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2014

SUPERVISOR: Dr Holger Sommer

NAME: Livai Tubitamana

STUDENT ID#: S11076243

ES300 EARTH SCIENCE PROJECT NABILA DRILL CORE

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Table of Contents

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................ 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................................... 4

ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................................... 5

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 6

AIMS: ............................................................................................................................................................. 7

OBJECTIVES: .................................................................................................................................................. 7

BACKGROUND REVIEW: Drill Core NBDD0001 ............................................................................................. 8

STUDY AREA: DRILL CORE SITES .................................................................................................................. 10

METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................... 12

FIELD: ...................................................................................................................................................... 12

LABORATORY: ......................................................................................................................................... 12

RESULTS ...................................................................................................................................................... 14

Lithology Results: NBDD0001 ................................................................................................................. 14

Alteration Results: NBDD0001 ................................................................................................................ 17

Mineralization: NBDD0001 ..................................................................................................................... 18

THIN SECTIONS: ........................................................................................................................................... 19

DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................................. 21

Prove: PYRITE not GOLD ......................................................................................................................... 24

CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................... 25

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................ 26

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TABLE DESCRIPTION PAGES

1 Summary of Drill Core - NBDD0001 8

2 Geology Map of Nai and Lautoka 9

1 Materials 10

3 Logging in Process 12

2 Lithology 15

3 Alteration 16

4 Mineralization 17

4 Thin section 605.50m 18

5 Thin section 705.30m 19

6 Thin section 830.00m 19

7 NBDD0001 Log Model after project 20

8 Gold Mineralized Zone 22

9 Pyrite 23

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would to acknowledge the following people for helping me throughout the compilation of the

project report.

First of all, I would like to thank The Almighty God for giving the strength and guiding

me throughout the completion of this report.

Secondly, I would like to thank our senior supervisor, Dr Holger Sommer for providing

us the appropriate topic on logging of drill cores.

I would also like to acknowledge the lights of Dr Eleanor John for giving me time to

complete the project report.

And lastly but not the least, I would like to thank all the ES300 students for the

wonderful time spent out in the field during the fieldtrip. The laughter and fun, were

the main driving force for the completion of the logging project.

Without their help, this project would have not been a successful and a completed one.

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ABSTRACT

In the beginning of the second semester, The University of The South Pacific School of

Geography, Earth Science and Environment, The Earth Science Department 300-level students

were given the opportunity to test their knowledge of Earth’s Geology and dirty their hands at

the Nabila Drill Core-shed, in the western side of the main island, which is Viti Levu. The drill

core project phenomenon was brought up by Dr Holger Sommer, a lecturer under the Earth

Science Department. Dr Sommer offered research projects where these students would

describe and log several cores taken from an area in the West of Viti Levu where porphyry

copper deposits have been found. These group of students submitted their own ‘pre-proposals’

to highlight and give a brief review of what to expect while studying the drill cores that were

already being drilled, and also to address scientific observation made on the core samples in

terms of mineralogy, alterations, intrusions and other scientific terms regarding drill core

samples and its components. During the mid-semester break, students were taken to the core-

shed where they would spend five days out there in field retrieving all the information from

drill core samples, or in other terms, to log the drill cores which were already sampled. Add on

to that, students were briefed that the core samples were expensive hence should be handle

with care. From the core that I, as a student, have studied, it was the longest and the deepest

core samples taken from this area in the west. Based on passed research, this core was known

as NBDD001, a name given to this drill core sample. It was studied, observations were noted

and later on these results were used to compile a project report, which is this report.

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INTRODUCTION

Fiji currently sits at the midpoint between Tonga-Kermadec and Vanuatu convergence zones,

separated from these actual convergence zones by two extensional back-arc basins, which are;

the North Fiji Basin to the west and the Lau Basin to the east, and a series of transform faults

such as the Fiji Fracture Zone, and the Matthew-Hunter Ridge (MRD, 2008). Fiji was not so long

ago an integral part of the Pacific “rim of fire” the complex plate boundary between the Pacific

and the Indo-Australian Plate. This boundary, outlined by a complex array of island arcs,

associated oceanic trenches, volcanic belts and transform faults is well recognized as the locus

of several major world class porphyry copper-gold and epithermal gold systems. Current

knowledge specifies that that the geological history of Fiji is restricted to the Cenozoic era. The

oldest known rocks are pillow lavas, gabbro and platform limestone of Late Holocene age and

