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Manotok v. Barque | GR 162335 & 162605 | March 6, 2012 | J.Villaraa, Jr.

!"#$%

$he 'urvivin( heir' o) the late *oer Barque, +le a -etition ith the /R"

)or aini'trative recon'titution o) the ori(inal co- o) $#$ o. 2101

i''ue in the nae o) *oer /. Barque, hich a e'troe in the +re

that (utte the ue4on #it *all, incluin( the ce o) the Re(i'ter o)

7ee' o) ue4on #it, 'oetie in 1899. :n 'u--ort o) the -etition,

-etitioner' 'u;itte the onerlan !/% 3169 7 coverin( the

-ro-ert. $he Manotok' +le their o--o'ition to the Barque'< -etition,

claiin( that the lot covere ; the title 'ou(ht to ;e recon'titute ; the

latter )or' -art o) the lan covere ; the )orerhili--ine' i' the

le(al oner o) the 'u;ect -ro-ert. $he %u-ree #ourt enie ith

+nalit all the otion' )or recon'ieration +le ; all -artie' in thi' ca'e. "

vali certi+cate o) 'ale i''ue to %everino the ocial ocuente

noinate a' %ale #erti+cateH clearl require ;oth the 'i(nature' o) the

7irector o) /an' ho i''ue 'uch 'ale certi+cate to an a--licant'ettlerIoccu-ant an the %ecretar o) the :nteriorI"(riculture an atural

Re'ource' inicatin( hi' a--roval o) the 'ale. $he'e )or' ha ;een

-re-are an i''ue ; the #hie) o) the Bureau o) >u;lic /an' uner the

'u-ervi'ion o) the %ecretar o) the :nterior, con'i'tent ith "ct o. 1120.

Manotok

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Garcia v'. J. 7rilon an Garcia, G. R. o. 1826, 25 June 2013-o'te in RD%ER:2 ca'e' ; katco;in(ature o) the #a'e >etition )or Revie o) Re-u;lic "ct R.".K 8262

!act' >rivate re'-onent Ro'alie +le a -etition ;e)ore the R$# o)Bacolo #it a $e-orar >rotection rer a(ain't her hu';an, Je'u',-ur'uant to R.". 8262, entitle "n "ct 7e+nin( Violence "(ain't Eoen an$heir #hilren, >roviin( )or >rotective Mea'ure' )or Victi', >re'cri;in(>enaltie' $here)or, an )or ther >ur-o'e'.H %he claie to ;e a victi o)-h'ical, eotional, -'cholo(ical an econoic violence, ;ein( threateneo) e-rivation o) cu'to o) her chilren an o) +nancial 'u--ort an al'o avicti o) arital in+elit on the -art o) -etitioner.

$he $> a' (rante ;ut the -etitioner )aile to )aith)ull co-l ith theconition' 'et )orth ; the 'ai $>, -rivate?re'-onent +le anothera--lication )or the i''uance o) a $> e= -arte. $he trial court i''ue aoi+e $> an e=tene the 'ae hen -etitioner )aile to coent onh the $> 'houl not ;e oi+e. ")ter the (iven tie alloance toan'er, the -etitioner no lon(er 'u;itte the require coent a' it oul;e an a=erci'e in )utilit.H

>etitioner +le ;e)ore the #" a -etition )or -rohi;ition ith -raer )orinunction an $R on, que'tionin( the con'titutionalit o) the R" 8262 )orviolatin( the ue -roce'' an equal -rotection clau'e', an the valiit o) theoi+e $> )or ;ein( an unante -rouct o) an invali la.H

$he #" i''ue a $R on the en)orceent o) the $> ;ut hoever, enie the

-etition )or )ailure to rai'e the i''ue o) con'titutionalit in hi' -leain(' ;e)orethe trial court an the -etition )or -rohi;ition to annul -rotection orer'i''ue ; the trial court con'titute collateral attack on 'ai la.

>etitioner +le a otion )or recon'ieration ;ut a' enie. $hu', thi'-etition i' +le.

