Environmentally Friendly Environmentally Friendly Techniques in TextilesTechniques in Textiles

Dr Arun Kanti GuhaDr Arun Kanti GuhaAssistant ProfessorAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Department of Textile Engineering, Southeast University Textile Engineering, Southeast University Banani, Dhaka 1213.Banani, Dhaka 1213.Cell:01718833461Cell:01718833461E-mail: arunguha70@yahoo.comE-mail: arunguha70@yahoo.com

Prepared By : Mazadul Hasan sheshirID: 201000040000813th Batch (session 2009-2013)Department : Wet Processing Technology Email: mazadulhasan@yahoo.comBlog : www. Textilelab.blogspot.com (visit)

Southeast University Department Of Textile Engineering

I/A 251,252 Tejgaon Dhaka Bangladesh

Prepared By :

Total Textile Process at a Glance

IntroductionIntroduction

Presently garments industries have become the backbone of the

economy of Bangladesh. To support those garments industries

hundreds of full-scale textile industries have emerged in the past few

years and a lot more are going to be setup within a short time. These

textile dyeing industries are contributing in the development of

Bangladesh and at the same time are coursing serious water pollution.

It is a matter of great concern to understand and adopt adequate

treatment technologies for the remediation of this problem.

Fiber Production

Spining

Yarn Dyeing Weaving Preparation

Weaving

Woven Processing

Garment Manufacturing

Garment Washing & Dyeing

Knitting

Knit Processing

Garment Manufacturing

Garment Washing & Dyeing

Red Mark:Effluent

Flow Chart of Textile Manufacturing

ASM Tareq Amin ASM Tareq Amin et al.et al., BTT, , BTT, 20092009, , 22, 16, 16

Volume of Effluent produced by the different processing of textiles.

Process Name

Weaving Prreparation

Yarn Dyeing

Knit Processing

Woven Processing

Garment Washing & Dyeing

Production /Day

4.14 million meters

150 tones

1430 tonnes

3.84 million meters

500000 pcs

1118 m3

Effluent Quantity/Day

16,500 m3

1,28,700 m3

84,500 m3

8500 m3

Wastewater Discharged At Wastewater Discharged At Open AreasOpen Areas

WastewaterWastewater SampleSample

Typical Textile Effluent CharacteristicsTypical Textile Effluent Characteristics

ParameterParameter Woven Woven Fabric Fabric

FinishingFinishing

Knit Knit Fabric Fabric

FinishingFinishing

Stock & Yarn Stock & Yarn Dyeing Dyeing

FinishingFinishing

Cotton Cotton Textile MillTextile Mill

Woolen Woolen Textile MillTextile Mill

Synthetic Synthetic Textile MillTextile Mill

BODBOD

(mg/L)(mg/L)

550-650550-650 250-350250-350 200-250200-250 760760 900900 5050

CODCOD

(mg/L)(mg/L)

850-1200850-1200 850-1000850-1000 524-800524-800 14181418 -- 500500

SSSS

(mg/L)(mg/L)

185-300185-300 300300 50-7550-75 -- 100100 --

pHpH 7-117-11 6-96-9 7-127-12 9.8-11.89.8-11.8 9-10.59-10.5 7.57.5

MA Rahman, MS Thesis (BUET), 1997MA Rahman, MS Thesis (BUET), 1997

Textile Effluent Characteristics: Bangladesh PerspectiveTextile Effluent Characteristics: Bangladesh PerspectiveParamParam

etereterMinimuMinimu

m m ValueValue

MaximuMaximum m

ValueValue

BODBOD

(mg/L)(mg/L)

-- 81008100

CODCOD

(mg/L)(mg/L)

16.716.7 1710017100

SSSS

(mg/L)(mg/L)

51265126 1522115221

pHpH 3.93.9 11.011.0

MA Rahman, MS Thesis (BUET), 1997MA Rahman, MS Thesis (BUET), 1997

Discharge Quality Standards (By DoE)Discharge Quality Standards (By DoE)

ParameterParameter Inland Surface Inland Surface WaterWater

BODBOD55

(20(20ooC, mg/L)C, mg/L)

5050

CODCOD

(mg/L)(mg/L)

200200

TDSTDS

(mg/L)(mg/L)

21002100

Oil & GreaseOil & Grease

(mg/L)(mg/L)

1010

pHpH 6-96-9

..

