Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Water Pollution and Its...
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Transcript of Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Water Pollution and Its...
![Page 1: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Water Pollution and Its Prevention PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 17.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d185503460f949ed8d8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright
Water Pollution and Its Prevention
PPT by Clark E. Adams
Chapter 17
![Page 2: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Water Pollution and Its Prevention PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 17.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d185503460f949ed8d8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Water Pollution and Its Prevention
• Water pollution• Eutrophication• Sewage management and
treatment• Public policy
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Pollution
• Pollution: “the presence of a substance in the environment that because of its chemical composition or quantity prevents the functioning of natural processes and produces undesirable environmental and health effects.”
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Water Pollution
• Pollution essentials• Water pollution: sources, types,
criteria
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Pollution Categories
• Air• Particulates• Acid-forming compounds• Photochemical smog
• CO2
• CFCs
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Pollution Categories
• Water and land• Nutrient oversupply• Solid wastes• Toxic chemicals• Pesticides/herbicides• Nuclear waste
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Water Pollution Types
• Pathogens• Organic Wastes• Chemical• Sediments• Nutrients
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Pathogens Carried by Sewage
• Disease-causing agents (Table 17.1)
• Safety measures• Purification of public water supply• Sanitary collection/treatment of
sewage• Sanitary practices when processing
food
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Organic Wastes
• Dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water is depleted during decomposition of organic wastes.
• Water quality test•Biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD): measure of the amount of organic material.
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Testing Water for Sewage
Fecal Coliform Test
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Chemical Pollutants
• Inorganic chemicals•Heavy metals, acids, road salts
• Organic chemicals •Petroleum, pesticides,
detergents
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Effect of Sediments on Stream Ecology
• Loss of hiding/resting places for small fish
• Attached aquatic organisms scoured from the rocks and sand
• Poor light penetration
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Eutrophication
• Different kinds of aquatic plants• The impact of nutrient enrichment• Combating eutrophication
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Different Kinds of Aquatic Plants
• Benthic plants•Emergent vegetation•Submerged aquatic vegetation
(SAV)
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Different Kinds of Aquatic Plants
• Phytoplankton•Green filamentous and single cell•Blue-green single cell•Diatoms single cell
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The Impacts of Nutrient Enrichment
• Oligotrophic: nutrient-poor water• Eutrophic: nutrient-rich water
What kind of plants would dominate in oligotrophic vs. eutrophic conditions?
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Eutrophication
• As nutrients are added from pollution, an oligotrophic condition rapidly becomes eutrophic.
Oligotrophic
Eutrophic
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Eutrophic or Oligotrophic?
• High dissolved O2
• Deep light penetration• High phytoplankton
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Eutrophic or Oligotrophic?
• Turbid waters• High species diversity• Good recreational qualities• High detritus decomposition
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Eutrophic or Oligotrophic?
• Low bacteria decomposition• Benthic plants• Warm water• High nutrient concentration• BOD• High sediments
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Natural and Cultural Eutrophication• Natural eutrophication
• aquatic succession• occurs over several hundreds of years
• Cultural eutrophication• driven by human activities• occurs rapidly
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Combating Eutrophication
• Attack the symptoms• Chemical treatment• Aeration• Harvesting aquatic weeds• Drawing water down
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Combating Eutrophication
• Getting at root cause• Controlling point sources• Controlling nonpoint sources
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Controlling Point Sources
• Ban phosphate detergents• Sewage-treatment improvements
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Controlling Nonpoint Sources
• Difficult to address runoff pollutants•Urban•Agricultural fields•Deforested woodlands•Overgrazed pastures
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Controlling Nonpoint Sources
• Best Management Practices (BMP): Table 17-2•Agriculture•Construction•Urban
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Sewage Management and Treatment
• Development of sewage collection and treatment systems
• The pollutants in raw sewage• Removing the pollutants from
sewage• Treatment of sludge• Alternative treatment systems
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Development of Sewage Collection and Treatment Systems• Storm drains for collecting runoff
from precipitation• Sanitary sewers to receive all the
wastewater from sinks, tubs, and toilets
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Development of Sewage Collection and Treatment Systems• Through the 1970s sewage was
discharged directly into waterways• Clean Water Act of 1972
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Pollutants in Raw Sewage
• 99.9% water to 0.1% waste• Pollutants in sewage are:
• Debris and grit• Particulate organic material• Colloidal and dissolved organic
material• Dissolved inorganic material
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Removing Pollutants from Sewage: Match Technology with FunctionTechnology Function
Bar Screen Particulate organics
Grit Screen Dissolved organics
Primary Treatment Dissolved inorganics
Secondary Treatment
Large or small debris
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Trickling Filters for Secondary Treatment
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Trickling Filters for Secondary Treatment
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Biological Nutrient Removal
• Activated sludge: 3 zones
• Conversion of NH4 to NO3
• NO3 converted to N gas and released
• PO4 taken up by bacteria and released with excess sludge
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Sludge Treatment
• Anaerobic digestion• Composting• Pasteurization
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Treatment of Sludge
MethaneHumus
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Alternative Treatment Systems
• Individual septic systems• Wastewater effluent irrigation• Reconstructed wetland systems
• Beaumont, TX
• The waterless toilet
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• Aerobic digestion of solids in septic tank
• Flow of liquids into drain field for evaporation, infiltration, or irrigation
Septic Tank Treatment
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Public Policy
• What was the legislative milestone in protecting natural waters and water supplies for each of the acts listed in Table 17-3?
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End of Chapter 17