GULF OF ALASKA NAVY TRAINING ACTIVITIES DRAFT EIS/OEIS DECEMBER 2009

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-1

ES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES 1.1 INTRODUCTION

This Draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)/Overseas Environmental Impact Statement (OEIS) analyzes the potential environmental effects that may result from the United States (U.S.) Navy’s Proposed Action and Alternatives. The Proposed Action and Alternatives address ongoing naval training activities (one joint force exercise occurring over a maximum time period of 14 days during summer months [April through October]); proposed naval training activities of Alternative 1 that would increase the number of training activities, increase the joint force exercise to last up to 21 days, and conduct Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) activities; and the proposed naval training activities of Alternative 2 that would increase the number of training activities, increase the joint force exercise to last up to 21 days, conduct Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) activities, implement the use of a Portable Undersea Tracking Range (PUTR), add a second carrier strike group activity during the months of April through October, and conduct a Sinking Exercise (SINKEX) during each summertime exercise (a maximum of 2) in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) Temporary Maritime Activities Area (TMAA).

The Proposed Action consists of Navy training activities that occur during the summer in one or two major exercises or focused activity periods. These exercises or activity periods would each last up to 21 days and consist of multiple component training activities as described in greater detail in the body of this document. During these focused activity periods, intermittent Navy Unit Level Training (ULT) could also occur. However, outside of these focused activity periods, during the other 46-49 weeks of the year, the Navy does not train within the TMAA or other areas of the GOA.

These exercises would occur within and around the GOA and State of Alaska on established training ranges and military owned/controlled lands. Training activities analyzed in this Draft EIS/OEIS include those conducted by the Navy and other U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) services supporting Navy training as discussed in the Description of Proposed Action and Activities (Chapter 2).

The geographic area covered by this Draft EIS/OEIS consists of three components: 1) the GOA TMAA; 2) U.S. Air Force (Air Force) over-land Special Use Airspace (SUA) and air routes over the GOA and State of Alaska, and 3) U.S. Army (Army) training lands. Collectively, for the purposes of this Draft EIS/OEIS, these areas are referred to as the Alaska Training Areas (ATAs) (Figure ES-1). This Draft EIS/OEIS does not involve the creation or development of new training areas on land or changes in the use of airspace over land or water. Nor does it include modifications to training areas at sea that the Navy has been using over the last ten years during exercises and training.

This Draft EIS/OEIS has been prepared by the Department of the Navy in compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 (42 United States Code [U.S.C.] § 4321 et seq.); the Counsel on Environmental Quality (CEQ) Regulations for Implementing the Procedural Provisions of NEPA (Title 40 Code of Federal Regulations [C.F.R.] Parts [§§] 1500-1508); Department of the Navy Procedures for Implementing NEPA (32 C.F.R. § 775); and Executive Order (EO) 12114, EnvironmentalEffects Abroad of Major Federal Actions (EO No. 12114, 44 Federal Register [FR] 1957 Jan 4, 1979). This Draft EIS/OEIS satisfies the requirements of NEPA and Executive Order (EO) 12114, and will be filed with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and made available to appropriate federal, state, local, and other private and public entities for review and comment.

The Navy is the lead agency for the Draft EIS/OEIS and the National Marine Fisheries Service is a cooperating agency, pursuant to 40 C.F.R. §§ 1501.6 and 1508.5.

Since about 2000, the Navy has participated in a major exercise that involves Departments of the Navy, Army, and Air Force participants reporting to a unified or joint commander who coordinates the activities

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-2

planned to demonstrate and evaluate the ability of the services to engage in a conflict and carry out plans in response to a national security threat. Service Secretaries and Combatant Commanders report to the Secretary of Defense. Combatant Commanders are the senior military authority for their assigned area of responsibility. The U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM1), based in Hawaii, has the primary warfighting mission to defend the United States and its interests in the Asia-Pacific Region. The U.S. Northern Command (NORTHCOM) has the primary responsibility for homeland defense. Each of these combatant commanders is supported by component commanders comprising forces from the Navy, Army, and Air Force. The Combatant Commanders develop exercises that train the Navy, Army and Air Force components to execute plans for situations that they identify as necessary to defend United States interest.

The TMAA is composed of 42,146 square nautical miles (nm2) (145,482 square kilometers [km2]) of surface and subsurface ocean training area and overlying airspace that includes the majority of Warning Area 612 (W-612). W-612 consists of about 2,256 nm2 (8,766 km2) of airspace (Figure ES-1). The TMAA is approximately 300 nautical miles (nm) (555.6 kilometers [km]) in length by 150 nm (277.8 km) in width and situated south of Prince William Sound and east of Kodiak Island. The TMAA’s northern boundary is located approximately 24 nm (44 km) south of the shoreline of the Kenai Peninsula, which is the largest proximate landmass. The only other shoreline close to the TMAA is Montague Island, which is located 12 nm (24 km) north of the TMAA. The approximate middle of the TMAA is located 140 nm (259 km) offshore. The inland Air Force SUA consists of 46,585 nm2 (159,782 km2/61,692 mi2) of airspace and the Army training land consists of 2,624 mi2 (1,981 nm2 or 6,796 km2) of land area.

Training activities conducted by the Navy in the GOA are contained within the TMAA (Figure ES-2) and the exercises normally occur during the period between April and October. For Navy training activities that do occur in the inland Alaska ranges of the Air Force and Army, impacts associated with those activities have previously been analyzed and addressed in separate environmental analyses conducted by the Air Force and the Army (See Chapter 1, Section 1.6). As such, those activities are identified but not carried forward for analysis within the Draft EIS/OEIS.

The Navy’s mission is to organize, train, equip, and maintain combat-ready naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, and maintaining freedom of the seas. This mission is mandated by federal law (Title 10 U.S.C. § 5062), which ensures the readiness of the United States’ naval forces.2 The Navy executes this responsibility by establishing and executing training programs, including at-sea training and exercises, including Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) activities (to include the use of active sonar), and ensuring naval forces have access to the ranges, operating areas, and airspace needed to develop and maintain skills for conducting naval activities.

1 PACOM is a unified command which includes about 325,000 military personnel from the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps (about 20 percent of all active duty U.S. military forces).

2 Title 10, Section 5062 of the United States Code provides: “The Navy shall be organized, trained, and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained combat incident to operations at sea. It is responsible for the preparation of Naval forces necessary for the effective prosecution of war except as otherwise assigned and, in accordance with Integrated Joint Mobilization Plans, for the expansion of the peacetime components of the Navy to meet the needs of war.”

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Figure ES-1: Alaska Training Areas

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Figure ES-2: Gulf of Alaska Temporary Maritime Activities Area

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-5

The ATA plays a vital part in executing this naval readiness mandate. The training areas serve as the principal training venue for annual joint training exercises, which can involve forces from the Navy, Air Force, Army, and U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). The Navy’s Proposed Action is a step toward ensuring the continued vitality of this essential naval training resource.

ES 1.2 PURPOSE AND NEED FOR THE PROPOSED ACTION

Given the vital importance of the ATA to the readiness of naval forces and the unique training environment provided by the ATA, the Navy proposes to take actions for the purpose of:

� Supporting U.S. PACOM training requirements;

� Supporting Joint Task Force Commander training requirements;

� Achieving and maintaining Fleet readiness using the ATA to support and conduct current, emerging, and future training activities; and

� Expanding warfare missions supported by the ATA, consistent with requirements.

The Proposed Action is needed to continue providing a training environment with the capacity and capabilities to fully support required training tasks for operational units participating in Joint exercises, such as the annual Northern Edge exercise. The Navy has developed alternatives criteria based on this statement of the purpose and need for the Proposed Action.

In this regard, the ATA furthers the Navy’s execution of its roles and responsibilities under Title 10. To comply with its Title 10 mandate, the Navy needs to:

� Maintain current levels of military readiness by training in the ATA;

� Accommodate future increases in training activity tempo in the ATA;

� Support the acquisition and implementation into the Fleet of advanced military technology using the ATA to conduct training activities for new platforms and associated weapons systems (EA-18G Growler aircraft, Guided Missile Submarines [SSGN], P-8 Poseidon Multimission Maritime Aircraft [MMA], Guided Missile Destroyer [DDG] 1000 [Zumwalt Class] destroyer, and several types of Unmanned Aerial Systems [UASs]);

� Identify shortfalls in training, particularly training instrumentation, and address through enhancements;

� Maintain the long-term viability of the ATA as a Navy training area while protecting human health and the environment, and enhancing the quality, capabilities, and safety of the training area; and

� Be able to bring Army, Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard assets together into one geographic area for joint training.

ES 1.3 SCOPE AND CONTENT OF THE DRAFT EIS/OEISNavy training activities that occur within the Air Force inland SUA and the Army training lands are analyzed under previous NEPA documentation (the Alaska Military Operations Area EIS [USAF 1995], Improvements to Military Training Routes in Alaska Environmental Assessment [USAF 2007], the Alaska Army Lands Withdrawal Renewal Final Legislative EIS [Army 1999], and the Transformation of U.S. Army Alaska FEIS [Army 2004]). These documents are incorporated by reference which, in NEPA terms, means that the environmental effects of these activities are addressed in these documents.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-6

Environmental effects in the open ocean beyond the U.S. territorial sea (outside of 12 nm) are analyzed in this Draft EIS/OEIS pursuant to EO 12114 and associated implementing regulations.

This Draft EIS/OEIS provides an assessment of environmental effects associated with current and proposed training activities and changes in force structure (to include new systems, platforms, and instrumentation).

ES 1.3.1 National Environmental Policy Act The first step in the NEPA process is the preparation of a Notice of Intent (NOI) to develop an EIS/OEIS. The NOI provides an overview of the Proposed Action, Alternatives, and the scope of the Draft EIS/OEIS. The NOI for this project was published in the Federal Register on March 17, 2008, and in four local newspapers, (Anchorage Daily News, Kodiak Daily Mirror, Cordova Times, Peninsula Clarion [see Appendix G]). The NOI and newspaper notices included information about comment procedures, a list of information repositories (public libraries), the project website (http://www.GulfofAlaskaNavyEIS.com), and the dates and locations of the scoping meetings.

Scoping is the early and open public process for determining the “scope” of issues to be addressed in the Draft EIS/OEIS, and for identifying significant issues related to a Proposed Action. In April of 2008, the three scoping meetings for this Draft EIS/OEIS (held in Kodiak, Alaska [AK]; Anchorage, AK; and Cordova, AK) invited public attendance to help define and prioritize environmental issues, and convey these issues to the Navy. As a result of the scoping process, the Navy received comments from the public (see Appendix G), as well as agencies, private entities, and federally recognized Native American Tribes and Nations which have been considered in the preparation of this Draft EIS/OEIS.

Incorporating public input from the scoping process, this Draft EIS/OEIS was prepared to assess the potential effects of the Proposed Action and Alternatives on the human environment. A Notice of Availability was published in the Federal Register, and notices were placed in the aforementioned newspapers announcing the availability of the Draft EIS/OEIS. The Draft EIS/OEIS is now available for general review, and is being circulated for review and comment. Public meetings will be advertised and held in the same geographic venues as the scoping meetings, as well as two additional venues, to receive public comments on the Draft EIS/OEIS.

A Final EIS/OEIS will be prepared that responds to all public comments, including comments received from other federal and state agencies, on the Draft EIS/OEIS. Responses to public comments may take various forms as necessary, including correction of data, clarifications of and modifications to analytical approaches, and inclusion of additional data or analyses. The Final EIS/OEIS will then be released and available to the public.

After a review of comments received from the public, a decision among the alternatives will be made and the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Installations and Environment) will issue a Record of Decision (ROD) no sooner than 30 days after the Final EIS/OEIS is made available to the public. The ROD will summarize the Navy’s decision, identify the selected Alternative, describe the public involvement and agency decision-making processes, and include commitments to specific mitigation measures.

Comments received from the public during the scoping process are categorized and summarized below in Table ES-1. This table is not intended to provide a complete listing, but to show the extent of the scope of comments and the variety of parties making comments. A more thorough summary of the public scoping process is presented in Appendix G of this Draft EIS/OEIS.

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Table ES-1: Public Scoping Comment Summary

Category Comment Summary

Marine Mammals Concerns about physical and physiological effects to marine mammals from Navy activities. In particular, injuries from ship strikes and sonar, to include being disoriented, strandings, and hearing loss.

Sonar, Sound in the Water

Desires that the Draft EIS/OEIS consider alternative technologies to mid-frequency active (MFA) sonar. General feeling that MFA and other forms of sonar are not required for training and should not be conducted within the GOA.

Fish and Marine Habitat

Concerns about the effects to fish and marine mammal habitats from Navy activities to include migratory routes, feeding grounds, and breeding as well as impacts from hazardous materials and waste.

Mitigation

Concern about the Navy’s training program for spotting animals. Belief that spotting marine mammals is extremely difficult, even for expert observers, and doubts that shipboard lookouts will be able to detect animals in the adverse sea conditions, especially at night. Questions about mitigating the possible adverse impacts to marine mammals from sonar. Belief that, in general, the Navy needs to aggressively consider ways to expand, improve, and employ better protective measures in future, better identify clear monitoring goals and objectives with specific parameters for measuring success, and provide a feedback mechanism for the public to view information on mitigation effectiveness and monitoring results.

Policy/NEPA compliance and Public Participation

Concern that information available during scoping was inadequate to inform commenters or that the “poster” session was not the best format. Some desired a more open forum type format, where all questions voiced could be heard by all. Request that meeting locations be expanded.

Threatened & Endangered Species

Concerns about the number of endangered species, particularly whales (seven in total), within the GOA, and designation of critical habitats.

Commercial Fishing Concerns about the effects of Navy activities upon fish, their embryos, migration patterns, and the overall impact on the commercial fishing industry and, thus, the livelihoods of Alaskans in general.

ES 1.3.2 Executive Order (EO) 12114 EO 12114, Environmental Effects Abroad of Major Federal Actions, directs federal agencies to provide for informed decision making for major federal actions outside the U.S. territorial sea. This includes actions within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the U.S. or a foreign nation, but excludes the territorial sea of a foreign nation. The EEZ comprises areas beyond 12 nm (22.2 km) out to 200 nm (370.4 km) from shore. This Draft EIS/OEIS satisfies the requirements of EO 12114 for analysis of training activities or impacts occurring, or proposed to occur, beyond the U.S. territorial sea border and within the U.S. EEZ 12-200 nm (22.2-370.4 km) (see Table 1-1, Section 1.5).

ES 1.3.3 Coastal Zone Management Act The Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) of 1972 (16 U.S.C. § 1451) encourages coastal states to be proactive in managing coastal uses and coastal resources in the coastal zone. The CZMA established a voluntary coastal planning program through which participating states submit a Coastal Management Plan (CMP) to the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (OCRM) for approval. Under CZMA, federal actions are required to be consistent, to the maximum extent practicable, with the enforceable policies of approved state CMPs. The CZMA federal consistency determination process includes a review of the proposed federal actions by the

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-8

states to determine whether it has potential direct or indirect effects on coastal zone resources or uses under the provisions of the state CMP.

The State of Alaska has an approved CMP (Alaska Coastal Management Program -“ACMP”), which is found at Alaska Statutes Annotated (AS) 46.40.020. The ACMP received federal approval from the NOAA in 1979. The Alaska Department of Natural Resources (ADNR) is the state’s designated coastal management agency and is responsible for reviewing projects for consistency with the ACMP and issuing coastal management decisions under the provisions of 11 AAC Code Chapters 110 and 112. Specific statewide standards for review under the ACMP are found at 11 AAC Chapter 112,

In general, the CZMA defines the coastal zone as extending “to the outer limit of State title and ownership under the Submerged Lands Act.” For the state of Alaska, CZMA coastal boundaries are determined by each individual Coastal Resource District pursuant to 11 Alaska Administrative Code (AAC) 114.220. Specific standards under the ACMP that appear applicable to proposed training activities occurring in the TMAA are 11 AAC Chapter 112 Sections 280 (“Transportation Routes and Facilities”), 300 (“Habitats”), 310 (“Air, Land, and Water Quality), and 320 (“Historic, Prehistoric, and Archeological Resources”).