Typical BOD Loads from Wet Processing

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70Singeing

Desizing

Scouring

Bleaching

Mercerizing

Heat Setting

Textile Waste Water Characterization: AtTextile Waste Water Characterization: At CityCity UniversityUniversity Lab (2009): Area Based Lab (2009): Area Based

Textile Waste Water AnalysisTextile Waste Water Analysis

1.1. Ashulia: pH 7.2, TDS (mg/L): 498 mg/LAshulia: pH 7.2, TDS (mg/L): 498 mg/L2.2. Chittagong: pH 11.1, TDS (mg/L):1483Chittagong: pH 11.1, TDS (mg/L):14833.3. Dhamrai: pH 6.9, TDS (mg/L): 538 Dhamrai: pH 6.9, TDS (mg/L): 538

mg/Lmg/L4.4. Gazipur: pH 9.8, TDS (mg/L): 3304Gazipur: pH 9.8, TDS (mg/L): 33045.5. Narsindi: pH 14, TDS (mg/L):3109 mg/LNarsindi: pH 14, TDS (mg/L):3109 mg/L6.6. Narayangong: pH 10.3, TDS Narayangong: pH 10.3, TDS

(mg/L):3260(mg/L):32607.7. Savar: pH 10.7, TDS (mg/L):3226Savar: pH 10.7, TDS (mg/L):3226

Ashulia Chittagong Dhamrai Gazipur Narshindi Narayangong Savar

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Limit: pH 6-9Green values are environmentally freidnly

Savar 10.7Narayangong

10.3

Narshindi 14

Gazipur 9.8

Dhamrai 6.9

Chittagong 11.1

Ashulia 7.2

pH

Area

Ashulia Chittagong Dhamrai Gazipur NarshindiNarayangong Savar0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Limit: TDS 21OO mg/L

Green values are environmentally friendly

Savar3226

Nrayangong3260Narshindi

3109

Gazipur3304

Dhamrai538

Chittagong1483

Ashulia498

TD

S (

mg

/L)

Area

Environmental Environmental Management Methods in Management Methods in

TextilesTextiles1. Good House Keeping, 10-15%1. Good House Keeping, 10-15%2. Closer Process Control: 30-40%2. Closer Process Control: 30-40%Reduction in Chemical usageReduction in Chemical usageRecovery & Reuse of ChemicalsRecovery & Reuse of ChemicalsProcess Modification: Low liquor ratio Process Modification: Low liquor ratio machinesmachinesTechnological Development: Technological Development: Supercritical COSupercritical CO2 2 fluid dyeingfluid dyeing3. Process Chemicals Substitution3. Process Chemicals SubstitutionPVA/CMC UsePVA/CMC Use4. ETPs4. ETPs

Types of Effluent Types of Effluent Treatment PlantsTreatment Plants

1.1. PhysicochemicalPhysicochemical

2.2. BiologicalBiological

3.3. Biochemical (Hybrid)Biochemical (Hybrid)

4.4. ElectrochemicalElectrochemical

5.5. ChlorineChlorine

ETP DiagramETP Diagram

Physicochemical Effluent Physicochemical Effluent Treatment PlantsTreatment Plants

ScreeningScreening

Equalization Equalization

pH Control (HCl/HpH Control (HCl/H22SOSO44))

Coagulation and FlocculationCoagulation and Flocculation

(CaO, FeSO(CaO, FeSO4 4 /Alumn and /Alumn and Polyelectrolyte)Polyelectrolyte)

Retention Time, Equalization: Retention Time, Equalization: for 40 mfor 40 m33/hr, 8h/hr, 8h

Flocculation and Coagulation in Flocculation and Coagulation in Physicochemical Effluent Physicochemical Effluent

