ERT ThermoDynamics.docx

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Contents

Introduction…………………………………………………

……………………..2

The History of Cool(ing)………………….……………………………………………….2

The Air

Conditioner…………………………………………………………………………..2

Thesis

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…..3

How do Computers cool

themselves? .....................................4

ir

Cooling…………………………………………………………………………………

…….!

"i#uid

Cooling…………………………………………………………………………………

..$

Heat Pipes------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5

The %ltim&te 'uestion hich *ethod is

+etter?.......................,

-ound

…………………………………………………………………………………………

..,


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-ound

2…………………………………………………………………………………………

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3…………………………………………………………………………………………

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!…………………………………………………………………………………………

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-ound

$…………………………………………………………………………………….

…….0

Other Factors………………………………………………………………………….

………...8

Conclusion.........................................................

...............9

-eferences.........................................................

..............10

1loss&ry…………………………………………………………………………………………..

Introduction

Compters are e!er"#here. As o$ time o$ #ritin%& there are o!er 1 'i((ion compters that are

in operation arond the #or(d. The" are sed $or a ran%e o$ ses) $rom #ritin% docments& to

presentin% presentations& to chec*in% emai(s& to ca(c(atin% spread sheets& to p'(ishin%

reports& to 'ro#sin% the #e'& to #atchin% mo!ies& to (istenin% to msic and $or p(a"in% %ames.

A(( o$ these acti!ities a(( se the compter processin% nit+s ,CP& or simi(ar compter

component+s po#er in order to pre$orm) and (i*e a(( e(ectronics& the more ener%" it ses toper$orm tas*s& the more #or* is p(aced on a compter+s components& and so the tota( amont

o$ therma( ener%" is increased.


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Compter Heat is a !er" anno"in% comp(ication $or those #ho se (aptops and note'oo*s.

/ecase the compter+s CP is (ocated direct(" nder the *e"'oard& and since most modern

(aptops are made ot o$ a(minim& a therma(-condcti!e meta(& it can ma*e the eperience

rather pain$( to t"pe on.

Fortnate("& since then man" indi!ida(s ha!e 'een #or*in% to nd the most eecti!e #a" o$

redcin% heats inside e(ectronics& and man" ha!e #ondered $or man" "ears ho# to create the

3coo(est+ compter.

The History of Cool(ing)

The Air Conditioner

The rst instance o$ sin% eipment to especia((" com'at heat in

e(ectronics #as in $act& sed $or a printer. n 1902& 6 in!entor 7i((iam

Ha!i((and Carrier #as tr"in% to dedce #h" his paper #as #arpin% drin%

specic times in the da". A$ter a $e# tests& he rea(ised that the pro'(em #as

de to the temperatre ctations in the srrondin% air that #as casin%

his paper to #arp. A so(tion came in the $orm o$ the #or(d+s rst air

conditioner& desi%ned to maintain the srrond air coo( eno%h to stop this

isse.

o#& at the time& Fan techno(o%" #as a(read" in!ented to decrease temperatre in rooms& so coo(in%

#as $air(" common in the 'siness #or(d. /t #hat made Carrier+s in!ention

intri%in%& is that it not on(" contro((ed the temperatre& 't contro((ed the

hmidit"& i.e. the amont o$ moistre #ith the room. As the !apor partic(es

in the room had therma( ener%"& Carrier+s in!ention 'ecame more eecti!e to %et rid o$ therma( ener%"

than con!ention $ans '" %ettin% rid on the !apor partic(es& rather than tr" to coo( them.

/t a(as& it #o(d ta*e another 25 "ears 'e$ore the app(ication o$ the air conditioner 'ecame

commercia((" a!ai(a'(e& 't at the time The :reat ;epression had a(read" ta*en ho(d& and so no'od"

had the mone" to '" the thin%s& especia((" as the" #ere priced at mch as < times as hi%h in toda"+s

mone". t #asn+t ti(( the 1950+s& #here consmption #as at an a((-time hi%h& that the idea o$ an air-

conditioner inside a (i!in% room entered mainstream c(tre.

