EOH3202 Occupational Health 2 nd meeting for Sem I 2015/2016 Dr. Emilia Zainal Abidin, PhD or

EOH3202 Occupational Health

2nd meeting for Sem I 2015/2016

Dr. Emilia Zainal Abidin, [email protected] or [email protected]

(response time < 24 hours)Office: 03 8947 264314 November 2015

PJJ Bac Sc. Human Resource Dev 2nd Semester 2nd Meeting

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Emilia Zainal Abidin

Do you see these at your workplace?Let us think for a few minutes…

Identify the missing control in relation with the observed hazard

Give suggestion on what control supposed to be there by considering the hazard prevention methodology

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Were there any problems we need to discuss today?Module – everyone has a copy?Assignments OK so far?Yet to receive 9 assignments….5% of marks

Questions on Individual Assignment A?


1. Describe the 4 objectives of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 Malaysia.

2. Compare and describe the differences between the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and the Factory and Machinery Act 1967.

3. What are the steps that can be taken for the prevention and protection of heat stress among workers working in the construction industry?

4. What are the main functions of Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Malaysia?

5. Explain the noise regulation being used in Malaysia. Using the hierarchy of control, explain how noise is controlled at the workplace.


Assignment A cont. 6. Please describe the steps to control dust exposure

in a construction site.7. Please explain the roles of professionals in the field

of occupational health.8. Define the term ergonomic, physical, biological,

chemical and psychosocial hazard. Give examples for each of the hazard.

9. Define radiation. Discuss two types of radiation by giving appropriate examples.

10. What are the four basic steps in identifying hazards?

11. Discuss how Malaysian migrant workers are compensated for occupational injuries or accidents.


Assignment A cont. 12. Explain 3 major incidents which occurred

globally and in Malaysia that lead to the establishment of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994.

13. Identify a minimum of 7 regulations under the Factory and Machinery Act 1967.

14. What are the health effects of the exposure to solvents?

15. List the occupations or tasks related to lead exposure. Explain the route of exposure to lead and explain the regulation related to lead exposure in Malaysia.


Questions on Individual Assignment B?1. Identify the impact of sickness absence to the employee and

employer. 2. Explain the mechanism by which organophosphate poisoning

occurs. Include 2 diagrams to describe normal muscle function and muscle function with neurotoxic agent.

3. Pesticides are categorised into different groups. Explain the classification of pesticides. Give the steps in control and management of pesticide exposure in a paddy farming agricultural setting.

4. What are the responsibilities of the Safety and Health Officer as gazetted in the Occupational Safety And Health act 1994?

5. Use and Standard of Exposure to Chemicals Hazardous to Health Regulations 2000 requires workers being exposed to pesticides to undergo medical surveillance at regular intervals. True/False


Assignment B cont. 6. Using the hierarchy of control concept, explain how a safety

and health manager could manage psychosocial hazard related at the workplace.

7. Why personal protective equipment is considered as a “last resort” for use in the hierarchy of control to protect workers from hazardous substances?

8. Define occupational stress and list common occupational stressors. List the diseases associated with occupational stress and as a manager of human resource, please describe the management of occupational stress.

9. Describe the group of workers at risk for biological hazard exposure. Elaborate on the classification of infective microorganism by risk group.

10. Define and describe Material Safety Data Sheet or Chemical Safety Data Sheet.


Assignment B cont. 11. Describe the different work compensation

scheme available in Malaysia for private employees, civil servants and foreign workers.

12. Define biological monitoring. Describe the role of biological monitoring and describe how biological monitoring is done.

13. Please define what sexual harassment is and please describe the different forms of sexual harassment that might occur at the workplace.

