Environmental Problems of Hydrosphere. The Main Sources of

Water Pollution and Their Impact on Public Health. Sanitary Protection of

Water

as. S. Garkavy

Kyiv – 3.10.2012

Plan of the lecture1. Hydrosphere as a part of Biosphere.

2. The amount of water in the Biosphere.

3. The composition of natural water.

4. Ecological and hygienic problems of Hydrosphere.

5. Sources of water pollution.

6. Effect of water on public health.

7. Effects of water pollution on health and the economy.

8. Sanitary protection of water.

"Water! You have no taste, no color, no smell, you can not be described. We enjoy you, without knowing what are you. We can`t say you is a need for life, you are life itself. You fill us with joy that can not be explained by our senses. You are returning the strength to us that we have said goodbye ... you're the greatest treasure in the world. "

Antoine de Saint-Exupery / "Human Planet"

Hydrosphere – is the water environment, consisting of surface and

groundwater

Water resources of the planet are nearly 1,390 million km3

96.5% of all the water on Earth is concentrated in the oceans (about 1,370 million km3)

Water washes 71% of the planet's surface

Capacity of freshwaters is only 2.53%

1.74% of freshwater concentrated in glaciers

Lithosphere keeps 2,34 million km3 of water

12,900 km3 of water are in the atmosphere as vapor

1 100 km3 of concentrated in the living organisms

Water Distribution on Earth

Freshwater availability (m3 per person per year)

If to compare the globe with the avian egg, then the crust – it shell

and hydrosphere - the thinnest, least than a micron film on its

surface

But if to compare hydrosphere with the head of a baby, the freshwater will be equal to two tears on his eyelashes

Water cycle on the Earth

Total area of Earth land – 148,940,000 km2, area of water - 361,132,000 km2

The composition of natural water

Natural water – is a complex disperse system: dispersed medium of which is a chemical compound H2O The structure of water molecula

a) linear model b) flat model c) spatial electronic structure of monomer H2O

Two of the four outer shell electrons of an oxygen atom involved in covalent bonds with the creation of the hydrogen atoms, and the other two form a strongly elongated electronic orbital plane, the plane of which is perpendicular to the H-O-H

The composition of natural water

The dispersed phase:

1. Gases: oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), hydrogen (H2), nitrogen (N2), methane (CH4), and others.

2. Mineral salts: chlorides, sulfates and nitrates of alkali and alkaline earth metals.

3. Inorganic substances (salts, acids, bases) can dissociate in water into metal cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) or hydrogen (H+) and anions acid residues (Cl-, SO4

2-, HCO3-, CO3

2-) or hydroxyl anions OH-, forming ionic solutions.

The composition of natural water

The dispersed phase:

4. Microelements – 65 are found in water

4.1. Essential (iron, iodine, copper, zinc, cobalt, selenium, molybdenum, fluoride, manganese, chromium, etc.)

4.2. Conditionally essential (arsenic, boron, bromine, lithium, nickel, silicon, vanadium, etc.)

4.3. Toxic (aluminum, cadmium, lead, mercury, beryllium, barium, bismuth, thallium, etc.)

The composition of natural water

The dispersed phase:

5. Organic matter– 65 are found in water

5.1. Simple organic compounds (urea, glucose and other sugars)

  5.2. Complex organic substances (proteins, carbohydrates, fats) form colloids

6. Microorganisms - bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminths

Autochthonous, or water group (Consists of microorganisms reservoirs that live and breed in water)

Allochthonous group – microorganisms that fall into the water from sewage waters or with human and animal secretions

Clean, free from impurities or dissolved substances and colloidal suspensions, water is tasteless, odorless, crystal clear, bright and in a thick layer has a blue color

A.N. Semikhatov, 1954

Each pond – is a complex living system where there are algae, higher plants, bacteria, various spineless animals

In the aquatic environment, there are about 250 thousand species of animals and 10 thousand plant species

In tropical waters, their number may reach 400 thousand in the North regions the species diversity is less

…every inhabitant of the Earth consumes on average 650 m3 of water per year (1780 liters per day)

…at current rates of water consumption growth by population there will be enough water for the next 25-30 years. Groundwater pumping has led to subsidence of soil and buildings (in Mexico City and Bangkok) and the lowering of groundwater levels by tens of meters (in Manila).