Ho#e!er& since then Carrier+s idea that coo( air itse($ cannot simp(" 'e eno%h to coo( do#n e!er"thin%&

so #hen compters needed to 'e etensi!e(" coo(ed& intense research in the 19=0s searched $or an

a(ternati!e #hich co(d 'e more eecti!e than >st air. And in 19=?& the di%ita( #or(d $ond that

a(ternati!e@ (iid-coo(in%.

Thesis

A(tho%h the intention o$ this artic(e is too see i$ indeed (iid coo(in% is a 'etter

a(ternati!e to air coo(in%& this research has do'ts that a distinct comparison can 'e

made& de to the di!erse t"pes o$ compter desi%ns and components ot there.

There$ore& the Thesis that #i(( dri!e this in!esti%ation #i(( 'e that the 'est choice that

the 'est s"stem is rea((" p to #hat t"pe o$ compter a ser has.B

How do Computers cool themselves?

One o$ the !er"

rst air-cons+

7A:@ $ "o+re the casa( compter ser& and ha!e come into this artic(e *no#in% on(" a

'asic *no#(ed%e o$ comptin%& "o ma" 'e #onderin% ho# air-coo(in% and (iid-coo(in%

acta((" #or*s& and ho# this app(ies to "or casa(-comptin% needs. n$ortnate("& a

comprehensi!e ep(anation on ho# these methods o$ coo(in% #or* #i(( reire *no#(ed%e in

comp(e concepts and princip(es in the areas o$ ad!anced thermod"namics& as #e(( as a

di!erse !oca'(ar" o$ scientic termino(o%" re(atin% to thermod"namics.

As a res(t& this net section #i(( seem comp(ete(" con$sin% and nc(ear to those #ho do not

nderstand the denitions o$ the scientic termino(o%" or princip(es. To reso(!e this isse&

detai(ed dia%rams #i(( 'e pro!ided #hich tr" to ep(ain each coo(in% process as simp(e as

possi'(e& so that the res(tin% comparison 'et#een them #i(( 'e as in$ormati!e as possi'(e.

Ho#e!er& e!en simp(e *no#(ed%e o$ thermod"namics #i(( he(p si%nicant(" increase

nderstandin% the processes o$ this section.


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Air Cooling/Active Heat-sin

Air coo(in%& other#ise *no#n as an acti!e Heat-in*& is a t"pe o$ coo(in% #hich ti(iDes

the princip(es o$ He&t low &nd Therm&l #uili4rium& in order to dra# therma( ener%"

$rom a compter component& #here the air o#& thro%h the motion o$ a $an& ta*es it

ot o$ the compter.

The de!ice sed to dra# heat $rom a compter component is ca((ed a heat-sin*. Heat-

6in*s are sa((" made ot o$ a(minim or copper& de to their hi%h Therm&l

Conductivity. The" a(so ha!e a mch (ar%er sr$ace area and

emp(o" a 3nned+ desi%n& 'ecase he(ps the therma( ener%"

spread more e!en("& as #e(( as act as a c&t&lyst $or the coo(in%

s"stem to carr" a#a" the heat more easi(" and a(so to *eep the air o#

consistent thro%hot the compter.

Heat-6in*s #or* '" Therm&l Conduction5 #here the heat mo!es

$rom the compter component to the end o$ a heat-sin*. As the

ener%" at the end o$ the Heat-6in* is no (on%er nder a constant

sorce o$ heat& the ener%" is (ost to the srrondin% area& #hich

then heat o#s to the co(der re%ions o$ the Heat-sin*& and the

process repeats& nti( the component and the Heat-6in* reaches ei(i'rim. n

theor"& once therma( ei(i'rim is reached& the com'ined temperatre o$ the Heat-

6in* and the component #o(d 'e (o#er than the component '" itse($& a((o#in% the

component to rn $aster& and to decrease the chance o$ o!erheatin% and possi'(e

dama%e to the component.

An acti!e Heat-6in*& as opposed to a Passi!e Heat-6in*& ses a $an to remo!e therma(

ener%" $rom the heat-sin* and otside o$ the compter& #hi(e a Passi!e Heat-6in* on("

ses the princip(e o$ 6&tur&l Convection.