14. What should be included in Medical Emergency Response Plan? What are the elements of Emergency Response Plan?

15. What is the required number of first aider in a workplace? What is the content of a First Aid Box?


Your Recent Mid-Semester Examination Chapter 1 to 11 from module 2.30 hours examination 40 objectives 5 out of 7 short answer questions How well did you do? Comments or feedback to improve the type of

questions a._____________________________________________ b._____________________________________________ c._____________________________________________


Our Coming Final Exam in December 2015 Chapter 12 to 22 2.00 hours? 50 objectives? 5/8 short answer questions? Any requests?


Responsibility to protect the safety health and welfare of workers and visitors Duties of an Employer – OSH Act, Act 514, 1994 Section 15 –

19 To ensure the safety, health and welfare at work of all his employees

and visitors. To formulate safety and health policy. Extra protection for the

disabled etc. There are seven regulations under OSHA 1994 that enforced by DOSH.

1 Employers’ Safety and Health General Policy Statements (Exception) Regulations, 1995

2 Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards Regulations, 19963 CLASS Regulation 20144 Safety and Health Committee Regulations, 19965 Safety and Health Officer Regulations, 19976 Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemicals Hazardous to Health

Regulations, 20007 Notification of Accident, Dangerous Occurrence, Occupational

Poisoning and Occupational Disease Regulations, 2004

Duties of Employer• Carry out health surveillance programme as required by the assessment report under

USECHH Regulations.• Health surveillance programme shall be conducted during the working hours and the costs

shall be borne by the employer.• Appoint an Occupational Health Doctor, (OHD) to conduct occupational medical

surveillance programme.• Allow and assist the OHD to visit the workplace to investigate and manage occupational

disease and poisoning including access to relevant monitoring and other health related data.

• Co-operate with the OHD in medical removal protection of the worker.

• During the period of medical removal the worker may be allowed to do other work that will not expose him to the hazardous chemical.

• Notify occupational disease and poisoning to DOSH .

• Notify the workers concerned regarding monitoring of exposure levels of chemicals hazardous to health including occupational disease and poisoning.

• Allow the employee access to occupational medical surveillance records.

• Ensure the workplace hygiene is improved, is safe and healthy and does not place the worker at increased risk of material impairment to health from exposure to chemical hazardous to health before allowing the worker to work in the same place so as to ensure the disease or poisoning does not reoccur.

• Record Keeping of diseases and accidents.

• Provide Employee Medical Book.


Duties of Safety and Health Officer as to the SHO Regulations 1997 to advise employer on the safety and health measures; to inspect and determine the safety of work place; to investigate any accident which has happened in the work

place; to assist employer in organizing and implementing OSH

programme; to become secretary to the OSH committee; to assist the committee in any inspection of the work place; to collect, analyze and maintain statistics on any accident,

dangerous occurrence, occupational poisoning and disease which have occurred at the work place;

to assist any officer in carrying out his duty under the Act; to carry out other instruction made by the employer on any

matters pertaining to OSH.


Human Nature….


We need to prevent this…


What is the problem?


GAS WELDING - OXYACETYLENE

OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS

PHYSICAL AGENTSnoise, vibration, radiation,defective illumination,temperature extremes, dusts

CHEMICAL AGENTSSolvents, gases, vapors,fumes, mists, pesticides etc.

LACK OF ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLESexhaustive physical exertions, excessive standing, improper motions, lifting heavy load, job monotony, etc.

BIOLOGICAL AGENTSviruses, bacteria, fungi,parasites, insects, etc.

PSYCHOLOGICALStress, boredom, burnout


Fundamental point! - Occupational health is about identifying hazards and controlling it


Identify the hazard and suggest control methods…


Read Al-Qasas-The Stories? And when he came to the well of Madyan, he found there a crowd of

people watering [their flocks], and he found aside from them two women driving back [their flocks]. He said, "What is your circumstance?" They said, "We do not water until the shepherds dispatch [their flocks]; and our father is an old man.” (28:23)

Then one of the two women came to him walking with shyness. She said, "Indeed, my father invites you that he may reward you for having watered for us." So when he came to him and related to him the story, he said, "Fear not. You have escaped from the wrongdoing people.” (28:25)

