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![Page 1: ERMslides2](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102804/5461a7c1af795957658b52e7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Plague of Justinian
542 AD
250,000 dead
Procopius“sun’s lightwithout brightness”
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Silk Road
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Medieval Warm Period
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Medieval World Population
Climate
AgriculturalRevolution
Few large cities
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Medieval World Population
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
1086 1348
Population
Britain
Japan
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Viking Exploration
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Black Rat
Litter < 20 pups 3 - 7 x/year
Mature at 3 mos
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Flea
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Black rats & fleas
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Yersinia Pestis
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Bubonic plague
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Medieval Culture
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Bubonic plague
“Ring around the rosie . . “
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Plague in Europe
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Plague effects
Death art Cemeteries & Pest houses Quarantine Latin->vernacular Anti-Semitism Laborers, women Sheep
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Death art
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Anti-Semitism
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Flagellants
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Clergy
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Great Fire of London
1666
Change inarchitecture
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Pathogenic Competition
Leprosy (Hansen’s disease)
Plague
Tuberculosis
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Chinatown 1900
San Francisco 1900 -1904
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Smallpox
Species jump
Ramses V~1150 BC
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Variola virus
Largest & most complexmammalian virus
Respiratory
Incubation: 10-14 days
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Variola rash
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Wigs and Powder
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East meets WestWhy were Native Americans so vulnerable?
Isolation
Few domesticatedanimals
Famine?
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Population losses
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American colonies
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Variolation
John Adams
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Milkmaids and cowpox
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Jenner’s vaccination
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Eradication (1977)
World Health Org.(WHO) campaign
Accidental lab Contamination 1978
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Measles
Respiratory virus
8 - 12 day incubation
Complications
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Measles
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Measles vaccine
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MMR
Measles, Mumps, Rubella
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2008
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Avoiding Immunizations
Health insurance coverage
Autism
Personal, Religious reasons
International travel
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Vector Diseases
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Yellow Fever
Jaundice
Flavivirus
Carried byAedes aegyptimosquito
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Yellow Fever
1793 Philadelphia
Benjamin Rush
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1878 Memphis
Post Civil War
Immigrants
El Nino
River, train depot
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Spanish American War
Walter Reed
1937 vaccine(Max Theiler)
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West Nile Encephalitis
New York City 1999
Crows, blue jays
Flamingo, penguin
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Spread of WNE
1999 2007
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Transmission Cycle
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Influenza Pandemic1918 - 1919
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Influenza virus
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Flu viruses
Types A, B, C
H -> binds to cells
N -> degradesmucous
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Flu varieties
Epidemic
Date Deaths Subtype
Asiatic 1889 - 90
1 million ?H2N2?
Spanish 1918 - 9 35 million
H1N1
Asian 1957-8 1.5 million
H2N2
Hong Kong
1968-9 1 million H3N2
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Flu transmission cycle
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1918 - 1919
3 waves
World War I
Secondaryinfections
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Influenza virus
Orthomyxovirus
Respiratory
Fever, chills, aches
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Age Profiles
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Avian Flu
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Avian Flu
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SARS(Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
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Swine Flu 1976
Fort Dix, NJ
Nationalimmunization
Guillain-Barre
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“Killer Fever”
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Legionnaire’s
PhiladelphiaJuly 1976
Bellevue-Stratford
34 deaths, 221 ill
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Legionella pneumophila
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2008
Legionnaries' claims second life at St. Peter's Hospital
Six adults diagnosed over last 2 weeks; chlorination process may be to blame
By GENE RACZ • and RICHARD KHAVKINE • September 25, 2008
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Revenge of the Germs?
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Tuberculosis
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“White Disease”
Chopin Keats Dostoyevsky
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TB
Bacterial
Long incubation
Airborne
Uv light
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2007
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Antibiotic Resistance
Nosocomial infections
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MRSA
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
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Penicillin
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Penicillin
Fleming 1928
Florey/Chain 1945
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Antibacterials
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Antibiotics in food
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Transduction
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Transduction
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Transduction
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Bacteriophages
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Zyvox
April 2000
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Penicillin resistance
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Antibiotic Resistance
Causes:Overprescription/unnecessary use
Antibiotics in food/dairy
opportunistic bugs
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Waterborne Bacteria
Cholera
Vibrio cholerae
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1854
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Cholera Distribution
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Food-borne bacteria
Sept 2006
June 2008
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Salad Bars?
Raw food
Utensils
Residual soil
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Produce
Sprouts
Melons
Greens
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Bacteria
Salmonella
Shigella
Campylobacter
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Salmonella Typhimurium
Typhoid Mary(Mary Mallon1869 - 1938)
1906Oyster Bay, NY
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Peanuts 2008/9
Heat products to70° F (not 40° F)
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Poultry
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Chicken recall (March 2008)
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Antibiotics in food
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Why Poultry?
Antibiotics in food
Close confinement
Chill baths
transportation
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Is your dinner safe?