Fan Coo(in% is main(" sed $or modern compter components #hich %enerate hi%h

e(ectrica( po#er& and there$ore hi%h therma( ener%"& ,e.%. C7% or 17%) as the se o$

$orced air-o# is sa((" $ond to 'e $aster to carr" therma( ener%" ot o$ a compter

than #o(d 'e '" natra( air-o#. Ho#e!er& passi!e Heats-6in*s are o$ten sed on

components #hich do not eert hi%h therma( ener%"& 't are sti(( essentia( $orcompter $nction& sch as hard dri!es and -* stic*s (ar%er than 21+.

Acti!e Heat-

6in* #ith Fan.


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!i"uid Cooling

Eiid Coo(in% is a process that ses a Thermo8

Conductive (iid& sa((" #ater& to coo( do#n

a compter component& hence the name.

n(i*e Air-Coo(in%& #hich ta*es the therma(

ener%" a#a" '" conduction $rom the

component to #here the convection ta*es

p(ace& (iid coo(in% trans$ers the therma(

ener%" $rom the component to the (iid

thro%h convection5 #hich then the heated

(iid is ta*en a#a" $rom component to 'e

coo(ed do#n. Eiid coo(in% in compters&

stran%e(" eno%h& ses the same princip(e as

an atomo'i(e+s com'stion en%ine& as the

#ater is circ(ated thro%h a heat-sin* onto the compter component and ot to a

r&di&tor & #here the (iid is coo(ed 'ac* do#n& in order to 'e re-sed in the c"c(e.

Eiid Coo(in% ses convection5 #here the therma( ener%" is ta*en a#a" $rom the

component to the (iid& (i*e ho# heat is ta*en to the air in air-coo(in%. Eiid Coo(in%

is dierent that instead o$ sin% the air o# inside o$ a compter case to direct air

otside o$ the compter& (iid coo(in% ne!er (ea!es the compter& as the (iid

tra!e(s thro%h pipes& 'ecase (iid coo(ant sa((" dama%es e(ectronics i$ the"

come in direct contact.

Heat #ipe

A technie simi(ar to Eiid Coo(in%& in

the sense as it ses a c(osed-(oop

convection s"stem& is a Heat Pipe. Ho# it

diers is that the (iid is specia(("

chosen that once it has a'sor's therma(

ener%"& it ev&por&tes& and #hen it

retrns to the r&di&tor to coo( do#n& it

condenses. This has the additiona('enet o$ ta*in% ad!anta%e o$ 7h&se

Tr&nsitions5 #hich means that more heat

ener%" is epe((ed #ith temperatre

chan%es and is theoretica((" more ecient than Eiid Coo(in%. The pipes sed

in this technie are a(so mch sma((er than se in (iid coo(in%& 't are a(so

mch more epensi!e& de to the specic natre o$ the (iid. ;e to this& the"

are main(" sed $or (aptops and sma(( ;es*top compters.

;G Ei id-Coo(in 6 stem& sho#in

A Ea to Heat-Pi e s stem


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The $ltimate %uestion& 'hich ethod is

etter?

t sho(d 'e stated at this point& that e!er" compter re%ard(ess o$ man$actre& is

nie. !er" compter ser ses their compter dierent(" to others& and so a%echan%es the ma*e o$ the compter. o matter ho# in$ormati!e this artic(e ma" 'e&

there is a chance that "or compter #i(( ha!e cstom parts that #i(( not $actor in this

ana("sis. n this is the case& then contact the man$actrer or retai(er than so(d the

parts to see #hich coo(in% s"stem is ri%ht $or "o.

For those #ho '" the stoc* parts& then this ana("sis #i(( se 5 criteria to >d%e #hich

coo(in% s"stem is 'etter@ Comp(eit"I6imp(icit"& Cost ,J& cienc"& nter$erence and

6a$et". To *eep the contest $air& the t#o coo(in% s"stems #i(( 'e >d%ed '" se(ectin%

each candidate as c(ose(" matched in as man" criteria as possi'(e.

