Environmental Product Declaration Bentley Mills | AFIRMA ... · End-of-Life stage: Recycling,...

Environmental Product Declaration Bentley Mills | AFIRMA™ Hardback Tile

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© 2020 SCSglobalServices.com

Declaration Owner

Bentley Mills, Inc.

4641 East Don Julian Rd

City of Industry, CA 91746

www.bentleymills.com | 800.423.4709

Product

AFIRMA™ Hardback Tile

This EPD represents delivery of product to North American

customers

Separate results are provided for solution dyed nylon and piece

dyed nylon products.

UNSPSC Code 30161701

CSI Code 09 68 00

Functional Unit

The functional unit is one square meter of floor covering over a 60-

year period

EPD Number and Period of Validity

SCS-EPD-06179

EPD Valid June 9, 2020 through June 8, 2025

Product Category Rule

Product Category Rule for Environmental Product Declarations.

Flooring: Carpet, Resilient, Laminate, Ceramic, Wood. Version 2.

NSF International National Center for Sustainability Standards.

2014

Program Operator

SCS Global Services

2000 Powell Street, Ste. 600, Emeryville, CA 94608

+1.510.452.8000 | www.SCSglobalServices.com

Environmental Product Declaration Bentley Mills | AFIRMA

http://www.scsglobalservices.com/


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Declaration Owner: Bentley Mills, Inc.

Address: 14641 East Don Julian Rd, City of Industry, CA 91746

Declaration Number: SCS-EPD-06179

Declaration Validity Period: EPD Valid June 9, 2020 through June 8, 2025

Program Operator: SCS Global Services

Declaration URL Link: https://www.scsglobalservices.com/certified-green-products-guide

LCA Practitioner: Gerard Mansell, SCS Global Services

LCA Software: openLCA v1.10 and ecoinvent v3.6 database

Independent critical review of

the LCA and data, according to

ISO 14044 and ISO 14071

☐ internal ☒ external

LCA Reviewer:

Thomas Gloria, Ph.D., Industrial Ecology Consultants

Product Category Rule: Product Category Rule (PCR) for preparing an Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) for

Flooring: Carpet, Resilient, Laminate, Ceramic, Wood. NSF International. Version 2. 2014.

PCR Review conducted by: Mr. Jack Geibig (Ecoform); Dr. Michael Overcash (Environmental Clarity); Mr. Thaddeus Owen

(OTEC LLC)

Independent verification of the

declaration and data,

according to ISO 14025 and the

PCR

☐ internal

☒ external

EPD Verifier:

Thomas Gloria, Ph.D., Industrial Ecology Consultants

Declaration Contents:

Bentley Mills…………………………………………………………………………………………………………3 Product…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3 Life Cycle Assessment Stages and Reported EPD Information…………………………7 Life Cycle Inventory……………………………………………………………………………………………..8 Life Cycle Impact Assessment………………………………………………….…………………………9 Additional Environmental Information……………………………………………………..………16 References…………………………………………………………………………………….……………………17

Disclaimers: This EPD conforms to ISO 14025, 14040, 14044, and ISO 21930.

Scope of Results Reported: The PCR requirements limit the scope of the LCA metrics such that the results exclude environmental and

social performance benchmarks and thresholds, and exclude impacts from the depletion of natural resources, land use ecological

impacts, ocean impacts related to greenhouse gas emissions, risks from hazardous wastes and impacts linked to hazardous chemical

emissions.

Accuracy of Results: Due to PCR constraints, this EPD provides estimations of potential impacts that are inherently limited in terms of

accuracy.

Comparability: The PCR this EPD was based on was not written to support comparative assertions. EPDs based on different PCRs, or

different calculation models, may not be comparable. When attempting to compare EPDs or life cycle impacts of products from different

companies, the user should be aware of the uncertainty in the final results, due to and not limited to, the practitioner’s assumptions, the

source of the data used in the study, and the specifics of the product modeled.


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Bentley Mills

For more than 30 years, California-based Bentley Mills, Inc. has manufactured broadloom, carpet tile, and area rug

products for interiors. Bentley’s AFIRMA™ Hardback Tile, produced at the City of Industry, California manufacturing

facility is a modular Hardback Tile with nylon 6,6 face fiber and a backing containing recycled content. Many of its

products feature high performance and superior Textile Appearance Retention Rating (TARR), as well as Green Label

Plus, NSF® 140, and Cradle to Cradle certifications.

