Enzymes Mrs: Jackie. Enzymes A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in the body by...
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Transcript of Enzymes Mrs: Jackie. Enzymes A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in the body by...
Enzymes
• A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in the body by lowering the energy needed in the reaction
• Globular proteins are folded , enabling the enzyme to have an active site
The enzyme active site• Chemical reactions
occurs in the active site• Specific to its substrate
forming an enzyme-substrate complex
• Lock and key model- each enzyme can catalyzed a reaction of one specific substrate.
Enzyme active site• Lock and Key– Substrate and
enzyme lock precesily into each other
– A reaction takes place and the products formed
– The enzyme comes out unaffected and can be reused.
Induce fit model of enzyme action
• Hypothesizes that:– The active site of the enzyme is not a rigid pocket
for the substrate to fit in, but as the substrate enters the active site, it induces the enzyme to change its shape in a way that fits the substrate more tightly.
– This explain why some enzymes can catalyse the reaction of more than one substrate
Enzyme action and the activation energy
• For a reaction to start it needs activation energy
• Exergonic reaction- products contain lower amount of energy than the reactants-energy is released
Enzyme action and the activation energy
• Endergonic reaction- products have more energy than the reactants and thus energy is absorbed by the reactants to formed the products
Examples of enzymes catalyzed reactions
• Reactions in the small intestine– Starch + AMYLASE maltose units– Maltose + MALTASE glucose + glucose– Lactose + LACTASE glucose + galactose– Sucrose + SUCRASE glucose + fructose
– All these reactions required water these are _____ reactions.
Examples of enzymes catalyzed reactions
• In red blood cells– Carbon dioxide + water + carbonic anhydrase
carbonic acidThe enzymes facilitates gaseous exchange
• In the cells of organisms breaking of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water– Hydrogen peroxide + catalase oxygen +water
Factors affecting enzyme activity
• Temperature– The faster the temperature the faster is the
movement of molecules of enzyme and substrate and the higher the chances of collision between them.
– Enzyme activity increases as temperature increases. It doubles every 10 degrees increased in temp.
– At 40-45 degrees is the optimum temperature. Above this temperature the enzyme will denature
Factors affecting enzyme activity
• Temperature continues– At a temperature of 0 enzymes are inactive but
not denature. They can become active by increasing the temperature.
– Inactivation by freezing is reversible but not by high temperatures.
– Some enzymes resist extreme temperatures such as bacteria living in icy habitats in the Antarctics
Factors affecting enzyme activity
• pH– Most enzymes work best at neutral pH– Digestive enzymes like pepsin work best on an
acidic pH. – Extreme pH changes may denature the enzyme by
changing the shape of the active site due the breaking of hydrogen bonds resposible of the tertiary structure of enzymes
Factors affecting enzyme activity
• Substrate concentration– As the substrate concentration increases, the rate
of enzyme catalyzed reactions increases due to the formation of more substrate-enzyme complex.
– This is because the enzyme concentration is limited and it becomes a limiting factor
– All active sites of the enzyme become occupied by the substrate.
– If more enzymes are added the rate of the reaction will increase.
Enzyme inhibitors
• Competitive inhibitors– Substances very similar in their structure to the
substrate so they compete with it on the active site– No reaction takes place but it slower the reaction– Normal process needed for controling enzymatic
reactions– Example
• MALONATE similar to the substrate succinate used in krebs cycle compete in the active site of dehydrogenase
• The rate of the reaction depends on the concentration of the substrate
Enzyme inhibitors
• Non competitive inhibitors– Carried out by substaces that are not similar to
the substrate, and so they do not compete with the substrate in the active site of the enzyme.
– They stick to another site of the enzyme.– Allosteric inhibitors- bind to the site of the
enzyme called the allosteric site. Alters the shape of the enzyme and a conformational change in its active site .• Examples Hg+2, Ag+,Cu2+, Sarin (nerve gas)
Enzyme inhibitors
• Feedback inhibition– The end product
inhibits an enzyme at the start of the metabolic pathway.
– Binds to the allosteric part of the enzyme
– Example • Inhibition of
phosphofructokinase by ATP
Irreversible inhibitors
• Most are poisonous substances that enters the environment from the surrounding sites.
• Interfere with the binding site of the enzyme causinf the reaction to stop.
• Mercury, silver cyanide, nerve gas.– Cyanide inhibits cytochrome oxidase involve in aerobic
respiration in the mitochondria causing suffocation– Lead- binds to the sulphur part of the enzyme breaking
S-S linkages . Can be reverse by treatment
Irreversible inhibitors
– DDT- pesticide used in the past. Caused inhibition of certain enzymes from the nervous system.
Irreversible inhibitors such as antibiotics are helpful.Penicillin inhibits some bacterial enzymes needed
for building cell walls stopping bacterial growth and reproduction.