the youngest rocks are suberial volcanic ashes erupted on Rotuma and Taveuni in historic

times, which less than 20,000 years B.P (Geography and Geology of Fiji, 2014). In Viti Levu, the

oldest rock of all rock constituents is the Yavuna Group, which is located in the South-west of

the island. The second oldest is the Wainimala Group which divided into two Groups which are

the Lower Wainimala Group which is found on the North and Central part of the island, while,

the Upper Wainimala Group is found in the South-west and in the North-east part. Then the

other groups come in until the youngest of all the rocks is the Ba Volcanic Group, which is

believed to be found throughout the whole island. From these statements, one can clearly

understand that the Nabila Drill Core Samples were sitting on the Wainimala Group, in both the

groups, The Upper and The Lower Wainimala Group. Wainimala Group mainly consisted of

pillow lavas, flows, breccia, volcanoclastic sediments or materials, and minor reef limestones,

together with argillites, sanstones, and reef limestone with marginal facies of diorite and

hornblende andesite and microdiorite (MRD, 2008). As many geologists and expert scientists

would know that the place where a lot of mineralogy were found, the area or place is likely to

have gold deposits too, meaning that gold is likely to be part of it. This is where drill core

logging comes in. Logging of drill cores in Mining Industry can be said to be the study of various

features of the rocks obtained exploration in terms of drilling. Because of these, geologists are

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able to know the various thickness of each lithology found within the core, the mineralogy of

the rocks at various depth. Not only that, but geologists also understand and able to determine

the potential geologic history, the structures and alteration zones through a tiny piece of

cylindrical rock drilled and removed from potential mineral deposits. The Nabila core-shed is

home to a collection of samples taken from nearby the area within the Nabila and Yako

territories. These samples were already logged by the GeoPacific Resource. To test the

knowledge and understanding from lectures and tutorial classes, a group of students from the

ES300 unit, from The University of The South Pacific, were given a chance to prove themselves

that they are ready for mining and geological activities, using their knowledge from lessons

taken during classes. Each student has to log a particular core as part of their project and

presentation at the end of the field work. Given below are the aims and objectives of my

project.

AIMS:

i. To log the drill core named NBDD0001 which is being kept in the Nabila Core-shed.

ii. To identify the main rock units in terms of lithology which were present in the

NBDD0001 drill core sample.

iii. To identify the mineralization which were present in the NBDD0001 core sample.

iv. To identify where the drill hole sits in porphyry ore deposit model.

v. To make thin sections out of the sample collected.

vi. To construct the NBDD0001 Drill Core Model using Adobe Illustrator.

OBJECTIVES:

i. To be able to log the NDBB0001 drill core sample using suitable methods of logging.

ii. To be able to identify and describe the main rock units in terms of lithology found in the

NBDD001 drill core sample.

iii. To be able to identify the mineralization present in the NBDD0001 core sample.

iv. To be able to make thin sections from the sample collected and observe under

microscope.

v. To be able to construct the NBDD0001 Drill Core Model using Adobe Illustrator.

vi. To be able to understand the concept of drill core logging and its significance in the

Mining Industry.

vii. To be able to present my project findings to my fellow colleagues, supervisors and

invited guests at the end of this project.

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BACKGROUND REVIEW: Drill Core NBDD0001

The Nabila Drill Cores are sitting on the Wainimala Group, the second oldest group of rocks

found in the Fiji Islands, especially on the main land, which is Viti Levu. From previous

statement, Wainimala has two rock groups, the Upper Wainimala Group and the Lower

Wainimala Group. Based on previous research, one could tell that the NBDD0001 was a mixture

of rock found in both the Wainimala Groups. The NBDD0001 sample has a depth of

846.30metres and was the deepest drill core out of all the cores drilled within the Nabila and

Yako Soil and also said to be the last core sample taken from the site. According to ASX

Quarterly report, it has highlighted that the Nabila Drilling Project has reached a final depth of

846metres. Due to severe weather condition such as severe flooding of the area and

mechanical breakdowns, exploration together with drilling and mobilization of drill rigs were

delayed (GeoPacific, ASX Quarterly Report, 2012). The GEOPACIFIC RESOURCES NL designed

NBDD0001 drill hole to test a conductive anomaly centred at 850mRL within the 3D processed

ZTEM data. However, after testing, it was finalized that the ZTEM anomaly was suggestive of a

porphyry-style deposit. After logging done by the GEOPACIFIC, they have noted some of the

drill core verdicts. Listed below were the findings or so called results of the logging;

An upper zone of altered dioritic intrusive with a faulted contact above a sequence of

volcanic rocks, including tuffs, agglomerates, and andesite flows, intruded by a series of

porphyritic to medium grained diorites and andesites.