Product

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

AFIRMA™ Hardback Tile, produced at the City of Industry, California manufacturing facility is a modular Hardback Tile

with nylon 6,6 face fiber and a backing containing some recycled materials. It is certified Cradle to Cradle Silver and CRI

Green Label Plus. The manufacturer warrants for a period of 15 years from the date of invoice.

PRODUCT FLOW DIAGRAM

A flow diagram illustrating the production processes and life cycle phases included in the scope of the EPD is provided

below.

PRODUCT PERFORMANCE

Table 1. Product performance test results for AFIRMA™ Hardback Tile.

Test Method Test Results & Supporting

Documentation

AATCC1 Test Method 134-2011 Electrostatic Propensity of Carpets ≤ 3.5 kV

ASTM2 E648 Standard Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering

Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source Passes Class 1, ≥ 0.45 W/cm

ASTM2 E662 Standard test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke

Generated by Solid Materials < 450 dm Corrected

PRODUCT APPLICATION

The Bentley AFIRMA™ Hardback Tile provides the primary function of floor covering in indoor commercial areas.


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MATERIAL CONTENT

Table 2. Material content for the AFIRMA™ Hardback Tile by mass (per m2) and as a percentage of total mass.

Component kg/m2 Percent

Filler 0.327 12%

Nylon face fiber 0.746 26%

Primary backing; Scrim - PET 0.230 8.1%

Precoat Vinyl acetate 0.187 6.6%

Dispersant/Thickener - Acrylic 2.52x10-3 0.09%

Adhesive/Laminate - Polyolefin 1.15 41%

Stabilizer - Fiberglass 6.78x10-2 2.4%

Other – Fire retardant; Carpet protector/Stain release 0.120 4.2%

Total 2.83 100%

Table 3. Origin and availability of material content.

Component Material

Availability:

Renewable Non-renewable

Recycled

(% pre-/post-

consumer)

Origin of

Materials

Facing Nylon 6,6 Fossil limited US

Primary Backing Non-woven Polyester Fossil limited 45%/0% US

Carpet Protector/Stain

Release Proprietary Fossil limited US

Precoat Vinyl Acetate Polymer Fossil limited US

Soap

Ammonium Lauryl

Sulfate Abundant US

Filler Calcium Carbonate Mineral abundant 100%/0% US

Fire Retardant Alumina Trihydrate Mineral abundant US

Dispersant Sodium Polyacrylate Fossil limited US

Thickener Sodium Polyacrylate Fossil limited 35%/30% US

Adhesive & Laminate Polyolefin Fossil limited US

Stabilizer Fiberglass Fossil limited US

Scrim Polyester Fossil limited 88%/0% US

Packaging

White-lined

chipboard Abundant US

Packaging Corrugated board Abundant US

Packaging Packaging film (LDPE) Fossil limited US

Packaging Wood Abundant US

The following regulated hazardous chemicals may be present based on a review of Material Safety Data Sheets for the product

component materials:

▪ Calcium carbonate (CAS #47134-1)

▪ Continuous filament glass fibers (CAS #65997-17-3)


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PRODUCTION OF MAIN MATERIALS

Alumina Trihydrate:

A flame retardant that is derived from bauxite ore and refined to a fine white powder.

Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate:

A foaming agent and detergent derived from petrochemicals.

Calcium Carbonate:

An abundant mineral found world-wide and a common substance found in rocks. It can be ground into varying particle

sizes.

Non-woven Polyester:

Polyester fibers bonded together without being woven or knitted and derived from petrochemicals.

Nylon 6,6:

A synthetic polymer that can be utilized for fiber applications and derived from petrochemicals.

Fiberglass:

Continuous glass fibers reinforced with a thermosetting plastic. Its major ingredients are silica sand, limestone, soda ash,

and petrochemicals.

Polyester:

A synthetic fiber material produced from the polymerization of petrochemicals.

Polyolefin:

A class of synthetic resins prepared by the polymerization of hydrocarbons and derived from petrochemicals.

Sodium Polyacrylate:

An anionic polyelectrolyte utilized as a dispersing agent and derived from petrochemicals.

Vinyl Acetate Polymer:

A thermoplastic prepared by the polymerization of vinyl acetate monomer, derived from petrochemicals.

PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

Table 4. Product Characteristics for AFIRMA™ Hardback Tile.