:''ue' E the #" erre in i'i''in( the -etition on the theor thai''ue o) con'titutionalit a' not rai'e at the earlie't o--ortunit anthe -etition con'titute' a collateral attack on the valiit o) the la.

E the #" coitte 'eriou' error in )ailin( to conclue that R" 82i'criinator, unu't an violative o) the equal -rotection clau'e.

E the #" coitte (rave i'take in not +nin( that R" 8262counter to the ue -roce'' clau'e o) the #on'titution

E the #" erre in not +nin( that the la oe' violence to the -olic 'tate to -rotect the )ail a' a ;a'ic 'ocial in'titution

E the #" 'eriou'l errein eclarin( R" 8262 a' invaliuncon'titutional ;ecau'e it allo' an unue ele(ation o) uicial -oBr(. cial'.

7eci'ion 1. >etitioner conten' that the R$# ha' liite authorituri'iction, inaequate to tackle the co-le= i''ue o) con'titutionalit. !#ourt' have authorit an uri'iction to con'ier the con'titutionalit'tatute. $he que'tion o) con'titutionalit u't ;e rai'e at the ea-o''i;le tie 'o that i) not rai'e in the -leain(', it a not ;e rai'e trial an i) not rai'e in the trial court, it a not ;e con'iere in a--ea

2. R" 8262 oe' not violate the (uarant o) equal -rotection o) the Dqual -rotection 'i-l require' that all -er'on' or thin(' 'iilarl 'it'houl ;e treate alike, ;oth a' to ri(ht' con)erre an re'-on'i;i-o'e. :n Victoriano v. Dli4ale Ro-e Eorkerker'< Cnion, the #ourt ruleall that i' require o) a vali cla''i+cation i' that it ;e rea'ona;le, ean' that the cla''i+cation 'houl ;e ;a'e on 'u;'tantial i'tinhich ake )or real iLerence'A that it u't ;e (erane to the -ur-othe laA not liite to e=i'tin( conition' onlA an a--l equall to e;er o) the cla''. $here)ore, R"8262 i' ;a'e on a vali cla''i+catioi not violate the equal -rotection clau'e ; )avourin( oen over victi' o) violence an a;u'e to ho the %enate e=ten' it' -rotection

3. R" 8262 i' not violative o) the ue -roce'' clau'e o) the #on'titution

e''ence o) ue -roce'' i' in the rea'ona;le o--ortunit to ;e hear'u;it an evience one a have in 'u--ort o) one e=-arte cannot ;e i-u(ne a' violative o) the ri(ht to ue -roc

@. $he non?re)erral o) a V"E# ca'e to a eiator i' u'ti+e. >etitiocontention that ; not alloin( eiation, the la violate the -olic o%tate to -rotect an 'tren(then the )ail a' a ;a'ic autonoou'

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in'titution cannot ;e 'u'taine. :n a eoranu o) the #ourt, it rule thatthe court 'hall not re)er the ca'e or an i''ue thero) to a eiator. $hi' i' 'o;ecau'e violence i' not a 'u;ect )or co-roi'e.

5. $here i' no unue ele(ation o) uicial -oer to Baran(a ocial'.Juicial -oer inclue' the ut o) the court' o) u'tice to 'ettle actualcontrover'ie' involvin( ri(ht' hich are le(all eana;le an en)orcea;lean to eterine hether or not there ha' ;een a (rave a;u'e o) i'cretionaountin( to lack or e=ce'' o) uri'iction on an -art o) an ;ranch o) theGovernent hile e=ecutive -oer i' the -oer to en)orce an aini'ter

the la'. $he -reliinar inve'ti(ation conucte ; the -ro'ecutor i' ane=ecutive, not a uicial, )unction. $he 'ae hol' true ith the i''uance o)B>. "''i'tance ; Br(. cial' an other la en)orceent a(encie' i'con'i'tent ith their ut e=ecutive )unction.

$he -etition )or revie on certiorari i' enie )or lack o) erit.

