Equality Act 2010

The Equality and Human Rights Commission

Claudia Bennett

Senior Solicitor

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What we will cover

• The Equality Act purpose and structure

• Protected characteristics• Prohibited conduct

• recent case law in relation to equality law• The EHRC and its powers

• Our legal strategy• Contact us

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Equality Act 201016 Parts; 28 Schedules – eg: • Key concepts (P2 and sch 1)• Services and public functions (P3, sch 2&3)• Premises (P4, sch 4&5)• Work and employment services (P5, Sch 6,7,8 & 9)• Education (P6, Sch 10,11,12,13 &14)• Associations (P7, Sch 15 &16)• Other unlawful conduct (P8)• Enforcement (P9, sch 17)• Advancing equality (P11, Sch 18 &19)• Exceptions (P14, sch 22 &23)

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Equality Act 2010

Also see:

• Regulations• Explanatory Notes• Codes of Practice• Non-statutory guidance• EHRC website

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Key concepts – Protected characteristics

• Age (s 5)• Disability (s 6) slight change• Gender reassignment (s 7) slight change• Marriage and civil partnership (s 8)• Pregnancy and maternity (s18)• Race (s 9)• Religion and belief (s 10)• Sex (s 11)• Sexual orientation (s 12)

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Age (s.5)

• Where the Act refers to the protected characteristic of age it means a person belonging to a particular age group.

• An age group includes persons of the same age and people of a particular range of ages

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Disability (s.6)

• A person has a disability for the purposes of the Act if he or she: —

- has a physical or mental impairment, and

- the impairment has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on his/her ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities.

• Schedule 1 and Regulations on meaning of disability

• Guidance on matters to be taken into account in determining questions relating to the definition of disability

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Gender reassignment (s.7)

• Where a person is proposing to undergo, is undergoing or has undergone a process (or part of a process) for the purpose of reassigning the person’s sex by changing physiological or other attributes of sex.

• Replaced similar provisions, but no longer requires a person to be under medical supervision to come within it.

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Marriage/civil partnership (s.8)

 

• A person has the protected characteristic of marriage and civil partnership if the person is married or is a civil partner.

• People who are not married or in a civil partnership do not have this characteristic – i.e. single people are not protected.

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Race (s.9)

• Race includes — colour; nationality; ethnic or national origins.

• Also power to amend the definition to include caste (s.9 (5) (6) – caste now added to definition of race through amendment of ERRB (now Act).

• Begraj and anor v Heer Manak Solicitors

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Religion or belief (s.10)

• Covers any religion falling within Art 9 ECHR

• Covers philosophical beliefs which meet particular criteria

• Includes a lack of belief/religion

• A ‘philosophical belief’ must not be incompatible with human dignity or conflict with fundamental rights of others [see EN 52]

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Eweida and others v the UK

• Four cases complaining UK law failed to adequately protect their Art. 9 right

- 2 cases re wearing of cross taken together

- 2 cases complaining about sanctions imposed as a result of religions belief taken together

• ECHR Judgment January 2013

• Commission intervened under our s. 30 powers, with 13 others!

Slide Number 12

Impact of decision

• Confirms that a lack of state regulation of wearing of religious symbols does not indicate lack of adequate protection of Convention rights

• Lowers the test for interference with manifestation of religious belief, bringing it into line with other Convention rights = makes successful discrimination claim easier to bring

• Confirms importance given to positive obligations on public authorities to promote equality of opportunity and provide services in non-discriminatory way

Slide Number 13

Sex (s.11)

• The Act provides protection against sex discrimination for males and females of any age.

• Note that while pregnancy and maternity discrimination is a form of sex discrimination there are distinct provisions in ss17 and 18

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Sexual orientation (s.12)

Sexual orientation means a person’s sexual orientation towards—

• persons of the same sex,

• persons of the opposite sex, or

• persons of either sex.

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Pregnancy and maternity (s.17 & 18)• Protects a woman from discrimination during a

protected period because of:

– The pregnancy

– Pregnancy-related illness

– Taking or seeking to take maternity leave

• The protected period

• New: includes protection from discrimination in education

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Key concepts - Prohibited conduct

• Direct discrimination (s 13)• Indirect discrimination (s 19)• Discrimination arising from disability (s 15)• Duty to make reasonable adjustments (ss 20 &

21)• Harassment (s 26)• Victimisation (s 27)• Equality of terms (ss 64-80)

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Direct discrimination

A person (A) discriminates against another (B) if, because of a protected characteristic, A treats B less favourably than A treats or would treat others.