Characteristic Description

Type of Manufacture Tufted Textured Loop

Yarn Type Nylon 6,6 Polyamide Fiber

Additional characteristics according to NSF/ANSI 140 Gold Certification

Sustainable certifications NSF/ANSI 140 Sustainable Carpet Assessment,

Cradle to Cradle Certified™

VOC emissions test method CDPH Section 01350 Version 1.2

CRI TARR rating 2.5 – 4.0 Moderate – Extreme Traffic

Characteristic Nominal Value Units

Total thickness 4.8 – 11.2 (0.188 – 0.440) mm (inch)

Product weight 2,645 – 4,204 (78 – 124) g/m2 (oz/yd2)

Surface pile thickness 1.6 – 8.2 (0.062 – 0.321) mm (inch)

Number of tufts or loops /dm2 5.16 – 11.97 (80 – 185.6) Tufts per dm2 (Tufts

per in2)

Surface pile weight 474 – 1,967 (13 – 58) g/m2 (oz/yd2)

Pile fiber composition 100% Nylon 6,6 %

Secondary backing LDPE Thermoplastic w/Fiberglass and

Polyester Scrim NA


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Figure 1. Flow Diagram for the life cycle of the AFIRMA™ Hardback Tile product system.


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Life Cycle Assessment Stages and Reported EPD Information

Sourcing/extraction (raw material acquisition) stage:

This stage includes extraction of virgin materials and reclamation of non‐virgin feedstock. Resource use and emissions

associated with both extraction of the raw materials and manufacture of carpet components are included.

Manufacturing stage:

This stage includes all the relevant manufacturing processes and flows, including packaging. Production of capital goods,

infrastructure, production of manufacturing equipment, and personnel-related activities are not included.

Delivery and installation stage:

Delivery

This stage includes the delivery of the hardback tile to the point of installation. Modeling used in the life cycle

assessment assumed an estimated distribution distance to point of sale of 2,500 miles via diesel truck, representing

transport across the United States.

Installation

The AFIRMA™ Hardback Tile is installed with HealthBond 2399 pressure sensitive adhesive. The recommended application rate

is 0.03 gallons per square meter (0.11 kg/m2).

Waste

Waste generated during product installation can be disposed of in a landfill or incinerated.

Packaging

Table 5. Packaging material for AFIRMA™ Hardback Tile. Results are shown per 1 m2 flooring.

Component kg/m2 Percent

Cardboard 8.80x10-2 31%

Wrapping film 4.93x10-3 1.7%

Chipboard 5.21x10-2 18%

Wood 0.145 51%

Total Packaging 0.285 100%


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Use stage:

Cleaning and maintenance

Table 6. Cleaning and maintenance for AFIRMA™ Hardback Tile.

Cleaning Process

Traffic, Soil Rating Energy &

Resource Use Light - 500 traffics

or less daily

Moderate - 500-1,000

traffics daily

Heavy – 1,000-2,500

traffics daily

Vacuuming Twice or more each

week Once daily At least once daily Electricity

Interim Maintenance

(Steam cleaning) Once per year

Twice per year; should

include pile lifting

Monthly; should

include pile lifting Electricity; water

Restorative

Maintenance (Steam

cleaning)

Once per year;

should include pile

lifting

Twice per year; should

include pile lifting

Four times annually;

should include pile

lifting

Electricity; water

End-of-Life stage:

Recycling, reuse, or repurpose

Data for estimation of recycling rates for the product and packaging are taken from the Carpet America Recovery Effort’s

(CARE) 2017 Annual Report and the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Municipal Solid Waste Report, respectively.

For product materials, it is assumed that 5% are recycled, while recycling rates for packaging materials vary, depending

on waste material type.

Disposal

For disposal of product materials which are not recycled, it is assumed that 6% are incinerated and 89% go to a landfill.

Similarly, for packaging materials not recycled, it is assumed that 20% are incinerated and 80% go to a landfill.

Transportation of waste materials at end of life assumes a 20 mile average distance to disposal, consistent with

assumptions used in the US EPA WARM model.

Life Cycle Inventory

In accordance with the PCR, the following aggregated inventory flows are included in the LCA:

▪ Use of renewable material resources

▪ Consumption of freshwater

▪ Hazardous Waste

▪ Non-hazardous Waste

All results are calculated using the OpenLCA v1.10 model using primary and secondary inventory data. Classification for

Use of Renewable Material Resources is based on review of elementary flows and resources considered renewable on a

human time scale. Elementary flows related to use of wood, minerals, and land occupation were not included. Water

consumption is also not included as this is reported separately. Based on this classification process, no renewable

material resources are estimated for the product system under consideration.