“Said one of the (damsels): “O my (dear) father! Engage him on wages: truly the best of men for thee to employ is the (man) who is strong and trust worthy.” (28:26)

He said, "Indeed, I wish to wed you one of these, my two daughters, on [the condition] that you serve me for eight years; but if you complete ten, it will be [as a favor] from you. And I do not wish to put you in difficulty. You will find me, if Allah wills, from among the righteous.” (28:27)

[Moses] said, "That is [established] between me and you. Whichever of the two terms I complete - there is no injustice to me, and Allah , over what we say, is Witness.” (28:28)


What to focus on? Chapter 12: Chemical hazards – Pesticides Based on chapter in module

Classification of pesticides – use?, toxicity, chemical prop.,

Occupational exposures of pesticides Toxic effects from exposure Neurotoxic effect – acetyl cholinesterase

function diagram ?? How to control and manage pesticide use in the

workplace

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Handling pesticide with bare hands

Wear short pants and short sleeves without proper PPE

Agricultural workers Farmers

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No boots and poor work practices

Apply most of the protection but without proper mask


May result in: build-up of acetylcholine cholinesterase inhibition constant firing of electrical messages potential symptoms of:

DUMBELSS-Diarrhoea -Urination-Miosis/Muscle weekness-Excitation of skeleton muscles of CNS-Lacrimation (tears)-Sweating-Salivation

Exposure to Organophosphate pesticide

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5zFgT4aofA




What to focus on? Chapter 13: Bio hazard management Based on lecture notes

What is biohazard? - A substance derived from an organism, that possess a threat to (primarily) human health.

Divided into: Body fluids pathogen – Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa, Parasites Animal – insects, birds Recombinant DNA – genetic engineering, cloning Nano-technology

Classification of infective microorganism by risk group?

References are made to the relative hazards of infective microorganisms by World Health Organization Risk Groups 1, 2, 3 & 4.


Ebola – Group 4

What to focus on?


Chapter 14: Occupational Psychosocial Hazards Based on chapter in module and lecture

Scope of occupational psychosocial hazardsWork-related stressWorkplace violenceBullyingAll types of harassmentWork-life imbalance

Type of psychosocial hazards For example; Violence type III – violence by co-workers

Questionnaires

Psychosocial hazards

Examples from Leka et al. 2003

Job content Lack of variety or short work cycles, fragmented or meaningless work, under use of skills, high uncertainty, continuous exp to people through work

Workload and work pace

Work overload or underload, machine pacing, high level of time pressure, continually subject to deadlines

Work schedule Shift work, night shifts, inflexible work schedules, unpredictable hours and long or unsociable hours

Control Low participation in decision making, lack of control over workload

Environment and equipment

Inadequate equipment, poor environmental conditions such as lack of space, poor lighting, noise

Organisational culture and function

Poor communication, low level of support for problem solving and personal development, lack of definition of organisational objectives

Interpersonal relationship at work

Social or physical isolation, poor relationships with superiors, interpersonal conflict, lack of support, bullying and harassment

Role in organisation

Role ambiguity, role conflict and responsibility of people

Career development

Career stagnation and uncertainty, under promotion or over promotion, poor pay, job insecurity, low social value to work

Home-work interface

Conflicting demands of work and home, low support at home, dual career problems


Work environment

Conceptual Frame Work of Stress

ACUTE AND CHRONIC EFFECT

1. Physiological 2. Psychological

3. Behavioral

OUTCOMES OF STRESS

OCCUPATIONAL STRESSORS

FAMILY & SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC

STRESSORS

SUPPORT

PERCEIVED STRESS

MODYFYINGVARIABLES

Work load

Time and System Management

Work environment

Organizational relationship

FinancialFamily Conflict

Health status

Home environment

Coping mechanism

Personality

Knowledge Skill Social Interaction

Training

Emotional support


What to focus on? Chapter 15: Prevention and Control principles Based on module

Prevention and control according to the hierarchy of controlEliminationSubstitution Isolation or EnclosureEngineering Controls e.g Local Exhaust

VentilationAdministrative Controls/Safe Work PracticesPersonal Protective Equipment

Effectiveness


Insulated compressor box

In cases where substitution isn’t possible, using water suppression techniques can be very effective in reducing dust generation at source.