• Discrimination by association or perception included

• Direct discrimination can never be justified however age discrimination remains justifiable

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Indirect discrimination

• A applies a provision, criterion or practice (PCP) to B

• A applies, or would apply, the PCP to persons with whom B does not share the relevant protected characteristic

• the PCP puts, or would put, persons with whom B shares the characteristic at a particular disadvantage when compared with persons with whom B does not share the characteristic

• the PCP puts, or would put, B at that disadvantage and

• the PCP is not a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim. 19

Harassment

• a person (A) harasses another (B) if A engages in unwanted conduct ‘related to a relevant protected characteristic’ which has the purpose or effect of violating B’s dignity, or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for B.

• Case example: Cambers v Purcell Solicitors• 3rd party harassment – repealed

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Victimisation

• ‘A person (A) victimises another person (B) if A subjects B to a detriment because (a) B does a protected act, or (b) A believes that B has done, or may do, a protected act.’

• Removes the need for the tribunal to construct an appropriate comparator.

• ‘Protected acts’ include ‘relevant pay disclosures’

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Reasonable adjustments

• Where a disabled person is placed at a substantial disadvantage to non-disabled people, there is a duty to make changes to:

1. Provisions, criteria or practices

2. Physical features

3. And a duty to provide auxiliary aids and services (such as a hearing loop or a special computer service)

• Express reference is made to providing information in an accessible format and not passing on the cost of an adjustment.

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What is reasonable?• Would adjustment be effective;

• How practicable would it be to take make the adjustment;

• Financial and other costs of making the adjustment;

• Disruption which making the adjustment would cause;

• Amount of resources already spent on making adjustments; and

• Availability of financial or other assistance.

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Discrimination arising from disability

• A person (A) discriminates against a disabled person (B) if A treats B unfavourably because of something arising in consequence of B’s disability

• Discrimination arising from disability can be justified if it is shown to be a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim

• A must know or can reasonably be expected to know that B has a disability in order for discrimination to occur

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Enquiries about disability and health

Section 60

• “(1) A person (A) to whom an application for work is made must not ask about the health of the applicant (B)-

(a) before offering work to B, or

(b) where A is not in a position to offer work to B, before including B in a pool of applicants from whom A intends to select a person to whom to offer work.”

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Enquiries about disability and health

Exceptions• To ascertain if the person can undergo an

assessment or if reasonable adjustments to the recruitment process are needed;

• For monitoring purposes;• To ascertain if B can carry out some function that is

intrinsic to the post;• To allow positive action for disabled people;• Where there is an occupational requirement that the

job is done by a disabled person.

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The Commission’s powers

• Intervene in Commission’s name (s30) [equality or human rights or both]

• Judicial Review proceedings in Commission’s name (s30) [equality or human rights or both]

• Provide legal assistance to an individual bringing proceedings under the EA (s28) [equality or both, but not human rights alone]

• Also other enforcement powers eg inquiries, investigations

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EHRC strategic priorities for using litigation powers

where the case would• have a significant positive impact in terms of the

application of the law or the policies and practices of an organisation, institution or sector

• have a positive public impact, securing greater understanding of rights and obligations under the equality enactments and/or human rights law

• address significant disadvantage in respect of one or more of the protected grounds and/or major abuse or denial of human rights

• challenge a policy or practice known to cause significant disadvantage

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EHRC strategic priorities for using litigation powers.....

• is a cost effective method of achieving a desired outcome, taking into account the prospects of success

• clarifies an important point of law under the Equality Act 2010 or Human Rights Act

• will extend or strengthen protections and rights under the Equality Act 2010 and, where it also applies, human rights law;

• will contribute substantially to other areas of the Commission’s work

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Further information

EHRC website information on Equality Act http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/legal-and-policy/equality-act/

Law Society of Scotland

http://www.lawscot.org.uk/about-us/equality--diversity

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The Commission’s legal team in Scotland

• Strategic human rights and equality litigationwww.equalityhumanrights.com/legal-and-policy/

strategic-human-rights-and-equality-litigation/• Legal Team Bulletin:

www.equalityhumanrights.com/scotland/legal-news-in-scotland/equality-law-bulletin/

• Requests for assistance:• legalrequestscotland@equalityhumanrights.com

Tel: Claudia Bennett 0141 228 5965Email: Claudia.Bennett@equalityhumanrights.com

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