Enzymes 2 nd Year Nutrition By Eman Mokbel Alissa, Ph.D.
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Transcript of Enzymes 2 nd Year Nutrition By Eman Mokbel Alissa, Ph.D.
![Page 1: Enzymes 2 nd Year Nutrition By Eman Mokbel Alissa, Ph.D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649f525503460f94c75643/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Enzymes 2nd Year Nutrition
By
Eman Mokbel Alissa, Ph.D.Eman Mokbel Alissa, Ph.D.
![Page 2: Enzymes 2 nd Year Nutrition By Eman Mokbel Alissa, Ph.D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649f525503460f94c75643/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Lecture (1): Lecture Content
• Enzyme definition
• Nomenclature
• Classification
• Coenzymes
• Properties
• 2 hypothesis of enzyme specificity
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Lecture (2): Lecture Content
• Mechanism of enzyme action
• Mechanism of enzyme catalysis
• The Enzyme Substrate Complex
• Factors Affecting Reaction Velocity
• Enzymes Kinetics
• Michaelis-Menten equation
• Linweaver-plot
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Lecture (3): Lecture Content
• Enzymes Inhibitors:
–Reversible and irreversible
–Competitive and noncompetitive
• Medical relevance of enzyme Inhibitors
• Antibiotics
• Enzymes Clinical Application
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Lecture (4): Lecture Content
• Allosteric enzymes• Allosterism vs. Cooperativity• Allosteric Enzymes Kinetics• Feed back inhibition• Homotropic and Heterotropic effectors• Enzyme Activity Regulation• Enzyme measurements• Plasma Enzymes• Serum enzymes in Diagnosis• Isozymes
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Amino Acids Amino Acids MetabolismMetabolism
2nd Year Nutrition
By
Eman Mokbel Alissa, Ph.D.Eman Mokbel Alissa, Ph.D.
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Lecture (1) content
• amino acids in anabolic pathways• amino acids degradation• Carbon skeleton of amino acids• amino acids Pool • Inter-tissue Relationships in amino acids
Metabolism• Protein Turnover• Nitrogen balance• Digestion, Absorption and Transport
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Lecture (2) content• Relationship to central metabolism• Nitrogen disposal
1. amino acids oxidases2. Transamination (aminotransferases/ transaminases)3. Glutamate dehydrogenase (amino acids oxidative
deamination)• Ammonia transport to liver
1. Glutamine cycle2. Glucose- Alanine cycle
• Urea Cycle– Regulation of urea cycle– Link between urea cycle and TCA cycle
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Lecture (3) content
• Sources and Fates of Ammonia
• Hyperammonemia
• Essential and nonessential amino acids
• Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids
• Synthesis and degradation in fasting and fed states
• Nonessential amino acids synthesis
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Lecture (4) content
• Catabolism of carbon skeleton of amino acids
• Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)
• Role of folic acid in a a metabolism
• S-adenosyl methionine (SAM)
• Metabolism of branched chain amino acids
• Clinical relevance
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Lecture (5) content
• Metabolic defects in a a metabolism
1. Phenylketonuria 2. Maple syrup
urine disease 3. Albinism 4. Homocystinuria 5. Alkaptonuria
• A A conversion to specialized products
1. Porphyrins
2. Catecholamines
3. γ-aminobutyrate
4. Glutathione
5. Creatine
6. Histamine
7. Serotonin
8. Melanin
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Hormonal ControlHormonal Control 2nd Year Nutrition
By
Eman Mokbel Alissa, Ph.D.Eman Mokbel Alissa, Ph.D.
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Lecture (1) content• Endocrine system• Cell to cell signaling • Feedback loops• Endocrine axis• Factors controlling hormone secretion• Assessment of endocrine control• Hormones Structure • Chemical nature• Signal transduction
– Hydrophobic hormones– Hydrophilic hormones
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Lecture (2) content
• Overview
• Insulin
– Structure
– Synthesis
– Metabolic effects
– Mechanism of action
– Time course of insulin actions
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Lecture (3) content
• Glucagon
– Metabolic effects
– Mechanism of action
• Epinephrine
– Metabolic effects
– Mechanism of action
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Metabolic IntegrationMetabolic Integration22ndnd Year Nutrition Year Nutrition
By
Eman Mokbel Alissa, Ph.D.Eman Mokbel Alissa, Ph.D.
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Lecture (1) content
• Major metabolic pathways
• Hormonal control• Fuel metabolism• Control of intermediates
flow through metabolic pathways
• Absorptive state• Liver
– CHO metabolism – Fat metabolism– A A metabolism
• Adipose tissue – CHO metabolism– Fat metabolism
• Resting skeletal muscle – CHO metabolism– Fat metabolism– A A metabolism
• Brain – CHO metabolism– Fat metabolism
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Lecture (2) content
• Fasting state• Metabolic fuels• Enzymatic changes in
fasting state• Mechanisms involved
in switching hepaticmetabolism between the well-fed and starved state
• Postabsorptive state • Specialized tissues
• Liver – CHO metabolism– Fat metabolism
• Adipose tissue– CHO metabolism– Fat metabolism
• Resting skeletal muscle– CHO metabolism– Fat metabolism
• Brain– CHO metabolism – Fat metabolism