For the activities covered in this Draft EIS/OEIS, the Navy will ensure compliance with the CZMA through coordination with the ADNR.

ES 1.3.4 Other Environmental Requirements Considered The Navy must comply with a variety of other federal environmental laws, regulations, and EOs. These include (among other applicable laws and regulations):

� Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) (16 U.S.C. §§ 1361-1407);

� Endangered Species Act (ESA) (16 U.S.C. §§ 1531-1544);

� Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) (16 U.S.C. §§ 703-711);

� Rivers and Harbors Act (RHA) (33 U.S.C. §§ 401-426);

� Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA) for Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) (16 U.S.C. §§ 1801-1891);

� Clean Air Act (CAA) (42 U.S.C. §§ 7401-7671);

� Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Act) (33 U.S.C. §§ 1251-1387);

� National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) (16 U.S.C. § 470);

� EO 12898, Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations (EO 12898, 59 FR 7269 [Feb 16, 1994]);

� EO 13045, Environmental Health and Safety Risks to Children (EO 13045, 62 FR 19885 [Apr 23, 1997]);

� Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 (ANSCA) (43 U.S.C. §§ 1601-1629); and

� Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) (16 U.S.C. §§ 3101-3233).

In addition, laws and regulations of the State of Alaska appropriate to Navy actions are identified and addressed in this Draft EIS/OEIS. This Draft EIS/OEIS will facilitate compliance with applicable state laws and regulations.

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ES 1.4 PROPOSED ACTION AND ALTERNATIVES

ES 1.4.1 Alternatives Development NEPA implementing regulations provide guidance on the consideration of alternatives in an EIS/OEIS. These regulations require the decision maker to consider the environmental effects of the Proposed Action and a range of alternatives to the Proposed Action (40 C.F.R. § 1502.14). The range of alternatives includes reasonable alternatives, which must be rigorously and objectively explored, as well as other alternatives that are eliminated from further consideration and from further detailed study. To be “reasonable,” an alternative must meet the stated purpose of and need for the Proposed Action.

For purposes of this Draft EIS/OEIS, the No Action Alternative serves as the baseline level of operations, representing the regular and historical level of training activity necessary to maintain Navy readiness. Consequently, the No Action Alternative stands as no change from current levels of training usage. This interpretation of the No Action Alternative is consistent with guidance provided by CEQ (CEQ's 40 Most Asked Questions, Question #3; http://ceq.hss.doe.gov), which indicates that where ongoing federal programs continue, even as new plans are developed, “no action” is “no change” from current management direction or level of management intensity. The potential impacts of the current level of training within the ATA (defined by the No Action Alternative) are compared to the potential impacts of activities proposed under Alternative 1 and Alternative 2.

The purpose of including a No Action Alternative in environmental impact analyses is to ensure that agencies compare the potential impacts of the proposed major federal action to the known impacts of maintaining the status quo.

Alternatives considered in this Draft EIS/OEIS were developed by the Navy after careful assessment by subject-matter experts, including military units and commands that use the ATA, range management professionals, and Navy environmental managers and scientists. The Navy has developed a set of criteria to use in assessing whether a possible alternative meets the purpose of and need for the Proposed Action. Each of these criteria assumes implementation of mitigation measures for the protection of natural resources, as appropriate. Any alternative considered for future analysis should support or employ the following criteria:

1. Appropriate physical environment – unique and complex bathymetric/oceanographic conditions. The following attributes combine to provide a challenging environment for Navy forces to conduct ASW training:

� Existence of a continental shelf, submarine canyons, and seamounts in the area;

� Fresh water inputs into the GOA from multiple sources; and

� Unique areas of upwelling and currents.

2. Proximity of Alaska land and sea training areas to each other to accommodate the joint training mission. The location of the TMAA is directly related to the location of permanent land and air training ranges in the State of Alaska, and supports the mission requirement of Alaskan Command (ALCOM)3 to conduct joint training for Alaska-based forces and the following elements:

3 The mission requirement of ALCOM is to integrate military activities within Alaska to maximize the readiness of theater forces, expedite deployment of forces from and through Alaska in support of worldwide contingencies, and serve as the Joint Task Force (JTF) headquarters for protection of critical infrastructure and coordination of Military Assistance to Civil Authorities (MACA).

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� Ability to support ALCOM simulated combat conditions and activities;

� Infrastructure that supports a robust opposition force, which allows realistic training;

� Land-based infrastructure to support safety of naval aviation including air fields for aircraft emergency diverted landings; and

� Facilitation of Joint Task Force training in support of PACOM and NORTHCOM.

3. Availability of sufficiently sized air space and ranges that support tactically realistic joint training activities. This criterion allows for:

� Fewer restrictions on supersonic flights;

� Ability to conduct numerous types of training activities at the same time in relative proximity without compromising safety and training objectives;

� Continuous, nonsegmented training, from launch to recovery; and

� Support of the full spectrum of joint, allied, and coalition training.

4. Appropriate weather conditions for a cold-water environment suitable for maritime activities at sea, including a sea state of three or less on the Beaufort scale (defined as a moderate sea; average wave height of 2-4 feet [ft] [0.6-1.2 meters {m}]).

5. Minimal encroachments on joint training requirements that could include, but are not limited to:

� Low interference in the electronic spectrum to allow for unrestricted use of electronic sensors and systems; and

� Large areas with sparse populations or low to no permanent human populations.

6. Training sustainment in support of the DoD Title 10 mandate.

7. Proximity to shipping lanes for realistic training on avoiding conflicts with air and marine traffic.

Having identified criteria for generating alternatives for consideration in this Draft EIS/OEIS, the Navy eliminated several alternatives from further consideration after initial review. Specifically, the following potential alternatives were not carried forward for analysis:

� Alternative Locations

� Reduced Training

� Alternate Time Frame

� Simulated Training

After careful consideration of each of these potential alternatives in light of the identified criteria, the Navy determined that none of them meets the Navy’s purpose and need for the Proposed Action. For a more detailed discussion of identified criteria and alternatives selected pursuant to the guidance of 40 C.F.R. § 1502.14(a), see Chapter 2 (Section 2.3.1); for alternatives considered but eliminated, see Chapter 2 (Section 2.3.2).

ES 1.4.2 Alternatives Considered Three alternatives are analyzed in this Draft EIS/OEIS: 1) The No Action Alternative – continue current activities (no active sonar); 2) Alternative 1 – increase training activities to include the use of active sonar

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and accommodate force structure changes to include new platforms, weapon systems, and training enhancement instrumentation; 3) Alternative 2 – increase training activities to include the use of active sonar, accommodate force structure changes to include new platforms, weapon systems, and training enhancement instrumentation, and conduct one additional Carrier Strike Group (CSG) exercise during summer months (April through October), annually.

The following sections contain the detailed discussion of Alternatives carried forward for analysis in the Draft EIS/OEIS.

ES 1.4.3 No Action Alternative – Current Training Activities within the Alaska Training Areas

The Navy routinely trains in the ATA for national defense purposes. Under the No Action Alternative, training activities (no active sonar) as part of large-scale joint exercises would continue at baseline levels required to execute the joint training exercise requirements (one joint force exercise occurring over a maximum time period of up to 14 consecutive days during the summer months [April through October]). The Navy would not increase training activities above historical levels, but would continue exercises in the ATA, and specifically the TMAA, with up to one CSG or equivalent forces. Evaluation of the No Action Alternative in this Draft EIS/OEIS provides a baseline for assessing environmental impacts of Alternative 1 and Alternative 2 (Preferred Alternative), as described in the following subsections.

Training activities and exercises currently conducted in the ATA are briefly described below. Each military training activity described in this Draft EIS/OEIS meets a requirement that can be traced ultimately to requirements from the National Command Authority.4 Training activities in the ATA stem from large-scale joint exercises, such as Northern Edge, which may involve thousands of participants and span several days. These exercises include basic individual or unit level training events of relatively short duration involving few participants that occur simultaneously with the large-scale joint exercises.

Over the years, the tempo and types of activities have fluctuated within the ATA due to changing requirements, the introduction of new technologies, the dynamic nature of international events, advances in warfighting doctrine and procedures, and force structure changes. Such developments have influenced the frequency, duration, intensity, and location of required training. The factors influencing tempo and types of activities are fluid in nature and will continue to cause fluctuations in training activities within the ATA. However, even with the fluidity of the training requirements, the “ceiling numbers” for the alternatives in the Draft EIS/OEIS will not be exceeded. Accordingly, training activity data used throughout this Draft EIS/OEIS are a representative baseline for evaluating impacts that may result from the proposed training activities.

ES 1.4.4 Description of Current Training Activities within the Alaska Training Areas For purposes of analysis, training activity data used in this Draft EIS/OEIS are organized by Navy Primary Mission Areas (PMARs). The Navy currently trains in five PMARs in the TMAA: Anti-Air Warfare, Anti-Surface Warfare, Electronic Combat (EC), Naval Special Warfare (NSW), and Strike Warfare (STW). The Navy also conducts STW, EC, and NSW training in the Air Force SUA and Army training lands of the ATA. Although discussed in this document, these inland activities and their impacts are covered under other NEPA documentation by the Air Force and Army (USAF 1995, USAF 2007, Army 1999, and Army 2004 [refer to Sections 2.1.2 and 2.1.3]). Navy requirements will mandate ASW

4 National Command Authority (NCA) is a term used by the United States military and government to refer to the ultimate lawful source of military orders. The term refers collectively to the President of the United States (as commander-in-chief) and the United States Secretary of Defense.

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training activities take place in the TMAA using active sonar. Summary descriptions of current training activities are outlined in Table 2-7 (Section 2.6.3). As stated earlier, the No Action Alternative is the baseline of current training area usage, thus allowing a comparative analysis between the current tempo and proposed new uses and accelerated tempo of use.

ES 1.4.5 Alternative 1 – Increase Training Activities to Include Anti-Submarine Warfare Activities and Accommodate Force Structure Changes

Under Alternative 1, in addition to training activities currently conducted, the ATA would support an increase in training activities designed to meet Navy and DoD current and near-term operational requirements. This increase would encompass conducting one large-scale joint force exercise, including ASW activities and the use of active sonar, occurring over a maximum time period of up to 21 consecutive days during the summer months (April through October). Alternative 1 would include basic individual or unit level training events of relatively short duration occurring simultaneously with the large-scale joint force exercise. Alternative 1 would also accommodate increases in training activities due to force structure changes associated with the introduction of new weapon systems, vessels, aircraft, and training instrumentation into the Fleet. Training activities associated with force structure changes would be implemented for the EA-18G Growler, SSGN, P-8 MMA, DDG 1000 (Zumwalt Class), and UASs. Force structure changes associated with new weapons systems would include new types of sonobuoys. Force structure changes associated with new training instrumentation include the use of a Portable Undersea Tracking Range (PUTR). The PUTR would require the temporary placement of seven electronics packages on the seafloor, each approximately 3 ft (0.9 m) long by 2 ft (0.6 m) in diameter. No specific locations have yet been identified, but the electronic packages would be placed in water depths greater than 600 ft (182 m) and at least 3 nm (5.5 km) from land. Depending upon the configuration of the PUTR, it could cover an area from 25-100 nm2. This is a temporary installation (to be recovered once training is complete), so no formal restricted areas would be designated and no limitations would be placed on commercial or civilian use of the area.

ES 1.4.6 Alternative 2 (Preferred Alternative) – Increase Training Activities, Accommodate Force Structure Changes, Conduct One Additional Annual Exercise, and Conduct One SINKEX During Each Summertime Exercise

Under Alternative 2, in addition to training activities included as a part of Alternative 1 (accommodating training activities currently conducted, increasing specific training activities to include the use of active sonar, and accommodating force structure changes) the ATA would support an additional increase in training activities designed to meet Navy and DoD current and near-term operational requirements. This increase would entail the following activities:

� Conduct one additional separate large-scale joint force exercise, occurring over a maximum time period of up to 21 consecutive days during the summer months (April through October). Alternative 2 would include basic individual or unit level training events of relatively short duration occurring simultaneously with the large-scale joint force exercise..

� Conduct a SINKEX during each summertime exercise (a maximum of 2) within the TMAA. During a SINKEX, a decommissioned surface ship is towed to a deep-water location and sunk using a variety of ordnance. The SINKEX would occur, by rule, at least 50 nm (93 km) offshore.

Alternative 2 is the Preferred Alternative because it would allow the greatest flexibility for Navy exercise planners to benefit from the unique joint training environment in the ATA. Additionally, Alternative 2 fully meets the criteria identified in Section 2.3.1.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-13

ES 1.5 SUMMARY OF EFFECTS ANALYSIS

Chapter 3 of the Draft EIS/OEIS describes existing environmental conditions for resources potentially affected by the Proposed Action and Alternatives described in Chapter 2. This chapter also identifies and assesses the environmental consequences of the Proposed Action and Alternatives. The affected environment and environmental consequences are described and analyzed according to categories of resources. The categories of resources addressed in this Draft EIS/OEIS and the location of the respective analyses are identified in Table ES-2.

In the environmental impact analysis process, the resources analyzed are identified and the expected geographic scope of potential impacts for each resource, known as the resource’s region of influence (ROI), is defined. The discussion and analysis, organized by resource area, covers the TMAA, to the extent affected resources or potential impacts are present.

Analysis of potential impacts of Navy activities on marine mammals is particularly complex. Therefore, the Navy has provided a comprehensive discussion of the approach to and results of the impacts analysis relating to marine mammals in Section 3.8 Marine Mammals and Appendix D Marine Mammal Modeling.

Table ES-2: Categories of Resources Addressed and EIS/OEIS Chapter

Air Quality (3.1) Marine Mammals (3.8)

Expended Materials (3.2) Birds (3.9)

Water Resources (3.3) Cultural Resources (3.10)

Acoustic Environment (Airborne) (3.4) Transportation and Circulation (3.11)

Marine Plants and Invertebrates (3.5) Socioeconomics (3.12)

Fish (3.6) Environmental Justice and Protection of Children (3.13)

Sea Turtles (3.7) Public Safety (3.14)

ES 1.6 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS

The analysis of cumulative impacts considers the effects of the Proposed Action in combination with other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions taking place in the project area, regardless of what agency or person undertakes these actions. This Draft EIS/OEIS analyzes cumulative impacts associated with implementation of Navy-sponsored activities and other non-Navy activities in the region. Other activities analyzed included fishing, commercial and recreational marine traffic, ocean pollution, scientific research, and commercial and general aviation. Cumulative effects resulting from other relevant projects (such as those listed in Section 4.1.2) combined with the Proposed Action addressed in this Draft EIS/OEIS were determined to have cumulative impacts, but those impacts are less than significant.

ES 1.7 MITIGATION AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES

NEPA regulations require an EIS to include appropriate mitigation measures not already included in the Proposed Action or Alternatives (40 C.F.R. § 1502.12(f)). Each of the Alternatives, including the Proposed Action considered in this Draft EIS/OEIS, already includes protective or mitigation measures intended to reduce environmental effects from Navy activities. Measures, such as best management practices (BMPs) and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), are discussed in the resource-by-resource analysis, and also are addressed in detail in Chapter 5, Mitigation and Protective Measures.

GULF OF ALASKA NAVY TRAINING ACTIVITIES DRAFT EIS/OEIS DECEMBER 2009

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-14

As part of its commitment to sustainable use of resources and environmental stewardship, the Navy incorporates measures that are protective of the environment into all of its activities. These include employment of BMPs, SOPs, adoption of conservation recommendations, and other protective measures that mitigate the impacts of Navy activities on the environment. Some of these measures are generally designed to apply to certain geographic areas during certain times of year or for specific types of Navy training. Conservation measures covering habitats and species occurring in the ATA have been developed through various environmental analyses conducted by the Navy for land and sea ranges and adjacent coastal waters. The discussion in Chapter 5 describes mitigation measures applicable to Navy activities in the TMAA. Existing protective measures and mitigation measures are also presented in Table ES-2 for each resource section analyzed.