Alteration and sulphide mineralisation increases from roughly 465m, about the depth of

the change in conductivity reflected in the 3D inverted ZTEM data.

• Several fault breccia zones with >10% sulphide mineralisation are noted from 665 –

832m, typically coincident with strong silica alteration.

• Alteration intensity varies throughout the hole, possibly indicating that the drill hole

has drilled down the edge of a system.

Adding on to that, the report provided by the GEOPACIFIC RESOURCES also stated that there

were no sign of porphyry Cu-Au mineralization observed within the core, however, they have

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pointed out that there was a zone of strongly silica-altered and fractured fine grained

porphyritic andesite which contains weak sphalerite, galena, and pyrite and chalcopyrite

mineralization. Given below is a summary drill core log for the NBDD0001 hole, which was done

by the GEOPACIFIC RESOURCES NL (GeoPacific, March 2012 Quarterly Report, 2012).

Figure 1: Showing the summary of the NBDD0001 drill hole log.

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STUDY AREA: DRILL CORE SITES

The Nabila Drill Cores are sitting on the Wainimala Group, the second oldest rock found in Fiji.

Composed of mainly tholeiitic materials, these rocks formed about 24 million years ago under the

Neogene Period which happened to be the period whereby the Planet Earth undergoes major changes.

Given below is a map which shows the location of the Nabila Drill Sites (Rhombus shape in white).

Figure 2: Geology Map of Nadi and Lautoka (western division). It shows the location of the Nabila Drill

Cores. Drill Cores are within the Wainimala Group.

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MATERIALS

Tabulated below are the materials used during the core logging at the Nabila Core-Shed during

the one week fieldwork within the area. Since the drill core samples were already being taken

out from the ground, therefore no need for the machinery equipment to be included in the

materials.

MATERIALS DESCRIPTION

Compass

To take the orientation of the drill core site.

Measuring Tape To take measurements within the core

samples such as; faults, dykes, intrusion etc.

Logging Code For observation and note taking using

abbreviations of different materials.

HCL To test for any carbonate or sulphide material

Water For clear view of the sample by applying water

onto it.it gives a clear view for studying.

Geological Field Book For recording of data and observation note

taking. It provides useful materials like symbols

and all sorts of measurements at the back of

the book.

The Drill Core Sample The main purpose of logging. The NDBB0001

has a total of 222 trays to be studied.

Table 1: Materials used for logging drill core.

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METHODOLOGY

FIELD:

Listed on the next page were the steps taken during the logging of the drill cores and these

steps were thoroughly followed throughout the logging activity;

1. The drill hole location of NBDD0001 was noted together with the orientation of the drill

core.

2. Depth of the NBDD0001 drill hole was noted.

3. Before logging, the core samples were cleaned with water so that the core contents

were visible enough for studying.

4. Major structures found on the NBDD0001 core were marked. These structures include

faults, dykes and sills and other structures.

5. The lithology of the core was noted and observations were recorded down in the field

book.

6. The alterations were then studied and observations were again noted down in the field

book.

7. The mineralization were studied together with the alterations and results were noted.

8. Photos were taken after logging the NBDD0001 core sample.

9. All observations and data were recorded down in the field book.

LABORATORY:

After the field activities, which were logging and observation, samples were taken into the

laboratory for thin sections to be made. The Department of Earth Science Petrology Laboratory

was used for making thin sections since it has all the equipment and heavy machines which

would help in trying to slice up the rock core samples in order to be observed under the

microscope. Steps of making thin sections are as follows (Kumar, 2014);

1. Samples were taken in and were slice up to fit a microscopic slide.

2. The samples were cut into thin pieces so that the samples got attached to slide.

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3. Then the samples were grind using the grinding machine so that the surface of the

samples were smooth enough and were able to be mingle well with the slide.

4. Then the samples were attached to the slides using EPOXY. EPOXY A was mixed with

EPOXY B and was spread on one side of the sample (smooth side, the grinded one).

5. Then the samples were carefully place onto the slide making sure there were air

bubbles trapped between the slide and the samples.

6. Then were placed onto the hot plate which was covered with Aluminium foil and were

dried until there were no water particles present inside the slide. Approximately one

hour of heating.

