Envrionment Policy in India
Transcript of Envrionment Policy in India
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Environmental Policy In Indiaand the Role of Judiciary in
Imparting EnvironmentalJustice
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“What of thee I dig out, let that
quickly grow over, L et me nothit thy vitals, or thy hear t. ”
-Atharva Veda
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The Under lying Causes of E nvironmentalDegradation in I ndia
Social Factors
Economic Factors
Institutional Factors
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Social F actors
PopulationPovertyUrbanization
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EconomicFactors
Non-existent or poorly functioning markets forenvironmental goods and services
Market distortions created by price controls and
subsidiesThe manufacturing technology adopted by most of the
industries which generally is based on intensive resourceand energy use.
Expansion of chemical based industryGrowing transport activities
Expansion of port and harbour activities.
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EconomicFactors
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I nstitutional F actors
Lack of awareness and infrastructure
makes implementation of most of the laws
relating to environment, extremely difficult
and ineffective.
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Environmental Policy I n I ndiaAncient India
The Arthashastra by Kautilya, written as
early as between 321 and 300 BC,
contained provisions meant to regulate a
number of aspects related to the
environment.
The fifth pillar edict of Emperor Ashoka
also contains such regulations
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Environmental Policy I n I ndiaDuring the British Reign in India:
Shore Nuisance (Bombay and Kolaba) Act, 1853The Indian Penal Code, 1860
The Indian Easements Act, 1882
The Fisheries Act, 1897
The Indian Forest Act, 1927The Factories Act, 1948 sec 12
The Bengal Smoke Nuisance Act, 1905
The Bombay Smoke Nuisance Act, 1912
The Elephant’s Preservation Act, 1879Wild Birds and Animals Protection Act, 1912
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AIR
WATER
Wildlife protection act
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Environmental Policy I n I ndiaModern India
National Council for Environmental Policy and
Planning was set up in 1972 which was later evolved
into Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) in
1985.
MoEF and the pollution control boards (CPCB i.e.
Central Pollution Control Board and SPCBs i.e. State
Pollution Control Boards) together form the
regulatory and administrative core of the sector.
National Air Quality Monitoring Programme
http://www.cpcb.nic.in
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UN conference on Human Environment
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Environmental Policy I n I ndia
90’s
Dec 1993 MoEF completed its Environmental Action
Plan
Shift from concentration to load-based standards Cleaner technologies
water consumption standards
Technical assistance and limited grants to promote the setting
up of central effluent treatment plants
Industrial zones
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Environmental Policy I n I ndiaThe Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution and the
National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement onEnvironment and Development were brought out by the
MoEF in 1992.
The EAP (Environmental Action Programme) was
formulated in 1993 with the objective of improving
environmental services and integrating environmental
considerations into development programmes.
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Environmental Policy I n I ndiaNational Environment Policy, 2006
It the first initiative in strategy-formulation forenvironmental protection in a comprehensive
manner.
It undertakes a diagnosis of the causativefactors of land degradation with a view to
flagging the remedial measures required in this
direction.It recognizes that the relevant fiscal, tariffs and
sectoral policies need to take explicit account of
their unintentional impacts on land degradation.
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Environmental Policy I n I ndia
National Environment Policy, 2006 (contd.)
The solutions offered to tackle the problem
comprise adoption of both, science-based and
traditional land-use practices, pilot-scale
demonstrations, large scale dissemination,
adoption of Multi-stakeholder partnerships,
promotion of agro-forestry, organic farming,
environmentally sustainable cropping patterns
and adoption of efficient irrigation techniques.
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Constitutional F ramework
Article 21 - Fundamental RightsArticle 48A - Directive Principles of State Policy
Article 51A(g) - Fundamental Duties
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Any person who disturbs the ecological balance or degrades, pollutes andtinkers with the gifts of nature such as air, water, river, sea and other elementsof the nature, he not only violates the fundamental right guaranteed under Art21 of the Constitution, but also breaches the fundamental duty to protect theenvironment under Art 51A (g).
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L egislative F rameworkWater (Preventi on and Contr ol of Polluti on) Act, 1974
Water (Preventi on and Control of Polluti on) Cess Act, 1977 Ai r (Prevention and Control of Poll uti on) Act, 1981
Atomic Energy Act of 1982
M otor Vehi cles Act ,1988
The Wildli fe (Protection) Act, 1972
The F orest (Conservation) Act, 1980
Envir onment (Pr otection) Act, 1986 (EPA)
The National Environment Appellate Authori ty Act, 1997Publi c L iabili ty Insurance Act (PLI A), 1991
National Environment Tr ibunal Act, 1995
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http://moef.nic.in/modules/rules-and-regulations/water-pollution/
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Environment I mpact Assessment (EI A)
There are two types of EIA models - the statutory model
which makes the assessment of impact compulsory under
an enacted law, or a delegated legislation, and the
administrative model under which an administration
exercises its discretion to find out whether an impact study
is necessary. Till 1992, India was following the
administrative model of EIA.
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Environment I mpact Assessment (EI A) (contd.)
On 27 th January, 1994 a notification was issued dealing with
mandatory EIA. The notification requires project proponent to
submit an EIA report, and environment management plan,
details of the public hearing and a project report to the impact
assessment agency for clearance, further review by a committee
of experts in certain cases. By the amendment in the year 1997,
public hearing was made compulsory before impact assessment
was finalized.
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Role of Judiciary in I mpar tingEnvironmental Justice
The Judiciary has come up with the “judge -
driven implementation” of environmental
administration in India.
It has isolated specific environmental law
principles upon interpretation of Indian
Statutes and Constitution.
Public Interest Litigations (PILs) which is the
result of the relaxation of the locus standi rules
by the judiciary, is the characteristic feature of
the environmental litigation in India.
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Role of Judiciary in I mpar tingEnvironmental Justice
Disputes relating to environment are treatedas cases related to violation of fundamental
rights, rather than claims under law of torts.
It has been held that the Supreme Court and
the High Courts can be directly approached
under Article 32 and Article 226 of theConstitution of India in case of matters relating
to environment.
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Role of Judiciary in I mpar tingEnvironmental Justice (Contd.)
The orders of the Supreme Court and the High Courts cover a
wide range of areas including air, water, solid waste, hazardous
wastes, forests, mining activities, and architectural treasures.
Policy Statements of the government, which otherwise are not
enforceable in Courts, have been used as aids by the Judges for
interpreting environmental statutes and for spelling out
obligations of the Government.
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THE MAN WHO SAYS THERIVER IS DIRTY. THEACTIVIST IS THE MANWHO CLEANS UP THE
RIVER~ROSS
PEROT
-Thank
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http://envis.mse.ac.in/Early%20Environmental.asp