A=Premium Brands (Bett & Evans, Ranger, Readington Farms, Rocky, Rocky Jr., Rosie, Springer Mountain Farms, Wegmans Premium, Wild Harvest; B=Perdue; C=Foster Farms; D=Supermarket Brands (Albertson's, Big Bear, Cub Foods, Dominick's, Giant Eagle, Giant Gold Star Meats, Jewel, Publix, Safeway, Shaw's, Stop & Shop White Gem, Tops, Trader Joe's, Wegman's; E=Pilgrim's Pride; F=Tyson
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Contaminated Beef
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Why ground beef?
Greater surface area
Parts of different cows
Kid appeal
“Make mine rare”
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Beef ranches
Crowded herds
Antibiotic use
Inspections??
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Beef Recall
October 2007
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E. Coli O157:H7
1982 fast food burgers
1985 associated with HUS
1991 apple cider
1993 fast food burgers
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Escherichia Coli
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HUS(Hemolytic uremic syndrome)
Destroys red blood cells
Kidney failure
Shiga toxin
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HUS
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BSE(bovine spongiform encephalopathy)
“Mad cow”
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Beef & Byproducts
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Salmonella (1984)
The Dalles, OR
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Rajneeshees
Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh Ma Anand Sheela
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Biological Terrorism
Poisoned arrows
Pots with snake venom
Plague victims
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Sweet Sabotage
Mandrake
“Mad Honey”
Ergot of rye
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French-Indian War
Amherst
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Plague as weapon
Kaffa
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World War I
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Gassing
Chlorine gas
Mustard gas
Phosgene
Chlorpicrin
HCN
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Gas Effects
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Geneva Convention (1925)Article 32
“Whereas the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of all analogous liquids materials or devices, has been justly condemned by the general opinion of the civilized world; and
Whereas the prohibition of such use has been declared in Treaties to which the majority of Powers of the world are Parties; and
To the end that this prohibition shall be universally accepted as a part of International Law, binding alike the conscience and the practice of nations;
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Second Generation
Nerve gases:Sarin
Tabun
VX
Colorless, odorless
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Nerve Cells
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Synapse
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Nerve cells
Overstimulation -> convulsions
Blocking neurotransmitter-> paralysis
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Iran Iraq War(1980 - 1988)
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Cold War
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Biological vs. Chemical
More specific
Persistent, contamination
Cheap
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Serratia Marescens
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Yellow Rain
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Bioweapons Convention (1969)
“never in any circumstances to develop, produce, stockpile or otherwise acquire or retain:
(1) Microbial or other biological agents, or toxins whatever their origin or method of production, of types and in quantities that have no justification for prophylactic, protective or other peaceful purposes;
(2) Weapons, equipment or means of delivery designed to use such agents or toxins for hostile purposes or in armed conflict.
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Sverdlovsk
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Desert Storm
Gulf War Syndrome
anthrax vaccine
chemical weapons
depleted uranium
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Aum Shinrikyo
1990 botulinium
1993 anthrax
1993 botulinium
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Sarin
March 20, 1995 Tokyo Subway
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2001
9/11 WTC
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October 2001
10/5/2001
Bob Stevens dies ofrespiratorydisease
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October 2001
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October 2001
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Anthrax
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Anthrax
Koch
“Wool-sorter’s”
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Spores
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Natural exposure
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Attacks 2001
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Cleanup
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Global storage
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Bioterrorism agents
Class A: highly infectioushigh mortality rate
easily disseminated
Class B: easily treatedlower mortality
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Viral Agents
Smallpox
Ebola
Hantavirus
Influenza
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Smallpox
Eradicated 1977
Few vaccinated
contagious
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Ebola
1st cases 1976
90% fatality rate
Bat vector?
Reston 1989
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Hantavirus
1993: 12 deaths
2003:
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Hantavirus
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Flu
Mutations
Avian flu
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Bacterial agents
Botulinium
Plague
Cholera/salmonella
Tularemia/Q fever
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Clostridium Botulinum
Aum Shinrikyo
Unit 731
Botox
anaerobic
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Yersinia Pestis
Black Death
Unit 731
Antibiotic resistance(Madagascar 1995)
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Vibrio Cholerae
Rehydration
Fresh or saltwater
Type O mostsusceptible
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Salmonella
Typhoid Mary
The Dalles 1984
Oct 2008:frozen chicken
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Tularemia
“Rabbit fever”
Flu-like symptoms
Ticks/flies = vector
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Q(uery) Fever
Cattle, sheep, goats
Disinfectant resistant
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Chimera
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Biological Chimera
Organism produced from the combination of genetic materials from two or more pathogens
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Mission Impossible II
RussianSupervirus
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Gene Splicing
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Genetic Engineering
Fluorescent animals
Super Salmon
Golden Rice
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Veepox
1990 VectorVEEVenezuelanequineencephalomyelitis
+ smallpox