GU

LF O

F A

LASK

A N

AV

Y T

RA

ININ

G A

CTI

VIT

IES

DR

AFT

EIS

/OEI

S D

ECEM

BER

200

9

EX

EC

UT

IVE

SU

MM

AR

Y

ES-

15

Tabl

e ES

-3: S

umm

ary

of E

ffect

s

No

Act

ion

Alte

rnat

ive

Alte

rnat

ive

1 A

ltern

ativ

e 2

NEPA(U.S. Territorial Seas, 0 to 12 nm)

� C

urre

nt N

avy

activ

ities

wer

e co

nsid

ered

and

are

con

sist

ent w

ith

thos

e an

alyz

ed in

the

prev

ious

en

viro

nmen

tal d

ocum

enta

tion

(US

AF

1995

, US

AF

2007

, Arm

y 19

99, A

rmy

2004

). Th

ese

docu

men

ts c

oncl

uded

th

at n

o si

gnifi

cant

impa

cts

rela

ted

to

air q

ualit

y w

ould

occ

ur.

� O

verfl

ight

s of

oce

an (0

-12

nm) a

nd

land

are

as a

t alti

tude

s ab

ove

3,00

0 ft

AG

L w

ould

not

affe

ct g

roun

d-le

vel a

ir qu

ality

.

� U

nder

Alte

rnat

ive

1, N

avy

activ

ities

wer

e co

nsid

ered

and

wou

ld b

e co

nsis

tent

with

th

ose

anal

yzed

in th

e pr

evio

us e

nviro

nmen

tal

docu

men

tatio

n (U

SA

F 19

95, U

SA

F 20

07,

Arm

y 19

99, A

rmy

2004

). Th

ese

docu

men

ts

conc

lude

d th

at n

o si

gnifi

cant

impa

cts

rela

ted

to a

ir qu

ality

wou

ld o

ccur

. �

Ove

rflig

hts

of o

cean

(0-1

2 nm

) and

land

ar

eas

at a

ltitu

des

abov

e 3,

000

ft A

GL

wou

ld

not a

ffect

gro

und-

leve

l air

qual

ity.

� U

nder

Alte

rnat

ive

2, N

avy

activ

ities

wer

e co

nsid

ered

and

wou

ld b

e co

nsis

tent

with

th

ose

anal

yzed

in th

e pr

evio

us

envi

ronm

enta

l doc

umen

tatio

n (U

SA

F 19

95,

US

AF

2007

, Arm

y 19

99, A

rmy

2004

). Th

ese

docu

men

ts c

oncl

uded

that

no

sign

ifica

nt

impa

cts

rela

ted

to a

ir qu

ality

wou

ld o

ccur

. �

Ove

rflig

hts

of o

cean

(0-1

2 nm

) and

land

ar

eas

at a

ltitu

des

abov

e 3,

000

ft A

GL

wou

ld

not a

ffect

gro

und-

leve

l air

qual

ity.

EO 12114 (Non-U.S. Territorial Seas, > 12 nm)

� Th

e N

o Ac

tion

Alte

rnat

ive

wou

ld

mai

ntai

n tra

inin

g ac

tiviti

es a

nd

asso

ciat

ed a

ir po

lluta

nt e

mis

sion

s at

ba

selin

e le

vels

out

side

of U

.S.

terr

itory

.

� O

utsi

de o

f U.S

. ter

ritor

y, a

ir po

lluta

nt

emis

sion

s w

ould

incr

ease

slig

htly

, mai

nly

from

incr

ease

d su

rface

ves

sel a

nd a

ircra

ft ac

tiviti

es.

� Al

thou

gh A

ltern

ativ

e 1

wou

ld in

crea

se

emis

sion

s of

air

pollu

tant

s ov

er th

e N

o A

ctio

n A

ltern

ativ

e, e

mis

sion

s ou

tsid

e of

U.S

. te

rrito

rial s

eas

wou

ld n

ot c

ause

an

air q

ualit

y st

anda

rd to

be

exce

eded

.

� O

utsi

de o

f U.S

. ter

ritor

y, a

ir po

lluta

nt

emis

sion

s w

ould

incr

ease

sub

stan

tially

, m

ainl

y fro

m in

crea

sed

surfa

ce v

esse

l and

ai

rcra

ft ac

tiviti

es.

� SI

NKE

X w

ould

gen

erat

e a

subs

tant

ial

porti

on o

f the

air

pollu

tant

s th

at w

ould

be

emitt

ed u

nder

Alte

rnat

ive

2.

� Al

thou

gh A

ltern

ativ

e 2

wou

ld in

crea

se

emis

sion

s of

air

pollu

tant

s ov

er th

e N

o A

ctio

n A

ltern

ativ

e, e

mis

sion

s ou

tsid

e of

U.S

. te

rrito

rial s

eas

wou

ld n

ot c

ause

an

air q

ualit

y st

anda

rd to

be

exce

eded

.

3.1 Air Quality

MIT

IGA

TIO

N M

EASU

RES

: E

quip

men

t us

ed b

y m

ilita

ry o

rgan

izat

ions

with

in t

he G

OA

, in

clud

ing

ship

s an

d ot

her

mar

ine

vess

els,

airc

raft,

and

oth

er

equi

pmen

t, ar

e pr

oper

ly m

aint

aine

d in

acc

orda

nce

with

app

licab

le N

avy

and

Mar

ine

Cor

ps r

equi

rem

ents

. Ope

ratin

g eq

uipm

ent m

eets

fede

ral a

nd s

tate

em

issi

on s

tand

ards

, whe

re a

pplic

able

. Ann

ual e

mis

sion

s of

crit

eria

and

haz

ardo

us a

ir po

lluta

nts

prod

uced

by

the

Pro

pose

d A

ctio

n ar

e w

ell b

elow

a le

vel

that

cou

ld d

egra

de r

egio

nal a

ir qu

ality

. The

refo

re, n

o m

itiga

tion

mea

sure

s ar

e re

quire

d to

red

uce

the

impa

cts

on th

e en

viro

nmen

t of a

ir em

issi

ons

from

th

e Pr

opos

ed A

ctio

n.

GU

LF O

F A

LASK

A N

AV

Y T

RA

ININ

G A

CTI

VIT

IES

DR

AFT

EIS

/OEI

S D

ECEM

BER

200

9

EX

EC

UT

IVE

SU

MM

AR

Y

ES-

16

Tabl

e ES

-3: S

umm

ary

of E

ffect

s (c

ontin

ued)

No

Act

ion

Alte

rnat

ive

Alte

rnat

ive

1 A

ltern

ativ

e 2

NEPA(U.S. Territorial Seas, 0 to 12 nm)

� C

urre

nt N

avy

activ

ities

wer

e co

nsid

ered

and

are

con

sist

ent w

ith

thos

e an

alyz

ed in

the

prev

ious

en

viro

nmen

tal d

ocum

enta

tion

(US

AF

1995

, US

AF

2007

, Arm

y 19

99, A

rmy

2004

). N

o si

gnifi

cant

impa

cts

rela

ted

to e

xpen

ded

mat

eria

ls w

ill oc

cur.

� A

ircra

ft ov

erfli

ghts

will

not

invo

lve

expe

nditu

res

of tr

aini

ng m

ater

ials

.

� U

nder

Alte

rnat

ive

1, N

avy

activ

ities

wer

e co

nsid

ered

and

wou

ld b

e co

nsis

tent

with

th

ose

anal

yzed

in th

e pr

evio

us

envi

ronm

enta

l doc

umen

tatio

n (U

SA

F 19

95, U

SA

F 20

07, A

rmy

1999

, Arm

y 20

04).

No

sign

ifica

nt im

pact

s re

late

d to

ex

pend

ed m

ater

ials

wou

ld o

ccur

. �

Airc

raft

over

fligh

ts w

ould

not

invo

lve

expe

nditu

res

of tr

aini

ng m

ater

ials

.

� U

nder

Alte

rnat

ive

2, N

avy

activ

ities

wer

e co

nsid

ered

and

wou

ld b

e co

nsis

tent

with

th

ose

anal

yzed

in th

e pr

evio

us e

nviro

nmen

tal

docu

men

tatio

n (U

SA

F 19

95, U

SA

F 20

07,

Arm

y 19

99, A

rmy

2004

). N

o si

gnifi

cant

im

pact

s re

late

d to

exp

ende

d m

ater

ials

wou

ld

occu

r.�

Airc

raft

over

fligh

ts w

ould

not

invo

lve

expe

nditu

res

of tr

aini

ng m

ater

ials

.

EO 12114 (Non-U.S. Territorial Seas, > 12 nm)

� Ap

prox

imat

ely

76,2

00 lb

(34,

600

kg) o

f tra

inin

g m

ater

ials

will

be

expe

nded

per

ye

ar, w

ith a

den

sity

of 9

.0 lb

per

nm

2

(1.2

kg

per k

m2 ) p

er y

ear.

� A

ppro

xim

atel

y 1,

870

lb (8

50 k

g) o

f ha

zard

ous

mat

eria

ls w

ould

be

dist

ribut

ed a

t an

estim

ated

0.2

2 lb

per

nm

2 (0.0

3 kg

per

km

2 ) per

yea

r. �

Expe

nded

mat

eria

ls u

nder

the

No

Act

ion

Alte

rnat

ive

will

not

hav

e a

subs

tant

ial e

ffect

on

the

envi

ronm

ent.

� In

crea

se in

trai

ning

wou

ld d

epos

it ap

prox

imat

ely

143,

000

lb (6

5,00

0 kg

) of

expe

nded

mat

eria

ls, w

ith a

den

sity

of 1

6.9

lb p

er n

m2 (2

.23

kg p

er k

m2)

per

yea

r. �

App

roxi

mat

ely

4,89

0 lb

(2,2

20 k

g) o

f ha

zard

ous

mat

eria

ls w

ould

be

dist

ribut

ed

at a

n es

timat

ed 0

.58

lb p

er n

m2 (0

.08k

g pe

r km

2 ) per

yea

r. �

Expe

nded

mat

eria

ls u

nder

Alte

rnat

ive

1 w

ould

not

hav

e a

subs

tant

ial e

ffect

on

the

mar

ine

envi

ronm

ent.

� Th

ere

wou

ld b

e a

larg

e in

crea

se in

the

wei

ght

of e

xpen

ded

mat

eria

ls (3

52,0

00 lb

[160

,000

kg

]).�

Haz

ardo

us m

ater

ials

wou

ld a

ccou

nt fo

r 2.9

pe

rcen

t (10

,300

lb [4

,680

kg]

) per

yea

r of

expe

nded

mat

eria

l, bu

t den

sity

of t

hese

m

ater

ials

wou

ld b

e ap

prox

imat

ely

1.2

lb p

er

nm2 .

� SI

NKE

X tra

inin

g w

ould

resu

lt in

app

roxi

mat

ely

67,8

00 lb

per

yea

r of e

xpen

ded

mat

eria

ls, o

f w

hich

one

per

cent

wou

ld b

e co

nsid

ered

ha

zard

ous.

SIN

KE

X w

ould

resu

lt in

a re

lativ

ely

high

are

al d

ensi

ty o

f exp

ende

d m

ater

ials

on

porti

ons

of th

e TM

AA

. �

Expe

nded

mat

eria

ls u

nder

Alte

rnat

ive

2 w

ould

no

t hav

e a

subs

tant

ial e

ffect

on

the

mar

ine

envi

ronm

ent.

3.2 Expended Materials

MIT

IGA

TIO

N M

EASU

RES

: As

sum

mar

ized

in S

ectio

n 3.

2.4,

the

alte

rnat

ives

wou

ld c

ontri

bute

sm

all a

mou

nts

of h

azar

dous

mat

eria

ls to

the

envi

ronm

ent.

Giv

en th

e la

rge

size

of t

he tr

aini

ng a

rea

and

the

expe

cted

fate

and

tran

spor

t of t

he c

onst

ituen

ts, h

azar

dous

mat

eria

ls re

leas

ed to

the

envi

ronm

ent b

y th

e P

ropo

sed

Act

ion

are

not l

ikel

y to

be

pres

ent a

t det

ecta

ble

conc

entra

tions

. Cur

rent

Nav

y pr

otec

tive

mea

sure

s, s

uch

as h

azar

dous

was

te m

anag

emen

t pr

oced

ures

iden

tifie

d in

Sec

tion

3.2.

1.2,

wou

ld c

ontin

ue to

be

impl

emen

ted.

No

addi

tiona

l miti

gatio

n m

easu

res

wou

ld b

e re

quire

d un

der

the

Pref

erre

d A

ltern

ativ

e.

GU

LF O

F A

LASK

A N

AV

Y T

RA

ININ

G A

CTI

VIT

IES

DR

AFT

EIS

/OEI

S D

ECEM

BER

200

9

EX

EC

UT

IVE

SU

MM

AR

Y

ES-

17

Tabl

e ES

-3: S

umm

ary

of E

ffect

s (c

ontin

ued)

No

Act

ion

Alte

rnat

ive

Alte

rnat

ive

1 A

ltern

ativ

e 2

NEPA(U.S. Territorial Seas, 0 to 12 nm)

� C

urre

nt N

avy

activ

ities

wer

e co

nsid

ered

and

are

con

sist

ent w

ith

thos

e an

alyz

ed in

the

prev

ious

en

viro

nmen

tal d

ocum

enta

tion

(US

AF

1997

, US

AF

2007

, Arm

y 19

99, A

rmy

2004

). Th

ese

docu

men

ts c

oncl

uded

th

at n

o si

gnifi

cant

impa

cts

on w

ater

re

sour

ces

wou

ld o

ccur

. �

Airc

raft

over

fligh

ts w

ould

not

invo

lve

expe

nditu

res

of tr

aini

ng m

ater

ials

, and

th

us w

ould

not

affe

ct w

ater

qua

lity.

� U

nder

Alte

rnat

ive

1, N

avy

activ

ities

wer

e co

nsid

ered

and

wou

ld b

e co

nsis

tent

with

th

ose

anal

yzed

in th

e pr

evio

us e

nviro

nmen

tal

docu

men

tatio

n (U

SA

F 19

97, U

SA

F 20

07,

Arm

y 19

99, A

rmy

2004

). Th

ese

docu

men

ts

conc

lude

d th

at n

o si

gnifi

cant

impa

cts

on

wat

er re

sour

ces

wou

ld o

ccur

. �

Airc

raft

over

fligh

ts w

ould

not

invo

lve

expe

nditu

res

of tr

aini

ng m

ater

ials

, and

thus

w

ould

not

affe

ct w

ater

qua

lity.

� U

nder

Alte

rnat

ive

2, N

avy

activ

ities

wer

e co

nsid

ered

and

wou

ld b

e co

nsis

tent

with

th

ose

anal

yzed

in th

e pr

evio

us

envi

ronm

enta

l doc

umen

tatio

n (U

SA

F 19

97,

US

AF

2007

, Arm

y 19

99, A

rmy

2004

). Th

ese

docu

men

ts c

oncl

uded

that

no

sign

ifica

nt im

pact

s on

wat

er re

sour

ces

wou

ld o

ccur

. �

Airc

raft

over

fligh

ts w

ould

not

invo

lve

expe

nditu

res

of tr

aini

ng m

ater

ials

, and

thus

w

ould

not

affe

ct w

ater

qua

lity.

EO 12114 (Non-U.S. Territorial Seas, > 12 nm)

� O

rdna

nce

cons

titue

nts

and

othe

r m

ater

ials

(bat

terie

s, fu

el, a

nd

prop

ella

nt) f

rom

trai

ning

dev

ices

hav

e m

inim

al e

ffect

or a

re b

elow

sta

ndar

ds.

� N

o lo

ng-te

rm d

egra

datio

n of

mar

ine

wat

er q

ualit

y.

