EOC PRACTICE QUESTIONS #2. Bio 3.1 - Explain how traits are determined by the structure and function...
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![Page 1: EOC PRACTICE QUESTIONS #2. Bio 3.1 - Explain how traits are determined by the structure and function of DNA.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649c885503460f9494012b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
EOC PRACTICE QUESTIONS #2
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Bio 3.1 - Explain how traits are determined by the structure and function of DNA.
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DNA and RNA are both made up of _______________which contain a __________,___________, and a__________________.
• Nucleotides• 5-Carbon Sugar• phosphate group• nitrogen base
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The sugar in DNA is _________ and in RNA is ____________.
• Deoxyribose• Ribose
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The bases in DNA are:
• Adenine• Thymine • Guanine • Cytosine
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The bases in RNA:
• Adenine • Uracil • Guanine • Cytosine
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DNA shape is a ___________(twisted ladder)
• double helix
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RNA shape is:
• single stranded
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RNA has 3 forms:- Carries the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosome ______.- Carries the amino acid from the cytoplasm to the ribosome ______. - Place where the amino acids are put
together to make a protein. ________.
• messenger-RNA (M-RNA)• transfer-RNA (T-RNA)• ribosomal-RNA (R-RNA)
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Chromosomes in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells contain ___________and _____________.
• nucleic acids• protein
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DNA is the genetic information in the nucleus that codes for the production of ______________.
• proteins
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DNA Replication (Copy, Synthesize, Duplicate, Complimentary Base Pairs) occurs in the ___________,
• nucleus
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The weak bond that holds together the complimentary base pairs in DNA are ____________________.
• hydrogen bonds
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Replicated DNA contains one old strand that serves as a template and one new strand making it _______________.
• semiconservative
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Replication must occur prior to any type of cell division so that each daughter cell has a __________ to run the cell.
• copy of DNA
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The stage of the cell cycle that DNA is replicated in is the _______ of _______.
• S-phase• Interphase
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The process that converts the DNA code into messenger RNA so that it can leave the _____is called ________.
• nucleus• transcription
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The process the converts messenger RNA into a protein is called _________ and occurs at the _____________.
• Translation• ribosome
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Name the process, then tell where the process takes place.
ReplicationNucleus
TranscriptionNucleus
TranslationRibosome
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A series of three nitrogen bases on messenger RNA is called a ______.
• codon
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A series of three nitrogen bases on transfer RNA is called an _______.
• anticodon
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Replicate TCC-AGT-TAG
• AGG-TCA-ATC
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Transcribe TCC-AGT-TAG into mRNA.
• AGG-UCA-AUC
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Translate the mRNA into a protein - AGG-UCA-AUC
Arginine-Serine-Isoleucine
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If the anticodon on T-RNA reads UGC, what amino acid does it code for?
• ACG • Threonine
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A random change in a DNA sequence is called a ______________.
• mutation
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Radiation, radon, asbestos, chemicals are all ______________.
• mutagens
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There are two types of mutations: _______ and ___________.
• Point• Frame shift
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True or False - Most mutations are harmful.
• False
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Identify the following types of frame shift mutations by labeling them as inversion, deletion, duplication or translocation.
• Original DNA Sequence – ABCDEF
• ADEF • ABCXYZ
• AEDCBF
• ABBCDEF
Deletion
Translocation
Inversion
Duplication
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Bio.1.2.2 - Analyze how cells grow and reproduce in terms of interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis.
Bio.3.2.1 - Explain the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction and genetic variation.
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Cells must divide due to __________ratio and lack of ____to tell the cell what to do.
• surface area to volume• DNA
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Cells have to divide to allow an organism to: _____, _____ injuries, and ______.
• Grow• Repair • Reproduce
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Part of the cell cycle where the cell spends the majority of its life cycle growing and synthesizing DNA is _________.
• Interphase
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The stages in mitosis are : ________
• PMAT• Prophase• Metaphase• Anaphase• Telophase
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Label the diagrams below.
• A. Telophase • B. Metaphase • C. Prophase• D. Anaphase
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This is when the nucleus divides: ____
• Mitosis
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The division of the cytoplasm is called _____________.
• cytokinesis
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In plant cells a ___________forms during cytokinesis for the cell wall to develop. In animal cells a ___________forms.
• cell plate• cleavage furrow
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Type of division that makes haploid cells ____________.
• Meiosis
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Type of division the makes diploid cells ___________.
• Mitosis
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Type of division that occurs in somatic or body cells ___________.
