Environmental Management Sustainable Development Practice in China.

Environmental Management Sustainable Development Practice in China

Observation (general situation) The legal systemThe legal system Characteristics From project EIA to Planning EIA EIA storming

General Situation Chinas economy was negligible during Cultural Revolution so as environmental pollution; It was thought environmental pollution is the result only of capitalism and marketing economy China firstly noted environment in 1972. The next year in Beijing, the 1st national conference on environmental protection was organized. ~~~ the milestone of China in environmental protection, but actions were taken only after 1978;

Current situation of environmental management Hierarchy of administration on environmental protection; Comprehensive legal system with numerous laws, regulations, provisions, guidelines, standards, and methods ; Monitoring on air and water quality, and polluting sources; Annual status report, from central government to large cities; Standards and monitoring; Features Polluter pays; Three simultaneities; and EIA; EIA storming, from EIA to PEIA; Regular measures taken: close/stop/combine/change/move, knocking down stacks, pollution control zones; Special programs: Zero Point actions, 33211 project, Water Projects Weak points? General weakness, contradiction between development and environment; MoEP is a part of the government; Who support? Public participation, effectiveness of EIA, unlawful and illegal activities

Administration Two important events happened in 1972: China sent a delegation and attended the Stockholm Conference on Human Environment. A large number of fishes died in GuanTing Reservoir. There was rumor said due to class enemy. Later it was found due to water pollution. A leading panel was set up on water resource protection for the reservoir that was the earliest government unit on environment 1973, in State Council, Office of Environmental Protection 1982, Environmental Protection Bureau, under Ministry of Urban and Rural Development and Environmental Protection (MURDEP); 1984, National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA), under MURDEP; 1988, State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA), directly under State Council; 2008, Ministry of Environmental Protection Corresponding departments are set up in local governments

Laws, regulations, provisions, standards, guidelines, methods, and programs 1979-07-01 Administrative Punishment Law (excerpt) 1982-08-23 Marine Environmental Protection Law 1982-12-04 Constitution of China (environmental protection provisions) 1986-03-19 Mineral Resources Law (1996 Revision) 1986-06-25 Land Management Law (amended in 1998) 1988-11-08 Wild Animal Protection Law 1989-12-26 Environmental Protection Law 1991-06-29 Soil and Water Conservation Law 1993-07-02 Agriculture Law (excerpt) 1996-10-29 Law on the prevention and control of environmental noise pollution 1999-12-25 Marine Environmental Protection Law (revised) 2000-03-20 Water Pollution Prevention Law 2000-04-29 Air Pollution Control Act 2000-10-31 Fisheries Law 2001-10-29 Law on management of sea area use For example, laws:

Continued 2002-10-01 Water Law 2002-12-28 Grassland Law 2002-12-28 Environmental Impact Assessment Law 2003-06-28 Radioactive pollution prevention and control law 2003-08-27 Law of Administrative Permission 2003-12-03 Law of Sand Prevention and Management 2004-12-29 Solid Waste Pollution Prevention Law 2005-02-28 Renewable Energy Law 2006-11-29 Law of Administrative Reconsideration (renewed) 2006-11-29 Law of Administrative Procedural Law (renewed) 2006-11-29 Law of Administrative Punishment (renewed) 2007-10-30 Law of Energy Conservation 2007-10-31 Law of Urban and Rural Planning 2008-02-29 Law of Water Pollution Prevention 2008-09-01 Law of Circular Economy Promotion 2012-01-01 Law of Administrative Enforcement 2012-06-07 Law of Clean Production Promotion

Air Quality Monitoring, daily reporting by 120 cities http://data center.me p.gov.cn/

Surface water quality monitoring, weekly report on the web of MoEP SongHuaJiang River ( ) LiaoHe River ( ) HaiHe River ( ) HuaiHe River ( ) HuangHe River ( ) ChangJiang River ( ) ZhuJiang River ( ) Rivers in HaiNan Island ( ) Rivers in ZheJiang and FuJian ( ) Southwest rivers ( ) Taihu Lake and rivers ( ) CaoHu Lake and DianChi Lake ( ) Other large lakes ( )

Onsite monitoring for heavy polluting sources are installed and controlled by local EPBs

Features Three key policies Prevention the priori, the measures to eliminate pollution and protect environment should be brought into consideration before the development actions is put into practice; Polluters pay principle; and Strengthening environmental management to practice harmonic approach of social economic development and environmental sustainability.

Eight systems were developed in late 1970s for environmental management, when the socialism- planned economy was dominant in the country, in three categories. Administrative commanding, including Three synchronous implementation, Responsibility of the environmental protection objects, Zero point action ~ pollutant emission control within prescribed time, 33211 ~ 3 rivers+3 lakes+2 control+1 Bay+ 1 City, and Quantitative examination on comprehensive rectification and harness of the city environment. Economic tools, including Polluters pay principles, and License for pollutant discharge/emission. Technological approaches, including Environmental impact assessment and Mass loading control. Management programs

Environmental Impact Assessment in China

About EIA EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment EIA is a legal system to incorporate environmental consideration into decision making. For this reason, EIA is a proactive management strategy. The goal of the system is to prevent significant negative impact caused by any development actions, including project, product, program, plan, policy and even legislative proposal.

Levels of Environmental Assessment # Project EIA (environmental impact assessment) # Product EIA (environmental impact assessment) Program plan Policy Strategic environmental Assessment (SEA)

The Law of the Peoples Republic of China on Environmental impact assessment (EIA) was approved in Oct. 2002, and put into practice on Sep. 1, 2003. The law provides the requirements of EIA for construction projects and plans (including the development plans of land utilization, regional development, river basins, and marine areas, and ten sectoral plans), as shown in the figure. The sectoral plans include ten categories of plans e.g. industrial, agricultural, energy, transport, urban construction, natural resource exploitation, etc.