� A

n es

timat

ed 2

6-pe

rcen

t inc

reas

e in

ex

pend

ed tr

aini

ng m

ater

ials

wou

ld o

ccur

, co

mpa

red

to th

e N

o A

ctio

n A

ltern

ativ

e.

� D

epos

ition

of h

azar

dous

mat

eria

ls (i

.e.,

batte

ries,

fuel

, and

pro

pella

nt) f

rom

exp

ende

d m

ater

ials

wou

ld b

e m

inim

al (l

ess

than

½ lb

pe

r nm

2 ).�

No

long

-term

deg

rada

tion

of m

arin

e w

ater

qu

ality

wou

ld o

ccur

.

� A

n es

timat

ed 1

60 p

erce

nt in

crea

se in

ex

pend

ed tr

aini

ng m

ater

ials

wou

ld o

ccur

, co

mpa

red

to th

e N

o A

ctio

n A

ltern

ativ

e.

� Im

pact

s fro

m th

e in

crea

se in

exp

ende

d m

ater

ials

wou

ld b

e m

inim

al b

ecau

se m

ost

expe

nded

mat

eria

ls (9

7 pe

rcen

t) w

ould

be

iner

t in

the

mar

ine

envi

ronm

ent.

� A

ssum

ing

depo

sitio

n ov

er 2

0% o

f the

TM

AA

, the

am

ount

of h

azar

dous

mat

eria

ls

from

exp

ende

d m

ater

ials

wou

ld b

e lo

w,

appr

oxim

atel

y 1.

2 lb

per

nm

2 per

yea

r.

3.3 Water Resources

MIT

IGA

TIO

N M

EASU

RES

: Im

pact

s on

wat

er r

esou

rces

res

ultin

g fro

m t

he a

ltern

ativ

es w

ould

be

belo

w t

hres

hold

s th

at c

ould

res

ult

in l

ong-

term

de

grad

atio

n of

wat

er r

esou

rces

or

affe

ct w

ater

qua

lity.

Pos

sibl

e im

pact

s to

wat

er q

ualit

y du

ring

norm

al o

pera

ting

cond

ition

s w

ould

con

tinue

to

be

miti

gate

d by

mea

sure

s id

entif

ied

in S

ectio

n 3.

3.1.

2, w

hich

incl

ude

ship

boar

d m

anag

emen

t, st

orag

e, a

nd d

isch

arge

of h

azar

dous

mat

eria

ls a

nd w

aste

s,

and

othe

r po

llutio

n pr

otec

tion

mea

sure

s in

tend

ed t

o pr

otec

t w

ater

qua

lity.

No

addi

tiona

l miti

gatio

n m

easu

res

wou

ld b

e im

plem

ente

d be

caus

e th

ere

wou

ld b

e no

sub

stan

tial i

mpa

ct to

wat

er q

ualit

y.

GU

LF O

F A

LASK

A N

AV

Y T

RA

ININ

G A

CTI

VIT

IES

DR

AFT

EIS

/OEI

S D

ECEM

BER

200

9

EX

EC

UT

IVE

SU

MM

AR

Y

ES-

18

Tabl

e ES

-3: S

umm

ary

of E

ffect

s (c

ontin

ued)

No

Act

ion

Alte

rnat

ive

Alte

rnat

ive

1 A

ltern

ativ

e 2

NEPA(U.S. Territorial Seas, 0 to 12 nm)

� C

urre

nt N

avy

activ

ities

invo

lvin

g ai

rcra

ft ov

erfli

ght w

ere

cons

ider

ed a

nd a

re

cons

iste

nt w

ith th

ose

anal

yzed

in th

e pr

evio

us e

nviro

nmen

tal d

ocum

enta

tion

(US

AF

1995

, US

AF

2007

, Arm

y 19

99,

Arm

y 20

04).

Thes

e do

cum

ents

co

nclu

ded

that

no

sign

ifica

nt im

pact

s re

late

d to

Airb

orne

Noi

se w

ould

occ

ur.

� A

ircra

ft ov

erfli

ghts

(> 1

5,00

0 ft)

ove

r the

U

.S. T

errit

oria

l Sea

s (0

-12

nm) t

o th

e TM

AA

wou

ld h

ave

no e

ffect

on

the

acou

stic

env

ironm

ent.

� C

urre

nt N

avy

activ

ities

invo

lvin

g ai

rcra

ft ov

erfli

ght w

ere

cons

ider

ed a

nd a

re c

onsi

sten

t w

ith th

ose

anal

yzed

in th

e pr

evio

us

envi

ronm

enta

l doc

umen

tatio

n (U

SA

F 19

95,

US

AF

2007

, Arm

y 19

99, A

rmy

2004

). Th

ese

docu

men

ts c

oncl

uded

that

no

sign

ifica

nt

impa

cts

rela

ted

to A

irbor

ne N

oise

wou

ld o

ccur

. �

Airc

raft

over

fligh

ts (>

15,

000

ft) o

ver t

he U

.S.

Terri

toria

l Sea

s (0

-12

nm) t

o th

e TM

AA

wou

ld

have

no

effe

ct o

n th

e ac

oust

ic e

nviro

nmen

t.

� C

urre

nt N

avy

activ

ities

invo

lvin

g ai

rcra

ft ov

erfli

ght w

ere

cons

ider

ed a

nd a

re c

onsi

sten

t w

ith th

ose

anal

yzed

in th

e pr

evio

us

envi

ronm

enta

l doc

umen

tatio

n (U

SA

F 19

95,

US

AF

2007

, Arm

y 19

99, A

rmy

2004

). Th

ese

docu

men

ts c

oncl

uded

that

no

sign

ifica

nt

impa

cts

rela

ted

to A

irbor

ne N

oise

wou

ld

occu

r.�

Airc

raft

over

fligh

ts (>

15,

000

ft) o

ver t

he U

.S.

Terri

toria

l Sea

s (0

-12

nm) t

o th

e TM

AA

wou

ld

have

no

effe

ct o

n th

e ac

oust

ic e

nviro

nmen

t.

EO 12114 (Non-U.S. Territorial Seas, > 12 nm)

Sur

face

Shi

p N

oise

�

No

chan

ge fr

om c

urre

nt c

ondi

tions

. M

inor

at-s

ea n

oise

. No

sens

itive

re

cept

ors

pres

ent.

Airc

raft

Noi

se

� N

o ch

ange

from

cur

rent

con

ditio

ns.

Sho

rt-te

rm n

oise

impa

cts,

incl

udin

g so

nic

boom

s. N

o se

nsiti

ve re

cept

ors

pres

ent a

t sea

. W

eapo

n an

d Ta

rget

Noi

se

� N

o ch

ange

from

cur

rent

con

ditio

ns. V

ery

shor

t-ter

m n

oise

impa

cts.

No

sens

itive

re

cept

ors

pres

ent a

t sea

.

Sur

face

Shi

p N

oise

�

Min

or lo

caliz

ed e

ngin

e no

ise.

No

sens

itive

re

cept

ors

pres

ent.

Airc

raft

Noi

se

� S

hort-

term

noi

se im

pact

s, in

clud

ing

soni

c bo

oms.

No

sens

itive

rece

ptor

s pr

esen

t at s

ea.

Wea

pon

and

Targ

et N

oise

�

Ver

y sh

ort-t

erm

noi

se im

pact

s. N

o se

nsiti

ve

rece

ptor

s pr

esen

t at s

ea.

Sur

face

Shi

p N

oise

�

Min

or lo

caliz

ed e

ngin

e no

ise.

No

sens

itive

re

cept

ors

pres

ent.

Airc

raft

Noi

se

� S

hort-

term

noi

se im

pact

s, in

clud

ing

soni

c bo

oms.

No

sens

itive

rece

ptor

s pr

esen

t at s

ea.

Wea

pon

and

Targ

et N

oise

�

Ver

y sh

ort-t

erm

noi

se im

pact

s. N

o se

nsiti

ve

rece

ptor

s pr

esen

t at s

ea.

3.4 Acoustic Environment (Airborne)

MIT

IGA

TIO

N M

EASU

RES

: In

the

TM

AA

, m

ost

Nav

y tra

inin

g ta

kes

plac

e fa

r ou

t to

sea

, an

d ai

rbor

ne n

oise

lev

els

wou

ld p

rimar

ily a

ffect

milit

ary

pers

onne

l ope

ratin

g th

e eq

uipm

ent/w

eapo

n sy

stem

s pr

oduc

ing

the

nois

e. P

erso

nnel

eng

aged

in th

e ex

erci

se w

ear

pers

onal

pro

tect

ive

equi

pmen

t and

ar

e no

t con

side

red

sens

itive

rece

ptor

s fo

r pur

pose

s of

the

EIS

/OE

IS a

naly

sis.

No

addi

tiona

l noi

se-s

peci

fic m

itiga

tion

mea

sure

s ar

e re

quire

d.

GU

LF O

F A

LASK

A N

AV

Y T

RA

ININ

G A

CTI

VIT

IES

DR

AFT

EIS

/OEI

S D

ECEM

BER

200

9

EX

EC

UT

IVE

SU

MM

AR

Y

ES-

19

Tabl

e ES

-3: S

umm

ary

of E

ffect

s (c

ontin

ued)

No

Act

ion

Alte

rnat

ive

Alte

rnat

ive

1 A

ltern

ativ

e 2

NEPA(U.S. Territorial

Seas, 0 to 12 nm) � O

verfl

ight

s w

ould

not

affe

ct m

arin

e pl

ants

and

inve

rtebr

ates

. �

Ove

rflig

hts

wou

ld n

ot a

ffect

mar

ine

plan

ts a

nd

inve

rtebr

ates

.�

Ove

rflig

hts

wou

ld n

ot a

ffect

mar

ine

plan

ts a

nd

inve

rtebr

ates

.

EO 12114 (Non-U.S. Territorial Seas, > 12 nm)

� Ex

pend

ed m

ater

ials

and

the

rele

ase

of

mun

ition

s co

nstit

uent

s an

d ot

her

mat

eria

ls w

ould

be

dist

ribut

ed w

idel

y ov

er th

e TM

AA

(1.9

item

s pe

r nm

2 [0.5

pe

r km

2 ]) an

d ha

ve m

inim

al e

ffect

s on

pe

lagi

c an

d be

nthi

c co

mm

uniti

es. M

ore

than

97

perc

ent o

f the

se it

ems

wou

ld b

e fro

m g

unsh

ells

and

sm

all c

alib

er ro

unds

. �

Sur

face

or n

ear-

surfa

ce e

xplo

sion

s ha

ve

the

pote

ntia

l to

kill

or h

arm

indi

vidu

al

anim

als

and

plan

ts in

the

imm

edia

te

vici

nity

resu

lting

in lo

caliz

ed im

pact

s.

Giv

en th

e TM

AA s

ize

and

usin

g co

nser

vativ

e es

timat

es, 0

.01

expl

osio

ns

wou

ld o

ccur

per

nm

2 (0.0

03 p

er k

m2 ) p

er

year

resu

lting

in m

inim

al e

ffect

s. B

enth

ic

com

mun

ities

wou

ld n

ot b

e af

fect

ed b

y ex

plos

ions

due

to w

ater

dep

th.

� Ex

pend

ed m

ater

ials

and

the

rele

ase

of

mun

ition

s co

nstit

uent

s an

d ot

her m

ater

ials

w

ould

be

dist

ribut

ed w

idel

y ov

er th

e TM

AA

(2.4

ite

ms

per n

m2 [0

.7 p

er k

m2 ])

and

have

min

imal

ef

fect

s on

pel

agic

and

ben

thic

com

mun

ities

. M

ore

than

93

perc

ent o

f the

se it

ems

wou

ld b

e fro

m g

unsh

ells

and

sm

all c

alib

er ro

unds

. �

Sur

face

or n

ear-

surfa

ce e

xplo

sion

s ha

ve th

e po

tent

ial t

o ki

ll or

har

m in

divi

dual

ani

mal

s an

d pl

ants

in th

e im

med

iate

vic

inity

resu

lting

in

loca

lized

impa

cts.

Giv

en th

e TM

AA

siz

e an

d us

ing

cons

erva

tive

estim

ates

, 0.0

2 ex

plos

ion

wou

ld o

ccur

per

nm

2 (0.0

06 p

er k

m2 ) p

er y

ear

resu

lting

in m

inim

al e

ffect

s. B

enth

ic

com

mun

ities

wou

ld n

ot b

e af

fect

ed b

y ex

plos

ions

due

to w

ater

dep

th.

� Lo

caliz

ed a

nd te

mpo

rary

impa

cts

to b

enth

ic

faun

a m

ay o

ccur

from

the

PUTR

, but

no

long

-te

rm im

pact

is a

ntic

ipat

ed.

� Ex

pend

ed m

ater

ials

and

the

rele

ase

of

mun

ition

s co

nstit

uent

s an

d ot

her m

ater

ials

w

ould

be

dist

ribut

ed w

idel

y ov

er th

e TM

AA

(4

.9 it

ems

per n

m2 [1

.4 p

er k

m2 ])

and

have

m

inim

al e

ffect

s on

pel

agic

and

ben

thic

co

mm

uniti

es. M

ore

than

91

perc

ent o

f the

se

item

s w

ould

be

from

gun

shel

ls a

nd s

mal

l ca

liber

roun

ds.

� S

urfa

ce o

r nea

r-su

rface

exp

losi

ons

have

the

pote

ntia

l to

kill

or h

arm

indi

vidu

al a

nim

als

and

plan

ts in

the

imm

edia

te v

icin

ity re

sulti

ng in

lo

caliz

ed im

pact

s. G

iven

the

TMA

A s

ize

and

usin

g co

nser

vativ

e es

timat

es, 0

.14

expl

osio

n w

ould

occ

ur p

er n

m2 (0

.04

per k

m2 ) p

er y

ear

resu

lting

in m

inim

al e

ffect

s. B

enth

ic

com

mun

ities

wou

ld n

ot b

e af

fect

ed b

y ex

plos

ions

due

to w

ater

dep

th.

� A

lthou

gh lo

caliz

ed a

nd te

mpo

rary

impa

cts

to

the

pela

gic

envi

ronm

ent w

ould

occ

ur fr

om a

S

INK

EX

, the

rela

tivel

y sm

all q

uant

ities

of

mat

eria

ls e

xpen

ded,

dis

pers

ed a

s th

ey a

re

over

a v

ery

larg

e ar

ea, w

ould

hav

e no

ad

vers

e ph

ysic

al e

ffect

s on

mar

ine

biol

ogic

al

reso

urce

s.

3.5 Marine Plants and Invertebrates

MIT

IGA

TIO

N M

EASU

RES

: Th

e N

avy

has

no e

xist

ing

prot

ectiv

e m

easu

res

in p

lace

spe

cific

ally

for

mar

ine

plan

ts a

nd in

verte

brat

es. H

owev

er, m

arin

e pl

ants

and

inv

erte

brat

es b

enef

it fro

m m

easu

res

in p

lace

to

prot

ect

mar

ine

mam

mal

s an

d se

a tu

rtles

tha

t ar

e de

scrib

ed i

n fu

ll in

Cha

pter

5.

As

sum

mar

ized

abo

ve, a

nd in

det

ail i

n S

ectio

n 3.

5.2,

the

actio

ns p

ropo

sed

unde

r th

e al

tern

ativ

es d

escr

ibed

in th

is E

IS/O

EIS

wou

ld h

ave

min

imal

impa

cts

on th

e m

arin

e pl

ant a

nd in

verte

brat

e co

mm

uniti

es o

f the

TM

AA

. The

refo

re, n

o re

sour

ce-s

peci

fic m

itiga

tion

mea

sure

s w

ould

be

requ

ired.

GU

LF O

F A

LASK

A N

AV

Y T

RA

ININ

G A

CTI

VIT

IES

DR

AFT

EIS

/OEI

S D

ECEM

BER

200

9

EX

EC

UT

IVE

SU

MM

AR

Y

ES-

20

Tabl

e ES

-3: S

umm

ary

of E

ffect

s (c

ontin

ued)

No

Act

ion

Alte

rnat

ive

Alte

rnat

ive

1 A

ltern

ativ

e 2

NEPA(U.S. Territorial Seas, 0 - 12 nm) �

Ove

rflig

hts

wou

ld n

ot a

dver

sely

affe

ct

fish

popu

latio

ns o

r EFH

as

defin

ed u

nder

th

e M

SFC

MA

.

