Environmental pollution · 2019. 7. 24. · Definition of Pollution When Harmful Substances...
Transcript of Environmental pollution · 2019. 7. 24. · Definition of Pollution When Harmful Substances...
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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
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Definition of Pollution
When Harmful Substances Contaminate the
environment it is Called Pollution.
It can be defined as any undesirable change in
the physical, chemical, biological characteristics
of any component of the environment which can
cause harm to life and property.
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Types of Pollution
Pollution
Air
Thermal
Nuclear
Soil
Noise
Water
Marine
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Air pollution
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What is Atmosphere?
Atmosphere is the life blanket of Earth.
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Air.... Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential for
our bodies to live.
Air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, water
vapor, carbon dioxide and inert gases.
Human activities can release substances into the
air, some of which can cause problems to
humans, plants, and animals.
Natural Composition of Gases
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Definition Air pollution : An atmospheric condition in
which certain substances (including normal
constituents in excess) are present in
concentrations which can cause undesirable
effects on man and his environment.
They are in the form of gases (Nox, Sox,
CO,VOC); Particulate matter(dust, smoke, fumes,
etc) & Radioactive (rado-222, Iodine-131, etc)
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Sources of Air Pollution
Sources
Natural
Volcanic Eruptions, Forest Fires, Sea Salt Sprays, Biological Decay, Pollen Grains, Marshes, Photochemical Oxidation of Terpenes
Anthropogenic
Thermal Power Plants,
Vehicular Emissions,
Industrial Units
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Classification of Air Pollutants
Air pollutants may be particulate or gaseous.
On the basis of origin they are divided as
Primary pollutants ---- Are emitted directly
from the point source. e.g. : CO, NO2, SO2
Secondary pollutants ---- formed by interaction
of primary pollutants
e.g. : PAN, Smog, Ozone etc
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Criteria of Pollutants Name of the gas Characteristics Source
Nitrogen dioxide (N2 in air is
oxidized); Nox sum of NO, NO2,
other oxides of N
Brownish gas irritates the
respiratory system originates
from combustion
Burning fuels including
petrol, diesel, and coal
Ground level O3 (primary
constituent of smog)
Reaction of VOC + nox in
presence of heat +sun light
Vehicles and industries are
the major source
Carbon monoxide Reduces bloods ability to carry
O2
Produced by the incomplete
burning of carbon-based fuels
& natural and synthetic
products such as cigarettes
Carbon dioxide Principle greenhouse gas.
Emitted as a result of human
activities such as the burning
of coal, oil, and natural gases
Sulphur dioxide Precursor to acid rain along
with Nox
Formed when fuel (coal, oil)
containing S is burned and
metal smelting
Chorofluoro carbon (CFC) Ozone depletion Released from air-
conditioning systems and
refrigeration.
Lead Cause learning disabilities in
children , toxic to liver,
kidney, blood forming organs
Present in petrol, diesel, lead
batteries, paints, hair dye
products, etc
Particulate matter (PM 10 & 2.5)
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Indoor air pollution
Many people spend large portion of time indoors -
as much as 80-90% of their lives.
We work, study, eat, drink and sleep in enclosed
environments where air circulation may be
restricted
Children, women more exposed to risk
Radon gas
Burning of dung cakes for fuel, wood, kerosene
Incomplete combustion produces CO
Cigarette smoke.
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Effects of Air Pollution
Air Pollution affects???
Human health
Animals
Plants
Materials
Environment
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Effect on Human health
Main problems are related to Respiratory Track - Asthma, hay fever, and other allergic diseases.
Irritation of the eye, nose and throat. In severe cases there may be headaches, nausea, and loss of coordination.
Prolonged exposure can cause damage to the nervous system, digestive problems, and in some cases cause Lung cancer.
It lowers our resistance to colds and pneumonia.
CO has affinity towards Hb which cause disturbance in transportation of Oxygen, impairing our concentration, slow our reflexes, and make us confused and sleepy.
SO2 in the air leads to diseases of the lung and other lung disorders such as wheezing and shortness of breath.
Chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and
even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys. Effects of Arsenic, Asbestos, Mercury , Benzene etc.
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Effect on Plants
Pollutants enter through stomata
Destroy chlorophyll and Affect photosynthesis
Cuticle( Wax Layer on Leaves) is lost
Necrosis – Damage to Leaf Structure
Chlorosis - Loss/ reduction of Chlorophyll
Abscission - Dropping of leaf
Epinasty – Downward curling of Leaf
DEATH
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Effect on Animals and materials
Corrosion of metal surfaces, fading
SO2 & water form H2S – corrosion as well
as disfigurement of statues made up of
limestone or Marble
Air pollutants mix with rain water and
increase acidity (Acid Rain) of water body
and kill fish.