The candidates are the *+octua +H-$,. 0an for air-cooling1 and the

*Copper 2adiator 3 'ater Cooling 4it v567 li"uid cooling-system for

li"uid-cooling8

Round 1: Complexity/Simplicity

This criterion dea(s #ith the dic(t" and epertise

associated #ith the insta((ation and maintenance o$ each

t"pe o$ coo(in% s"stem& a(on% #ith appropriate testin%

and repairin%.

octa H-146+s Heat-sin*s need to 'e c(eaned o$ dst

$reent("& as dst impedes the therma( ener%" $rom

trans$errin% to the air and the compter case needs to 'e

created so that the air o#s ic*(" in and ot& and *eepin% so that the hot air and

co(d air are *ept separate. Ho#e!er& the Copper adiator K 7ater Coo(in% Lit !


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$rom a (iid coo(ant (ea*& sch (iids are o$ten a(so electro8conductive5 the most

common 'ein% #ater. n contrast& the octa H-146 is mch more easier to insta((&

as the Heat-6in*s are sin% 'o(ted on to the component and the $ans are insta((ed at

the 'ac* o$ the machine ,ehast $an in a standard insta((ation. There$ore& the point

%oes to Air-Coo(in%.

Air-Cooling Liquid Cooling

1 0

Round 2: Cost ($$$)

This criterion dea(s #ith the cost to '" and insta(( the eipment necessar" $or each

coo(in%-s"stem to #or*.

octa H-146& #hi(e it is s(i%ht(" (ess po#er$( than the Copper adiator K 7ater

Coo(in% Lit !


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Air-Cooling Liquid Cooling

2 0

Round 3: Efciency

This criterion dea(s #ith the a'i(it" o$ the coo(in%-s"stem to trans$er therma( ener%"& in

re(ation to the (east amont o$ po#er consmption.

The octa H-146& as it partia((" re(ies on n&tur&l convection to mo!e therma(

ener%" thro%h air o#& it ses (ess po#er than the Copper adiator K 7ater Coo(in%

Lit !


9/12

Round !: S"ety

The na( criterion& this dea(s #ith the sa$et" o$ the

ser #hen dea(in% #ith the coo(in%-s"stem& and the

present dan%er in the case o$ tota( $ai(re& or e!en in

case o$ a re.

o#& this is pro'a'(" the hardest criterion to descri'e.

7hi(e the Copper adiator K 7ater Coo(in% Lit !


10/12

This esearch+s choice is to ta*e 'oth@ ta*in% 'oth 'enets '" creatin% a h"'rid& #hich

"o& the ser& can s#itch 'et#een& dependin% on the sitation.

Ho#e!er& there is an interest $or heat pipes& #hich are mentioned i$ a ser ses a

(aptop& rather than a des*top compter& as the" do not ha!e the space $or an intricate

coo(in% s"stem.

There$ore& the esearch+s notion that the 'est choice that the 'est s"stem is rea((" pto #hat t"pe o$ compter a ser has& is tre.

/t it sho(d 'e noted that& #ithot a comp(ete in!esti%ation into man" dierence

t"pes o$ coo(in% s"stems and re("in% on theoretica( *no#(ed%e and pre!ios

eperiments& that the stren%th o$ this artic(e is (imited.

sers are encora%ed to ma*e their o#n in!esti%ation& eperiment #ith dierence

coo(in% s"stems& nd epertise #ith eperts& and *eep p to date #ith the (atest

techno(o%"& nti( the" nd the 'est one $or their compter needs.

emem'er& part o$ the $n #ith 'i(din% a compter is ndin% the parts that sit "o&

so it $ee(s (i*e 3"or o#n compter+.

2eferences

eBay. 2014. Gaming Computer Water Cooling Kit 240 Radiator CPU Block Pump Reservoir

DI . [online] Available at: http://www.ebay.com.au/itm/like/151234324!"

lim#hlp$%&t%ue'hlpv&2'op$&t%ue'viph(&1'hlpht&t%ue'lpi)&10* [Acce$$e): 24 +a%

2014].

eBay. 2014. !octua !"#u$4s Cooling %an&"eat#sink # $ ' ()($* # $(00 Rpm # +so2 ,n"u$4s-.