Fitting on-tool extraction onto power tools can also be effective. Research carried out by HSE has shown that a well designed system can reduce exposure by as much as 40%.

Wet Dust Suppression SystemsWet dust suppression systems use liquids (usually water) to wet the material so that it has a lower tendency to generate dust. Keeping the material damp immobilizes the dust, and very little material becomes airborne.


What to focus on? Chapter 16: Workers’ compensation Based on the module and half of lecture Work compensation scheme in Malaysia

Private – SOCSO or Perkeso Civil servants – Ex-Gratia Scheme Foreign workers – Insurance from the Workmen

Compensation Act Self-employed – None

SKIM INSURANS BENCANA PEKERJAANBencana pada seseorang

pekerja sendiri disebabkan oleh

kemalangan atau suatu penyakit khidmat terbit daripada dan dalam

masa menjalankan pekerjaan dalam sesuatu

perusahaan.

SKIM PENCEN ILAT

Skim ini memberi perlindungan 24 jam kepada pekerja terhadap keilatan atau kematian akibat sebarang sebab yang tidak berkaitan dengan pekerjaan.

SKIM FAEDAH PERKESO

SKIM PERKESO


Faedah yang disediakan SKIM INSURANS BENCANA

PEKERJAAN Faedah Perubatan Faedah Hilangupaya

Sementara Faedah Hilangupaya Kekal Elaun Layanan Sentiasa Faedah Orang Tanggungan Faedah Pengurusan Mayat Faedah Pemulihan Faedah Pendidikan

SKIM PENCEN ILAT Pencen Ilat Bantuan Ilat Elaun Layanan Sentiasa Pencen Penakat Faedah Pengurusan

Mayat Faedah Pemulihan Faedah Pendidikan


What to focus on? Chapter 17: Biological monitoring Based on the module and notes

What is biological monitoring Biological monitoring is the measurement of a

substance or its metabolite in biological material in order to provide a quantitative estimate of its uptake into the body by all routes of exposures

What are the objectives of biological monitoring? To ensure that current or past exposure of worker is

not harmful to his/her health by detecting potential excessive exposure before overt adverse health effects occur


Exposure

Internal dose

Adverseeffects

Ambient monitoring

Biological monitoring Biological effect monitoring

*Adapted from Cassarett & Doull’s Toxicology 5th Edition, ed. Klassen CD pp995. McGraw Hill, 1995

Exposure, absorption and effects*Ukur pendedahan

di persekitaran contoh: ukur debu atau bunyi bising di persekitaran selama 8 jam

Ukur dos yang diserap dalam badan pekerja (bentuk tidak

berubah) contoh: ukur plumbum dalam darah Ukur kesan

perubahan yang berlaku

dari dos terdedah

contoh: ukur Cholinesterase enzyme akibat organofosfat


What to focus on? Chapter 18: Stress and Violence and the workplace Based on the module and lecture

Definition Scope and characteristics Any action, incident or behaviour that departs from

reasonable conduct in which a person is assaulted, threatened, harmed, injured in the course of, or as a direct result 1 of, his or her work. Internal workplace violence

is that which takes place between workers, including managers and supervisors.

External workplace violence is that which takes place between workers (and managers and

supervisors) and any other person present at the workplace.


What to focus on? Chapter 19: Cause and effect of sick leave Based on the module and lecture

What is sick leave? The benefit of sick leave

Human right Protect the worker Cost of losing an employee

is greater than the cost of providing sick days to retain existing employees


Absenteeism in business case

Sources: WHO (2010). WHO Healthy Workplace Framework and Model: Background and Supporting Literature and Practices.