� O

verfl

ight

s w

ould

not

adv

erse

ly a

ffect

fish

po

pula

tions

or E

FH a

s de

fined

und

er th

e M

SFC

MA

.

� O

verfl

ight

s w

ould

not

adv

erse

ly a

ffect

fish

po

pula

tions

or E

FH a

s de

fined

und

er th

e M

SFC

MA

.

EO 12114 (Non-U.S. Territorial Seas, > 12 nm)

� V

esse

l mov

emen

t, ai

rcra

ft ov

erfli

ght,

wea

pons

firin

g di

stur

banc

e, a

nd

expe

nded

mat

eria

ls w

ould

resu

lt in

m

inim

al h

arm

to fi

sh o

r EFH

. Giv

en th

e TM

AA

siz

e an

d us

ing

cons

erva

tive

estim

ates

, the

con

cent

ratio

n of

exp

ende

d m

ater

ials

wou

ld b

e 1.

9 pe

r nm

2 (0.5

per

km

2 ). M

ore

than

97

perc

ent o

f the

se

item

s w

ould

be

from

gun

shel

ls a

nd s

mal

l ca

liber

roun

ds.

� Ex

plos

ive

ordn

ance

use

may

resu

lt in

in

jury

or m

orta

lity

to in

divi

dual

fish

but

w

ould

not

resu

lt in

impa

cts

to fi

sh

popu

latio

ns. G

iven

the

TMA

A s

ize

and

usin

g co

nser

vativ

e es

timat

es, t

he

conc

entra

tion

of e

xplo

sive

ord

nanc

e w

ould

be

0.01

0 pe

r nm

2 (0.0

03 p

er k

m2 ).

� A

ctiv

ities

wou

ld n

ot a

dver

sely

affe

ct fi

sh

popu

latio

ns o

r EFH

as

defin

ed u

nder

the

MS

FCM

A.

� M

ay a

ffect

ES

A-li

sted

fish

spe

cies

. �

No

effe

ct to

des

igna

ted

criti

cal h

abita

t.

� V

esse

l mov

emen

t, ai

rcra

ft ov

erfli

ght,

wea

pons

fir

ing

dist

urba

nce,

and

exp

ende

d m

ater

ials

w

ould

resu

lt in

min

imal

har

m to

fish

or E

FH.

Giv

en th

e TM

AA s

ize

and

usin

g co

nser

vativ

e es

timat

es, t

he c

once

ntra

tion

of e

xpen

ded

mat

eria

ls w

ould

be

2.4

per n

m2 (0

.7 p

er k

m2 ).

Mor

e th

an 9

3 pe

rcen

t of t

hese

item

s w

ould

be

from

gun

shel

ls a

nd s

mal

l cal

iber

roun

ds.

� Ex

plos

ive

ordn

ance

use

may

resu

lt in

inju

ry o

r m

orta

lity

to in

divi

dual

fish

but

wou

ld n

ot re

sult

in im

pact

s to

fish

pop

ulat

ions

. Giv

en th

e TM

AA

siz

e an

d us

ing

cons

erva

tive

estim

ates

, th

e co

ncen

tratio

n of

exp

losi

ve o

rdna

nce

wou

ld

be 0

.020

per

nm

2 (0.0

06 p

er k

m2 ).

� B

ecau

se o

nly

a fe

w s

peci

es o

f fis

h m

ay b

e ab

le to

hea

r the

rela

tivel

y hi

gher

freq

uenc

ies

of m

id-fr

eque

ncy

sona

r, so

nar u

sed

in N

avy

exer

cise

s w

ould

resu

lt in

min

imal

har

m to

fish

or

EFH

. �

Act

iviti

es w

ould

not

adv

erse

ly a

ffect

fish

po

pula

tions

or E

FH a

s de

fined

und

er th

e M

SFC

MA

.�

May

affe

ct E

SA

-list

ed fi

sh s

peci

es.

� N

o ef

fect

to d

esig

nate

d cr

itica

l hab

itat.

� V

esse

l mov

emen

t, ai

rcra

ft ov

erfli

ght,

wea

pons

firin

g di

stur

banc

e, a

nd e

xpen

ded

mat

eria

ls w

ould

resu

lt in

min

imal

har

m to

fish

or

EFH

. Giv

en th

e TM

AA

siz

e an

d us

ing

cons

erva

tive

estim

ates

, the

con

cent

ratio

n of

ex

pend

ed m

ater

ials

wou

ld b

e 4.

9 pe

r nm

2

(1.4

per

km

2 ). M

ore

than

91

perc

ent o

f the

se

item

s w

ould

be

from

gun

shel

ls a

nd s

mal

l ca

liber

roun

ds.

� Ex

plos

ive

ordn

ance

use

may

resu

lt in

inju

ry o

r m

orta

lity

to in

divi

dual

fish

but

wou

ld n

ot re

sult

in im

pact

s to

fish

pop

ulat

ions

. Giv

en th

e TM

AA

siz

e an

d us

ing

cons

erva

tive

estim

ates

, th

e co

ncen

tratio

n of

exp

losi

ve o

rdna

nce

wou

ld b

e 0.

142

per n

m2 (0

.041

per

km

2 ).�

Bec

ause

onl

y a

few

spe

cies

of f

ish

may

be

able

to h

ear t

he re

lativ

ely

high

er fr

eque

ncie

s of

mid

-freq

uenc

y so

nar,

sona

r use

d in

Nav

y ex

erci

ses

wou

ld re

sult

in m

inim

al h

arm

to fi

sh

or E

FH.

� A

ctiv

ities

wou

ld n

ot a

dver

sely

affe

ct fi

sh

popu

latio

ns o

r EFH

as

defin

ed u

nder

the

MS

FCM

A.

� M

ay a

ffect

ES

A-li

sted

fish

spe

cies

. �

No

effe

ct to

des

igna

ted

criti

cal h

abita

t.

3.6 Fish

MIT

IGA

TIO

N M

EASU

RES

: Th

e N

avy

has

no e

xist

ing

prot

ectiv

e m

easu

res

in p

lace

spe

cific

ally

for

fis

h. H

owev

er,

habi

tats

ass

ocia

ted

with

fis

h co

mm

uniti

es b

enef

it fro

m m

easu

res

in p

lace

to p

rote

ct m

arin

e m

amm

als

and

sea

turtl

es th

at a

re d

escr

ibed

in fu

ll in

Cha

pter

5. A

s su

mm

ariz

ed a

bove

an

d in

det

ail i

n Se

ctio

n 3.

6.2,

the

alte

rnat

ives

pro

pose

d in

the

EIS/

OEI

S w

ould

be

expe

cted

to a

ffect

indi

vidu

al fi

sh a

nd h

ave

loca

lized

effe

cts

on th

eir

habi

tats

, but

wou

ld n

ot a

ffect

com

mun

ities

or p

opul

atio

ns o

f spe

cies

or t

heir

use

of th

e TM

AA

. The

cur

rent

pro

tect

ive

mea

sure

s de

scrib

ed in

Cha

pter

5

wou

ld c

ontin

ue to

be

impl

emen

ted,

and

no

furth

er m

itiga

tion

mea

sure

s w

ould

be

need

ed to

pro

tect

fish

in th

e TM

AA

.

GU

LF O

F A

LASK

A N

AV

Y T

RA

ININ

G A

CTI

VIT

IES

DR

AFT

EIS

/OEI

S D

ECEM

BER

200

9

EX

EC

UT

IVE

SU

MM

AR

Y

ES-

21

Tabl

e ES

-3: S

umm

ary

of E

ffect

s (c

ontin

ued)

No

Act

ion

Alte

rnat

ive

Alte

rnat

ive

1 A

ltern

ativ

e 2

NEPA(U.S. Territorial Seas, 0 to 12 nm)

� A

ircra

ft ov

erfli

ghts

wou

ld o

ccur

at

altit

udes

at o

r abo

ve 1

5,00

0 ft

(915

m)

and

have

no

effe

ct o

n le

athe

rbac

k tu

rtles

.

� A

ircra

ft ov

erfli

ghts

wou

ld o

ccur

at a

ltitu

des

at

or a

bove

15,

000

ft (9

15 m

) and

hav

e no

effe

ct

on le

athe

rbac

k tu

rtles

.

� A

ircra

ft ov

erfli

ghts

wou

ld o

ccur

at a

ltitu

des

at

or a

bove

15,

000

ft (9

15 m

) and

hav

e no

effe

ct

on le

athe

rbac

k tu

rtles

.

EO 12114 (Non-U.S. Territorial Seas, > 12 nm)

� Ac

tiviti

es w

ould

hav

e te

mpo

rary

and

sp

atia

lly li

mite

d sh

ort-t

erm

impa

cts.

�

No

long

-term

effe

cts

wou

ld o

ccur

. �

No

Act

ion

Alte

rnat

ive

may

affe

ct E

SA

-lis

ted

leat

herb

ack

turtl

es.

� Ac

tiviti

es w

ould

hav

e te

mpo

rary

and

spa

tially

lim

ited

shor

t-ter

m im

pact

s.

� N

o lo

ng-te

rm e

ffect

s w

ould

occ

ur.

� A

ltern

ativ

e 1

may

affe

ct E

SA

-list

ed le

athe

rbac

k tu

rtles

.

� Ac

tiviti

es w

ould

hav

e te

mpo

rary

and

spa

tially

lim

ited

shor

t-ter

m im

pact

s.

� N

o lo

ng-te

rm e

ffect

s w

ould

occ

ur.

� A

ltern

ativ

e 2

may

affe

ct E

SA

-list

ed

leat

herb

ack

turtl

es.

3.7 Sea Turtles

MIT

IGA

TIO

N M

EASU

RES

: Im

pact

s to

the

leat

herb

ack

turtl

e re

sulti

ng fr

om th

e al

tern

ativ

es p

ropo

sed

in th

is E

IS/O

EIS

wou

ld b

e be

low

thre

shol

ds th

at

coul

d ad

vers

ely

affe

ct th

e co

ntin

ued

pres

ence

of t

his

spec

ies

in th

e G

OA

or

the

TMA

A. T

he c

ompr

ehen

sive

sui

te o

f pro

tect

ive

mea

sure

s an

d S

OP

s im

plem

ente

d by

the

Nav

y to

red

uce

impa

cts

to m

arin

e m

amm

als

also

ser

ves

to m

itiga

te p

oten

tial i

mpa

cts

on s

ea tu

rtles

. In

parti

cula

r, pe

rson

nel a

nd

wat

chst

ande

r tra

inin

g, e

stab

lishm

ent

of t

urtle

-free

exc

lusi

on z

ones

for

at-s

ea e

xplo

sion

s, a

nd p

re-

and

post

-exe

rcis

e su

rvey

s al

l ser

ve t

o re

duce

or

elim

inat

e po

tent

ial i

mpa

cts

of N

avy

activ

ities

on

sea

turtl

es th

at m

ay b

e pr

esen

t in

the

vici

nity

. The

cur

rent

requ

irem

ents

and

pra

ctic

es d

escr

ibed

in d

etai

l in

Cha

pter

5 w

ould

con

tinue

to b

e im

plem

ente

d, a

nd n

o fu

rther

miti

gatio

n m

easu

res

wou

ld b

e ne

eded

to p

rote

ct le

athe

rbac

k tu

rtles

in th

e TM

AA

.

GU

LF O

F A

LASK

A N

AV

Y T

RA

ININ

G A

CTI

VIT

IES

DR

AFT

EIS

/OEI

S D

ECEM

BER

200

9

EX

EC

UT

IVE

SU

MM

AR

Y

ES-

22

Tabl

e ES

-3: S

umm

ary

of E

ffect

s (c

ontin

ued)

No

Act

ion

Alte

rnat

ive

Alte

rnat

ive

1 A

ltern

ativ

e 2

NEPA(0 - 12 nm)

� A

ircra

ft ov

erfli

ghts

of U

.S. t

errit

oria

l sea

s w

ould

occ

ur a

t alti

tude

s at

or a

bove

15

,000

ft (9

15 m

) and

hav

e no

effe

ct o

n m

arin

e m

amm

als.

� A

ircra

ft ov

erfli

ghts

of U

.S. t

errit

oria

l sea

s w

ould

oc

cur a

t alti

tude

s at

or a

bove

15,

000

ft (9

15 m

) and

ha

ve n

o ef

fect

on

mar

ine

mam

mal

s.

� A

ircra

ft ov

erfli

ghts

of U

.S. t

errit

oria

l sea

s w

ould

occ

ur a

t al

titud

es a

t or a

bove

15,

000

ft (9

15 m

) and

hav

e no

effe

ct

on m

arin

e m

amm

als.

EO 12114 (Non-U.S. Territorial Seas, > 12 nm)

� S

hort-

term

beh

avio

ral r

espo

nses

from

ge

nera

l ves

sel d

istu

rban

ce p

ossi

ble.

P

oten

tial f

or in

jury

or m

orta

lity

from

ve

ssel

col

lisio

ns b

ut o

ccur

renc

e is

ver

y un

likel

y.

� P

oten

tial f

or s

hort-

term

beh

avio

ral

resp

onse

s to

low

leve

l ove

rflig

hts.

No

long

-term

pop

ulat

ion-

leve

l effe

cts.

�

Ext

rem

ely

low

pro

babi

lity

of d

irect

stri

kes

from

ord

nanc

e an

d lo

w p

oten

tial f

or

inge

stio

n of

exp

ende

d m

ater

ials

. �

For a

t-sea

exp

losi

ons,

beh

avio

ral e

ffect

s m

odel

ing,

indi

cate

s 10

2 M

MP

A L

evel

B

hara

ssm

ents

from

sub

-TTS

and

/or T

TS,

one

MM

PA

Lev

el A

har

assm

ent r

esul

ting

from

slig

ht in

jury

, and

no

expo

sure

s re

sulti

ng in

pot

entia

l sev

ere

inju

ry. W

ith

impl

emen

tatio

n of

miti

gatio

n m

easu

res,

th

e M

MP

A L

evel

A h

aras

smen

ts s

houl

d no

t occ

ur.

� A

ll se

ven

ES

A-li

sted

spe

cies

of m

arin

e m

amm

als

may

be

affe

cted

by

one

or

mor

e st

ress

ors

resu

lting

from

Alte

rnat

ive

1 tra

inin

g ac

tiviti

es. A

ll sp

ecie

s m

ay b

e af

fect

ed b

y ex

posu

res

to a

t-sea

ex

plos

ions

.

� S

hort-

term

beh

avio

ral r

espo

nses

from

gen

eral

ve

ssel

dis

turb

ance

pos

sibl

e. P

oten

tial f

or in

jury

or

mor

talit

y fro

m v

esse

l col

lisio

ns b

ut o

ccur

renc

e is

ve

ry u

nlik

ely.

�

Pot

entia

l for

sho

rt-te

rm b

ehav

iora

l res

pons

es to

low

le

vel o

verfl

ight

s. N

o lo

ng-te

rm p

opul

atio

n-le

vel

effe

cts.

� E

xtre

mel

y lo

w p

roba

bilit

y of

dire

ct s

trike

s fro

m

ordn

ance

and

low

pot

entia

l for

inge

stio

n of

ex

pend

ed m

ater

ials

�

For a

t-sea

exp

losi

ons,

beh

avio

ral e

ffect

s m

odel

ing,

in

dica

tes

137

MM

PA

Lev

el B

har

assm

ents

from

su

b-TT

S a

nd/o

r TTS

, one

MM

PA

Lev

el A

ha

rass

men

t fro

m s

light

inju

ry, a

nd n

o ex

posu

res

resu

lting

in p

oten

tial s

ever

e in

jury

. Miti

gatio

n w

ould

re

duce

the

num

ber o

f the

se h

aras

smen

ts. W

ith

impl

emen

tatio

n of

miti

gatio

n m

easu

res

the

one

MM

PA

Lev

el A

har

assm

ent s

houl

d no

t occ

ur.