7. After that, the slides were taken out and placed on the Saw-arm pad, where samples

were then once again cut and trimmed to an acceptable thickness.

8. Then the samples were once again grind until the light could pass through the samples

and slides.

9. Once done, final observation were made using the microscope. Light was able to pass

through, rock contents were visible under the microscope.

10. Thins sections were made, photos were taken using the camera that was attached to

the microscope.

Figure 3: shows the logging of NBDD0001 drill core.

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RESULTS

Below were the results obtained when logging the NBDD0001 Drill Core Sample at the Nabila

Core-Shed in the western division. The NBDD0001 was sampled or studied at 60metres interval

since the time required to log was very short and the core was long. The results are divided

into three sections; the Lithology, the Alteration and the Mineralization (Tubuitamana, 2014).

Lithology Results: NBDD0001

ZONE (m) Lithology Rock Name Comments

0 - 60 0-4m: missing tray 4-20m: mostly calcite vein, fractured controlled 20-40m: calcite vein, breccia, mafic volcaniclastic breccia, epidote vein 40-20m: fractured/joint controlled, bedded/graded

Altered Diorite

-calcite veins are common -texture ranging from aphantic, porphyritic, graded bed -common minerals are quartz, calcite, epidote

60 - 120 60-80m:coarse grained materials, fault margin, very weak zone 80-100m: very weak zone, clay intrusion 100-120m: weak zone of breccia

Diorite

-broken samples indicating that the zone is very weak -very weak clast support -zone is fragmented/fractured

120 - 180 120-140m: weak zone, calcite vein, stringers 140-160m: dyke at 150-158m, calcite vein 160-180: weak zone, breccia

Diorite

-calcite vein very common -very weak zone -greyish brown layer spotted>dyke

180 - 240 180-200m:clay intrusion, broken zone 200-220m:epidote vein 200-240m:stockwork vein, calcite vein, breccia

Basaltic

Andesite

-rocks color started to change from light to a bit dark (diorite to andesite) -epidote stockwork vein -weak structure hence broken zone

240 - 300 -stockwork veins are -less are of broken zone, hard core

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common -stringers common too -broken zone at 290-300m, fault spotted

Minor Andesite

-calcite veins are very common -mainly andesite with volcaniclastic characteristic

300 - 360 300-320m:calcite vein, dark intrusion (gabbro intrusion) 320-340m: stringers common 340-360m: weak zone, weak breccia zone

Minor Andesite

-weak zone very common hence the broken materials -faulted breccia up to 30m long

360 - 420 360-380m:calcite vein, broken purplish brown zone, chlorite vein 390-400m:weak zone

Minor

Andesite

-color tend to be the same throughout -purplish zone indicates chlorite alteration

420 - 480 420-440m:purplish brown zone 440-460m:epidote vein common 460-480m:broken zone>breccia, clay intrusion

Andesite

-epidote veins appear again -broken intrusion of clay from 470-480m.

480 - 540 480-520m:stockwork veins of calcite,light blue rock color 520-540m: broken zone

Porphyritic Andesite

-stockwork veins tend to gather at a depth of 495.05m to 523.07m -calcite vein spotted

540 - 600 540-560:breccia, weak zone 560-580m:glassy materials found 580-600m:gypsum intrusion

Volcaniclastic Andesite

-evidence of fault noted -very light materials -breccia indicated by broken zone

600 - 660 600-630m: pyrite zone 630-640m:breccia broken zone 640-660m: breccia broken>faulted

Breccia

-pyrite is common from 606.50m to 628.90m -breccia zone with broken zone

660 - 720 660-680m: chlorite vein 680-700m:breccia indicated by the weak zone 700-720m:fractured/Joint controlled vein

Breccia

-stockwork vein from 660-680m>chlorite veins -weak zone indicating breccia

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720 - 780 720-740:broken zone, porphyritic andesite 740-760m:chlorite, hornblende zone 760-780m:faulted breccia

Andesite

-mainly andesite material -hornblende diorite intrusion -faulted breccia found

780 - 840 780-800m:faulted breccia 800-810m:calcite vein 810-840m:faulted breccia

Subvolcanic Andesite

Faulted Breccia

-faulted breccia is dominant throughout

840 - 846.30 Mainly volcaniclastic Material

Andesite END OF HOLE!!

Table 2: Shows the results obtained from the field (observation). Results were taken in every 60m intervals.