Average daily consumption of waterKyiv - 300 liters, Mumbai - 450 L, in Moscow – 400 L,

New York - more than 1000 L, Paris - 500 L, London – 300 L.

Water supply (m3/year):Ukraine – 1700; Switzerland – 7280, France – 4570,

Austria – 7700, Italy – 3380, UK - 2730

According to United Nations Economic Commission for Europe the country is considered as enough water secured, in which water resources constitute not less than 15 thousand m3 per capita

To meet the physiological needs we need 2.5 liters of water per day, which is about 1 m3 per year

The human body is on average consisted of water on 65% ...

6-week ... embryo of 95%, the newborn of 75% of body weight, and 50-year-olds - only of 60%.

Predominantly (70%) water is concentrated in cells and only 30% outside of the cells, in the blood and lymph (7%) and interstitial or interstitial fluid (23%).

The water content in:

bones - 20%

muscles - 75%

connective tissue - 80%

blood plasma - 92%

vitreous body - 99%.

Environmental problems of hydrosphere

25% of the world's population has a risk to become sick as result of low quality of water

approximately every 10th resident of the planet becomes sick

nearly 4 million children and 18 million adults die

It is admitted that 100 cases of cancer of 20 to 35 years old (especially colon and bladder) are due to consumption of chlorinated drinking water

Environmental problems hydrosphere

Every year in the oceans there is discharge of 30 million tons of oil, of which 10.5 million tons - from maritime accidents, with coastal cities

Leakage from the soil and rivers is made about 62 million tons of nitrogen and phosphorus

Only in the North Sea annually dumped more than 60,000 tons of various chemical contaminants, including 8 tons of mercury

31,800 tons of chlorides, sulfates 14,000 tons, 9,700 tons of calcium, magnesium 3443 tons, 2000 tons of nitrate

Environmental problems hydrosphere

2 million 200 thousand tons of lead, 1 million 600 thousand tons of manganese

6 million 500 thousand tons of phosphorus

About 50% of world production of iron (annually in the world produce 100 000 t of steel), etc.

20 million tons of solid waste (domestic and industrial)

radioactive waste is estimated to be of total radioactivity -1 5OO OOO OOO Ku.

During the Chernobyl accident there were about 5O OOO OOO Ku radioactivity released in the atmosphere

So today the radioactivity of the oceans equals to 30 Chernobyls

Pollution of the oceansOil and petroleum products. Up to 20% of its surface

is covered with oil film. Primarily this is because the oil and gas in the oceans become more important component of the oil and gas industry. In 1993, 850 million tons of oil (almost 30% of world production) were lifted from the oceans.

The main causes of pollution of the oceans are :

1) accidents in oil vessels (tankers) as a result of collisions, fires, etc;

2) leakages of oil from onshore reservoirs;

3) washing of cargo tanks of tankers at sea.

Routes of oil tankers in the Mediterranean

About 30% of commercial vehicles and 20% of annual world oil tankers pass through the Mediterranean Sea

Oil does not mix with water, and kills algae, molluscs, crustaceans as well as other intertidal animals. Marine mammals are affected by oil pollution because it covers their fur.

Methods of fighting oil pollution of water:

1) protection of coastline by floating booms from oil

2) burning of heavy oil fractions

3) collection and pumping of oil to the special treatment court

4) construction of tankers with double walls of the cargo tanks

5) Implementation of new ballast system

6) Handling of oil spill with bacteria (eg, Pseudomonas species), which able to decompose hydrocarbons;

7) application of new specially designed dispersants - less toxic and more biodegradable than traditional;

8) designing the route of supertankers away from recreational waters and ecologically sensitive coastal zones

- with rivers contaminated by industrial and municipal wastewater, together with about 62 million tons of nitrogen and phosphorus that are washed out from the soil

2. Effluents (wastewaters)

2.1. 300 - 380 million tons of organic matter is discharged into the ocean annualy with effluents

17 thousand seals were killed in the Baltic Sea as result of massive polution in 1989

According to the famous American magazine "Buiseness week” in 1978 in the northwest U.S. 200 tons of mercury from wastewater were discharged into the lakes every day.

