ESA Wireless Sensor Motes Study
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Transcript of ESA Wireless Sensor Motes Study
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Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH
ESA Wireless Sensor Motes Study
George Prassinos, SSC, University of Surrey
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Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH
EMC/EMI
• Electromagnetic interference can cause undesirable behaviour to the electronic devices of our spacecraft or even damage them completely.
• Motes have no shielding making them even more susceptible to EMI.
• Motes need to be contained in order to be shielded from radiation. • The EMI coupling process is initiated from an EMI Radiating device
which is transmitted even by RF or by conduction to our structure. • For low frequencies the coupling effects are even Capacitive or
Inductive and for high frequency models the effects are Radiative. • If for conduction the coupling is conductive both for low and high
frequency modes.
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Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH
EMC/EMI
In space missions there are several sources of radiation caused from natural and manmade systems:
• Sun, • cosmic, • radio stars • the electronic subsystems of the spacecraft
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Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH
EMC/EMI
• Wireless communication data links utilize free-space propagation and are subject to interference and signal disruption from a broad spectrum of sources.
• Wireless communication networks utilize several different frequencies. (MHz to GHz)
• The effects of noise and interference are: – data link connectivity problem,– reliability – data rates of the network.
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Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH
Glaramara Board
• SSTL has from previous projects a Glaramara Development kit from CompXs.
• The kit provides a way for prototyping and application development based on the 802.15.4/ZigBee protocol.
• PIC18LF452PT microcontroller• 32 KB of Flash program memory, • 1536 bytes of RAM data memory • 256 bytes of EEPROM data memory. • The microcontroller is interfaced to the Radio Module via
its built-in SPI interface as well as some general I/O pins.
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Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH
Glaramara Board
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Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH
Scaffell
• The radio module used on the development kit is Scafell from CompXs
• Scafell implements a Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) enabling communication with a wide range of devices over relative short distances.
• compliant with IEEE 802.15.4 • provides inherently duplex synchronous-byte
serial interface between the Network layer and the Media Access Control layer (MAC).
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Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH
Scafell
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Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH
Scafell
• The radio module is using an FCPG processor which is very susceptible to EMI.
• The development board is likely to suffer performance due to EMI as it has absolutely no shielding.
• FLASH and EPROM modules are used to store software
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Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH
Alternative Motes
• An alternative solution to the above mentioned motes is the Intel Mote 2 Platform.
– based on an Intel PXA270 XScale CPU – integrates high performance processing including DSP capabilities, – large amounts of RAM and FLASH memory, – standard and high-speed I/O interfaces as well as an advanced security
subsystem. • The platform provides an on-board IEEE 802.15.4 radio and the option to
add other wireless standards such as Bluetooth and 802.11b via an SDIO Interface.
• based on the 802.15.4 protocol can operate in either – broadcast or – point-to-point link modes
• The platform features a substantially expanded set of I/O interfaces besides the standard ones i.e. UART, SPI, USB.
• The processing core is based on the ARM architecture enabling to use both TinyOS and Linux.
• The mote can run at low frequencies of 13 Mhz up to a few hundred MHz.
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Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH
Intel Mote 2
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Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH
FHSS
• Because there is no way to predict what interferers at any given time, frequency and time the network must be able to continually sidestep these interferences.
• The operating bands of the motes can be sliced into several discrete frequency ranges from: – 900-928 MHz, – 2.400-2.4835 GHz.
• The slices enable an effective frequency hopping stream spectrum (FHSS) routine which can efficiently sidestep RF interference.
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Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH
MICA2
• Another option could be a MICA2 mote from Xbow. • Designed for embedded sensor networks with more than
a year’s lifetime with just a single AA battery cell. • Capability to be used as a router with operational
frequencies of:– 315 Mhz– 433 MHz– or 868/916 MHz.
• Although fixed at these frequencies the radios can easily and quickly switch channels to avoid interferences caused by EMI.
• It also provides a cost effective solution comparing to motes from other manufacturers.
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Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH
Preferred Motes
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Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH
Preferred Motes
• mostly interested in the:– MPR2400 MICA2 mote operating at 2400-2483.5 MHz – MPR2600 mote operating at the same frequency range. – high frequencies
• greater robustness against EMI • faster data rates which are up to 250 kbps for the MPR2400.
– Both motes are using the Atmel ATMega 128L Processor and are compliant with 802.15.4 protocol.
• TelosB MOTES– most recent development in this area and promise excellent performance. – compatible with the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol and offer speeds of up to 250 Kbps. – use the TI MSP430 micro controller which has displayed good EMC in previous tests.– TPR2400 can be easily programmed through a common USB port and have very good
library support for TinyOS.– It is a platform created for research testing and it is recommended to be tested for space
system suitability. • Glaramara Development kit with the Scafell Radio Module will be used for testing as it
has being previously used by SSTL to test the capabilities of Zigbee. • Offers:
– MAC programming implementing a Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) enabling communication with several devices in relatively short distances.
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Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH
Preferred Motes
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Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH
Sensor Boards
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Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH
Requirements
• We want data rates which at minimum exceed the minimum data rate requirements of each subsystem.
• SSTL CAN Bus operates with only 32kbps • MICA2 mote at 433-434.8 MHz
– offer speeds of up to 38.4 Kbps – FSK Frequency Selectable radio receiver.