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Table 7. Results for aggregated inventory flows, shown per 1 m2 of flooring.

Parameter Units

AFIRMA™ -

Solution Dyed

AFIRMA™ -

Solution Dyed

AFIRMA™ -

Continuous

Dyed

AFIRMA™ -

Continuous

Dyed

1 year 60 year 1 year 60 year

Resource Use

Primary Energy Demand MJ 324 2,190 324 2,190

Renewable Energy MJ 65.7 699 65.7 699

Nonrenewable Energy MJ 259 1,490 258 1,490

Freshwater Use m3 0.643 5.88 0.642 5.88

Waste Flows

Nonhazardous waste kg 5.45 23.4 5.45 23.4

Hazardous waste kg 3.94x10-4 3.15x10-3 3.94x10-4 3.15x10-3

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life cycle impact assessment is the process of converting the life cycle inventory results into a representation of

environmental and human health impacts. For example, emissions such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide

(inventory) together contribute to climate change (impact assessment). The impact assessment for the EPD is conducted

in accordance with requirements of the PCR. Impact category indicators are estimated using the CML characterization

method. Aggregated inventory flows for energy use and wastes are also calculated. The LCIA and inventory flow results

are calculated using OpenLCA v1.10 software.


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Table 8. Cradle to install and end of life for AFIRMA™ Hardback Tile, Solution Dyed Nylon 6,6. Results are shown per 1 m2 flooring for

an average 1-year time horizon. (Table A of the PCR)

Impact Category Raw Materials Manufacturing Installation Disposal Total

Global warming (kg CO2 eq) 11.2 3.29 2.30 1.46 18.3

61% 18% 13% 8.0% 100%

Ozone layer depletion (kg CFC-11

eq)

4.42x10-7 3.34x10-7 3.80x10-7 2.72x10-8 1.18x10-6

37% 28% 32% 2.3% 100%

Acidification (kg SO2 eq) 2.40x10-2 9.36x10-3 9.07x10-3 8.71x10-4 4.33x10-2

55% 22% 21% 2.0% 100%

Eutrophication (kg (PO4)3- eq) 7.64x10-3 3.02x10-3 2.59x10-3 8.33x10-3 2.16x10-2

35% 14% 12% 39% 100%

Photochemical oxidation (kg C2H4

eq)

2.03x10-3 5.01x10-4 3.86x10-4 2.68x10-4 3.19x10-3

64% 16% 12% 8.4% 100%

Abiotic depletion (kg Sb eq) 3.15x10-6 1.79x10-6 2.98x10-9 1.65x10-10 4.95x10-6

64% 36% 0.06% 0.00% 100%

Abiotic depletion (fossil fuels) (MJ

eq)

94.4 50.8 34.5 2.33 182

52% 28% 19% 1.3% 100%

Table 9. Average 1 year use stage impacts for AFIRMA™ Hardback Tile, Solution Dyed Nylon 6,6 per 1 m2 flooring. (Table B of the PCR)

Impact Category Use & Maintenance

Global warming (kg CO2 eq) 0.318

Ozone layer depletion (kg CFC-11 eq) 2.44x10-8

Acidification (kg SO2 eq) 2.03x10-3

Eutrophication (kg (PO4)3- eq) 7.72x10-4

Photochemical oxidation (kg C2H4 eq) 7.70x10-5

Abiotic depletion (kg Sb eq) 8.51x10-7

Abiotic depletion (fossil fuels) (MJ eq) 4.15

Table 10. List of maintenance activities and frequency.

Maintenance Activity

Frequency over Reference Service Life (RSL) of product

Light ‐ 500 traffics

or less daily

Moderate ‐ 500‐

1,000 traffics daily

Heavy – 1,000‐2,500

traffics daily

Reference Service Life (RSL) 15 years 15 years 15 years

Vacuuming 1,560 times or more

over 15 year RSL

5,475 times over 15

year RSL

5,475 times or more

over 15 year RSL

Interim Maintenance (Steam cleaning) 15 times over 15 year

RSL

30 times over 15 year

RSL


RSL

Restorative Maintenance (Steam cleaning) 15 times over 15 year

RSL


RSL


RSL


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Table 11. Life cycle stage impacts for AFIRMA™ Hardback Tile, Solution Dyed Nylon 6,6, per 1 m2 flooring over an average building life

of 60 years. (Table C of the PCR).