.. German professor Zonthaymer (Sonthaeimer) estimated that the waters of Rhine every day endure to the territory of the Netherlands 31 800 tons of chlorides, 14,000 tons of sulfates , 9,700 tons of calcium, 3,443 tons of magnesium, 2,000 tons of nitrates. Half of a kilogram of chemical sludge per thousand litres of water!

2.3. Inorganic acids and alkali of industrial wastewater in range of pH 1.0 – 11.0; Poluted rainfalls.

PH value of the water environment can change to values below 5.0or higher than 18,0Fish can exist in fresh and sea water only in the pH interval 5.0 - 8.5.

2.4. Pesticides, fertilizers, formers of soil structure, plant growth stimulators

2.5. Water can be contaminated with bacteria, viruses, protozoa ...

Jacques Cousteau in his study of Mediterranean Sea found that the pollution of the oceans killed up to 500 species of living organisms.

“Contaminated with oil feet and bathing suits - are now common beach holiday pleasures”, writes another french explorer and journalist Lucien Mathieu

Approximately 2 million of seabirds and 100 thousand marine animals, including 30 thousand seals are killed annually by swallowing plastic products or from falling into the nets and under ropes of ships.

Norwegian researcher Thor Heyerdahl watched the movement of oil stains at a distance of 2000 km from shore

In the womb of died Sharks there were found plastic wraps, various synthetic products that likely caused their death.

Italian chemical company ... "Montedison" daily for 3 years dumped into the sea at Cape Capo Bianco (Island of Corsica) over 3000 tons of so-called "red mud". This "red dirt” was consisted of sulfuric acid, arsenic, titanium, cadmium, vanadium and chromium.

3. Solid waste.

Natural waters get the increase of turbidity, some sedentary benthic forms died of suffocation. The fish, shellfish and crustaceans, which survived, have the reduced growth rate due to worsening of conditions breathing and nutrition.

Reset of solid wastes to the oceans for disposal counted at more than 20 million tons annually

4. Disposal of radioactive waste.

The contamination of seawater with radioactive isotopes that

are formed as result of:

• testing of nuclear weapons;

• using the nuclear reactors on submarines and surface naval

vessels;

• work of nuclear power plants;

• accidents.

The total radioactivity of the world's oceans is estimated

at

      1 5OO OOO OOO Ku (30 Chernobyl accidents!)5. Discharge of heated-waters from thermal power plant.

Effects of water on public health

• Infections and invasion

• Noncommunicable diseases of chemical etiology

(endemic), including anthropogenic

• Unpleasant mental sensations caused by

unsatisfactory organoleptic properties of water

Effects of water on public health

Direct effects:

a) during the ingress of water into the body

orally, when a person knowingly drinking water from

contaminated water or accidentally ingested it while

swimming;

b) contact of water with the skin and mucous

membranes while swimming, bathing, etc.

Indirect effects :

a) polluted water – contaminated food

("seafood") – human;

  b) polluted pond – watering of farmland – plant –

human;

c) polluted pond – cattle – meat (milk) - human.

Effects of water pollution on health and the economy

• quality of drinking tap water, largely depends on the water

quality of surface pond that is real or may be potential

source of centalized water-supply

• contaminated water reservoirs can not be used for

irrigation of agricultural lands

• loss of water due to pollution is a challenge for the

national economy

Water pollution leads to a reduction in food resources

due to inability to eat fish, fish products and other

"seafood" that may be contaminated with various toxic

chemicals: heavy metals, organochlorine pesticides,

polychlorinated biphenyls, etc.

Effects of water pollution on health and the economy

Sanitary protection of water reservoirs is a set

of measures (legislative, organizational,

economic, planning, scientific, technological,

sanitary) to ensure protection of water from

sources of pollution

Thank You for Your Attention!