Ozone causes crackling of rubber
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Effect on Environment
Visibility
Pollutants in the presence of sunlight
produce photochemical Smog
Emission of Green House Gases tend to
Global Warming
CFC’s cause Ozone Depletion
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Control Of Air Pollution
Proper air pollution control devices in industries
Using low sulphur coal
Regular engine tune up, replacement of old more
polluting vehicles
Using mass transport system, bicycles etc
Shifting to less polluting fuels
Planting more trees
No to FIRE CRACKERS in Diwali and other
occasions
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Pollution Control Devices
Cyclone Separator Bag House Filter
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NATIONAL AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME (NAMP)
Central Pollution Control Board is executing a nation-wide
programme of ambient air quality monitoring known as
National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP).
The network consists of three hundred and forty two (342)
operating stations covering one hundred and twenty seven
(127) cities/towns in twenty six (26) states and four (4) Union
Territories of the country.
Under N.A.M.P., four air pollutants viz ., Sulphur Dioxide (SO2),
Oxides of Nitrogen as NO2, Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and
Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM / PM10) have been
identified for regular monitoring at all the locations.
The monitoring of meteorological parameters such as wind speed and
wind direction, relative humidity (RH) and temperature were also
integrated with the monitoring of air quality.
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Water Pollution
The Contamination of water with
undesirable substances which make it
unfit for usage is termed water Pollution.
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Pollution Sources
Point sources are direct discharges to a single point;
examples include discharges from sewage treatment
plants, injection wells and some industrial sources.
Non-point sources are diffused across a broad area and
their contamination cannot be traced to a single
discharge point.
Examples include runoff of excess fertilizers,
herbicides, and insecticides from agricultural lands
and residential areas; oil, grease, and toxic chemicals
from urban runoff and energy production; and
sediment from improperly managed construction sites,
crop and forest lands, and eroding stream banks.
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Surface Water Pollution
Sewage
Industrial effluents
Synthetic detergents
Agrochemicals
Oil
Waste heat
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Domestic Sewage
Refers to waste water that is discarded from
households. Also referred to as sanitary
sewage, such water contains a wide variety of
dissolved and suspended impurities.
It is large by volume and contains impurities
such as organic materials and plant nutrients
that tend to rot.
The main organic materials are food and
vegetable waste, plant nutrient come from
chemical soaps, washing powders, etc.
Domestic sewage is also very likely to contain
disease-causing microbes.
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Industrial Effluents
Waste water from manufacturing or chemical
processes in industries
Industrial waste water usually contains specific and
readily identifiable chemical compounds.
Mainly in the form of toxic wastes and organic
pollutants.
Chromium, mercury, lead, copper, cadmium etc
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Synthetic Detergents And Oils
Added because of washing clothes, cleaning
utensils.
In industries for washing
Add surfactants and soaps to water
Toxic to fish, aquatic life.
Oceans are polluted by oil on a daily basis from
oil spills, routine shipping, run-offs and dumping.
Oil spills make up about 12% of the oil that
enters the ocean. The rest come from
shipping travel, drains and dumping.
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Agricultural Run Off Routine applications of fertilizers and pesticides
for agriculture and uncontrolled run off in water
bodies.
Adds Nitrogen and Phosphorus to water
Causes Eutrophication and algal blooms.
Nitrate concentration is above the permissible
level of 45 ppm in 11 states, covering 95
districts and 2 blocks of Delhi.
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Ground Water Pollution
Is less comparatively as soil acts as a filter Still...
Septic tanks
Mining
Deep well injection
Presence of heavy metals in groundwater is found in 40 districts from 13 states, viz., Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and five blocks of Delhi.
Arsenic , Nitrate, Fluoride
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Fluoride Poisoning The incidence of fluoride above permissible levels of
1.5ppm occur in 14 Indian states, namely:
Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana,
Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar
Pradesh and West Bengal affecting a total of
69districts, according to some estimates.
Some other estimates find that 65 per cent of India’s
villages are exposed to fluoride risk.
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Fluoride Poisoning
A recent survey by the International Water Management
Institute (IWMI) in north Gujarat showed 42 per cent of
the people covered in the sample survey (28,425) were
affected; while 25.7 per cent were affected by dental
fluorosis, 6.2 per cent were affected by muscular skeletal
fluorosis and 10 per cent by both.
Fluoride had been reported to cause depressions in DNA
and RNA synthesis in cultured cells.
Another study on the effects of fluorides in mice showed
significant reductions in DNA and RNA levels.
Conditions including ageing, cancer, and arteriosclerosis
are associated with DNA damage and its disrepair.
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Arsenic Poisoning High levels of arsenic above the permissible levels
of 50 parts per billion (ppb) are found in the
alluvial plains of Ganges covering six districts of
West Bengal.
Arsenic contamination of drinking water causes a
disease called arsenicosis, for which there is no
effective treatment.
Arsenic contamination is by far the biggest mass
poisoning case in the world putting 20 million
people from West Bengal and Bangladesh at risk
though some other estimates put the figure at 36
million people.
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Effects
Depletion of dissolved oxygen
Eutrophication
Pathogen….spreading diseases
Bio-magnification
Genetic deformities
Blue baby Syndrome
Minamata disease
Itai-Itai
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Control of Water Pollution
Treatment of water before leaving in water
bodies.
Restoration of polluted water bodies.
