En.wikipedia.org-Demographics of the Soviet Union

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en.wikipedia.org http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union#Life_expectancy_and_infant_mortality

Demographics of the Soviet Union

Soviet Union

This article is part of a series on thepolitics and government of

the Soviet Union

Leadership[show]

Communist Party[show]

Legislature[show]

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History and politics[show]

Society[show]

According to data from the 1989 Soviet census, the population of the Soviet Union was 70% East Slavs, 12%

Turkic peoples, and all other ethnic groups below 10%. Alongside the atheist majority of 60% there were sizable

minorities of Russian Orthodox followers (approx. 20%) and Muslims (approx. 15%).

Contents

[hide]

Demographic statistics[edit]

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This map shows the 1974 demographic distribution of population

within the Soviet Union.

The following demographic statistics are from the 1990

edition of the CIA World Factbook ,[1] unless otherwise

indicated. (Note: The CIA did not include the Baltic states

in its statistic calculations.)

Population[edit]

Population: 290,938,469 (July 1990)

Population growth rate[edit]

0.7% (1990)

Crude birth rate[edit]

18 births/1,000 population (1990)

Crude death rate[edit]

10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)

Net migration rate[edit]

0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)

Infant mortality rate[edit]

24 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)

Life expectancy at birth[edit]

65 years male, 74 years female (1990)

Total fertility rate[edit]

2.4 children born/woman (1990)

Nationality[edit]

noun - Soviet(s); adjective - Soviet

Literacy[edit]

99.9%

Labor force[edit]

Labor force: 152,300,000 civilians; 80% industry and other nonagricultural fields, 20% agriculture; shortage of

skilled labor (1989)

Organized labor: 98% of workers are union members; all trade unions are organized within the All-Union Central

Council of Trade Unions (AUCCTU) and conduct their work under guidance of the Communist party

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Demographics of Soviet Union, Data of Andreev, E.M., et al.,Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922-1991. Number of inhabitants in

thousands.

Soviet Union population density map 1982

Population[edit]

See also: History of the Soviet Union

The Russian Empire lost territories with about 30 million inhabitants after the Russian

Revolution (Poland 18 mil; Finland 3 mil; Romania 3 mil;

the Baltic states 5 mil and Kars to Turkey 400 thous).World War II losses were estimated between 27-30

million, including an increase in infant mortality of 1.3

million. Total war losses include territories annexed by

Soviet Union in 1939-45.

Although the population growth rate decreased over time,

it remained positive throughout the history of the Soviet

Union in all republics, and the population grew each year

by more than 2 million except during periods of wartime,

collectivisation, and famine.

Date Population

January 1897 (Russian Empire): 125,640,000

1911 (Russian Empire): 167,003,000

January 1920 (Russian SFSR): 137,727,000*

January 1926 : 148,656,000[2]

January 1937: 162,500,000[2]

January 1939: 168,524,000[2]

June 1941: 196,716,000[2]

January 1946: 170,548,000[2]

January 1951: 182,321,000[2]

January 1959: 209,035,000[2]

January 1970: 241,720,000[3]

1977: 257,700,000

July 1982: 270,000,000

July 1985: 277,700,000

July 1990: 290,938,469

July 1991: 293,047,571

Ethnic groups[edit]

The Soviet Union was one of the world's most ethnically diverse countries, with more than 100 distinct national

ethnicities living within its borders.

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RepublicPopulation of Republic

(000s) 1979 1989 % urban

1979Titular nationality

(1989)Russian(1989)

Soviet Union 262,436 286,717 67 - 51.4

Russian SFSR 137,551 147,386 74 81.3 81.3

Ukrainian SSR 49,755 51,704 68 72.7 22.1

ByelorussianSSR

9,560 10,200 67 77.9 13.2

MoldavianSSR

3,947 4,341 47 64.5 13.0

AzerbaijanSSR

6,028 7,029 54 82.7 5.6

Georgian SSR 5,015 5,449 57 70.1 6.3

Armenian SSR 3,031 3,283 68 93.3 1.6

Uzbek SSR 15,391 19,906 42 71.4 8.3

Kazakh SSR 14,685 16,538 57 39.7 37.8

Tajik SSR 3,801 5,112 33 62.3 7.6

Kirghiz SSR 3,529 4,291 38 52.4 21.5

Turkmen SSR 2,759 3,534 45 72.0 9.5

LithuanianSSR

3,398 3,690 68 79.6 9.4

Latvian SSR 2,521 2,681 72 52.0 34.0

Estonian SSR 1,466 1,573 72 61.5 30.3

[4]

Other ethnic groups included Abkhaz, Adyghes, Aleuts, Assyrians, Avars, Bashkirs, Bulgarians, Buryats,

Chechens, Chinese, Chuvash, Cossacks, Evenks, Finns, Gagauz, Germans, Greeks, Hungarians, Ingushes,

Inuit, Jews, Kalmyks, Karakalpaks, Karelians, Kets, Koreans, Lezgins, Maris, Mongols, Mordvins, Nenetses,

Ossetians, Poles, Roma, Romanians, Tats, Tatars, Tuvans, Udmurts, and Yakuts.

