandlingOther Factors Influencing Choice of Cooking Methods
Fat contentBarding - tying slices of fat, such as pork fatback, over meats with no natural fat cover to protect them while roastingLarding – inserting strips of fat with a larding needle into meats low in marbling
Developing tenderness is not the only goal of cooking- developing flavor- preventing excessive shrinkage and nutrient loss- developing appearance
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MEATS – Searing and “Sealing”Searing• The purpose of searing meats at high heat is to create
desirable flavor and color by browning the meat’s surfaces
• Steaks, chops, and cutlets cooked very quickly at high heat retain more moisture at first because the intense heat instantly evaporates the juices from the surface of the meat and forces internal juices further into the meat
Blanching and “Sealing”• When meat is placed into boiling water, some of the protein
coagulates inside that meat and not as much is carried out of the meat with the lost moisture
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MEATS – Breaking Down Connective Tissue
Cuts Primary Cooking Methods
Rib and loin Dry heat
Leg or round Moist heat and dry heat
Chuck or shoulder Moist heat
Shanks, breast, brisket, and flank
Moist heat
Ground meat, cubed steaks, and stew meat
Dry or moist heat
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MEATS – DonenessDoneness – the meaning of the term doneness depends on whether the cooking method uses dry heat or moist heat
Dry HeatMeat is “done” when the proteins have reached the desired degree of coagulation as indicated by internal temperature
Moist HeatMeat is “done” when connective tissues have broken down enough for the meat to be palatable. With a few exceptions, meat cooked by moist heat is always well done
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MEATS – DonenessDry-Heat Cooking - Degree of doneness
As meat cooks, its pigments change color:Red meat – from red to pink or gray or gray-brown
• Rare: browned surface; thin layer of gray; red interior
• Medium: thicker layer of gray; pink interior• Well done: gray throughout
White meat (pork & veal) – changes from pink or gray-pink to white or off-white. Cooked well done
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MEATS – DonenessTesting DonenessDetermining doneness is one of the most difficult andcritical aspects of meat cooking. It takes experience and skill to take meat off the fire at the right time
Touch Pressing lightly with the finger indicates the meat’s
doneness. Press the center of the lean part, not the fat- Rare: feels soft, gives to pressure, though not as soft and jellylike as raw meat- Medium: feels moderately firm and resilient,
springs back readily when pressed- Well done: Feels firm, does not give to pressure
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MEATS – Doneness
Temperature
Standard or instant-read, should be inserted into the center of
the thickest part of the flesh, not touching fat or bone
Meat Rare Medium Well Done
Beef 54°C 60-63°C 71°C
Lamb 54°C 63°C 71°C
Veal - 63-66°C 71°C
Pork - - 74-77°C
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Dial Face OvenproofMeat Thermometer
Digital Instant Read Thermometer
(Not Ovenproof)
Dial Face Instant Read Meat Thermometer(Not Ovenproof)
Digital Instant Read Thermometer
with Heatproof Sensor and Wire
Digital Instant Read Grill Fork Thermometer
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MEATS – DonenessCarry-over CookingHeat continues to be conducted into the meat until the heat is equalized throughout the roast. Remove roasts from the oven when the thermometer is 6 to 8°C below desire reading
Time-Weight RatioCharts of time per pound of meat for roasting should be used in estimating and planning cooking times, not in determining doneness
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MEATS – Doneness
Many factors other than weight and oven temperature determine cooking time:
Temperature of meat before roasting Amount of fat cover (fat acts as an insulator) Bones Size, type, and contents of oven Number of times oven door is opened Shape of the cut
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MEATS – Doneness
Moist-Heat Cooking Meat cooked by moist heat is cooked well done,
and actually beyond well done Doneness is indicated by tenderness, not by
temperature When the prongs of the fork go in and slide out
easily, the meat is done Low temperatures, no higher than simmering are
essential in moist-cooked meats
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MEATS – DonenessJuicinessThree main factors that determine the juiciness: Internal Fat
Well marbled meats taste juicier than lean meats Gelatin
In braised meats, gelatin converted from connective tissue helps to bind water molecules and hold them in the meat, improves the texture of the meat in the mouth
Protein CoagulationThe longer a meat is cooked, the more it contracts and forces out moisture. Avoid overcooking
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MEATS – Variety Meats
Variety meats, also known as offal, include various organs, glands, and other meats that don’t form a part of the dressed carcass of the animal
Glandular meats Muscle meatsLiver HeartKidneys TongueSweetbreads TripeBrains Oxtails
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Variety meats
kidneys
testicles
tongue
heart
tripe
liver
brains sweetbreads
oxtail
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MEATS – Game and Specialty Meats
Game is referred to as poultry and meat animals
normally found in the wild Venison Boar Rabbit Hare Antelope Buffalo
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Kobe Beef
Their diets are strictly controlled and during the final fattening process, cattle are fed hefty quantities of sake and beer mash.