Environmentally harmful subsidies – a real threat to biodiversity Policy Dialogue
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Transcript of Environmentally harmful subsidies – a real threat to biodiversity Policy Dialogue
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Environmentally harmful subsidies – a real threat to biodiversityPolicy DialogueBrussels, 11th January 2010
Fisheries SubsidiesWhere are the benefits?
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Effects of fisheries subsidies
Subsidies
Overcapacity
Catch limits too high
Illegal (IUU) fishing
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State of EU Fisheries
88%30%
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Where Has All the Fish Gone?
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A “Simplified Food Web for the Northwest Atlantic”• Little knowledge about the effects of
over-fishing;• High levels of by-catch and discards;• Impacts on marine habitat.
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Selected Fisheries Subsidies Per Year
Source Million
European Fisheries Fund €850
Fuel tax exemption (assessment) €200
Fisheries Partnership Agreements €150
State aid ?
De-minimis (maximum) €240
Total €1.440
EC contribution to control and enforcement is limited to € 46 million
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Amount of Fisheries Subsidies
• In some Member States management costs are higher than the value of landing.
• 80% of the wealth generated in France, 70% in Italy, 75% in Denmark 60% in Spain.
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Annual Total FIFG income per fisheries sector employee
Source: Poseidon 2010
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Exacerbating overcapacity
Tuna Purse Seiner Fleet in the Mediterranean
FIFG 1994 - 2006:
• > € 9 Mill. of aid for modernisation
• > € 8 Mill. for construction
• ~ € 70.000 to scrap one single vessel
Bluefin Tuna is on the brink of collapse due to over-fishing.
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Fleet Main centres C M S Key Target Stocks Status Trend Channel and North Sea mixed whitefish bottom trawl
DK: Jutland FR: Brittany & Normandy
Cod (Subarea IV North Sea and Divisions VIId (Eastern Channel) & IIIa (Skagerrak).
↑
North Sea mixed whitefish gillnet DK: Jutland Cod (Subarea IV North Sea and Division IIIa Skagerrak).
↑
Biscay & Iberian bottom-set gillnet
ES: Andalucía & Galicia Hake (Southern VIIIc and IXa) ↓ Monkfish (VIIIc & IXa) ↓
Biscay & Iberian mixed whitefish bottom trawl
ES: Andalucía & Galicia Hake (Southern VIIIc and IXa) ↓ Monkfish (VIIIc & IXa) ↓ Megrim (VIIIc & IXa) → Demersal elasmobranchs (VIII & IXa) →
Biscay & Iberian prawn bottom trawl
ES: Andalucía & Galicia Nephrops (VIIIc & IXa) →
Western Mediterranean hake gillnet
ES: Valencia & Catalonia Hake (GFCM GSA 06; FAO 37.1.1) ↓
Western Mediterranean hake bottom trawl
ES: Valencia & Catalonia; Hake (GFCM GSA 06, FAO 37.1.1) ↓ FR: Gulf of Lions Hake (GFCM GSA 07; FAO 37.1.1) ↓
Western Mediterranean tuna gillnet
ES: Valencia & Catalonia Bluefin tuna (FAO 37.1 & ICES IXa) ↓ FR: Hérault / Gard Bluefin tuna (FAO 37.1) ↓
Biscay & Iberian small pelagic purse seine
ES: Basque Country; Andalucía
Anchovy (VIIIbc; IXa) →
Western Mediterranean small pelagic purse seine
ES: Valencia & Catalonia Sardine (GFCM GSA 1 & 6, FAO 37.1.1) →
FIFG 2000-06 Spending on Key Fleets
Source: Poseidon 2010
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Restructuring the Fleet? Spanish FIFG 2000-2006 Length Measure Pct Total
< 12 meter Scrapping 7,3% 11,3%
Reassignment/Transfer 3rd country 0,2% Construction of new vessel 2,7%
Modernisation 1,0% 12 - 24 meter Scrapping 19,4% 36,0%
Reassignment/Transfer 3rd country 0,8%
Joint enterprises 0,2% Construction of new vessel 9,6% Modernisation 6,0% > 24 meter Scrapping 18,2% 52,4%
Reassignment/Transfer 3rd country 1,3% Joint enterprises 3,3% Construction of new vessel 21,7% Modernisation 7,9%
Total 100,0% 100,0%
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“Just” spending?
FIFG spending for vessels 1994 – 2006
• 87% of aid to 20% of the ports
• 78% of aid to 20% of the vessels
• 7-30% of vessels have received aid, the majority received no aid
• Top recipients got up to €5 Million
• Vessels get repeat funding (up to 17 times)
• Vessels engaged in illegal fishing activities received aid
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The way forward: Disclosing subsidies
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The way forward: Analyzing subsidiesCriteria Support should: Support should not: Environment Reduce environmental impact;
Incorporate long term considerations;
Increase fishing capacity or effort;
Economics Promote market transparency; Pursue synergy with existing
market incentives; Benefit all producers
proportionately; Create conditions for efficient
entrepreneurship;
Be directed at individual producers;
Benefit specific groups over others, providing them competitive advantage, on national or international level;
Should not affect profitability;Policy consistency
Be consistent with and strengthen the CFP;
Exploit synergies and be consistent with market incentives;
Create incentives which are inconsistent with other parts of CFP (or other policies) in terms of policy options and pursued impacts;
Attempt to overrule market forces;
Policy efficiency
Consider whether alternative policies, with similar affects, but at lower costs can be identified;
Be limited in scope and time.
Be based on short term environmental, economic or political considerations;
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The way forward: Phasing out harmful subsidiesElimination
Modernisation measures Fishing ports and shelters; Development of new markets; Modification of vessels for other activities; Fuel tax exemption;
Support to access in 3rd countries; Gear selectivity; Quality and food safety; Working conditions; Collection of lost gear.
Positive incentives Control and enforcement; Management of resources, incl. , science,
stock assessments, and Natura2000; Cooperation between science and sector in
areas of technology and management;
Development of new technologies to reduce discards, environmental impact or improve energy efficiency, but not supporting their introductions;
Certification and labeling.
Transferral to other structural funds Socio-economic measures, such as
sustainable development of fisheries areas.
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No one said it is easy
• Discussion dominated by loud, vested interests• Crisis is under the surface• Fish is just not a polar bear• Lack of transparency• Lack of public scrutiny• Lack of political will and courage• Lack of champions and opportunities for
political profiling
Stop over-fishing or fishing will be over