Unhealthy and unsafe workplace

AbsenteeismShort and long term

disabilityHealth insurance

Increased cost, decreased

productivity, decreased quality of product, fines,

imprisonment

Workers compensation and claimsTurnover

Union grievance

Increased cost, decreased productivity, decreased quality of product, fines,

imprisonment

Accidents and injuriesWork related illnessJob dissatisfaction

Lack of job commitmentDepressionViolence

Work related stress

Unhealthy personnel behaviour which will bring to non communicable disease

Heavy Smoking and drinking drugs

Increased cost, decreased productivity, decreased quality of product, fines,

imprisonment

Business failure!


Example: Tools for tackling short term absence• Rigorous notification procedure

• Return to work interviews• Should all short term absences be counted?• Medical evidence?• Withholding sick pay• Employee health initiatives


Example: Tools for tackling long term absence• Keep in touch

• Early intervention 4-6 weeks• Consider temporary adjustments• Be proactive in asking for medical advice

• Preferably Occupational Health Practitioner


What to focus on? Chapter 20: Water and Air Decompression Based on the module and lecture

Gas laws – Boyle and Henry Hyperbaric work environment (kerja di

persekitaran bertekanan udara tinggi) The effects of hyperbaric work

environments Decompression sickness and other

symptoms – kesan seperti bends

Tidak masuk exam

Boyle’s Law The mechanical responses to changes in pressure are in

accordance with Boyle's Law, which states that a volume of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure to which it is subjected, temperature remaining constant.

Tidak masuk exam

Henry’s Law The amount of gas in solution is proportional

to the partial pressure of that gas over the solution

As the pressure of the gas above a solution increases, the amount of that gas dissolved in the solution increases

Reverse is also true, as the pressure of the gas above a solution decreases, the amount of gas dissolved in the solution decreases and forms a “bubble” of gas within the solution

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Henry’s Law Illustration

Low pressure equilibriumLow concentration

Double the pressure equilibriumDouble the concentration

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How does the increased pressure at depth affect gas in the body?

The increased pressure of each gas component at depth means that more of each gas will dissolve into the blood and body tissues, a physical effect predicted by Henry's Law

Inhaled gases are in close contact with blood entering the lungs

Hence, the greater the pressure of any inhaled gas, the more that gas will diffuse into the blood.

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Example of Symptoms of decompression sickness Bends -

DCS Type Bubble Location Signs & Symptoms (Clinical Manifestations)

BENDS

Mostly large joints of the body(elbows, shoulders, hip,wrists, knees, ankles)

Localized deep pain, ranging from mild (a "niggle") to excruciating. Sometimes a dull ache, but rarely a sharp pain.

Active and passive motion of the joint aggravates the pain.

The pain may be reduced by bending the joint to find a more comfortable position.

If caused by altitude, pain can occur immediately or up to many hours later.

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What to focus on? Chapter 21: Emergency Response Plan (ERP) and First Aid Based on the module ERP should include

Procedures Emergency medical equipment Internal and external contact and support Management of injury and triage Evacuation plan Training to those involved Local facilities Give knowledge to all workers

Elements of ERP – evacuation plan, area custodian/damage control team, fire brigade, emergency medical facility

What is in First Aid Box?


What to focus on? Chapter 22: Risk Communication Based on module

Definition of risk communication Primary goals of risk communication Risk communication strategies Principles of risk communication

Tidak masuk exam


Extra topic: Sick Building SyndromeFactors that influence IAQ

Sources of pollutants or odoursMaintenance & operation of building ventilation systemMoisture & humidityOccupant perception and susceptibility

Maintaining Indoor Air QualityControl source of pollutantClean the air

Mechanical filter

Electronic filter: remove air borne particles

Provide adequate ventilation


Thank you.Any questions?

EOH3202 Occupational Health 2 nd meeting for Sem I 2015/2016 Dr. Emilia Zainal Abidin, PhD or

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