[online] Available at: http://www.ebay.com.au/itm/like/33114*3**,3"

lim#hlp$%&t%ue'hlpv&2'op$&t%ue'viph(&1'hlpht&t%ue'lpi)&10* [Acce$$e): 24 +a%2014].

eBay. 2014. .octite (/ (0ml 1aster Pipe +ealant Controlled +trengt" ig" 3emp. [online]

Available at: http://www.ebay.com.au/itm/like/1,132!2422,"

lim#hlp$%&t%ue'hlpv&2'op$&t%ue'viph(&1'hlpht&t%ue'lpi)&10*n [Acce$$e): 24 +a%

2014].

eBay. 2014. Water Cooling Kit /0 Copper Radiators CPU GPU !B Block $56 Pump 220mm

Reservoir . [-nline] Available at: http://www.ebay.com.au/itm/ate%oolin#it30oppe%a)iato%6BBlock1,wump220mme$e%voi%/2311*4*414,3

[Acce$$e): 24 +a% 2014]


11/12

Au.element14.com. 2014. (207B$2(01B ,38#'2- # 7B. 973+I!K+ # 973 +I!K: 38#:

$)2;C&W < element$4 7ustralia. [online] Available at:

http://au.element14.com/7$p/)i$play%o)uct.7$p"$ku&253*30'+&6--

8A'#%o$$9p%ice&t%ue'mckv&,n8uc;pc%i);22410,!!2, [Acce$$e): 24 +a% 2014].

8ewi$< =. 2014. Computer installation services. [online] Available at:

http://www.7ohnlewi$.com/ou%$e%vice$/compute%in$tallation$e%vice$ [Acce$$e): 24 +a%2014].

>a%)wi)#e< B. 200. Building e=treme PCs. ?eba$topol< ali@.: -eilly.

>ill< +. .< =ouppi< 6. . an) ?ohi< . 2000. Readings in computer arc"itecture. ?an C%anci$co:

+o%#an au@mann.

i%$ch< 6. 2013. !>'3 Kraken G$0 GPU Water Cooler Revie6 on an 71D Radeon R? 2?0' #

.egit Revie6s. [online] Available at: http://www.le#it%eview$.com/nD(tk%aken#10#pu

wate%coole%%eviewonanam)%a)eon%!2!0(9130344 [Acce$$e): 24 +a% 2014].

8amonica< +. 2010. IB1 li@uid#cooled supercomputer "eats Auilding # C!93 . [online]

Available at: http://www.cnet.com/new$/ibmliEui)coole)$upe%compute%heat$buil)in#/

[Acce$$e): 24 +a% 2014].

:lossary

He&t low - The trans$er o$ ener%" $rom a hot 'od" to a co(d 'od".

Therm&l #uili4rium 8 7hen t#o o'>ects or s"stems reach the same temperatre and cease to

echan%e ener%" thro%h heat.

Therm&l Conductivity 8 The propert" o$ a materia( that a((o#s ho# mch o# o$ heat is

permitted thro%h the materia(.

C&t&lyst 8 A s'stance or method that ena'(es a chemica( reaction to proceed at a sa(("

$aster rate.

Therm&l Conductivity : The trans$er o$ Therma( ner%" $rom temperatre dierences 'et#een

ad>acent parts o$ a 'od"& or co((ection o$ 'odies in direct contact.

C7% : Centra( Processin% nit& #here compter ca(c(ations are made.

17% : :raphica( Processin% nit& #here !irta(


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-&di&tor : A piece o$ eipment 'i(t $or ecient heat trans$er $rom a s'stance& sa(("

#ater& '" creatin% a temperatre dierence.

Condens&tion 8 The process '" #hich #ater !apor in the air is chan%ed into (iid #ater.

7h&se Tr&nsition : The ch&nge in & fe&ture of & physic&l o4;ect or system th&t results in &

ch&nge of th&t te&m.)

lectric&l Conductivity : The tr&nsfer of lectric&l nergy $rom ionised dierences 'et#eenad>acent parts o$ a 'od"& or co((ection o$ 'odies in indirect contact.

Therm&l Compound : A s'stance #hich increases the therma( condcti!it" o$ an o'>ect '"

((in% microscopic %aps de to the s(i%ht(" cr!ed sr$aces o$ a medim.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivity

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