Impact Category Raw

Materials Manufacturing Installation

Use &

Maintenance Disposal Total

Global warming (kg CO2 eq) 44.9 13.2 9.21 19.1 5.83 92.2

49% 14% 10.0% 21% 6.3% 100%

Ozone layer depletion (kg CFC-11 eq) 1.77x10-6 1.34x10-6 1.52x10-6 1.46x10-6

1.09x10-

7

6.19x10-

6

29% 22% 25% 24% 1.8% 100%

Acidification (kg SO2 eq) 9.59x10-2 3.74x10-2 3.63x10-2 0.122

3.49x10-

3 0.295

33% 13% 12% 41% 1.2% 100%

Eutrophication (kg (PO4)3- eq) 3.06x10-2 1.21x10-2 1.04x10-2 4.63x10-2

3.33x10-

2 0.133

23% 9.1% 7.8% 35% 25% 100%

Photochemical oxidation (kg C2H4 eq) 8.13x10-3 2.00x10-3 1.54x10-3 4.62x10-3

1.07x10-

3

1.74x10-

2

47% 12% 8.9% 27% 6.2% 100%

Abiotic depletion (kg Sb eq) 1.26x10-5 7.16x10-6 1.19x10-8 5.11x10-5

6.60x10-

10

7.09x10-

5

18% 10% 0.02% 72% 0.00% 100%

Abiotic depletion (fossil fuels) (MJ eq) 378 203 138 249 9.30 977

39% 21% 14% 25% 0.95% 100%

Table 12. Cradle to install and end of life for AFIRMA™ Hardback Tile, Piece Dyed Nylon 6,6. Results are shown per 1 m2 flooring for

an average 1-year time horizon. (Table A of the PCR)

Impact Category Raw

Materials Manufacturing Installation Disposal Total

Global warming (kg CO2 eq) 11.2 3.29 2.30 1.46 18.2

61% 18% 13% 8.0% 100%

Ozone layer depletion (kg CFC-11

eq)

4.36x10-7 3.34x10-7 3.80x10-7 2.72x10-8 1.18x10-6

37% 28% 32% 2.3% 100%

Acidification (kg SO2 eq) 2.38x10-2 9.36x10-3 9.07x10-3 8.71x10-4 4.31x10-2

55% 22% 21% 2.0% 100%

Eutrophication (kg (PO4)3- eq) 7.34x10-3 3.02x10-3 2.59x10-3 8.33x10-3 2.13x10-2

34% 14% 12% 39% 100%

Photochemical oxidation (kg C2H4

eq)

2.03x10-3 5.01x10-4 3.86x10-4 2.68x10-4 3.18x10-3

64% 16% 12% 8.4% 100%

Abiotic depletion (kg Sb eq) 3.16x10-6 1.79x10-6 2.98x10-9 1.65x10-10 4.96x10-6

64% 36% 0.06% 0.00% 100%

Abiotic depletion (fossil fuels) (MJ

eq)

93.6 50.8 34.5 2.33 181

52% 28% 19% 1.3% 100%


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Table 13. Average 1 year use stage impacts for AFIRMA™ Hardback Tile, Piece Dyed Nylon 6,6 per 1 m2 flooring. (Table B of the PCR)

Impact Category Use & Maintenance

Global warming (kg CO2 eq) 0.318

Ozone layer depletion (kg CFC-11 eq) 2.44x10-8

Acidification (kg SO2 eq) 2.03x10-3

Eutrophication (kg (PO4)3- eq) 7.72x10-4

Photochemical oxidation (kg C2H4 eq) 7.70x10-5

Abiotic depletion (kg Sb eq) 8.51x10-7

Abiotic depletion (fossil fuels) (MJ eq) 4.15

Table 14. Life cycle stage impacts for AFIRMA™ Hardback Tile, Piece Dyed Nylon 6,6, per 1 m2 flooring over an average building life of

60 years. (Table C of the PCR)

Impact Category Raw

Materials Manufacturing Installation

Use &

Maintenance Disposal Total

Global warming (kg CO2 eq) 44.6 13.2 9.21 19.1 5.83 91.9

49% 14% 10% 21% 6.3% 100%

Ozone layer depletion (kg

CFC-11 eq)