Religion[edit]

Main article: Religion in the Soviet Union

The Soviet Union adhered to the doctrine of State atheism from 1928–1941, in which religion was largely

discouraged and heavily persecuted, and a secular state from 1945 until its dissolution. However, according to

various Soviet and Western sources, over one-third of the country's people professed religious beliefs: Russian

Orthodox 20%, Muslim 15%, Protestant, Georgian Orthodox, Armenian Orthodox, and Roman Catholic 7%,

Jewish less than 1%, atheist 60% (1990 est.).[1] There were some indigenous pagan belief systems existent in

the Siberian and Russian Far Eastern lands in the local populations.

Language[edit]

Main article: Languages of the Soviet Union

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Russian became the official language of the Soviet Union in 1990. [5] Until that time it was still necessary to have

language of common communication. The choice inevitably fell on Russian, which was the native tongue of most

Soviet citizens.[6]

Overall there were more than 200 languages and dialects spoken (at least 18 with more than 1 million speakers);

Slavic group 75%, other Indo-European 8%, Altaic 12%, Uralian 3%, Caucasian 2% (1990 est.) [1]

Life expectancy and infant mortality[edit]

After the October revolution, the life expectancy for all age groups went up. A newborn child in 1926-27 had a life

expectancy of 44.4 years, up from 32.3 years thirty years before. In 1958-59 the life expectancy for newborns

went up to 68.6 years. This improvement was seen in itself by some as immediate proof that the socialist system

was superior to the capitalist system.[7]

The trend continued into the 1960s, when the life expectancy in the Soviet Union went beyond the life expectancy

in the United States. The life expectancy in Soviet Union were fairly stable during most years, although in the

1970s went slightly down probably because of alcohol abuse.

The improvement in infant mortality leveled out eventually, and after a while infant mortality began to rise. After 1974 the government stopped publishing statistics on this. This trend can be partly explained by the number of

pregnancies went drastically up in the Asian part of the country where infant mortality was highest, while the

number of pregnancies was markedly down in the more developed European part of the Soviet Union. For

example, the number of births per citizens of Tajikistan went up from 1.92 in 1958-59 to 2.91 in 1979-80, while the

number in Latvia was down to 0.91 in 1979-80. [7]

Population dynamics in the 1970s and 1980s[edit]

The crude birth rate in the Soviet Union throughout its history had been decreasing - from 44.0 per thousand in

1926 to 18.0 in 1974, mostly due to urbanization and rising average age of marriages. The crude death rate had

been gradually decreasing as well - from 23.7 per thousand in 1926 to 8.7 in 1974.[8][citation needed ] While death

rates did not differ greatly across regions of the Soviet Union through much of Soviet history, birth rates in

southern republics of Transcaucasia and Central Asia were much higher than those in the northern parts of the

Soviet Union, and in some cases even increased in the post-World War II period. This was partly due to slower

rates of urbanization and traditionally early marriages in southern republics.[8]

As a result mainly of differential birthrates, with most of the European nationalities moving toward sub-

replacement fertility and the Central Asian and other nationalities of southern republics having well-above

replacement-level fertility, the percentage who were Russians was gradually being reduced. According to some

Western scenarios of the 1990s, if the Soviet Union had stayed together it is likely that Russians would have lost

their majority status in the 2000s (decade).[9] This differential could not be offset by assimilation of non-Russians

by Russians, in part because the nationalities of southern republics maintained a distinct ethnic consciousness

and were not easily assimilated.

The late 1960s and the 1970s witnessed a dramatic reversal of the path of declining mortality in the Soviet Union,

and was especially notable among men in working ages, and also especially in Russia and other predominantly

Slavic areas of the country.[10] While not unique to the Soviet Union (Hungary in particular showed a pattern that

was similar to Russia), this male mortality increase, accompanied by a noticeable increase in infant mortality

rates in the early 1970s, drew the attention of Western demographers and Sovietologists at the time.[11]

An analysis of the official data from the late 1980s showed that after worsening in the late 1970s and the early

1980s, the situation for adult mortality began to improve again.[12] Referring to data for the two decades ending in

1989-1990, while noting some abatement in adult mortality rates in the Soviet republics in the 1980s, Ward

Kingkade and Eduardo Arriaga characterized this situation as follows: "All of the former Soviet countries have

followed the universal tendency for mortality to decline as infectious diseases are brought under control while