Treatment PlantsTreatment Plants

Coagulation of negative particleswith positive aluminum-complex

Flocculation by entanglement with charge-bearing polymers

Different Types ofDifferent Types of BiologicalBiological Treatment PlantsTreatment Plants

Dispersed Growth:Dispersed Growth:

Activated sludge Activated sludge (Retention time 48 h)(Retention time 48 h)

Membrane Bio-ReactorMembrane Bio-ReactorOxidation ditches/pondsOxidation ditches/ponds

Aerated lagoons, stabilization Aerated lagoons, stabilization pondsponds

Fixed Growth:Fixed Growth:

Trickling filtersTrickling filtersRotating Biological Contactors Rotating Biological Contactors

(RBCs(RBCs))

Oxidation :Oxidation :

COHNS + OCOHNS + O22 + nutrients + nutrients CO CO22 + H + H22OO

+ Other end products+ Other end products

bacteria

Typical Reactions in Biological Typical Reactions in Biological ProcessesProcesses

Organic waste is introduced into a reactor where the bacterial culture performs the conversion of organic matter to CO2, H2O, NH3 and others.

Activated Sludge Activated Sludge ProcessProcess

Process in which a mixture of Process in which a mixture of wastewater and microorganisms wastewater and microorganisms is agitated and aeratedis agitated and aeratedLeads to oxidation of dissolved Leads to oxidation of dissolved organicsorganicsAfter oxidation, separate sludge After oxidation, separate sludge from wastewaterfrom wastewaterInduce microbial growthInduce microbial growth

Activated Sludge ProcessActivated Sludge Process

MixedLiquor

inReactor

Air

SecondaryClarifier

w/w

Waste Activated Sludge

(WAS)

Return Activated Sludge

(RAS)

Treatedw/w

Discharge toRiver or LandApplication

Activated Sludge Activated Sludge ProcessProcess

ETP Flow Chart of Irish Fabrics

Storage Tank Screening Floculation & CoagulationInfluent

pH Control TankReactorSecondary Clarifier

Effluent Discharge

Equalisation Tank

Sludge Recycling

Membrane Bio-Reactor (MBR)Membrane Bio-Reactor (MBR)The membrane bioreactor (MBR) process that uses both a biological stage and a membrane module has recently been developed for wastewater treatment. The bioreactor and membrane module each have a specific function:

1. Biological degradation of organic pollution is carried out in the bioreactor by adapted microorganisms;

2. Separation of microorganisms from the treated wastewater is performed by the membrane module. The membranes constitute a physical barrier for all suspended solids and therefore enable not only recycling of the activated sludge to the bioreactor but also production of a permeate, free of suspended matter, bacteria, and viruses.

sludge floc

viruses

bacteria

Proces BasicProces Basic

Suctionmembranewaterdissolved solids

MBR TypesMBR TypesIn terms of settling tank In terms of settling tank replacementreplacement

There are two types of configurations for the membrane arrayThere are two types of configurations for the membrane arrayIndustrial effluent

Permeate

SludgeDischarge

Aeration

Membrane Module

The membranes can be placed either outside or inside the bioreactorThe membranes can be placed either outside or inside the bioreactor

MBR Establishments in MBR Establishments in BangladeshBangladesh

At EOSSavar

At Jago CorporationAshulia

At SUSTSylhet

Process Flow chart of Process Flow chart of MBR: MBR:

Effluent from Dyeing house

Equalization Tank

Zero Sludge Discharge of Treated Water

Gravity Feeder

Multi chambered Reactor

Figure: Hollow fiber membraneFigure: Hollow fiber membrane

Hollow fibre membrane moduleHollow fibre membrane module

Figure: Cassette of Hollow Fiber MembranesFigure: Cassette of Hollow Fiber Membranes

Fig: Full view of MBR in Uni-house yarn dyeing factory.Fig: Full view of MBR in Uni-house yarn dyeing factory.