1.75x10-6 1.34x10-6 1.52x10-6 1.46x10-6 1.09x10-7 6.17x10-6

28% 22% 25% 24% 1.8% 100%

Acidification (kg SO2 eq) 9.52x10-2 3.74x10-2 3.63x10-2 0.122 3.49x10-3 0.294

32% 13% 12% 41% 1.2% 100%

Eutrophication (kg (PO4)3- eq) 2.94x10-2 1.21x10-2 1.04x10-2 4.63x10-2 3.33x10-2 0.131

22% 9.2% 7.9% 35% 25% 100%

Photochemical oxidation (kg

C2H4 eq)

8.11x10-3 2.00x10-3 1.54x10-3 4.62x10-3 1.07x10-3 1.73x10-2

47% 12% 8.9% 27% 6.2% 100%

Abiotic depletion (kg Sb eq) 1.26x10-5 7.16x10-6 1.19x10-8 5.11x10-5

6.60x10-

10 7.09x10-5

18% 10% 0.02% 72% 0.00% 100%

Abiotic depletion (fossil fuels)

(MJ eq)

374 203 138 249 9.30 974

38% 21% 14% 26% 0.96% 100%

SUPPORTING TECHNICAL INFORMATION:

Data sources:

Unit processes are developed with OpenLCA v1.10 software, drawing upon data from multiple sources. Primary data

were provided by Bentley and some of its suppliers for their manufacturing processes. The primary sources of

secondary LCI data are from the Ecoinvent v3.6 Life-Cycle Inventory Database.


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Table 15. Data sources used for the LCA.

Component Dataset Data

Source

Publication

data

PRODUCT

Filler

Calcium Carbonate Filler market for limestone, crushed, washed | limestone, crushed,

washed | Cutoff, S EI v3.6 2019

Nylon

Nylon 6,6 Carpet Fibers

market for nylon 6-6 | nylon 6-6 | Cutoff, S; market for

polypropylene, granulate | polypropylene, granulate | Cutoff, S;

market for chemicals, inorganic | chemical, inorganic | Cutoff, S;

polyamide 6,6 fibres

Primary

data; EI

v3.6; CRI

2018; 2019;

2006

PET

Primary Backing

market for polyethylene terephthalate, granulate, amorphous |

polyethylene terephthalate, granulate, amorphous | Cutoff, S;

market for polyethylene terephthalate, granulate, amorphous,

recycled | polyethylene terephthalate, granulate, amorphous,

recycled | Cutoff, S; market for lubricating oil | lubricating oil |

Cutoff, S

EI v3.6 2019

Chemicals

Stain/Soil Protection market for chemical, organic | chemical, organic | Cutoff, S/GLO EI v3.6 2019

Fire Retardant aluminium hydroxide production | aluminium hydroxide |

Cutoff, S EI v3.6 2019

Vinyl acetate

Latex market for vinyl acetate | vinyl acetate | Cutoff, S/GLO EI v3.6 2019

Soap

Latex Additive market for soap | soap | Cutoff, S/GLO EI v3.6 2019

Acrylic

Latex Additives

market for acrylic dispersion, without water, in 65% solution

state | acrylic dispersion, without water, in 65% solution state |

Cutoff, S/RoW

EI v3.6 2019

Polyolefin

Polyolefin Fabric Coating

ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer production | ethylene vinyl

acetate copolymer | Cutoff, S; market for chemicals, inorganic |

chemical, inorganic | Cutoff, S; market for phenolic resin |

phenolic resin | Cutoff, S; market for polyethylene, low density,

granulate | polyethylene, low density, granulate | Cutoff, S

EI v3.6 2019

Fiberglass

Coating Stabilizer

market for glass fibre | glass fibre | Cutoff, S; market for

polyethylene terephthalate, granulate, bottle grade |

polyethylene terephthalate, granulate, bottle grade | Cutoff, S

EI v3.6 2019

PACKAGING

Chipboard market for folding boxboard/chipboard | folding

boxboard/chipboard | Cutoff, S EI v3.6 2019

Corrugated board market for corrugated board box | corrugated board box |

Cutoff, S EI v3.6 2019

Packaging film market for packaging film, low density polyethylene | packaging

film, low density polyethylene | Cutoff, S EI v3.6 2019

Pallet market for EUR-flat pallet | EUR-flat pallet | Cutoff, S EI v3.6 2019

TRANSPORT

Road transport market for transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO4 |

transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO4 | Cutoff, S/RoW EI v3.6 2019

RESOURCES

Grid electricity Electricity, medium voltage, per kWh - CAMX/CAMX EI v3.6 2019

Heat - natural gas market group for heat, district or industrial, natural gas | heat,

district or industrial, natural gas | Cutoff, S/GLO EI v3.6 2019


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Data Quality:

Table 1. Data quality assessment of Life Cycle Inventory.

