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Arlo Clark-Foos, Ph.D.

Medial Temporal Lobes

Henry Molaison (HM)(1926-2008)

Consequences of bilateral removal

Episodic and Semantic Memory

Endel Tulving on Declarative (Explicit) Memories

Episodic Memory

“Conscious recollection of specific past events”; Spatial and temporal context

Contrasted with Semantic Memory

Accumulated knowledge that is not tied to any particular event, time, or place, but is also subject to conscious recollection

Flexibility

“Remembering” vs. “Knowing”

Rate of Acquisition Latin for Arch

Autobiographical Memory

Is it episodic memory?

Diary Studies (e.g., Linton, 1975): 5,500 events Memory for unique and emotional events

Preferential recording? Brewer’s (1988) Pager study

Childhood

amnesia

Reminiscence

bump

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Chickens and Eggs

Tulving

Episodic depends on semantic Bransford & Johnson (1972)

Conway/Rajaram

Episodic to semantic shift

Verfaellie/Neath

Interdependent

Speaking of Chickens

“Episodic-like” memory in nonhumans?

What-where-when (Crystal, 2010)

Is this episodic or semantic?

Encoding

Mere exposure

BBC Radio announcement (Bekerian & Baddeley, 1980)

Memory for everyday events

Connections to existing memories

Bransford & Johnson (1972) again.

LOP Recall

Encoding

Levels of Processing (AKA Depth of Processing)

Craik & Tulving (1975) Rogers, Kuiper, & Kirker (1977)Nairne, Thompson,

& Pandeirada (2007)

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Problems with LOP

Vague

Testing Bias & Transfer Appropriate Processing

Morris, Bransford, & Franks (1977)

Context Dependent Memory

Encoding Specificity

Godden & Baddeley (1975)

Transfer Appropriate Processing

Marsh’s bet

Studying for Exams

Advice from How High and

Eich et al. (1975)

Testing Memory

Free Recall

What is the Latin word for arch?

Cued Recall

What is the Latin word for arch?

F________

Recognition

What is the Latin word for arch?

A. fenestra B. fornix C. fundus

Testing Effects

Why? Mere exposure sucks

TAP

Desirable difficulties (Soderstrom & Bjork, 2015)

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Memory Failures

Passive vs. Directed Forgetting

Memory Failures

Interference

Memory Failures

Reality/Source Monitoring

DRM Paradigm (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995)

Theme Words

Schizophrenia

Cryptomnesia

Memory Failures

DRM again

Loftus & Pickrell (1995)

Wade et al. (2002)

Slate (online magazine)

Innocence Project

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Making Lasting Memory

Consolidation and reconsolidation W. Estes’s perturbation model

Electroconvulsive shock and ECT

Vulnerability of new and recently accessed memories

transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

Temporarily increases excitability, increases recall

Know Thyself

Metamemory Tip-of-the-tongue

Feelings of Knowing

Judgments of Learning

20 ♂ 20 ♀

STUDY

PAIRED-

ASSOCIATES

TEST

RTs to DK response

GENDER TEST40 WORD PAIRS

TEST 1 TEST 2

IV: Instructions to learn Gender

THE BRAIN

Semantic Memory

Sensory vs. Association Cortices

Specificity of Encoding Peanut vs. Banana (Thorpe, Rolls, & Maddison, 1983)

Steve Carell, Whoopie Goldberg, and Bill Clinton

Quiroga et al. (2005)

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Semantic Memory

Extrastriate Body Area (EBA)

Right lateral occitpital cortex (Downing et al., 2001)

Medial Temporal Lobes

H.M. (surgery) & E.P. (viral encephalitis) Anterograde vs. Retrograde Amnesia

Necessity of Hippocampus

…to Semantic memory?

Moderate vs. Severe damage to MTL Including damage to parahippocampal and perirhinal

Categorization using a prototype (Reed et al., 1999)

Parahippocampal area may provide spatial context

Parahippocampal place area

Observing Hippocampi in Action

Subsequent Memory Paradigm (Wagner et al., 1998)

Greater activity in left hippocampus and left PFC for incidentally encoded words that were later recalled.

LOP Effects

False Memories

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Hippos and Cortices

Consolidation and the Ribot gradient (1882)

Standard Consolidation Theory vs. Multiple Trace Theory Predictions: Equal vs. Less Hippo activity for distant memories.

Frontal Cortex

Remember the subsequent memory effects

Deciding what to remember Directing encoding vs. Directing forgetting

Confabulation in frontal patients

Other Important Structures

Basal Forebrain Nucleus Basalis & Medial Septal Nuclei

Anterior communicating artery aneurysm (ACoA) results in anterograde amnesia

Neuromodulators: GABA & acetylcholine

Affect hippocampus via fornix

Damage to fornix

Confabulation and source monitoring

Diencephalon Mamillary Bodies & Mediodorsal Nucleus

of Thalamus

Korsakoff’s disease & thiamine

Temporally graded retrograde amnesia

May affect interaction of frontal cortex and hippocampus

Other Amnesias

Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) Concussions

Sex and other physically strenuous activities

Typically brief (loss of blood flow to hippocampus)

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Other Amnesias

Functional Amnesia As opposed to Organic Amnesia

Dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue.

EXTREMELY RARE

Schacter & P.N.’s amnesia following death of grandfather Identity loss but semantic memories intact.

Faking?

PET Scan

Abnormal activity in MTL and Diencephalon

fMRI

Akin to directed forgetting in PFC