Achievement of zero sludge discharge:Achievement of zero sludge discharge: In residual part i.e. sludge, new bacteria acts In residual part i.e. sludge, new bacteria acts

here activated sludge. At the bottom part of the here activated sludge. At the bottom part of the reactor there is a sludge returning pump. This reactor there is a sludge returning pump. This pump is regulated by a centrifugal pump. When pump is regulated by a centrifugal pump. When this activated sludge passing through this this activated sludge passing through this pump, due to the high rpm of the motor, pump, due to the high rpm of the motor, activated (alive) bacteria becomes de-activated activated (alive) bacteria becomes de-activated (dead). These dead bacteria become the (dead). These dead bacteria become the nutrient of the activated bacteria again. This nutrient of the activated bacteria again. This process continues again & again & thus we can process continues again & again & thus we can get zero sludge discharge.get zero sludge discharge.

RawWastewater

TreatedWater

Bottom SludgeSludge Stress

Treatment Pump

……

……Air

Smaller Footprint & More CompactnessFast Adaptability for changes in Flow rate, COD/BOD ratio and imposed CODWater Reuse and RecyclingLess Sludge ProductionLess or no chemical use and provides highest quality waterNo formation of secondary chemical by-productsEasy Scale-up, Expansion and ModificationAbsolute barrier for Bacteria and Viruses Ease of integration into existing plants for upgrade applications

Membrane Bio-Reactor vs. Conventional Membrane Bio-Reactor vs. Conventional Biological UnitBiological Unit

LowQualityTurbidWater

Conventional Multi-Step Tertiary Process

Membrane Bio-Reactors

Low-Tech SolutionsLow-Tech Solutions

Aerobic ponds

Facultative ponds

Anaerobic ponds

Aerobic pondsAerobic ponds Facultative pondsFacultative ponds Anaerobic pondsAnaerobic ponds

ChemicalsChemicals Quantity/dayQuantity/dayAcidAcid 135 L135 L

FeSOFeSO44 2580 kg2580 kgLimeLime 1740 kg1740 kgAnionic PEAnionic PE 2.16 kg2.16 kgDAPDAP 9.0 kg9.0 kgUreaUrea 18 kg 18 kg

Bacteria 2ookg for 3-5 yearsBacteria 2ookg for 3-5 years

Chemicals Required for 60 m3/hr (Hybrid)

ETP Design & ETP Design & optimizationoptimization

Computer-Aided Design & Optimization ofComputer-Aided Design & Optimization ofEffluent Treatment Plant (ETP)Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP)

Developed by the Harbinger Team of Engineers© Center for Environmental Process EngineeringShahjalal University of Science & Technology

Introducing ETP-CADIntroducing ETP-CAD

Purposes to Design the Purposes to Design the SoftwareSoftware

To enhance the followings To enhance the followings DesignDesign

OptimizationOptimizationPerformance AnalysisPerformance Analysis

VisualizationVisualizationTaking DecisionTaking Decision

to increase efficiency and to increase efficiency and accuracyaccuracyLanguage Used: MATLAB Language Used: MATLAB and Cand C

The TeamThe Team

Jar Test Data AnalysisJar Test Data Analysis

Aeration TankAeration Tank

ETPETP

Dr Arun Kanti GuhaDr Arun Kanti GuhaAssistant ProfessorAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Department of CityCity University UniversityBanani, Dhaka 1213.Banani, Dhaka 1213.

Re UseRe Use

Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture

Wastewater Reuse in Wastewater Reuse in GardeningGardening

Eco-Friendly TechniquesEco-Friendly Techniques

1.1. Solvent dyeing , Solvent dyeing ,

2.2. foam dyeing, foam dyeing,

3.3. dyeing in ionic liquids, dyeing in ionic liquids,

4.4. enzymatic treatment with ultrasound, enzymatic treatment with ultrasound,

5.5. supercritical fluid dyeing, supercritical fluid dyeing,

6.6. use of nano technology etc. use of nano technology etc.

are useful Echo-friendly techniques in Textiles.are useful Echo-friendly techniques in Textiles.

Eco-Friendly Techniques: Eco-Friendly Techniques: Solvent DyeingSolvent Dyeing

Solvent dyeing is a dyeing process carried out

from a continuous non-aqueous phase (organic

solvents) is used as dyeing media. Solvent dyeing is

not effective for natural fiber dyeing. It is only

suitable for dyeing man- made fiber mainly

polyester, nylon and acetate.