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Alteration Results: NBDD0001

ZONE (m) ALTERATION

0 - 60 Sil, Chl, Mag

60 - 120 Chl, Sil, Mag, Epi

120 - 180 Hem, Chl, Cly, Sil

180 - 240 Chl, Sil, Crb

240 - 300 Crb, Chl, Cly

300 - 360 Chl, Cly, Crb

360 - 420 Sil, Chl, Cal

420 - 480 Chl, Sil, Cal

480 - 540 Sil, Chl

540 - 600 Sil, Cly, Cal

600 - 660 Chl, Sil, Hem

660 - 720 Sil, Cly, Chl, Hem

720 - 780 Epi, Sil, Chl

780 - 840 Sil, Cly, Ser, Hem

840 - 846.30 Hem, Cal, Chl

Table 3: Shows the Alteration of the NBDD0001 Drill Core.

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Mineralization: NBDD0001

ZONE (m) MINERALIZATION STYLE

0 - 60 PYR, CPY VN,DS

60 - 120 PRY FR

120 - 180 PYR, CPY DS, VN

180 - 240 PRY DS, VN

240 - 300 PRY VN, DS

300 - 360 PRY VN

360 - 420 PRY DS

420 - 480 PRY, SPH, GAL VN

480 - 540 CPY, PYR, GAL VN

540 - 600 CPY, PRY VN

600 - 660 PRY VN

660 - 720 PRY, CPY, GAL VN

720 - 780 PRY VN

780 - 840 Undefined Undefined

840 - 846.30 Undefined Undefined

Table 4: shows the mineralization of the NBDD0001 Drill Core.

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THIN SECTIONS: Thin section analysis is termed to be the microscopic examination of the composition and structure of

sediments. To look at a rock sample in a more detailed environment, thin section is a good choice for it

since it gives a clear view of what a sediment or mineral looks like in a more detailed perspective

(Hirsch, 2012). Samples were randomly picked for thin section. Below is what the samples look

like under the microscope.

From a depth of 605.50metres.

Mag = 40x

Mag = 10x

Figure 4: Thin sections from 605.50m depth.

Chalcopyrite is clearly seen on the

above figure.

Pyrite deposits which also the main

mineralization of the drill core. The whole

view is main pyrite

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From a depth of 705.30metres.

Mag = 20x

Mag = 10x

Figure 5: thin sections from 705.30m depth.

From a depth of 836.00metres.

Mag = 10x

Mag = 20x

Figure 6: thin sections from 836.00m depth.

The entire field of view - Pryite is the

dominant mineralization

Calcite is visual at this point.

From this depth, pyrite and chalcopyrite

were the dominant mineralization.

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DISCUSSION

THE NBDD0001 DRILL CORE MODEL

Figure 7: The graph above shows the summary of the NBDD0001 Drill Core constructed using the Adobe Illustrator.

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Based on the results obtained from the field and also the results from thin sections, The

NBDD0001 Drill Core Model (Figure 3) was constructed using a computer software called The

Adobe Illustrator. From the Model, it can be said that the upper zone of the core was

characterized mainly of diorite which was mainly altered with intrusive volcanic rocks. This

altered diorite can be said to be mainly influenced by the low SiO2 ratio. Together with that, this

upper zone has very strong Chlorite and Magnetite alteration. When moving down, it can be

said that Volcanic Breccia was common throughout the core, from the upper zone and deep

down the core. This brecciated zone were said to be caused by the weak structure of the rock

itself due to tectonic fracture or layers or lenses of weak rocks. Based on the results, due to

chlorite being the dominant alteration within the brecciated zone, it was labelled as the main

cause of the formation of weak zones. Minor Andesites also stamped their marks on the drill

core. Came to light at the depth of 174metres, this minor andesite materials composed mainly

of Chlorite and Clay alteration. From the drill core model, Alteration intensity is very dynamic

throughout the drill core. Adding onto that, it has also been noted that the common

mineralization throughout the whole process of drill core logging were pyrite and chalcopyrite.

These two are classified as Sulphides and both of these minerals have a common name, termed

as “Fool’s Gold”. As the depth increases, volcaniclastic materials began to appear. These rocks

include all the fragmental volcanic rocks that result from any mechanism of fragmentation.

Judging from observation and results and comparing it with the previous work, according to the

GeoPacific ASX Montly Report, they have mentioned that there were no porphyry Copper or

gold mineralization encountered. However, pyrite and chalcopyrite both fall under Copper-Ore

Deposit, which means the GeoPacific will have to reconsider their previous report on Nabila

Project.