"$:"/ "R$:%$ !R /:$DR"$CRD V:RG:/: "/M"R: et al., v. $*DDD#C$:VD %D#RD$"RN et al., G.R. o. 198029, Jul 16, 2013

>leain(' an -ractice. :t ha' ;een hel that the reeie' o) -rohi;ition aninunction are -reventive an, a' 'uch, cannot ;e availe o) to re'train an actthat i' alrea )ait acco-li. Ehere the act 'ou(ht to ;e -rohi;ite or

enoine ha' alrea ;een acco-li'he or con'uate, -rohi;ition orinunction ;ecoe' oot.

everthele'', even i) the -rinci-al i''ue i' alrea oot, thi' #ourt a 'tillre'olve it' erit' )or the )uture (uiance o) ;oth ;ench an ;ar. #ourt' illecie a que'tion otheri'e oot an acaeic i) it i' ca-a;le o) re-etition,et evain( revie.H

:t i' an o--ortune tie )or the #ourt to a''ert it' role a' re-u;lican'choola'ter, a teacher in a vital national 'einar. $here are tie' hen thecontrover' i' o) 'uch character that, to -revent it' recurrence an to a''urere'-ect )or con'titutional liitation', thi' #ourt u't -a'' on the erit' o) aca'e.

"ini'trative la. Ee have hel that an aini'trative re(ulation ao-te-ur'uant to la ha' the )orce an eLect o) la. $hu', the rule', (uieline' an-olicie' re(arin( the rer o) ational "rti't' ointl i''ue ; the ##> Boaro) $ru'tee' an the ##" -ur'uant to their re'-ective 'tatutor anate'have the )orce an eLect o) la. Cntil 'et a'ie, the are ;inin( u-one=ecutive an aini'trative a(encie', incluin( the >re'ient hi'el)Iher'el)a' chie) e=ecutor o) la'.

#on'titutional laA Dqual -rotection. $here a' a violation o) the -rotection clau'e o) the #on'titution hen the )orer >re'ient -re)erential treatent to re'-onent' Guiote?"lvare4, #a-ara', MaOo'Moreno. $he )orer >re'ient a' an ar;itrar act that un

)avore re'-onent' Guiote?"lvare4, #a-ara', MaOo'a an Moreno. con)erent o) the rer o) ational "rti't' on 'ai re'-onent' a' theae ith (rave a;u'e o) i'cretion an 'houl ;e 'et a'ie.

Birao(o v. >hili--ine $ruth #oi''ionG.R. o. 182835 7ece;er , 2010

Meno4a, J.

!act'

>re'ient Beni(ni %ieon "quino ::: 'i(ne D=ecutive re1 e'ta;li'hin( the >hili--ine $ruth #oi''ion o) 2010 #oi''ionK.

$he >hili--ine $ruth #oi''ion >$#K i' a ere a hoc)ore uner the ce o) the >re'ient ith the -riar tainve'ti(ate re-ort' o) (ra)t an corru-tion coitte ; thir?level -ocer' an e-loee', their co?-rinci-al', acco-lice' an acce''urin( the -reviou' aini'tration, an therea)ter to 'u;it it' +n

an recoenation' to the >re'ient, #on(re'' an the ;u'$hou(h it ha' ;een e'cri;e a' an ine-enent colle(ial ;o,He''entiall an entit ithin the ce o) the >re'ient >ro-er an 'uto hi' control.

$o acco-li'h it' ta'k, the >$# 'hall have all the -oer' oinve'ti(ative ;o uner %ection 3, #ha-ter 8, Book : o)

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knole(e or -ractice, i' the (rou-in( o) thin(' in '-eculation or -ractice;ecau'e the a(ree ith one another in certain -articular'. " la i' notinvali ;ecau'e o) 'i-le inequalit. $he ver iea o) cla''i+cation i' thato) inequalit, 'o that it (oe' ithout 'ain( that the ere )act o)inequalit in no anner eterine' the atter o) con'titutionalit. "ll thati' require o) a vali cla''i+cation i' that it ;e rea'ona;le, hich ean'that the cla''i+cation 'houl ;e ;a'e on 'u;'tantial i'tinction' hichake )or real iLerence', that it u't ;e (erane to the -ur-o'e o) thelaA that it u't not ;e liite to e=i'tin( conition' onlA an that itu't a--l equall to each e;er o) the cla''. $hi' #ourt ha' hel thatthe 'tanar i' 'ati'+e i) the cla''i+cation or i'tinction i' ;a'e on area'ona;le )ounation or rational ;a'i' an i' not -al-a;l ar;itrar.