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death rates from degenerative diseases rise. What is exceptional in the former Soviet countries and some of their

East European neighbors is that a subsequent increase in mortality from causes other than infectious disease

has brought about overall rises in mortality from all causes combined. Another distinctive characteristic of the

former Soviet case is the presence of unusually high levels of mortality from accidents and other external causes,

which are typically associated with alcoholism."[13]

The rising infant mortality rates in the Soviet Union in the 1970s became the subject of much discussion and

debate among Western demographers. The infant mortality rate (IMR) had increased from 24.7 in 1970 to 27.9 in

1974. Some researchers regarded the rise in infant mortality as largely real, a consequence of worsening health

conditions and services.[14] Others regarded it as largely an artifact of improved reporting of infant deaths, and

found the increases to be concentrated in the Central Asian republics where improvement in coverage and

reporting of births and deaths might well have the greatest effect on increasing the published rates. [15]

The rising reported adult mortality and infant mortality was not explained or defended by Soviet officials at the

time. Instead, they simply stopped publishing all mortality statistics for ten years. Soviet demographers and health

specialists remained silent about the mortality increases until the late 1980s when the publication of mortality data

resumed and researchers could delve into the real and artifactual aspects of the reported mortality increases.

When these researchers began to report their findings, they accepted the increases in adult male mortality as real

and focused their research on explaining its causes and finding solutions.[16] In contrast, investigations of the risein reported infant mortality concluded that while the reported increases in the IMR were largely an artifact of

improved reporting of infant deaths in the Central Asian republics, the actual levels in this region were much

higher than had yet been reported officially.[17] In this sense the reported rise in infant mortality in the Soviet

Union as a whole was an artifact of improved statistical reporting, but reflected the reality of a much higher actual

infant mortality level than had previously been recognized in official statistics.

As the detailed data series that was ultimately published in the late 1980s showed, the reported IMR for the

Soviet Union as a whole increased from 24.7 in 1970 to a peak of 31.4 in 1976. After that the IMR gradually

decreased and by 1989 it had fallen to 22.7, which was lower than had been reported in any previous year

(though close to the figure of 22.9 in 1971).[18] In 1989, the IMR ranged from a low of 11.1 in the Latvian SSR to ahigh of 54.7 in the Turkmen SSR.[19]

Research conducted subsequent to the dissolution of the Soviet Union revealed that the originally reported

mortality rates very substantially underestimated the actual rates, especially for infant mortality. This has been

shown for Transcaucasian and Central Asian republics.[20][21]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ Jump up to: a b c CIA Factbook 1990 Retrieved on 2009-04-10

2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Andreev, E.M., et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922-1991. Moscow,

Nauka, 1993. ISBN 5-02-013479-1

3. Jump up ^ Statoids population figures of the Soviet Union Retrieved on 2009-04-10

4. Jump up ^ Sakwa, Richard (1998). Soviet Politics in Perspective. London: Routledge. pp. 242–250.

ISBN 0-415-07153-4.

5. Jump up ^ "ЗАКОН СССР ОТ 24.04.1990 О ЯЗЫКАХ НАРОДОВ СССР" (The April 24, 1990 Soviet

Union Law about the Languages of the Soviet Union) (Russian)

6. Jump up ^ Bernard Comrie, The Languages of the Soviet Union, page 31, the Press Syndicate of the

University of Cambridge, 1981. ISBN 0-521-23230-9

7. ^ Jump up to: a b The Seeming Paradox of Increasing Mortality in a Highly Industrialized Nation: the

Example of the Soviet Union : 1985. author Dinkel, R. H.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521232309http://legal-ussr.narod.ru/data01/tex10935.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-07153-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.statoids.com/uru.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5020134791http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact90/world12.txthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaucasia


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8. ^ Jump up to: a b Great Soviet Encyclopedia. (in Russian) (3rd ed. ed.). Moscow: Sovetskaya

Entsiklopediya. 1977. vol. 24 (part II), p. 15.

9. Jump up ^ Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver. 1990. "Growth and Diversity of the Population of the

Soviet Union," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, No. 510: 155-77.

10. Jump up ^ The first to call attention to the reversal of declining adult mortality in the Soviet Union (in

contrast to trends in Western Europe) were J. Vallin and J. C. Chesnais, "Recent Developments of

Mortality in Europe, English-Speaking Countries and the Soviet Union, 1960-1970," Population 29 (4-5):

861-898. For a probe into the age-specific and regional aspects of the trends, once new mortality tableswere released in the late 1980s, see Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver. 1989. "The Changing Shape

of Soviet Mortality, 1958-1985: An Evaluation of Old and New Evidence," Population Studies 43: 243-265.