� Fo

r act

ive

sona

r & o

ther

non

-son

ar a

cous

tic

sour

ces,

beh

avio

ral e

ffect

s m

odel

ing

indi

cate

s 21

5,05

3 M

MP

A L

evel

B h

aras

smen

ts fr

om n

on-T

TS

and

446

MM

PA

Lev

el B

har

assm

ents

from

TTS

. Th

ere

is o

ne p

redi

cted

MM

PA

Lev

el A

har

assm

ent

from

PTS

, but

with

impl

emen

tatio

n of

miti

gatio

n m

easu

res,

this

MM

PA

Lev

el A

har

assm

ent s

houl

d no

t occ

ur.

� A

ll se

ven

ES

A-li

sted

spe

cies

of m

arin

e m

amm

als

may

be

affe

cted

by

one

or m

ore

stre

ssor

s re

sulti

ng

from

Alte

rnat

ive

1 tra

inin

g ac

tiviti

es. A

ll sp

ecie

s m

ay

be a

ffect

ed b

y ex

posu

res

to s

onar

em

issi

ons

and

at-s

ea e

xplo

sion

s.

� S

hort-

term

beh

avio

ral r

espo

nses

from

gen

eral

ves

sel

dist

urba

nce

poss

ible

. Pot

entia

l for

inju

ry o

r mor

talit

y fro

m

vess

el c

ollis

ions

but

occ

urre

nce

is v

ery

unlik

ely.

�

Pot

entia

l for

sho

rt-te

rm b

ehav

iora

l res

pons

es to

low

leve

l ov

erfli

ghts

. No

long

-term

pop

ulat

ion-

leve

l effe

cts.

�

Ext

rem

ely

low

pro

babi

lity

of d

irect

stri

kes

from

ord

nanc

e an

d lo

w p

oten

tial f

or in

gest

ion

of e

xpen

ded

mat

eria

ls

� Fo

r at-s

ea e

xplo

sion

s, m

odel

ing

indi

cate

s 24

0 M

MP

A

Leve

l B h

aras

smen

ts fr

om s

ub-T

TS a

nd/o

r TTS

, fou

r M

MP

A L

evel

A h

aras

smen

ts, a

nd o

ne e

xpos

ure

resu

lting

in

pot

entia

l sev

ere

inju

ry. M

itiga

tion

wou

ld re

duce

the

num

ber o

f the

se h

aras

smen

ts. W

ith im

plem

enta

tion

of

miti

gatio

n m

easu

res,

the

four

MM

PA

Lev

el A

ha

rass

men

ts a

nd o

ne s

ever

e in

jury

sho

uld

not o

ccur

. In

crea

se in

at-s

ea e

xplo

sion

s fro

m S

INK

EX

are

offs

et b

y ar

ea c

lear

ance

pro

cedu

res.

�

For a

ctiv

e so

nar &

oth

er n

on-s

onar

aco

ustic

sou

rces

, be

havi

oral

effe

cts,

mod

elin

g in

dica

tes

424,

620

MM

PA

Le

vel B

har

assm

ents

from

non

-TTS

and

931

MM

PA

Le

vel B

har

assm

ents

from

TTS

. The

re is

one

pre

dict

ed

MM

PA

Lev

el A

har

assm

ent f

rom

PTS

, but

with

im

plem

enta

tion

of m

itiga

tion

mea

sure

s, th

is M

MP

A L

evel

A

har

assm

ent s

houl

d no

t occ

ur.

� A

ll se

ven

ES

A-li

sted

spe

cies

of m

arin

e m

amm

als

may

be

affe

cted

by

one

or m

ore

stre

ssor

s re

sulti

ng fr

om

Alte

rnat

ive

1 tra

inin

g ac

tiviti

es. A

ll sp

ecie

s m

ay b

e af

fect

ed b

y ex

posu

res

to s

onar

em

issi

ons

and

at-s

ea

expl

osio

ns.

3.8 Marine Mammals

MIT

IGA

TIO

N M

EASU

RES

:The

Nav

y in

tend

s to

impl

emen

t a c

ompr

ehen

sive

sui

te o

f miti

gatio

n m

easu

res

that

ser

ve to

red

uce

impa

cts

to m

arin

e m

amm

als

that

mig

ht

resu

lt fro

m N

avy

train

ing

in t

he T

MA

A (

sum

mar

ized

in S

ec 3

.8.7

and

in d

etai

l in

Sec

5.1

.7).

In p

artic

ular

, pe

rson

nel a

nd w

atch

stan

der

train

ing,

est

ablis

hmen

t of

mar

ine

mam

mal

-free

exc

lusi

on z

ones

for

at-s

ea e

xplo

sion

s, a

nd p

re-

and

post

-exe

rcis

e su

rvey

s al

l ser

ve t

o re

duce

or

elim

inat

e po

tent

ial i

mpa

cts

of N

avy

activ

ities

on

mar

ine

mam

mal

s th

at m

ay b

e pr

esen

t in

the

vici

nity

. The

cur

rent

requ

irem

ents

and

pra

ctic

es d

escr

ibed

in d

etai

l in

Ch.

5 w

ould

con

tinue

to b

e im

plem

ente

d, a

nd n

o fu

rther

miti

gatio

n m

easu

res

wou

ld b

e ne

eded

to p

rote

ct m

arin

e m

amm

als

in th

e TM

AA

.

GU

LF O

F A

LASK

A N

AV

Y T

RA

ININ

G A

CTI

VIT

IES

DR

AFT

EIS

/OEI

S D

ECEM

BER

200

9

EX

EC

UT

IVE

SU

MM

AR

Y

ES-

23

Tabl

e ES

-3: S

umm

ary

of E

ffect

s (c

ontin

ued)

No

Act

ion

Alte

rnat

ive

Alte

rnat

ive

1 A

ltern

ativ

e 2

NEPA(U.S. Territorial Seas,

0 to 12 nm)� D

ue to

flig

ht a

ltitu

de, b

ehav

iora

l re

spon

ses

to o

verfl

ight

s in

terri

toria

l se

as a

re n

ot e

xpec

ted.

�

Pot

entia

l for

har

m to

bird

s fro

m a

ircra

ft st

rikes

is e

xtre

mel

y lo

w a

nd is

not

an

ticip

ated

. �

The

rem

aind

er o

f tra

inin

g ac

tiviti

es a

re

loca

ted

outs

ide

the

U.S

terri

toria

l sea

s bo

unda

ry.

� D

ue to

flig

ht a

ltitu

de, b

ehav

iora

l res

pons

es to

ov

erfli

ghts

in te

rrito

rial s

eas

are

not e

xpec

ted.

�

Pot

entia

l for

har

m to

bird

s fro

m a

ircra

ft st

rikes

is

ext

rem

ely

low

and

is n

ot a

ntic

ipat

ed.

� Th

e re

mai

nder

of t

rain

ing

activ

ities

are

loca

ted

outs

ide

the

U.S

terri

toria

l sea

s bo

unda

ry.

� D

ue to

flig

ht a

ltitu

de, b

ehav

iora

l res

pons

es to

ov

erfli

ghts

in te

rrito

rial s

eas

are

not e

xpec

ted.

�

Pot

entia

l for

har

m to

bird

s fro

m a

ircra

ft st

rikes

is

ext

rem

ely

low

and

is n

ot a

ntic

ipat

ed.

� Th

e re

mai

nder

of t

rain

ing

activ

ities

are

lo

cate

d ou

tsid

e th

e U

.S te

rrito

rial s

eas

boun

dary

.

EO 12114 (Non-U.S. Territorial Seas, > 12 nm)

� H

arm

due

to v

esse

l mov

emen

ts is

un

likel

y.

� B

rief b

ehav

iora

l res

pons

e to

ov

erfli

ghts

in n

onte

rrito

rial s

eas.

Low

po

tent

ial f

or h

arm

to b

irds

from

airc

raft

strik

es.

� Lo

w p

oten

tial f

or h

arm

to b

irds

from

or

dnan

ce u

se in

non

terr

itoria

l sea

s.

� Lo

w p

oten

tial f

or h

arm

to b

irds

from

ex

plos

ives

use

in n

onte

rrito

rial s

eas.

�

Low

pot

entia

l for

har

m fr

om m

ilitar

y ex

pend

ed m

ater

ials

in n

onte

rrito

rial

seas

.�

With

in th

e TM

AA

, the

sin

gle

enda

nger

ed s

peci

es is

the

Sho

rt-ta

iled

Alb

atro

ss. V

esse

l mov

emen

ts, a

ircra

ft ov

erfli

ght,

ordn

ance

use

, at-s

ea

expl

osio

ns, a

nd m

ilitar

y ex

pend

ed

mat

eria

ls (e

ntan

glem

ent)

may

affe

ct,

but a

re n

ot li

kely

to a

dver

sely

affe

ct,

indi

vidu

al E

SA

-list

ed s

eabi

rds.

� H

arm

due

to v

esse

l mov

emen

ts is

unl

ikel

y.

� B

rief b

ehav

iora

l res

pons

e to

ove

rflig

hts

in

nont

errit

oria

l sea

s. L

ow p

oten

tial f

or h

arm

to

bird

s fro

m a

ircra

ft st

rikes

. �

Low

pot

entia

l for

har

m to

bird

s fro

m o

rdna

nce

use

in n

onte

rrito

rial s

eas.

�

Low

pot

entia

l for

har

m to

bird

s fro

m e

xplo

sive

s us

e in

non

terri

toria

l sea

s.

� Lo

w p

oten

tial f

or h

arm

from

milit

ary

expe

nded

m

ater

ials

in n

onte

rrito

rial s

eas.

�

No

cons

ider

able

har

m to

bird

s, m

igra

tory

bird

s,

bald

eag

les,

fede

rally

list

ed s

peci

es, o

r the

ir ha

bita

t in

nont

errit

oria

l sea

s.

� W

ithin

the

TMAA

, the

sin

gle

enda

nger

ed

spec

ies

is th

e S

hort-

taile

d A

lbat

ross

. Ves

sel

mov

emen

ts, a

ircra

ft ov

erfli

ght,

ordn

ance

use

, at

-sea

exp

losi

ons,

and

mili

tary

exp

ende

d m

ater

ials

may

affe

ct, b

ut n

ot li

kely

to a

dver

sely

af

fect

, ind

ivid

ual E

SA

-list

ed s

eabi

rds.

� H

arm

due

to v

esse

l mov

emen

ts is

unl

ikel

y.

� B

rief b

ehav

iora

l res

pons

e to

ove

rflig

hts

in

nont

errit

oria

l sea

s. L

ow p

oten

tial f

or h

arm

to

bird

s fro

m a

ircra

ft st

rikes

. �

Low

pot

entia

l for

har

m to

bird

s fro

m o

rdna

nce

use

in n

onte

rrito

rial s

eas.

�

Low

pot

entia

l for

har

m to

bird

s fro

m

expl

osio

ns a

nd im

pact

s in

non

terri

toria

l sea

s.

� Lo

w p

oten

tial f

or h

arm

from

milit

ary

expe

nded

m

ater

ials

in n

onte

rrito

rial s

eas.

�

No

cons

ider

able

har

m to

bird

s, m

igra

tory

bi

rds,

bal

d ea

gles

, fed

eral

ly li

sted

spe

cies

, or

thei

r hab

itat i

n no

nter

ritor

ial s

eas.

�

With

in th

e TM

AA, t

he s

ingl

e en

dang

ered

sp

ecie

s is

the

Sho

rt-ta

iled

Alb

atro

ss. V

esse

l m

ovem

ents

, airc

raft

over

fligh

t, or

dnan

ce u

se,

at-s

ea e

xplo

sion

s, a

nd m

ilita

ry e

xpen

ded

mat

eria

ls m

ay a

ffect

, but

not

like

ly to

ad

vers

ely

affe

ct, i

ndiv

idua

l ES

A-li

sted

se

abird

s.

3.9 Birds

MIT

IGA

TIO

N M

EASU

RES

: So

me

of th

e S

OPs

and

BM

Ps im

plem

ente

d by

the

Nav

y fo

r re

sour

ce p

rote

ctio

n th

at a

re d

escr

ibed

in d

etai

l in

Cha

pter

5

wou

ld a

lso

redu

ce p

oten

tial

effe

cts

to b

irds

(e.g

., av

oida

nce

of b

irds

and

thei

r ne

stin

g an

d ro

ostin

g ha

bita

ts a

nd m

onito

ring

of e

xclu

sion

zon

es

surro

undi

ng a

t-sea

exp

losi

ons

prio

r to

det

onat

ions

). As

sum

mar

ized

abo

ve a

nd in

det

ail i

n Se

ctio

n 3.

9.2,

the

actio

ns p

ropo

sed

in th

is E

IS/O

EIS

cou

ld

affe

ct b

irds

with

in t

he T

MA

A,

but

com

mun

ity-

or p

opul

atio

n-le

vel

effe

cts

wou

ld n

ot b

e ex

pect

ed u

nder

any

of

the

alte

rnat

ives

. C

urre

nt p

rote

ctiv

e m

easu

res

wou

ld c

ontin

ue to

be

impl

emen

ted

by th

e N

avy,

and

no

addi

tiona

l miti

gatio

n m

easu

res

wou

ld b

e ne

eded

to p

rote

ct b

irds

or th

eir h

abita

ts.

GU

LF O

F A

LASK

A N

AV

Y T

RA

ININ

G A

CTI

VIT

IES

DR

AFT

EIS

/OEI

S D

ECEM

BER

200

9

EX

EC

UT

IVE

SU

MM

AR

Y

ES-

24

Tabl

e ES

-3: S

umm

ary

of E

ffect

s (c

ontin

ued)

No

Act

ion

Alte

rnat

ive

Alte

rnat

ive

1 A

ltern

ativ

e 2

NEPA(U.S. Territorial Seas, 0 to 12 nm)

� C

urre

nt N

avy

activ

ities

wer

e co

nsid

ered

an

d ar

e co

nsis

tent

with

thos

e an

alyz

ed

in th

e pr

evio

us e

nviro

nmen

tal

docu

men

tatio

n (U

SA

F 19

95, U

SA

F 20

07, A

rmy

1999

, Arm

y 20

04).

Thes

e do

cum

ents

con

clud

ed th

at n

o si

gnifi

cant

im

pact

s re

late

d to

cul

tura

l res

ourc

es

onsh

ore

wou

ld o

ccur

. �

Airc

raft

over

fligh

ts a

bove

15,

000

ft (9

15

m) a

ltitu

de b

etw

een

the

shor

e an

d th

e TM

AA w

ould

hav

e no

impa

ct o

n cu

ltura

l re

sour

ces.

� U

nder

Alte

rnat

ive

1, N

avy

activ

ities

wer

e co

nsid

ered

and

wou

ld b

e co

nsis

tent

with

thos

e an

alyz

ed in

the

prev

ious

env

ironm

enta

l do

cum

enta

tion

(US

AF

1995

, US

AF

2007

, Arm

y 19

99, A

rmy

2004

). Th

ese

docu

men

ts

conc

lude

d th

at n

o si

gnifi

cant

impa

cts

rela

ted

to

cultu

ral r

esou

rces

ons

hore

wou

ld o

ccur

. �

Airc

raft

over

fligh

ts a

bove

15,

000

ft (9

15 m

) al

titud

e be

twee

n th

e sh

ore

and

the

TMA

A

wou

ld h

ave

no im

pact

on

cultu

ral r

esou

rces

.