Solvent dyeing is on focus due to:

Fresh water unavailability

wastewater disposal problem

Considerable energy saving because solvents usually.

Solvents can be more o less completely recycled by

means of standard operations.

It can eliminate costly dyeing process and also

potential water pollution problems.

Eco-Friendly Techniques: Eco-Friendly Techniques: Foam DyeingFoam Dyeing

Foam Processing Technology:

There are several common commercial applications of foam processing, including carpet dyeing, coating

operations, foam dyeing, and foam finishing. Textile dyes can be applied through foam media by replacing water with air.

Advantages of foam processing are as follows:

• Reduced water and energy consumption• Reduced chemical waste

• Less time required for drying (less water to evaporate)

Eco-Friendly Techniques: Super Eco-Friendly Techniques: Super critical COcritical CO22 fluid dyeing Dyeing fluid dyeing Dyeing

Increasing consideration of ecological consequences of

industrial processes as well as legislations enforcing

the avoidance of environmental problems have

caused a reorientation of thinking and promoted

projects for replacement of conventional

technologies.

Supercritical fluid (SCF) dyeing is an emerging P2

technology that uses carbon dioxide as the fluid

medium for disperse dyeing on synthetics. No water

or pollution is associated with the SCF process.

Comparison between Conventional Dyeing and

Supercritical Dyeing

Eco-Friendly TechniquesEco-Friendly Techniques

Eco-Friendly Eco-Friendly Techniques: Caustic Techniques: Caustic

Soda RecoverySoda Recovery

In Bangladesh, Beximco textile uses caustic soda recovery plant (CRP) to recover NaOH from mercerization. Fabric production 50,551 meter and 10 ton caustic used for mercerization. After

mercerization, excess caustic soda goes to CRP and approximately 94% caustic soda is recovered. Caustic soda price 40 Tk. per Kg. They can save much money by using CRP.

Echo-Friendly Techniques: Caustic Echo-Friendly Techniques: Caustic Soda Recovery Plant at Beximco Soda Recovery Plant at Beximco

TextilesTextiles

Eco-FriendlyEco-Friendly TechniquesTechniques: : Ionic Liquid DyeingIonic Liquid Dyeing

What is ionic liquid? By definition, ionic liquids are low melting salts with melting temperatures around 100 oC. The term “room temperature ionic liquids” has been assigned to organic salts that are liquid at ambient conditions.

As we know that, the textile industry is believed to be one of the biggest consumers of water. The development of ionic liquids that exhibits useful and unique properties has created a huge untapped potential for commercial applications to increase operating efficiencies of many chemical production operations including the processing of textiles. Ionic liquids have been called :green solvents: because they are excellent solvents for a broad range of organic compounds. In 2006 there were 2000 papers published in different Journals. The nanotechnology is a very effective way in various applications. Such as fuel cell, industrial processing etc.

Eco-Friendly Techniques: Nano Eco-Friendly Techniques: Nano TechnologyTechnology

The nano sized (10-9m) metal particles can reflect different colors. If the

particles are of the same size as the blue rays, would reflect yellow. When

these particles are embedded in fiber, the resulting fabric becomes a color

to the eye without any use of dyes or pigments. By manipulating the size of

these nano particles, researchers can then create virtually any color fabric.

Eco-Friendly Techniques: Eco-Friendly Techniques: Ultrasound Enzymatic TreatmentUltrasound Enzymatic Treatment

The ultrasound technique is an environmentally tool for textiles. Val Yachemnev, who works in the cotton Textile Chemistry Research Unit (CTCRV) at Southern Regional Research of Agricultural Research Service (USA) in New Orleans, Lousiana, has found that ultrasound can boost enzymatic activity during several different types of treatments to cotton fibers. Use of enzymes in the cotton industry has become more popular in recent years. Enzymatic treatments have been used for a long time to remove the starch size added to cotton yarns to smooth and protect from breaks during weaving.

