Environmental Sciences Course Principles of Matter and Energy.

Environmental Sciences Course

Principles of Matter and Energy

University Of Palestine ENVI005 2

Natural Energy ResourcesNatural Energy Resources

Annually, human needs for energy 10 Terawatt

Annual budget for earth is 174000 Terawatt Therefore, the global problem of energy is not the lack of energy resources

However, energy resources have to be Sustainable, Economically Feasible, Handable, and Safe.



How to insure energy resources durability and sustainability:

1.Saving and Conservation of energy resources

2.Alteration to renewable natural energy resources

3.Increasing efficiency transformation



Energy Resources:

1. Liquid Hydrocarbons

2. Solid Hydrocarbons

3. Biomass Energy

4. Nuclear Energy

5. Hydropower

6. Geothermal Energy

7. Tide Energy

8. Wind Energy

9. Solar Energy



Liquid Hydrocarbons

Formed By:

1. Sedimentation of Plankton and marine organisms at sea bed.

2. Under high temperature and pressure oil and gas are formed

3. Hydrocarbons migrates to Oil Traps



Liquid Hydrocarbons

• More than 3000 products are extracted from raw oil by Cracking.

• Till now more than 650 billion barrels were produced

• Annual rate of use reach 20 billion barrels

• Till now, from 1500-3000 billion barrels are discovered



Solid Hydrocarbons

Coal:

• Coal is a readily combustible black or brownish-black rock.

• It is a sedimentary rock, but the harder forms can be regarded as metamorphic rock.

• Represents 92% of the whole fossil fuels

• It is composed primarily of carbon along with assorted other elements, including sulfur.

• World coal consumption is about 5.3 billion tons annually, of which about 75% is used for the production of electricity



Solid Hydrocarbons

Peat:

• It is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation matter.

• Carbons composes 60% of it.

• Peat forms in wetlands or peatlands.

• Used in some countries like in Ireland and Russia for house cooking and warming.

• 1/3 of peat exists in Canada where it covers 12% of it total area.


Natural Energy ResourcesNatural Energy ResourcesSolid Hydrocarbons

Oil Shale

• Oil shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock

• Containing significant amounts of kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds), from which liquid hydrocarbons can be manufactured.

• 40 billion tons exists in Jordan.

• 10% of liquid hydrocarbons can be extracted from it.

• Economical Feasibility of oil shale is still under discussion


Alternative Energy ResourcesAlternative Energy Resources

Biomass Energy (Biofuel)

solid, liquid, or gas fuel consisting of, or derived from biomass

• Wood is considered as a biomass.

• Examples:

Fuel obtained from olive wastes (Jeft).

Alcohol obtained from sugar cane.

Methane obtained from sludge treatment processes



Nuclear Energy

the controlled use of nuclear fission to release energy.

• As of 2004, nuclear power provided 6.5% of the world's energy and 15.7% of the world's electricity

• There are more than 400 nuclear power plants around the world, with more than 100 in the United States.

• Potential release of radiation and the difficulty of radioactive wastes disposal put a question mark on the safety of this source of energy.

• The two most well-known events are the Three Mile Island accident and the Chernobyl disaster



Hydropower

Energy obtained from moving water

• Dams and Turbines are built to transform hydropower into other forms of energy.

• Hydroelectric power now supplies 19% of world electricity

• Hydropower is an environment friend source of energy, however, it may affect environment adversely because building of dams may change ecosystems, also it results in additional stresses on the geological formations beneath them.



Geothermal Energy

Energy stored beneath earth surface in the form of heat.

• What radiates to the surface (0.06 Watt/m2 ) is ignorant if compared to what reaches from sun (1360 Watt/m2 ).

• Some visible features of geothermal energy are volcanoes and hot springs

• However, As of 2007, geothermal power supplies less than 10% of the world's energy

• Several technologies are used to generate electricity from geothermal energy: (Flash steam, Binary cycle, Hot dry-rock system).

• Difficulty of extracting this source of energy prevents its widespread.



Tidal Power

Energy obtained from the tidal currents (ebb and flow ) or the rise and the fall of sea levels

• In the past it was used to run water mills in England and Holland.

• For commercial generation of electricity, a difference of at least 8 m between the minimum and the upper water level is required.

• In Gaza Strip, tidal over-height is in the range of 0.5–0.9 m



Wind Energy

Energy obtained from moving air currents (winds)

• In past, it was used for sailing and running wind mills.

• although it currently produces just over 1% of world-wide electricity use, it accounts for approximately 20% of electricity production in Denmark.

• Use of this source dwindled since winds are randomly variable, and highly affected by construction activities, and difficult to be stored.

• However, in some countries turbine blades are built in Wind Farms to generate electricity. Like those famous ones in California.



Solar Energy

Is the incoming energy from sun as heat and light• The basic source for other types of energy (wind energy,

hydropower, biomass, etc ..)

• Represents 99.9% of the renewable energy resources on earth.

• Modern solar technologies provide heating, lighting, electricity and even flight. Its use is common in arid and semiarid regions.

• Solar Energy is favorable for being the most renewable environment friend source of energy .

• What hinders use of solar energy is being highly dependant on weather conditions and the nature of the required technology.

Environmental Sciences Course Principles of Matter and Energy.

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