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Erik Erikson: The Father of

Psychosocial Development

“CHILDREN LOVE AND WANT TO BE LOVEDAND THEY VERY MUCH PREFER THE JOY OF

ACCOMPLISHMENT TO THE TRIUMPH OFHATEFUL FAILURE. DO NOT MISTAKE A

CHILD FOR HIS SYMPTOM”

-ERIK ERIKSON

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Who is Erik Erikson? Born in Germany on June 1th 1!"#$ %e &as an artist an' a teacher in the

late 1!#"s &hen he met (nna Freu')an (ustrian psychoanalyst$ With(nna*s encoura+ement) he ,e+an tostu'y chil' psychoanalysis at the-ienna Psychoanalytic .nstitute$

%e immi+rate' to the /0 in 1! an'tau+ht at 2ale an' %arvar' /niversity$

.t &as at this point in his life that he,ecame intereste' in the in3uence ofsociety an' culture on chil''evelopment$ To satisfy his curiosity)he stu'ie' +roups of (merican .n'ian4hil'ren to help formulate histheories$ 0tu'yin+ these chil'renena,le' him to correlate personality+ro&th &ith parental an' societalvalues$

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Fiel' of 5esearch%e stu'ie' +roups of (,ori+inal

chil'ren to learn a,out the in3uence ofsociety an' culture on chil''evelopment$ From this) he 'evelope'a num,er of theories) the most famous,ein+ his psychosocial 'evelopment$

%e ,elieve' that humans have toresolve 'i6erent con3icts as theypro+ress throu+h each sta+e of'evelopment in the life cycle$

Erikson*s theory consists of ei+htsta+es of 'evelopment$ Each sta+e is

characteri7e' ,y a 'i6erent con3ictthat must ,e resolve' ,y thein'ivi'ual$ .f a person is una,le toresolve a con3ict at a particular sta+e)they &ill ,e confront an' stru++le &ithit later in life$

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Erikson*s 4ontri,utions

%e ma'e ma8or contri,utions inthe area of chil' 'evelopment ,ystu'yin+ +roups of 9ative(merican chil'ren an''evelope' the concept ofi'entity crisis$

%e &as concerne' &ith therelationship ,et&eensocietyculture an' chil''evelopment) &hich he terme';psychosocial 'evelopment<$

 This interest le' him to 'evelopthe Ei+ht 0ta+es ofDevelopment$

.n each sta+e) the in'ivi'ualencounters a 'evelopmentalcrisis$

.n or'er to move on to the ne=tsta+e) the in'ivi'ual mustresolve the crisis$

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Erik Erikson

 A neo-Freudian  Adheres to some of Freud’s ideas, but focuses more on social

influences.

Stage Theorist

Focus on Crisis Resolution  At each stage a crisis must be resolved

f the crisis is not resolved, the individual ma! lack the "ositivecharacteristic in the stage.

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Erikson*s Psychosocial Development

Age

(Years)

Stage PsychosocialCrisis

PsychosocialStrength

EnvironmentalInfluence

1 Infancy Trust vs. Mistrust Hope Maternal

2-3 Early childhood Autonomy vs.Shame and ou!t

"illpo#er $oth parents oradult su!stitutes

%-& 'reschool Initiative vs. (uilt 'urpose 'arents) familyand friends

*-11 Middle +hildhood Industry vs.Inferiority

+ompetence School

12-1, Adolescence Identity vs. oleconfusion

idelity 'eers

1,-3& /oun0 adulthood Intimacy vs.Isolation

ove Spouse) lover)friends

3&-*& Middle a0e (enerativity vs.Sta0nation

+are amily) society

ver *& ld a0e Inte0rity vs.espair 

"isdom All humans

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TR#ST vs. $STR#ST

%irth & '!r. (eeds being met

%asic trust develo"s )hen needs are met *Attachment+

oving relationshi" is formed )ith caregiver

m"ortant event Feeding

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 A#T($/ vs. S0A$E A(1 1#%T

' & 2 !ears earning to do things for oneself 

1evelo"ment of "h!sical activities *e3. )alking+

m"ortant event toilet training

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(TAT4E vs. 5#T

6 & 7 !ears 8reschoolers learn to initiate tasks

ne becomes more inde"endent

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C$8ETE(CE9 (1#STR/ vs. (FERRT/

: !ears & "ubert!  Child com"letes tasks themselves

earning on !our o)n

m"ortant Event school

; <hat is an inferiorit! com"le3=

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1E(TT/ vs. RE C(F#S(

Teens & earl! 2>s Teens refine sense of self 

Test ne) roles and incor"orate them into an identit! 

; ?no) an!one that is ver! different no) vs. )hen the! )ere"re teen '>,'' and '2=

m"ortant events forming relationshi"s )ith friends

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(T$AC/ vs. SAT(

2>s & @>s  /oung adults develo" intimate relationshi"s

5aining the ca"acit! for intimate love

m"ortant event forming love and9or strong relationshi"s

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5E(ERAT4T/ vs. STA5(AT(

@>s & :>s $iddle-aged discover a sense of contribution to this )orld

Famil! and )ork oftentimes satisf! this desire

Su""orting and satisf!ing future generation

m"ortant event 8arenting

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(TE5RT/ vs. 1ES8AR 

:>s Reflection on entire life

1id contribute to this )orld=

Sense of fulfillment

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Evaluation of Erikson’s Theor! 

Theor! does attem"t to sho) develo"mentthroughout life s"an

Children and adults ma! overcome "roblems that

occur during develo"mentStages are more descri"tive than e3"lanator!