Eco-Friendly Techniques: Dyeing Eco-Friendly Techniques: Dyeing Machines: Athena 2: SCLAVOS Machines: Athena 2: SCLAVOS

PRODUCTPRODUCT

Eco-Friendly Techniques: Dyeing Eco-Friendly Techniques: Dyeing Machines: Athena 2: SCLAVOS Machines: Athena 2: SCLAVOS

PRODUCTPRODUCT

What Sclavos can guarantee to Athena 2 users are: Fabric Quality

No pilling or surface mechanical abrasion Low tension and shrinkage

Minimal fiber loss Performance

Fast process time Very low energy consumption Very low water consumption

Ease of operation Batch to batch repeatability

Eco-Friendly Techniques: Dyeing Eco-Friendly Techniques: Dyeing Machines: Low liquor machineMachines: Low liquor machine

In Bangladesh 1:8 machines are popular. Recently 1:6 and 1:5 machines are installed by some

factories like ECOTEX LTD.

Eco-Friendly Techniques: Right Eco-Friendly Techniques: Right First Time (RFT) TechniquesFirst Time (RFT) Techniques

Water Prepared Substrate

People Understanding Knowledge & Skills

Profit

Chemicals

RFT Dyeing

Doing all the steps of dyeing and finishing within the estimated time frame standardize by the factory

The benefits of RFT Technology:Lower Costs per Batch

Increased OutputImproved Profit marginReduced Effluent load

Better Customer ServiceImproved Quality

Eco-Friendly TechniquesEco-Friendly Techniques

For best achievement pollution control at source is the best way. Should think about zero waste concept.Reuse of third time ringing water is a good method to reduce effluent load.

ETP CostingETP Costing1. Construction Cost:1. Construction Cost:Civil, Electrical and MechanicalCivil, Electrical and Mechanical2. Manpower Cost2. Manpower Cost3. Operation Cost:3. Operation Cost:4. Chemicals and Power Consumption4. Chemicals and Power Consumption

5. Construction Cost: Minimum 1 crore5. Construction Cost: Minimum 1 crore6. Operation cost: 3-3.5 Tk/kg fabric (for combined 6. Operation cost: 3-3.5 Tk/kg fabric (for combined

ETPs); Monthly around 5-9 lac takaETPs); Monthly around 5-9 lac takaBiological : 4-5 Tk/mBiological : 4-5 Tk/m33 wastewater wastewaterPhysicochemcical: 12-13 Tk/mPhysicochemcical: 12-13 Tk/m33

Hybrid : 18 Tk/mHybrid : 18 Tk/m33 7. Minimum construction cost: conventional ETP : 7. Minimum construction cost: conventional ETP : 1 Crore BDT1 Crore BDT8. Minimum construction cost MBR: 8. Minimum construction cost MBR: 2.5-5 Crore BDT2.5-5 Crore BDT

Central ETP ConceptCentral ETP Concept

Effluent should be collected from same Effluent should be collected from same typetype

of textiles and should be treated in a centralof textiles and should be treated in a central

ETP for small scale industries.ETP for small scale industries.

Central ETP of CEPZCentral ETP of CEPZ

Central ETP of CEPZ: Central ETP of CEPZ: InformationInformation

Capacity 15,000 mCapacity 15,000 m33/day/day24 hours/day operation24 hours/day operation

cost: 18.66 mcost: 18.66 m33/day/day

Government InitiativeGovernment Initiative

1.1. Environmental ruleEnvironmental rule

2.2. ETP MandatoryETP Mandatory

3.3. LoanLoan

4.4. MonitoringMonitoring

ConclusionsConclusions

1.1. A large quantity of wastewater generated from A large quantity of wastewater generated from dyeing houses.dyeing houses.