Also see Alain Blum and Roland Pressat. 1987. "Une nouvelle table de mortalité pour l'URSS (1984-

1985)," Population, 42e Année, No. 6 (Nov.): 843-862.

11. Jump up ^ For a summary of the mortality trends and the literature concerning them, see Barbara A.

Anderson and Brian D. Silver. 1990. "Trends in Mortality of the Soviet Population," Soviet Economy 6, No.

3: 191-251.

12. Jump up ^ Michael Ryan, "Life expectancy and mortality data from the Soviet Union," British Medical

Journal, Vol. 296, No. 6635 (May 28, 1988): 1,513-1515.13. Jump up ^ W. Ward Kingkade and Eduardo E. Arriaga, “Mortality in the New Independent States: Patterns

and Impacts,” in José Luis Bobadilla, Christine A. Costello, and Faith Mitchell, Eds., Premature Death in the

New Independent States (Washington, D.C., National Academy Press 1997), 156-183, citation at p. 157.

14. Jump up ^ Most notably, see Christopher Davis and Murray Feshbach. 1980. "Rising Infant Mortality in

the Soviet Union in the 1970s," U.S. Bureau of the Census, International Population Reports, Series P-95,

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. The following article, which ostensibly reviewed the

Davis and Feshbach report, brought widespread attention to the issue of health care in the Soviet Union:

Nick Eberstadt, "The Health Crisis in the Soviet Union," New York Review of Books 28, No. 2 (February 19,

1981).

15. Jump up ^ Most notably, see Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver. 1986. "Infant Mortality in the Soviet

Union: Regional Differences and Measurement Issues," Population and Development Review 12, No. 4:

705-737, and Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver, "The Geodemography of Infant Mortality in the

Soviet Union, 1950-1990," in G. J. Demko, Z. Zaionchkovskaya, S. Pontius, and G. Ioffe, Eds., Population

Under Duress: The Geodemography of Post-Soviet Russia, Westview Press, pp. 73-103 (1999).

16. Jump up ^ See, for example, Juris Krumins. 1990. "The Changing Mortality Patterns in Latvia, Lithuania

and Estonia: Experience of the Past Three Decades," Paper presented at the International Conference on

Health, Morbidity and Mortality by Cause of Death in Europe. December 3–7. Vilnius; A. G. Vishnevskiy,

V.M. Shkolnikov, and S.A. Vasin. 1990. "Epidemiological Transition in the Soviet Union as Mirrored by

Regional Disparities," Paper presented at the International Conference on Health, Morbidity and Mortalityby Cause of Death in Europe. December 3–7. Vilnius; and F. Meslé, V. Shkolnikov, and J. Vallin. 1991.

"Mortality by Cause in the Soviet Union in 1970-1987: The Reconstruction of Time Series," Paper

presented at the European Population Conference, October 21–25, Paris.

17. Jump up ^ See, for example, A. A. Baranov, V. Y. Al‘bitskiy, and Y. M. Komarov. 1990. "Тенденции

младенческой смертности в СССР в 70-80е годы [Trends in infant mortality in the Soviet Union in the

70's and 80's]," Советское здравоохранение, 3: 3-37; and Y. M. Andreyev and N. Y. Ksenofontova. 1991.

"Оценка достоверности данных о младенческой смертности“ [Assessment of the reliability of data on

infant mortality], Вестник статистики, 8: 21-28.

18. Jump up ^ Comecon Secretariat, Статистический ежегодник стран-членов Совета экономической

взаимопомощи, 1990 [Yearbook of the Member-Countries of Comecon] (Moscow: Finansy i statistika,

1990), and Goskomstat SSSR, Демографический ежегодник СССР 1990 [Demographic Yearbook of the

Soviet Union] (Moscow: Finansy i statistika, 1990).

19. Jump up ^ See Демографический ежегодник СССР 1990, at p. 382.

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20. Jump up ^ Géraldine Duthé, Irina Badurashvili, Karine Kuyumjyan, France Meslé, and Jacques Vallin,

"Mortality in the Caucasus: An attempt to re-estimate recent mortality trends in Armenia and Georgia,"

Demographic Research, Vol. 22, art. 23, pp. 691-732 (2010).

21. Jump up ^ Michel Guillot, So-jung Lim, Liudmila Torgasheva & Mikhail Denisenko, "Infant mortality in

Kyrgyzstan before and after the break-up of the Soviet Union," Population Studies, Vol. 67, No. 3: 335-352

(2013).

General sources[edit]

[hide]Revolutions of 1989

Internal background

International background

Reforms

Government leaders

Opposition methods

Opposition leaders

Opposition movements

Events by location

Central and Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Elsewhere

Individual events

Later events
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