• Mitosis
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Type of division that occurs to form gametes _________.
• Meiosis
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Type of division that makes 4 daughter cells ____________.
• Meiosis
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Type of division that makes 2 daughter cells __________.
• Mitosis
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Type of division that has two divisions ___________.
• Meiosis
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Type of division that is one division ____________.
• Mitosis
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Type of division that is asexual ______.
• Mitosis
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Type of division that is sexual ______.
• Meiosis
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Type of cell division that is does not allow for variation _______.
• Mitosis
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Type of cell division that allows for variation _________.
• Meiosis
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___________and _____________allow for genetic variation.
• Crossing over• fertilization
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Name the processes below.
Mitosis
Meiosis
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____________and __________ cause changes in DNA
• Gene Shuffling (crossing over and fertilization)
• mutations
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Human gametes contain __________chromosomes.
• 23 (22X or 22Y)
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Human somatic cells contain_________ chromosomes.
• 46 (44XX or 44XY)
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Type of cell in the human that undergoes the most rapid mitosis is _________.
• skin
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The __________ holds sister chromatids together when DNA replicates during the S-phase of interphase.
• centromere
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Label the following types of asexual reproduction.
Binary Fission
Vegetative Propagation
Regeneration
•Sporulation
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Chromosomes that are the same length, centromere is in the same location, and the same traits are called _______________.
• homologous pairs
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These pairs line up during synapsis of prophase 1 of meiosis and gene shuffling occurs in the process called ______________.
• crossing over
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If a corn anther contains 20 chromosomes in the cells, how many chromosomes will the pollen cell have?
• 10
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_________is the process in which the gametes unite forming a ________.
• Fertilization• zygote
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Label the stages of human development below
Gastrula (differentiation)
Fertilization Zygote Cleavage due to Mitosis
Blastula (stem)
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This is a diagram of __________.
crossing over during meiosis
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Gametogenesis in a male is called ______. It occurs in the _________. ______sperm are produced.
• Spermatogenesis• Testes• 4
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Gametogenesis in a female is called _________. It occurs in the ________. ____________are produced.
• Oogenesis• Ovaries• 1 egg and 3 polar bodies
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Bio.3.2.2 Predict offspring ratios based on a variety of inheritance patterns (including dominance, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked traits).
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The transmission of genes from parent to offspring is called _________.
• heredity
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A unit of hereditary information is called a __________.
• gene
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Different forms of a gene are called ___________.
• alleles
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Two of the same alleles is called _______________.
• homozygous or pure
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Two different alleles is called _____.
• heterozygous or hybrid
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The bossy allele that always shows itself and masks the other alleles is __________.
• Dominance
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The quiet allele that only shows itself when paired with itself is the _______.
• Recessive
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An organisms genetic make-up (actual genes) is its ______________.
• genotype
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An organisms physical characteristics are its _______________.
• phenotype
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Results in a phenotype where the two dominant alleles show up equally ____________.
• codominance
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Results in a blended phenotype _____.
• incomplete dominance
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Cross used to determine the genotype for a known phenotype ________.
• test cross
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Type of organism always used in a test cross because it has a known genotype and phenotype.
• homozygous recessive
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How can two organisms have the same phenotype yet different genotypes?
• One is homozygous dominant and one is heterozygous
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Mendel’s principle that the alleles separate during meiosis _______.
• Principle of Segregation
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Mendel’s principle that the bossy gene always wins
• Principle of Dominance
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Mendel’s principle that the alleles separate independently of each other
• Principle of Independent Assortment
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Cross involving one trait
• monohybrid
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Cross involving two traits
• dihybrid
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The likelihood an event will occur is called ______________.
• probability
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Probability (is / is not) based on prior events.
• is not
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The Probability that a woman will have three boys in a row is ________.
• ½ x ½ x ½ = 1/8
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Tall is dominant over short in pea plants. Cross two hybrid plants. What is the genotypic ratio? What is the phenotypic ratio?
• 1:2:1 • 3:1
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Short tails (S) are dominant to long tails (s). Brown hair (B) is dominant to White hair (b). What is the unknown parent’s genotype for the cross below?
• SsBb
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For the cross below, how many of the offspring will be Short tailed and Brown?
9/16
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For cross below, how many of the offspring will be Short tailed and white?
3/16
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For cross below, how many of the offspring will be Long tailed and Brown?
3/16
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For cross below, how many of the offspring will be Long tailed and White?
1/16
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That makes the phenotypic ratio for this cross ______________.