Looking at the thin sections, the images were not very clearly since the camera which was

attached to the microscope did not have a very good lens. The only material which can be

spotted was the pyrite. The thin sections were supposed to give a brighter detailed explanation,

but since the lens was very poor, results were hindered. However, when using a much bigger

magnification, minerals were clearly seen. Epidote and calcite were clearly seen, together with

the groundmass.

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Looking at the Mineralization Table (Table 4), pyrite was the most abundant and dominant

mineralization. Based on the diagram below, it was supposed to be Gold that should be

dominant out of all.

Figure 8: Map showing the Gold Mineralized Zone in Fiji

Based to the map above, Nabila was supposed to be a Gold Mineralized Zone. It was, and it will

become a Gold Mineralized Zone again, but not it is, according the people of Nabila and the

villagers of Yako, in the western of Viti Levu. Myths and legends were believed to be real since

they were being passed down from generations to generations. For the people of Nabila, Gold

have missing from the area since long time ago and still missing now. Putting together and

compiling their story and the findings in terms of logging and observation, myths and legends

were truly accurate in terms of missing trace of gold. From the findings, there were not even a

trace of gold or even a gold ore deposit to be found. Mainly Copper-ore porphyry which was

pyrite and a little bit of chalcopyrite mineralization. And how can we know that it was pyrite

and not Gold that we were encountering in the field?

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Prove: PYRITE not GOLD

Pyrite is commonly known as “Fools Gold” because of its similarity in colour, shape and habit to

Gold. Pyrite occurs in all different shapes and forms. The smaller crystal aggregates may give

off a beautiful glistening effect in light, and the larger crystals may be perfectly formed,

including fascinating perfect cube and penetration twins and other bizarre crystal forms. The

perfect cubes of Pyrite embedded in a matrix from the famous Spanish mines are especially

treasured among collectors. Many of these specimens have fallen out of the matrix and have

been repaired by having them glued back into the matrix (UoM, 2008). Given below is a photo

taken from the field which shows the pyrite present.

Figure 9: the two photos above show the pyrite mineralization. It is definitely look like gold, but not Gold.

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CONCLUSION

After compiling this project report, I have understood the main ideas behind the core logging

processes, in both environments; in the field and also in the laboratory. During the field work,

the NBDD0001 was able to be logged using suitable methods of logging. Not only that, but the

lithology, mineralization and alteration of the drill core were also identified and recorded.

Together with that, the NBDD0001 Drill Core Model was constructed using the Adobe Illustrator

and thin sections were made from the samples of the core obtained from the field during the

field work. Most importantly, the concept of drill core logging and its significance were clearly

understood. Based on the results and observation, it can be concluded that the NBDD0001 was

pyrite dominance in terms of mineralization and Chlorite lover in the sense of Alteration. It can

also be said that the Chlorite materials were the reason for the NBDD0001 to have a lot of weak

zones indicated by the broken zones within the drill core. Overall, NBDD0001 has not

intersected any significant porphyry Cu-Au mineralization, meaning that the area either has no

Cu-Au deposits or bury deep below, deeper than the drill core itself, however, there were

Copper-ore porphyry present, which were mainly pyrite and chalcopyrite. For further drillings, I

recommend both sides should be balanced, meaning that the landowners and the drilling

company should be well connected. The drilling company should also play fair with the

landowners since “the land” is traditionally owned and such biased activity may result in either

withdrawing the licence of drilling or breaking the bond for economic minerals to be dug up.

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Geography and Geology of Fiji. (2014). Retrieved from GoVisitFiji: http://www.govisitfiji.com/fiji/

GeoPacific. (2012). ASX Quarterly Report. Suva: GeoPacific Resource.

GeoPacific. (2012, March). March 2012 Quarterly Report. ASX Quarterly Report. Suva, Fiji: GeoPacific

Resource NL.

Hirsch, D. (2012, December 10). How To Make a Thin Section. WWU Geology.

Kumar, S. (2014, September). How To Prepare Thin Section. Suva, Laucala, Fiji: Department of Earth

Science.

MRD. (2008). Geology and Mineralization. Exploration Opportunities in Fiji. Suva, Nabua, Fiji: The

Mineral Resource Department of Fiji .

Tubuitamana, L. (2014, September). Nabila Drill Core Results. The Gelogical Field Book. Suva, Laucala,

Fiji.

UoM. (2008). Mineral Pyrite. University of Minnesota's Mineral Pages. Minnesota, United States of

America: University of Minnesota.