EOSC 112: THE FLUID EARTH
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Transcript of EOSC 112: THE FLUID EARTH
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EOSC 112 lecture Atm-5 1
EOSC 112: THE FLUID EARTH TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL
Atm4 Read: Kump et al. Chap.4, p. 68-80Check: Rev. Ques. 1-6, 12; Problem: 2
Why do weather / climate vary around the globe?Why is the response to a global climate
perturbation not necessarily uniform around the globe?
Objectives:1.To describe the global distribution of T and
rainfall;2.To describe the hydrological cycle.
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EOSC 112 lecture Atm-5 2
1. Mean air temperature at sea level (January)
•Wind patterns affect distribution of T (e.g. wave-like aspect of isotherms)
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EOSC 112 lecture Atm-5 3
Mean air temperature at sea level (July)
•Cool Californian Current => cools adjacent land•Hottest regions at ~20°-30° (not at Eq.)
•High P, subsiding air, clear sky, low humidity => hot deserts
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EOSC 112 lecture Atm-5 4
Annual T range
•Largest T range over land.
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EOSC 112 lecture Atm-5 5
Temp. records
•High T records:
•World: El Azizia, Libya (32°N) 58°C, in 1922
•Western Hem.: Death Valley, CA (36°N) 57°C
•Canada: Midale, SK (49°N) 45°C
•Low T record:
•World: Vostok, Antarctica (78°S) -89°C, 1983
•N.Hem.: Verkhoyansk, Russia (67°N) -68°C
•N.America: Snag, Yukon (62°N) -63°C.
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EOSC 112 lecture Atm-5 6
Mean annual precipitation
•Driest regions near 30° and poles: high P, subsiding air.
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EOSC 112 lecture Atm-5 7
Meridional cells & precipitation
•Northward shift of cells during summer & southward shift during winter => precip. changes
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EOSC 112 lecture Atm-5 8
Additional comments
•Dry “rain shadow” past mountain ranges
•e.g. east of Rockies, Andes
•Interior of continents far from oceans: drier
•Cold coastal currents => less evaporation & cool air => less convection & precipitation over adjacent land.
•e.g. Baja California in Mexico, or
•Namib Desert along SW Africa.
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EOSC 112 lecture Atm-5 9
2. Hydrological Cycle
•Water: 97.5% in ocean,2.5% on land, 0.001% in
atmosphere•Water on land:
•3/4 in polar ice sheets.
•Greenland ice sheet melted => 6m global sea level (SL) rise
•Antarctic ice sheet melted => 60m SL rise
•Some in glaciers, ground water•< 1% in lakes, rivers, soils.
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EOSC 112 lecture Atm-5 10