Ganga Action Plan
River Water Monitoring
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Marine Pollution
Marine Pollution is caused due to Sewage Sludge, Indutrial Effluents, Detergents, solid waste, plastic, etc.
Sources : River- Bring pollutants from drainage basins
Catchment Area- Human Settlements
Oil Drilling & Shipment
Effects : Fishes show mortality
Oil disrupts the insulating capacity of feathers
Due to loss of Buoyancy and subsequent drowning of Birds cause Deaths
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Control measures
Effluents should not be discharged
Treatment before discharge
Strict law enforcement- regarding drilling in
Ecosensitive zones, dumping of toxic &
Hazardous wastes
Minimum developmental activities on shore
CRZs: Coastal regulation Zones
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Thermal Pollution
•Definition : Presence of waste heat in the water
which can cause undesirable changes in natural
environment.
•Causes:
•Heat producing Industries
•Power plants utilize only 1/3rd energy produced
by fossil fuel rest is wasted as heat
•Cold water is taken from water body for cooling
….used and left in the water body….back with
increase of 10-15 Deg.
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Effects…? Oxygen penetration decreases, dissolved
oxygen also reduces as the solubility is decreased
Heat kills fishes and other aquatic life.
Toxicity of pesticides & chemicals increase with increase in temperature
Metabolic Activities increase at high temp. requiring more oxygen.
Spawning is disturbed
Fish migration is affected
Composition of flora & fauna changes-
Temp. tolerant spp. Start developing
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Control of Thermal pollution Cooling ponds, cooling towers and spray
ponds
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Noise pollution Unwanted and unbearable sound is “Noise”
Sound travels in form of pressure waves through air, liquid or soild
Measured on DECIBEL SCALE.
Maximum during Diwali,
Ganpati and other festivals
Higher in Industrial area.
80 to 120 dB
Crackers: 125 dB
Construction: 100 dB
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Sources and effects Transportation
Heavy Machinery
Construction activities
Celebrations and household
appliances
Physiological and psychological
changes
Interferes communication
Hearing damage
Sleep disturbance
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Noise standards
Night 10 p.m. to morning 6 a.m.- loud noise banned.
Declaration of Zones
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Control
•Reduction at the source
•Proper maintenance of
machineries
•Machineries should be covered
•Use of sound absorbing silencers
•Through law
•Planting more trees of broad
leaves
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Nuclear Or Radioactive Hazard
Natural radioactive decay
Give out fast moving particles, high energy radiations.
Alpha and beta particles
Nuclear accidents, test laboratories radioactive fallout
Fukushima in Japan
Pripyat in Ukraine
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Effects and control
Genetic damage : DNA alterations, gene
damage, chromosome damage
Somatic damage: Burns, miscarriages,
eye cataract, cancers of skin, bones,
breast.
Proper siting.
Proper disposal.
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Soil pollution Soil is upper layer of earth crust, contains organic
matter, fertile
Dumping of wastes causes soil pollution
Garbage
Rubbish like glass, plastics, metallic cans, papers,
cloth rags, containers
Discharge of Industrial wastes.
Fly ash from Thermal power plants
Fertilizers and pesticides: DDT, endrin, Lindane.
Sewage sludge and radioactive wastes
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Effects and control
Reduce soil productivity
Affects soil flora and fauna
Sludge contains worms, bacteria and pathogens.
Radioactive wastes enter food chain:
Strontium 90 mimics calcium.
Treatment before discharge
Convert waste to biogas, fuel etc.
Recover from soil.
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SOLID WASTE AND ITS MANAGEMENT
Higher standards of living…generate more
waste
Quantities are enormous
Management is very important
Sources of solid waste include: Waste from
homes, hospitals, industries, parks, gardens,
shops, construction and demolition waste
In each and every action of
humans, Solid waste is generated
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Two types of Waste:
BIODEGRADABLE
Vegetable waste
Food waste
Tea leaves
Egg shells
Dry leaves
NON-
BIODEGRADABLE
Polythene bags
Glass bottles
Scrap metal
Tins, cans etc etc
Electronic waste
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EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE Waste heap up on roads
Litter surroundings
Foul smells
Vector breeding
BURNING produces toxic gases
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Management
Following methods in use:
Composting
Sanitary landfill
Incineration
Segregation of waste
Current trends of 3- R’s
Reduce Reuse Recycle
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Incineration
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Composting
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Major pollution episodes Love canal tragedy
Bhopal gas tragedy
Chernobyl disaster
Exxon Valdez leak episode
……..many more
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Certain initiatives Laws have been made and are followed
Pollution level Standards: established and compulsory to maintain.
Pollution control boards: State and Central
(SPCB’s- like MPCB (Maharashtra Pollution Control Board) and CPCB)
NGOs
Research and development of better technologies
Awareness in schools and colleges, offices.
Awards
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Role of an Individual in Pollution prevention Think globally act locally
Use eco-friendly products
Use rechargeable batteries
No to excess pesticides, chemicals, paints, solvents
Use less or only required quantity of resource
PLANT MORE TREES(local species)
Best from Waste
3 R’S- Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
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Thank you