9:3:3:1
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In camellias there are red flowers, white flowers and red and white flowers. Is this an example of incomplete or codominance?
• Codominance
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Cross a heterozygous red and white flower with a white flower and give the genotypic and phenotypic outcomes
• genotype 50% RR’ and 50% R’R’• phenotype 50%Red and White and 50% White
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In snapdragons there are red flowers, white flowers and pink flowers. Is this an example of incomplete or codominance?
• Incomplete Dominance
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Cross two heterozygous flowers and give the genotypic and phenotypic outcomes
• Genotypic ratio 1:2:1• phenotypic ratio 1:2:1
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A dog with black fur (B) produces a litter of puppies in which 50% of the puppies are black and 50% are white (b). What is the genotype of the parent ?
Bb
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List the genotypes and phenotypes of blood types
• Phenotypes
• A• B• AB• O
•Genotypes•IAIA, IAi
•IBIB, IBi
•IAIB
•ii
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Is it possible for a mom with blood type A and a dad with blood type B to have a child with O blood? ____How?
YesIAi x IBi
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Cross a type A mother whose mother had O blood with a father that has AB blood. Give the possible phenotypic outcomes.
• 50%A• 25%B• 25%AB
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A trait that shows up only on the sex chromosomes is considered to be
• sex-linked
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Two sex-linked diseases are
• Colorblindness • Hemophilia
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The sex chromosomes of a female are _____and a male are _____.
• XX• XY
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______inherit sex-linked traits most often. They get them from their _____.
• Sons• Moms
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Cross a colorblind female with a normal male. What is the probability the offspring will be colorblind?
• 50% of the offspring, 100% of the boys
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Is it possible for a carrier female to have a daughter that is color blind? _____ If so how?
• Yes• The father must be colorblind
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A family tree is called a ________.
• pedigree
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The symbol for a male is a _____ and for a female is a _______.
• Square• circle
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If they have the disease the symbol is _________.
• colored in
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What are the genotypes for each of the people on these pedigrees?
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Which would represent colorblindness or hemophilia?
Sex-linked recessive
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Which would represent sickle cell or cystic fibrosis?
Autosomal Recessive
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Which would represent Huntington’s disease or Achondroplasia?
Autosomal Dominant
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The diagram below is called a _____. It is a picture of ________. The person in the diagram below is a Male/Female.
• Karyotype• homologous pairs• Female
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The person has the genetic disorder _________ , also called _________. This is caused by the failure of chromosomes to separate correctly which is called _____.
Down’s SyndromeTrisomy 21nondisjunction
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Genetic disorder characterized by abnormal shape of red blood cell that make them unable to carry oxygen is ______. People who are heterozygous are immune to the mosquito carrying disease called ______________.• sickle cell anemia• malaria
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Genetic disorder that leads to the buildup of a thick mucus in the lungs is _____.
• cystic fibrosis
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Skin color, eye color, height are determined by many genes and are called _________ traits. The phenotype that shows up more frequently are blended.
• polygenic
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Which diagram represents fertilization that will develop into a normal female zygote?
• 1
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____________determined all sequence of all the alleles in humans.
• Human Genome Project
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_________is the process of making changes in the DNA code of organisms.
• Genetic Engineering
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A circular piece of DNA found in bacteria is called a _________.
• plasmid
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The combination of genetic material from 2 or more organisms is called ________.
• recombinant DNA - rDNA
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__________cut the DNA at the same sequence on different strands of DNA.
• Restriction enzymes
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_________puts the two new pieces back together.
• DNA ligase
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This technology is used to make ______and ________.
• Insulin human • growth hormone• Bt corn• Clotting factor• Drought and insect resistant crops
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Bacteria are used in genetic engineering because they reproduce ________ (no variation) and _______. The DNA is then transcribed and translated producing the __________.
• Asexually• Rapidly• protein
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Organisms that have genes from another organism are called ______. BT corn is an example.
• transgenic organism
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The below is a picture of ________.
recombinant DNA (r-DNA)
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The diagram below is called _______.
Who are the soldiers parents?
C&D
Gel Electrophoresis or DNA Fingerprinting
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Fruits and vegetable with longer shelf lives and cows producing more milk are examples of
• Selective breeding or artificial selection• Genetic Engineering
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The _________ makes many copies of a DNA sequence in a short amount of time
• polymerase chain reaction
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_____________inserts normal gene sequences through inhalers into people with diseases like cystic fibrosis so that correct protein sequences may be produced.
• Gene therapy