� U

nder

Alte

rnat

ive

2, N

avy

activ

ities

wer

e co

nsid

ered

and

are

con

sist

ent w

ith th

ose

anal

yzed

in th

e pr

evio

us e

nviro

nmen

tal

docu

men

tatio

n (U

SA

F 19

95, U

SA

F 20

07,

Arm

y 19

99, A

rmy

2004

). Th

ese

docu

men

ts

conc

lude

d th

at n

o si

gnifi

cant

impa

cts

rela

ted

to c

ultu

ral r

esou

rces

ons

hore

wou

ld o

ccur

. �

Airc

raft

over

fligh

ts a

bove

15,

000

ft (9

15 m

) al

titud

e be

twee

n th

e sh

ore

and

the

TMA

A

wou

ld h

ave

no im

pact

on

cultu

ral r

esou

rces

.

EO 12114 (Non-U.S. Territorial Seas, > 12 nm)

� Su

bmer

ged

cultu

ral r

esou

rces

wou

ld n

ot

be im

pact

ed b

ecau

se o

f the

type

of

train

ing

activ

ities

and

the

low

den

sity

of

subm

erge

d cu

ltura

l res

ourc

es w

ithin

the

area

of e

ffect

.

� Su

bmer

ged

cultu

ral r

esou

rces

wou

ld n

ot b

e im

pact

ed b

ecau

se o

f the

type

of t

rain

ing

activ

ities

and

the

low

den

sity

of s

ubm

erge

d cu

ltura

l res

ourc

es w

ithin

the

area

of e

ffect

.

� Su

bmer

ged

cultu

ral r

esou

rces

wou

ld n

ot b

e im

pact

ed b

ecau

se o

f the

type

of t

rain

ing

activ

ities

and

the

low

den

sity

of s

ubm

erge

d cu

ltura

l res

ourc

es w

ithin

the

area

of e

ffect

.

3.10 Cultural Resources

MIT

IGA

TIO

N M

EASU

RES

: Th

e N

avy

has

esta

blis

hed

prot

ectiv

e m

easu

res

to r

educ

e po

tent

ial e

ffect

s on

cul

tura

l and

nat

ural

res

ourc

es fr

om tr

aini

ng

exer

cise

s in

coa

stal

wat

ers

and

for

land

and

sea

ran

ges.

Som

e ar

e ge

nera

lly a

pplic

able

, w

hile

oth

ers

appl

y to

par

ticul

ar g

eogr

aphi

c ar

eas

or d

urin

g sp

ecifi

c tim

es o

f ye

ar.

Pro

tect

ive

mea

sure

s in

oth

er lo

catio

ns in

clud

e av

oida

nce

of k

now

n sh

ipw

reck

site

s or

the

use

of

iner

t or

dnan

ce.

Pre

cise

and

ac

cura

te lo

catio

ns f

or s

hipw

reck

s in

the

TM

AA

are

not

kno

wn.

As

sum

mar

ized

abo

ve a

nd in

det

ail w

ithin

Sec

tion

3.10

.2,

no s

ubst

antia

l im

pact

s on

cu

ltura

l res

ourc

es fr

om th

e pr

opos

ed a

ctiv

ities

wer

e id

entif

ied.

The

refo

re, n

o ad

ditio

nal m

itiga

tion

mea

sure

s ar

e ne

cess

ary

or a

ppro

pria

te.

GU

LF O

F A

LASK

A N

AV

Y T

RA

ININ

G A

CTI

VIT

IES

DR

AFT

EIS

/OEI

S D

ECEM

BER

200

9

EX

EC

UT

IVE

SU

MM

AR

Y

ES-

25

Tabl

e ES

-3: S

umm

ary

of E

ffect

s (c

ontin

ued)

No

Act

ion

Alte

rnat

ive

Alte

rnat

ive

1 A

ltern

ativ

e 2

NEPA(U.S. Territorial Seas, 0 to 12 nm)

� C

urre

nt N

avy

activ

ities

wer

e co

nsid

ered

an

d ar

e co

nsis

tent

with

thos

e an

alyz

ed in

th

e pr

evio

us e

nviro

nmen

tal d

ocum

enta

tion

(US

AF

1995

, US

AF

2007

, Arm

y 19

99,

Arm

y 20

04).

Thes

e do

cum

ents

con

clud

ed

that

no

sign

ifica

nt im

pact

s re

late

d to

inla

nd

trans

porta

tion

and

circ

ulat

ion

wou

ld o

ccur

. �

With

the

use

of th

e A

ltitu

de R

eser

vatio

n (A

LTR

V),

over

fligh

ts w

ould

hav

e no

ad

vers

e im

pact

on

non-

milit

ary

air o

r m

arin

e tra

ffic.

�U

nder

Alte

rnat

ive

1, N

avy

activ

ities

wer

e co

nsid

ered

and

wou

ld b

e co

nsis

tent

with

th

ose

anal

yzed

in th

e pr

evio

us

envi

ronm

enta

l doc

umen

tatio

n (U

SA

F 19

95,

US

AF

2007

, Arm

y 19

99, A

rmy

2004

). Th

ese

docu

men

ts c

oncl

uded

that

no

sign

ifica

nt

impa

cts

rela

ted

to in

land

tran

spor

tatio

n an

d ci

rcul

atio

n w

ould

occ

ur.

� W

ith th

e us

e of

the

ALT

RV

, ove

rflig

hts

wou

ld

have

no

adve

rse

impa

ct o

n no

n-m

ilita

ry a

ir or

mar

ine

traffi

c.

�U

nder

Alte

rnat

ive

2, N

avy

activ

ities

wer

e co

nsid

ered

and

are

con

sist

ent w

ith th

ose

anal

yzed

in th

e pr

evio

us e

nviro

nmen

tal

docu

men

tatio

n (U

SA

F 19

95, U

SA

F 20

07,

Arm

y 19

99, A

rmy

2004

). Th

ese

docu

men

ts

conc

lude

d th

at n

o si

gnifi

cant

impa

cts

rela

ted

to in

land

tran

spor

tatio

n an

d ci

rcul

atio

n w

ould

oc

cur.

� W

ith th

e us

e of

the

ALT

RV

, ove

rflig

hts

wou

ld

have

no

adve

rse

impa

ct o

n no

n-m

ilita

ry a

ir or

m

arin

e tra

ffic.

EO 12114 (Non-U.S. Territorial Seas, > 12 nm)

� N

o ad

vers

e ef

fect

s on

com

mer

cial

or

gene

ral a

viat

ion

wou

ld o

ccur

. Lim

itatio

ns

are

com

mun

icat

ed to

com

mer

cial

airl

ines

an

d ge

nera

l avi

atio

n by

Not

ice

to A

irmen

(N

OTA

Ms)

. �

No

adve

rse

effe

cts

on m

arin

e tra

ffic

wou

ld

occu

r. W

hen

train

ing

activ

ities

occ

ur w

ithin

sh

ippi

ng o

r hig

h tra

ffic

area

s, th

ese

activ

ity

area

s ar

e co

mm

unic

ated

to a

ll ve

ssel

s an

d op

erat

ors

by N

OTM

AR

s pu

blis

hed

by th

e U

SC

G.

� E

ffect

s on

air

and

mar

ine

traffi

c w

ould

be

the

sam

e as

des

crib

ed u

nder

the

No

Act

ion

Alte

rnat

ive.

No

addi

tiona

l im

pact

s on

the

Fede

ral A

viat

ion

Adm

inis

tratio

n’s

(FA

A’s

) ca

pabi

litie

s w

ould

be

crea

ted

as a

resu

lt of

pr

opos

ed tr

aini

ng in

crea

ses

unde

r A

ltern

ativ

e 1.

�

Mar

ine

traffi

c w

ill no

t be

affe

cted

by

mili

tary

op

erat

iona

l inc

reas

es.

� In

stal

latio

n an

d us

e of

the

tem

pora

ry P

UTR

w

ill n

ot a

ffect

air

and

mar

ine

traffi

c.

� E

ffect

s on

air

and

mar

ine

traffi

c w

ould

be

the

sam

e as

des

crib

ed u

nder

Alte

rnat

ive

1. T

here

ar

e no

adv

erse

effe

cts

to a

ir or

mar

ine

traffi

c as

a re

sult

of im

plem

enta

tion

of A

ltern

ativ

e 2.

�

Mar

ine

traffi

c w

ill no

t be

affe

cted

by

mili

tary

op

erat

iona

l inc

reas

es.

� W

ith im

plem

enta

tion

of L

ette

r of I

nstru

ctio

n,

rang

e cl

eara

nce

proc

edur

es, a

nd N

OTM

ARs,

S

INK

EX

wou

ld n

ot a

ffect

non

-milit

ary

trans

porta

tion

and

circ

ulat

ion.

3.11 Transportation and Circulation

MIT

IGA

TIO

N M

EASU

RES

: Saf

ety

and

secu

rity

fact

ors

dict

ate

that

use

of a

irspa

ce a

nd c

ontro

l of a

ir tra

ffic

be c

lose

ly re

gula

ted.

Acc

ordi

ngly

, reg

ulat

ions

ap

plic

able

to

all a

ircra

ft ar

e pr

omul

gate

d by

the

FA

A t

o de

fine

perm

issi

ble

uses

of

desi

gnat

ed a

irspa

ce,

and

to c

ontro

l tha

t us

e. T

he N

avy

prov

ides

pu

blic

atio

n of

NO

TMA

Rs

and

othe

r ou

treac

h in

form

atio

n ab

out p

oten

tially

haz

ardo

us a

ctiv

ities

pla

nned

for

the

TMA

A, f

or p

ublic

atio

n by

the

US

CG

. To

ensu

re th

e br

oade

st d

isse

min

atio

n of

info

rmat

ion

abou

t haz

ards

to c

omm

erci

al a

nd re

crea

tiona

l ves

sels

, the

Nav

y pr

ovid

es s

ched

ule

conf

licts

alo

ng w

ith

othe

r Coa

st G

uard

con

cern

s vi

a th

e in

tern

et. A

s su

mm

ariz

ed a

bove

and

in d

etai

l with

in S

ectio

n 3.

11.2

, no

adve

rse

effe

cts

on a

ir or

mar

ine

traffi

c fro

m th

e pr

opos

ed a

ctiv

ities

wer

e id

entif

ied.

The

refo

re, n

o ad

ditio

nal m

itiga

tion

mea

sure

s ar

e ne

cess

ary.

GU

LF O

F A

LASK

A N

AV

Y T

RA

ININ

G A

CTI

VIT

IES

DR

AFT

EIS

/OEI

S D

ECEM

BER

200

9

EX

EC

UT

IVE

SU

MM

AR

Y

ES-

26

Tabl

e ES

-3: S

umm

ary

of E

ffect

s (c

ontin

ued)

No

Act

ion

Alte

rnat

ive

Alte

rnat

ive

1 A

ltern

ativ

e 2

NEPA(U.S. Territorial Seas, 0 to 12 nm)

� C

urre

nt N

avy

activ

ities

wer

e co

nsid

ered

an

d ar

e co

nsis

tent

with

thos

e an

alyz

ed

in th

e pr

evio

us e

nviro

nmen

tal

docu

men

tatio

n (U

SA

F 19

95, U

SA

F 20

07, A

rmy

1999

, Arm

y 20

04).

Thes

e do

cum

ents

con

clud

ed th

at n

o si

gnifi

cant

im

pact

s re

late

d to

soc

ioec

onom

ics

wou

ld o

ccur

. �

Ove

rflig

hts

wou

ld n

ot re

sult

in a

dver

se

effe

cts

to c

omm

erci

al s

hipp

ing,

co

mm

erci

al fi

shin

g, re

crea

tion,

or

tour

ism

.

� U

nder

Alte

rnat

ive

1, N

avy

activ

ities

wer

e co

nsid

ered

and

wou

ld b

e co

nsis

tent

with

thos

e an

alyz

ed in

the

prev

ious

env

ironm

enta

l do

cum

enta

tion

(US

AF

1995

, US

AF

2007

, Arm

y 19

99, A

rmy

2004

). Th

ese

docu

men

ts

conc

lude

d th

at n

o si

gnifi

cant

impa

cts

rela

ted

to

soci

oeco

nom

ics

wou

ld o

ccur

. �

Ove

rflig

hts

wou

ld n

ot re

sult

in a

dver

se e

ffect

s to

com

mer

cial

shi

ppin

g, c

omm

erci

al fi

shin

g,

recr

eatio

n, o

r tou

rism

.

� U

nder

Alte

rnat

ive

2, N

avy

activ

ities

wer

e co

nsid

ered

and

wou

ld b

e co

nsis

tent

with

th

ose

anal

yzed

in th

e pr

evio

us e

nviro

nmen

tal

docu

men

tatio

n (U

SA

F 19

95, U

SA

F 20

07,

Arm

y 19

99, A

rmy

2004

). Th

ese

docu

men

ts

conc

lude

d th

at n

o si

gnifi

cant

impa

cts

rela

ted

to s

ocio

econ

omic

s w

ould

occ

ur.

� O

verfl

ight

s w

ould

not

resu

lt in

adv

erse

effe

cts

to c

omm

erci

al s

hipp

ing,

com

mer

cial

fish

ing,

re

crea

tion,

or t

ouris

m.

EO 12114 (Non-U.S. Territorial Seas, > 12 nm)

� N

o ad

vers

e im

pact

s to

co

mm

erci

al/re

crea

tiona

l fis

hing

, civ

ilian

acce

ss, o

r tou

rism

wou

ld o

ccur

as

a re

sult

of th

e N

o A

ctio

n A

ltern

ativ

e.

� N

o ad

vers

e im

pact

s to

com

mer

cial

/recr

eatio

nal

fishi

ng, c

ivili

an a

cces

s, o

r tou

rism

wou

ld o

ccur

as

a re

sult

of A

ltern

ativ

e 1.

�

Use

of t

he P

UTR

by

Flee

t shi

ps a

nd a

ircra

ft w

ould

hav

e no

soc

ioec

onom

ic im

pact

to th

e re

gion

. �

Gea

r pla

cem

ent f

or th

e P

UTR

on

the

seaf

loor

co

uld

be in

com

patib

le w

ith c

erta

in c

omm

erci

al

fishi

ng a

ctiv

ities

.

� N

o ad

vers

e im

pact

s to

co

mm

erci

al/re

crea

tiona

l fis

hing

, civ

ilian

acce

ss, o

r tou

rism

wou

ld o

ccur

as

a re

sult

of

Alte

rnat

ive

2.

� U

se o

f the

PU

TR b

y Fl

eet s

hips

and

airc

raft

wou

ld h

ave

no s

ocio

econ

omic

impa

ct to

the

regi

on.

� G

ear p

lace

men

t for

the

PU

TR o

n th

e se

aflo

or

coul

d be

inco

mpa

tible

with

cer

tain

com

mer

cial

fis

hing

act

iviti

es.

� S

INK

EX

und

er A

ltern

ativ

e 2

wou

ld n

ot re

sult

in im

pact

s to

fish

pop

ulat

ions

and

thus

co

mm

erci

al fi

shin

g op

erat

ions

.

3.12 Socioeconomics

MIT

IGA

TIO

N M

EASU

RES

: Lo

ng-ra

nge

adva

nce

notic

e of

sch

edul

ed a

ctiv

ities

and

tim

es a

re m

ade

avai

labl

e to

the

publ

ic a

nd th

e co

mm

erci

al fi

shin

g co

mm

unity

via

the

Int

erne

t. To

min

imiz

e po

tent

ial

mili

tary

/civ

ilian

int

erac

tions

, th

e N

avy

wou

ld c

ontin

ue t

o pu

blis

h sc

hedu

led

pote

ntia

lly h

azar

dous

tra

inin

g ac

tiviti

es u

sing

the

NO

TAM

and

NO

TMA

R s

yste

ms

as a

pplic

able

. As

sum

mar

ized

abo

ve a

nd in

det

ail w

ithin

Sec

tion

3.12

.2, n

o ad

vers

e ef

fect

s to

soc

ioec

onom

ics

from

the

prop

osed

act

iviti

es w

ere

iden

tifie

d. T

here

fore

, no

addi

tiona

l miti

gatio

n m

easu

res

are

nece

ssar

y.