Data Quality Parameter Score Data Quality Discussion

Time-Related Coverage

Age of data and the minimum length of time

over which data should be collected

Good The most recent available data are used, based on other considerations such as data

quality and similarity to the actual operations. Typically, these data are less than 5 years

old (typically 2016 or more recent). All of the data used represented an average of at least

one year’s worth of data collection, and up to three years in some cases. Manufacturer-

supplied data (primary data) are based on annualized production for 2019.

Geographical Coverage

Geographical area from which data for unit

processes should be collected to satisfy the

goal of the study

Good The data used in the analysis provide the best possible representation available with

current data. Actual processes for upstream operations are primarily North American.

Surrogate data used in the assessment are representative of North American or global

operations. Data representative of European operations are considered sufficiently

similar to actual processes. Data representing product disposal are based on US

statistics.

Technology Coverage

Specific technology or technology mix

Good For the most part, data are representative of the actual technologies used for processing,

transportation, and manufacturing operations. Representative fabrication datasets,

specific to the type of material, are used to represent the actual processes, as

appropriate.

Precision

Measure of the variability of the data values

for each data expressed (e.g. variance)

Fair Precision of results are not quantified due to a lack of data. Data collected for operations

were typically averaged for one or more years and over multiple operations, which is

expected to reduce the variability of results.

Completeness

Percentage of flow that is measured or

estimated

Very

good

The LCA model included all known mass and energy flows for production of the flooring

products. In some instances, surrogate data used to represent upstream and

downstream operations may be missing some data which is propagated in the model. No

known processes or activities contributing to more than 1% of the total environmental

impact for each indicator are excluded.

Representativeness

Qualitative assessment of the degree to

which the data set reflects the true

population of interest (i.e. geographical

coverage, time period, and technology

coverage)

Good Data used in the assessment represent typical or average processes as currently reported

from multiple data sources and are therefore generally representative of the range of

actual processes and technologies for production of these materials. Considerable

deviation may exist among actual processes on a site-specific basis; however, such a

determination would require detailed data collection throughout the supply chain back to

resource extraction.

Consistency

Qualitative assessment of whether the study

methodology is applied uniformly to the

various components of the analysis

Very

Good

The consistency of the assessment is considered to be high. Data sources of similar

quality and age are used; with a bias towards Ecoinvent v3.6 data where available.

Different portions of the product life cycle are equally considered; however, it must be

noted that final disposition of the product is based on assumptions of current average

practices in the United States.

Reproducibility

Qualitative assessment of the extent to

which information about the methodology

and data values would allow an independent

practitioner to reproduce the results

reported in the study

Good Based on the description of data and assumptions used, this assessment would be

reproducible by other practitioners. All assumptions, models, and data sources are

documented.

Sources of the Data

Description of all primary and secondary

data sources

Good Data representing energy use at the Bentley California facility represent an annual

average and are considered of high quality due to the length of time over which these

data are collected, as compared to a snapshot that may not accurately reflect fluctuations

in production. For secondary LCI datasets, Ecoinvent v3.6 LCI data are used.

Uncertainty of the Information

Uncertainty related to data, models, and

assumptions

Fair Uncertainty related to materials in the flooring products and packaging is low. Actual

supplier data for upstream operations was not available for all suppliers and the study

relied upon the use of existing representative datasets. These datasets contained

relatively recent data (<10 years) but lacked geographical representativeness. Uncertainty

related to the impact assessment methods used in the study are high. The impact

assessment method required by the PCR includes impact potentials, which lack

characterization of providing and receiving environments or tipping points.


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15


Allocation:

Annual facility-level electricity, natural gas and water use data were provided by the manufacturer for calendar year 2019

for the City of Industry, California facility. Resource use was allocated to the products based on area of flooring product

as a fraction of the total facility production volume as provided by the manufacturer.

The AFIRMA™ Hardback Tile system includes recycled materials, which are allocated using the recycled content allocation

method (also known as the 100-0 cut off method). Using the recycled content allocation approach, system inputs with

recycled content do not receive any burden from the previous life cycle other than reprocessing of the waste material.

At end of life, materials which are recycled leave the system boundaries with no additional burden.

Impacts from transportation were allocated based on the mass of material and distance transported.