"--lin( the'e -rece-t' to thi' ca'e, D=ecutive rer o. 1 'houl ;e'truck on a' violative o) the equal -rotection clau'e. $he clear anateo) the envi'ione truth coi''ion i' to inve'ti(ate an +n out the truthconcernin( the re-orte ca'e' o) (ra)t an corru-tion urin( the -reviou'aini'tration onl. $he intent to 'in(le out the -reviou' aini'tration i'-lain, -atent an ani)e't. Mention o) it ha' ;een ae in at lea't three-ortion' o) the que'tione e=ecutive orer. %-eci+call, the'e are

E*DRD"%, there i' a nee )or a 'e-arate ;o eicate 'olel to

inve'ti(atin( an +nin( out the truth concernin( the re-orte ca'e' o)(ra)t an corru-tion urin( the -reviou' aini'tration, an hich illrecoen the -ro'ecution o) the oLener' an 'ecure u'tice )or allA

%D#$: 1. #reation o) a #oi''ion. P $here i' here; create the>*:/:>>:D $RC$* #MM:%%:, hereina)ter re)erre to a' the#MM:%%:,H hich 'hall -riaril 'eek an +n the truth on, antoar thi' en, inve'ti(ate re-ort' o) (ra)t an corru-tion o) 'uch 'calean a(nitue that 'hock an oLen the oral an ethical 'en'i;ilitie' o)the -eo-le, coitte ; -u;lic ocer' an e-loee', their co?-rinci-al', acco-lice' an acce''orie' )ro the -rivate 'ector, i) an,urin( the -reviou' aini'trationA an therea)ter recoen thea--ro-riate action or ea'ure to ;e taken thereon to en'ure that the )ull

ea'ure o) u'tice 'hall ;e 'erve ithout )ear or )avor.

%D#$: 2. >oer' an !unction'. P $he #oi''ion, hich 'hall have allthe -oer' o) an inve'ti(ative ;o uner %ection 3, #ha-ter 8, Book : o)the "ini'trative #oe o) 189, i' -riaril ta'ke to conuct a thorou(h)act?+nin( inve'ti(ation o) re-orte ca'e' o) (ra)t an corru-tion re)erreto in %ection 1, involvin( thir level -u;lic ocer' an hi(her, their co?

-rinci-al', acco-lice' an acce''orie' )ro the -rivate 'ector, i)urin( the -reviou' aini'tration an therea)ter 'u;it it' +nin(recoenation' to the >re'ient, #on(re'' an the ;u'QD-ha'e' 'u--lie

:n thi' re(ar, it u't ;e ;orne in in that the "rroo aini'trat;ut u't a e;er o) a cla'', that i', a cla'' o) -a't aini'tration'not a cla'' o) it' on. ot to inclue -a't aini'tration' 'i'ituate con'titute' ar;itrarine'' hich the equal -rotection clau'e c'anction. %uch i'criinatin( iLerentiation clearl rever;erate' tothe coi''ion a' a vehicle )or vinictivene'' an 'elective retri;uti

$he re-ort' o) ie'-rea corru-tion in the "rroo aini'tration c;e taken a' ;a'i' )or i'tin(ui'hin( 'ai aini'tration )ro eaini'tration' hich ere al'o ;lei'he ; 'iilar ie'-rea reo) i-ro-riet. $he are not inherent in, an o not inure 'olel to"rroo aini'tration.

D=ecutive rer o. 1 'uLer' )ro ar;itrar cla''i+cation. $he >$#, true to it' anate o) 'earchin( )or the truth, u't not e=clue the -a't aini'tration'. $he >$# u't, at lea't, have the authoriinve'ti(ate all -a't aini'tration'. Ehile rea'ona;le -rioriti4ati

-eritte, it 'houl not ;e ar;itrar le't it ;e 'truck on )or uncon'titutional.