GU

LF O

F A

LASK

A N

AV

Y T

RA

ININ

G A

CTI

VIT

IES

DR

AFT

EIS

/OEI

S D

ECEM

BER

200

9

EX

EC

UT

IVE

SU

MM

AR

Y

ES-

27

Tabl

e ES

-3: S

umm

ary

of E

ffect

s (c

ontin

ued)

No

Act

ion

Alte

rnat

ive

Alte

rnat

ive

1 A

ltern

ativ

e 2

NEPA(U.S. Territorial Seas, 0 to 12 nm)

� C

urre

nt N

avy

activ

ities

wer

e co

nsid

ered

an

d ar

e co

nsis

tent

with

thos

e an

alyz

ed

in th

e pr

evio

us e

nviro

nmen

tal

docu

men

tatio

n (U

SA

F 19

95, U

SA

F 20

07, A

rmy

1999

, Arm

y 20

04).

Thes

e do

cum

ents

con

clud

ed th

at n

o si

gnifi

cant

im

pact

s re

late

d to

env

ironm

enta

l jus

tice

or p

rote

ctio

n of

chi

ldre

n w

ould

occ

ur.

� N

o ef

fect

s ar

e an

ticip

ated

from

trai

ning

ac

tiviti

es a

nd o

verfl

ight

s; n

o di

spro

porti

onat

ely

high

and

adv

erse

ef

fect

s on

any

low

-inco

me

or m

inor

ity

grou

ps w

ould

occ

ur.

� Th

ere

are

no p

opul

atio

n ce

nter

s fo

und

with

in th

e TM

AA

. The

refo

re, n

o ef

fect

s on

chi

ldre

n w

ould

occ

ur a

s a

resu

lt of

im

plem

enta

tion

of th

e N

o A

ctio

n A

ltern

ativ

e.

� U

nder

Alte

rnat

ive

1, N

avy

activ

ities

wer

e co

nsid

ered

and

wou

ld b

e co

nsis

tent

with

thos

e an

alyz

ed in

the

prev

ious

env

ironm

enta

l do

cum

enta

tion

(US

AF

1995

, US

AF

2007

, Arm

y 19

99, A

rmy

2004

). Th

ese

docu

men

ts

conc

lude

d th

at n

o si

gnifi

cant

impa

cts

rela

ted

to

envi

ronm

enta

l jus

tice

or p

rote

ctio

n of

chi

ldre

n w

ould

occ

ur.

� N

o ef

fect

s ar

e an

ticip

ated

from

trai

ning

ac

tiviti

es a

nd o

verfl

ight

s; n

o di

spro

porti

onat

ely

high

and

adv

erse

effe

cts

on a

ny lo

w-in

com

e or

m

inor

ity g

roup

s w

ould

occ

ur.

� Th

ere

are

no p

opul

atio

n ce

nter

s fo

und

with

in

the

TMA

A. T

here

fore

, no

effe

cts

on c

hild

ren

wou

ld o

ccur

as

a re

sult

of im

plem

enta

tion

of

Alte

rnat

ive

1.

� U

nder

Alte

rnat

ive

2, N

avy

activ

ities

wer

e co

nsid

ered

and

wou

ld b

e co

nsis

tent

with

th

ose

anal

yzed

in th

e pr

evio

us e

nviro

nmen

tal

docu

men

tatio

n (U

SA

F 19

95, U

SA

F 20

07,

Arm

y 19

99, A

rmy

2004

). Th

ese

docu

men

ts

conc

lude

d th

at n

o si

gnifi

cant

impa

cts

rela

ted

to e

nviro

nmen

tal j

ustic

e or

pro

tect

ion

of

child

ren

wou

ld o

ccur

. �

No

effe

cts

are

antic

ipat

ed fr

om tr

aini

ng

activ

ities

and

ove

rflig

hts;

no

disp

ropo

rtion

atel

y hi

gh a

nd a

dver

se e

ffect

s on

any

low

-inco

me

or m

inor

ity g

roup

s w

ould

oc

cur.

� Th

ere

are

no p

opul

atio

n ce

nter

s fo

und

with

in

the

TMA

A. T

here

fore

, no

effe

cts

on c

hild

ren

wou

ld o

ccur

as

a re

sult

of im

plem

enta

tion

of

Alte

rnat

ive

2.

EO 12114 (Non-U.S. Territorial Seas, > 12 nm)

� N

o pe

rman

ent h

uman

pop

ulat

ion

cent

ers

exis

t in

non-

U.S

. ter

ritor

ial s

eas

and

subs

iste

nce

uses

occ

ur m

ostly

ou

tsid

e of

the

TMA

A. T

here

fore

, no

impa

cts

rela

ted

to e

nviro

nmen

tal j

ustic

e or

pro

tect

ion

of c

hild

ren

wou

ld o

ccur

.

� N

o pe

rman

ent h

uman

pop

ulat

ion

cent

ers

exis

t in

non

-U.S

. ter

ritor

ial s

eas

and

subs

iste

nce

uses

occ

ur m

ostly

out

side

of t

he T

MA

A.

Ther

efor

e, n

o im

pact

s re

late

d to

env

ironm

enta

l ju

stic

e or

pro

tect

ion

of c

hild

ren

wou

ld o

ccur

un

der A

ltern

ativ

e 1.

� N

o pe

rman

ent h

uman

pop

ulat

ion

cent

ers

exis

t in

non-

U.S

. ter

ritor

ial s

eas

and

subs

iste

nce

uses

occ

ur m

ostly

out

side

of t

he

TMA

A. T

here

fore

, no

impa

cts

rela

ted

to

envi

ronm

enta

l jus

tice

or p

rote

ctio

n of

chi

ldre

n w

ould

occ

ur u

nder

Alte

rnat

ive

2.

3.13 Environmental Justice and Protection of Children

MIT

IGA

TIO

N M

EASU

RES

: As

sum

mar

ized

abo

ve a

nd in

det

ail w

ithin

Sec

tion

3.13

.2, n

o ad

vers

e ef

fect

s to

env

ironm

enta

l jus

tice

or p

rote

ctio

n of

chi

ldre

nfro

m th

e pr

opos

ed a

ctiv

ities

wer

e id

entif

ied.

The

refo

re, n

o ad

ditio

nal m

itiga

tion

mea

sure

s ar

e ne

cess

ary.

GU

LF O

F A

LASK

A N

AV

Y T

RA

ININ

G A

CTI

VIT

IES

DR

AFT

EIS

/OEI

S D

ECEM

BER

200

9

EX

EC

UT

IVE

SU

MM

AR

Y

ES-

28

Tabl

e ES

-3: S

umm

ary

of E

ffect

s (c

ontin

ued)

No

Act

ion

Alte

rnat

ive

Alte

rnat

ive

1 A

ltern

ativ

e 2

NEPA(U.S. Territorial Seas, 0 to 12 nm)

� C

urre

nt N

avy

activ

ities

wer

e co

nsid

ered

an

d ar

e co

nsis

tent

with

thos

e an

alyz

ed

in th

e pr

evio

us e

nviro

nmen

tal

docu

men

tatio

n (U

SA

F 19

95, U

SA

F 20

07, A

rmy

1999

, Arm

y 20

04).

Thes

e do

cum

ents

con

clud

ed th

at n

o si

gnifi

cant

im

pact

s on

pub

lic s

afet

y w

ould

occ

ur.

� A

ircra

ft ov

erfli

ghts

wou

ld n

ot a

ffect

pu

blic

saf

ety

beca

use

airc

raft

are

limite

d to

flyi

ng w

ithin

the

ALT

RV

and

follo

w

FAA

gui

delin

es.

� U

nder

Alte

rnat

ive

1, N

avy

activ

ities

wer

e co

nsid

ered

and

wou

ld b

e co

nsis

tent

with

thos

e an

alyz

ed in

the

prev

ious

env

ironm

enta

l do

cum

enta

tion

(US

AF

1995

, US

AF

2007

, Arm

y 19

99, A

rmy

2004

). Th

ese

docu

men

ts

conc

lude

d th

at n

o si

gnifi

cant

impa

cts

on p

ublic

sa

fety

wou

ld o

ccur

. �

Incr

ease

in a

ircra

ft ov

erfli

ghts

wou

ld n

ot a

ffect

pu

blic

saf

ety

beca

use

airc

raft

are

limite

d to

fly

ing

with

in th

e A

LTR

V a

nd fo

llow

FA

A

guid

elin

es.

� U

nder

Alte

rnat

ive

2, N

avy

activ

ities

wer

e co

nsid

ered

and

wou

ld b

e co

nsis

tent

with

th

ose

anal

yzed

in th

e pr

evio

us e

nviro

nmen

tal

docu

men

tatio

n (U

SA

F 19

95, U

SA

F 20

07,

Arm

y 19

99, A

rmy

2004

). Th

ese

docu

men

ts

conc

lude

d th

at n

o si

gnifi

cant

impa

cts

on

publ

ic s

afet

y w

ould

occ

ur.

� In

crea

se in

airc

raft

over

fligh

ts w

ould

not

affe

ct

publ

ic s

afet

y be

caus

e ai

rcra

ft ar

e lim

ited

to

flyin

g w

ithin

the

ALT

RV

and

follo

w F

AA

gu

idel

ines

.

EO 12114 (Non-U.S. Territorial Seas, > 12 nm)

� N

avy

train

ing

exer

cise

s in

the

TMA

A w

ill

not a

ffect

pub

lic s

afet

y. T

he N

avy

will

is

sue

NO

TAM

s or

NO

TMA

Rs

to n

otify

th

e pu

blic

of t

rain

ing

exer

cise

s. If

non

-pa

rtici

pant

s ar

e in

the

train

ing

area

, tra

inin

g ac

tiviti

es w

ill n

ot p

roce

ed u

ntil

non-

parti

cipa

nts

have

left

the

area

.

� N

avy

train

ing

exer

cise

s in

the

TMA

A w

ill n

ot

affe

ct p

ublic

saf

ety.

The

Nav

y w

ill is

sue

NO

TAM

s or

NO

TMA

Rs

to n

otify

the

publ

ic o

f tra

inin

g ex

erci

ses.

If n

on-p

artic

ipan

ts a

re in

the

train

ing

area

, tra

inin

g ac

tiviti

es w

ill n

ot p

roce

ed

until

non

-par

ticip

ants

hav

e le

ft th

e ar

ea.

� Im

pact

s on

pub

lic s

afet

y w

ould

be

negl

igib

le,

the

sam

e as

und

er th

e N

o A

ctio

n A

ltern

ativ

e..

� In

stal

latio

n an

d us

e of

the

tem

pora

ry P

UTR

will

no

t affe

ct p

ublic

hea

lth o

r saf

ety.

� N

avy

train

ing

exer

cise

s in

the

TMA

A w

ill n

ot

affe

ct p

ublic

saf

ety.

The

Nav

y w

ill is

sue

NO

TAM

s or

NO

TMA

Rs

to n

otify

the

publ

ic o

f tra

inin

g ex

erci

ses.

If n

on-p

artic

ipan

ts a

re in

th

e tra

inin

g ar

ea, t

rain

ing

activ

ities

will

not

pr

ocee

d un

til n

on-p

artic

ipan

ts h

ave

left

the

area

.�

Ther

e w

ould

be

an in

crea

se in

trai

ning

tem

po

and

new

trai

ning

act

iviti

es, b

ut im

pact

s on

pu

blic

saf

ety

wou

ld b

e ne

glig

ible

, the

sam

e as

un

der t

he N

o A

ctio

n Al

tern

ativ

e an

d A

ltern

ativ

e 1.

�

With

impl

emen

tatio

n of

LO

I, ra

nge

clea

ranc

e pr

oced

ures

, and

NO

TMA

Rs,

SIN

KE

X w

ill n

ot

affe

ct p

ublic

hea

lth o

r saf

ety.

3.14 Public Safety

MIT

IGA

TIO

N M

EASU

RES

: N

avy

train

ing

activ

ities

in

the

TMA

A c

ompl

y w

ith n

umer

ous

esta

blis

hed

safe

ty p

roce

dure

s (F

leet

are

a co

ntro

l an

d su

rvei

llanc

e fa

cilit

y sa

fety

pro

cedu

res,

DoD

SO

Ps,

Nav

y S

OP

s fo

r av

iatio

n an

d su

bmar

ine

navi

gatio

n sa

fety

, and

gen

eral

exe

rcis

e sa

fety

pro

cedu

res

rega

rdin

g su

rface

ves

sels

, ai

rcra

ft, l

ive

and

iner

t or

dnan

ce,

sona

r, el

ectro

mag

netic

rad

iatio

n, a

nd l

aser

s) t

o en

sure

tha

t ne

ither

par

ticip

ants

nor

no

npar

ticip

ants

eng

age

in a

ctiv

ities

tha

t en

dang

er li

fe o

r pr

oper

ty (

desc

ribed

in f

ull i

n S

ectio

n 3.

14.1

.2).

As

sum

mar

ized

abo

ve a

nd in

det

ail

with

in

Sec

tion

3.14

.2, n

o su

bsta

ntia

l im

pact

s fro

m th

e pr

opos

ed a

ctiv

ities

hav

e be

en id

entif

ied.

The

saf

ety

proc

edur

es fo

llow

ed b

y th

e N

avy

low

er th

e ris

k th

at

Nav

y tra

inin

g ac

tiviti

es p

ose

on p

ublic

saf

ety.

No

furth

er m

itiga

tion

mea

sure

s w

ould

be

requ

ired.

GULF OF ALASKA NAVY TRAINING ACTIVITIES DRAFT EIS/OEIS DECEMBER 2009

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-29

ES 1.8 OTHER REQUIRED CONSIDERATIONS

ES 1.8.1 Possible Conflicts with Objectives of Federal, State, and Local Plans, Policies, and Controls

Based on an evaluation with respect to consistency with statutory obligations, the Navy’s Alternatives (including the Proposed Action) for the GOA Navy Training Activities Draft EIS/OEIS do not conflict with the objectives or requirements of federal, state, regional, or local plans, policies, or legal requirements. Chapter 6, Table 6-1, provides a summary of environmental compliance requirements that may apply.

ES 1.8.2 Relationship between Short-term Uses and Long-term Productivity The Proposed Action would result in both short- and long-term environmental effects. However, the Proposed Action would not be expected to result in any impacts that would reduce environmental productivity, permanently narrow the range of beneficial uses of the environment, or pose long-term risks to health, safety, or the general welfare of the public. The Navy is committed to sustainable range management, including co-use of the TMAA with the general public and commercial interests to the extent practicable, consistent with accomplishment of the Navy mission and in compliance with applicable law. This commitment to co-use enhances the long-term productivity of the training areas within the ATA.

ES 1.8.3 Irreversible or Irretrievable Commitment of Resources For the Alternatives, including the Proposed Action, most resource commitments are neither irreversible nor irretrievable. Most impacts are short-term and temporary. However, implementation of the Proposed Action would require the use of fuels by aircraft, ships, and ground-based vehicles. Total fuel consumption would increase and this nonrenewable resource would be considered irreversibly lost.

ES 1.8.4 Energy Requirements and Conservation Potential Increased training activities in the ATA for the Alternatives, including the Proposed Action, would result in an increase in energy demand over the No Action Alternative. Energy requirements would be subject to established energy conservation practices. The use of energy sources has been minimized wherever possible without compromising safety or training activities. No additional conservation measures related to direct energy consumption by the proposed activities are identified.

ES 1.8.5 Natural or Depletable Resource Requirements and Conservation Potential Resources that would be permanently and continually consumed by project implementation include water, electricity, natural gas, and fossil fuels. Pollution prevention is an important component of mitigation of the Alternatives’ adverse impacts. To the extent practicable, pollution prevention considerations are included. Sustainable range management practices are in place that protect and conserve natural and cultural resources; and allow for preservation of access to training areas for current and future training requirements, while addressing potential encroachments that threaten to impact training area capabilities.

GULF OF ALASKA NAVY TRAINING ACTIVITIES DRAFT EIS/OEIS DECEMBER 2009

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-30

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