System boundaries:

The system boundaries of the life cycle assessment for AFIRMA™ Hardback Tile was a cradle to grave study. A description

of the system boundaries for this study are as follows:

▪ Sourcing/extraction stage – This stage includes extraction of virgin materials and reclamation of non-virgin

feedstock. Resource use and emissions associated with both extraction of the raw materials product

component manufacturing are included. Upstream transportation is also included.

▪ Manufacturing stage – This stage includes all the relevant manufacturing processes and flows, including

packaging. Production of capital goods, infrastructure, production of manufacturing equipment, and personnel -

related activities are not included.

▪ Delivery and installation stage – This stage includes the delivery of the AFIRMA™ Hardback Tile to the point of

installation.

▪ Use stage – The use stage includes the cleaning and maintenance of the floor covered during its lifetime, as

well as extraction, manufacturing and transport of all sundry material for maintenance and cleaning.

▪ End of life stage – The end of life stage includes the transport of the floor covering to end of life processes

including landfill, incineration, and recycling.

Cut-off criteria:

According to the PCR, processes contributing greater than 1% of the total environmental impact indicator for each

impact must be included in the inventory. In the present study, except as noted, all known materials and processes were

included in the life cycle inventory.


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16

Additional Environmental Information

The Bentley facility, located in California, is the first carpet manufacturing facility in the country to receive a Silver rating

from the U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Green Building Rating System™

for Existing Buildings (LEED-EB). In 2013, Bentley achieved LEED-EBOM Gold Certification. For additional information

regarding Bentley’s LEED-EB Gold Certification, visit http://www.bentleymills.com/wp-

content/uploads/2014/02/BentleyLEEDEBhighlights.pdf.

The Bentley FULFILL™ reclamation program offers to take back any carpet (all Bentley products can be reclaimed) from

any manufacturer, guaranteeing 100% landfill diversion. The program has diverted over 120 million pounds of material

from the landfill. For additional information regarding the FULFILL™ program, visit http://www.bentleymills.com/wp-

content/uploads/2014/11/FULFILL-Fact-Sheet.pdf.

All products manufactured by Bentley meet CRI Green Label Plus requirements and are tested each quarter. Carpet that

is Green Label Plus certified contributes to Indoor Environmental Quality credit points in the LEED rating system.

The AFIRMA™ Hardback Tile is Cradle to Cradle certified at the Silver Level. The Cradle to Cradle certification program is a

multi-attribute green label that assesses product safety for health and the human environment, guides design for the

future, and leads manufactures toward continuous environmental improvement.

For additional information regarding Bentley’s environmental efforts, visit http://www.bentleymills.com/sustainability/


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17


References

1. Life Cycle Assessment of AFIRMA Flooring. SCS Global Services. Prepared for Bentley Mills. June 2020.

2. ISO 14025:2006 Environmental labels and declarations – Type III environmental declarations – Principles and

Procedures.

3. ISO 14040: 2006 Environmental Management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and Framework

4. ISO 14044: 2006 Environmental Management – Life cycle assessment – Requirements and Guidelines.

5. Product Category Rule for Environmental Product Declarations. Flooring: Carpet, Resilient, Laminate, Ceramic,

Wood. Version 2. NSF International National Center for Sustainability Standards. 2014

6. SCS Type III Environmental Declaration Program: Program Operator Manual. V10.0 April 2019. SCS Global

Services.

7. Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts (TRACI). Dr. Bare, J.,

http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/std/traci/traci.html

8. Wernet, G., Bauer, C., Steubing, B., Reinhard, J., Moreno-Ruiz, E., and Weidema, B., 2016. The ecoinvent

database version 3 (part I): overview and methodology. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,

[online] 21(9), pp.1218–1230. Available at: <http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11367-016-1087-8> 9. WARM Model Transportation Research. Memorandum from ICF Consulting to United States Environmental

Protection Agency. September 7, 2004.

http://epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/tools/warm/SWMGHGreport.html#background.

10. CARE Annual Report 2017 Carpet America

Recovery Effort. https://carpetrecovery.org/wp-

content/uploads/2018/05/CARE-Annual-Report-

2017-FINAL.pdf

http://epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/tools/warm/SWMGHGreport.html#background


For more information, contact:

Bentley Mills, Inc.

14641 East Don Julian Rd

City of Industry, CA 91746

www.bentleymills.com | 800.423.4709

SCS Global Services

2000 Powell Street, Ste. 600, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA

Main +1.510.452.8000 | fax +1.510.452.8001

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