2.2. Highly polluted water bodies.Highly polluted water bodies.3.3. Treatment essential: various treatment methods.Treatment essential: various treatment methods.4.4. Physicochemical, Biological (Conventional & MBR) Physicochemical, Biological (Conventional & MBR)

and Physicochemical & Biological.and Physicochemical & Biological.5.5. ETP-CAD can be used for ETP designing and ETP-CAD can be used for ETP designing and

optimizationoptimization6.6. 1 crore taka minimum cost for construction of an 1 crore taka minimum cost for construction of an

ETPETP7.7. Central Etp concept is useful for small scale Central Etp concept is useful for small scale

factoriesfactories8.8. High liquor ratio machines should be replaced by High liquor ratio machines should be replaced by

low liquor ratio machines.low liquor ratio machines.9.9. Ionic liquid dyeing, supercritical fluid dyeing, solvent Ionic liquid dyeing, supercritical fluid dyeing, solvent

dyeing technologies should be useddyeing technologies should be used10.10. Strong RND in Textile Environment and production Strong RND in Textile Environment and production

areas required to control pollutionareas required to control pollution

ReferencesReferences1. “Jago Corporation” (R & D), Ashulia1. “Jago Corporation” (R & D), Ashulia2. “Pilot Program of MBR in Unihouse Yarn Dyeing Factory”, 2. “Pilot Program of MBR in Unihouse Yarn Dyeing Factory”, Kumkumari, Ashulia.Kumkumari, Ashulia.3. “Membrane bio-reactors, Bangladesh Perspective”3. “Membrane bio-reactors, Bangladesh Perspective”            Md. Akhtarul IslamMd. Akhtarul Islam4. “Membrane Bio- Reactor for Treating Textile Effluent Using 4. “Membrane Bio- Reactor for Treating Textile Effluent Using Indigenous Sintered Clay Micro Filters”Indigenous Sintered Clay Micro Filters” 5. Wastewater Engineering5. Wastewater Engineering

Treatment, Disposal and ReuseTreatment, Disposal and ReuseBy Metcalf & EddyBy Metcalf & Eddy33rdrd Edition Edition

6. Introduction to Environmental Engineering6. Introduction to Environmental EngineeringBy Davis CornwellBy Davis Cornwell33rdrd Edition Edition

7. Books and Papers from internet7. Books and Papers from internet8. Treatment of Textile Liquid Waste8. Treatment of Textile Liquid Waste

Md. Akhtaruzzaman, BUET, March 2006Md. Akhtaruzzaman, BUET, March 20069. Arun Kanti Guha & Md. Shariful Islam, BTT, 9. Arun Kanti Guha & Md. Shariful Islam, BTT, 2009, 2009, 22, 43-50., 43-50.10. Md. Imdadul Hpque and Arun Kanti Guha, BTT, January 2010.10. Md. Imdadul Hpque and Arun Kanti Guha, BTT, January 2010.11. Sumit Mondal and Arun Kanti Guha, BTT, Inpress.11. Sumit Mondal and Arun Kanti Guha, BTT, Inpress.

AcknowledgementAcknowledgement1. Professor Dr. Md. Akhtarul Islam (SUST)2. Engr. Arif Anwar (SUST)

My students1. Engr. Md. Shariful Islam 2. Engr. Riad Patoary3. Engr. Imdadul Hoque4. Mr. Sumit Mondol5. Mr. Samsuzzaman6. Mr. Pejush7. Mr. Mmaun8. Mr. Masum Billah

I am very much grateful to

Prof. Syed Fakhrul Hassan, Chairman and Engr. Ahmed UllahDepartment of Textile Engineering, Southeast University. Engr. Tareq Amin, Publisher, BTT., Dr. Aub Nabi KhanDr. Saifur Rahman and Dr. Saiful Islam.

1. Yarn Manufacturing TechnologyLink : http://www.facebook.com/pages/Yarn-Manufacturing-Technology/485014954866808

2. Fabric Manufacturing TechnologyLink : http://www.facebook.com/pages/Fabric-Manufacturing-Technology/459520217425605

3. Garments Manufacturing TechnologyLink : http://www.facebook.com/pages/Garments-Manufacturing-Technology/472364799463126

3. Wet processing TechnologyLink : http://www.facebook.com/pages/Wet-Processing-Technology-Dyeing-/468645219825404

4. Fashion-Design-and-TechnologyLink : http://www.facebook.com/pages/Fashion-Design-and-Technology/587655294583875?ref=ts&fref=ts

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