EIAConstruction projects may generate negative impacts to the surrounding (natural and social), so that the main objectives of Project EIA modify and improve project design; ensure efficient resource use; enhance social aspects; identify key impacts and measures for mitigate them; inform decision making and condition setting; avoid serious and irreversible damage to the environment; protect human health and safety.

Main contents of a detailed EIA report Introduction: project description, legal documents, scale and scope, key factors to be analyzed; Project analysis: industrial process, material, energy and water flows, pollutant generation Analysis on current environmental situation; Key environmental factor analysis and prediction; Methods and models; Data collection and analysis: natural conditions, pollutant source (surrounding and the project), ambient environment, social, and economic; Model predictions; Analysis on proposed countermeasures on pollution control; Environmental monitoring and management system Social issues and public participation; Alternatives for site selection and countermeasures Conclusion

Legal actions related to EIA 1972: China attended the Stockholm UN Conference on Human Environment 1978: EIA concept was introduced in the report Key Issues in Environmental Protection by the State Council of China 1979: EIA for construction project was firstly included in the Environmental Protection Law of P. R. China (For Trial Implementation) 1981: In Regulations on Environmental Protection Management for Infrastructure Construction Projects by the State Council of China, the scope, tasks, and procedure of EIA were described, and with the Three Simultaneities (design, construction, and evaluation) principle enhanced EIA regulation. 1982: In Law of Infrastructure Construction, EIA regulations were improved; 1984: In Law of Water Pollution Prevention and Control, aquatic environmental impact assessment was juristically emphasized.

1986: Regulations on Environmental Protection Management for Infrastructure Construction Projects revised; Regulations on Environmental Protection Management for Construction Projects was issued, extended EIA requirements to all construction projects with environmental impacts; Regulations on EIA Practitioner Qualification was designed; EIA for economy open areas required in Provisional Regulations on Environmental Management for Economically Open Areas. 1987: In Law of Air Pollution Prevention and Control, atmospheric environmental impact assessment was juristically emphasized 1988: Comments on Construction Project Environmental Management and Regulations on Environmental Protection Design for Construction Projects were issued. 1989: In Law of Environmental Protection EIA system was juristically included; Principles and Methods for Making Charge Standards for Construction Project EIAs was issued and Regulations on EIA Practitioner Qualification was improved.

1990: Procedure of Construction Project Environmental Protection Management was issued. 1993: In On Improving Environmental Management for Construction Projects by NEPA, REIA (regional EIA) for economic development zones was officially required. 1994: Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment was issued by NEPA 1995: Chinas 21st Century Agenda, EIA concept, theory, and REIA 1996: Law of Solid Waste Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, EIA for solid waste 1998: Regulations on Construction Project Environmental Protection Management promulgated by State Council; 1999: Classification of Construction Project Environmental Protection Management was issued by SEPA 2002: Law of Environmental Impact Assessment enforced on Sept 1, 2003, Plan EIA (PEIA) was included 2003: Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment: General Guidelines; Technical Guidelines for Plan Environmental Impact Assessment (On trial) were issued.

2009: Regulations on Plan Environmental Impact Assessment, approved by the State Council of China

EIA Storms 2005-2009 However, EIA does not solve all problems. Therefore there were:

EIA Storms 2005: Jan 18, 30 large scale construction projects were suspended. Almost all were power stations with billions RMB investments, distributed in 13 provinces, including a hydraulic power station on JinSha River. 2006: Feb 7 SEPA ordered environmental inspection for 11 petrochemical enterprises located along large rivers; environmental risk analysis for 127 projects, and suspended 10 projects. 2007: Jan 10 regional suspension of EIA approvals, regional controls, involving Hebei's Tangshan, Shanxi's Luliang, Guizhou's Liupanshui, and Shandong's Laiwu cities; and industrial groups such as large power firms Da Tang International, Huaneng Power International, China Huadian, and China Guodian Corporation, steel and iron, electricity, and metallurgy. 2007: July 3, In view of the severe water pollution, SEPA ordered basin suspension of EIA approvals for the development projects of six cities, 2 counties and 5 industrial gardens in the basins of Changjiang River, Yellow River, Huai River, and Hai River. 2009: June 11, Ludila hydraulic power station of Huadian and Longkaikou hydraulic power station of Huaneng were suspended.

Observation: EIA is the most important tool to regulate economic development; and the most important measure for MoEP to implement its duty However, conflicts exists between environmental protection and development What can we do the next? Implement PEIA Promote Ecological Civilization

2009: Regulations on Plan Environmental Impact Assessment, approved by the State Council For plans: Land use plans, development plans for regions, basins, and coastal sea areas, and sectoral plans for industry, agriculture, stock raising, forestation, energy, irrigation, transportation, city infrastructure, tourism, and natural resource etc. made by: state departments, governments and departments of cities administrating prefectures to assess: Integrated impacts on the ecological system of the region, basin and coastal sea areas; Long-term impacts on the environment and human health; Relationship of economic, social and environmental benefits, and the relationship of short-term and long-term benefits. 3 PEIA

From Project EIA to SEA, or PEIA In Law of Environmental Impact Assessment, plan EIAs are required for city master plan, and various sectoral plans Construction Project EIA Regional Development Zone EIA Strategic EIA but currently PEIA, including city master plan and Sectoral plans

Environmental Impact Assessment for Mid and Long Term Development Plan of Petroleum Chemical Industry at Guangxi Coastal Area Case Study:

background Petroleum industry development offers a good opportunity for the development in Guangxi. In the plan, not only the coastal cities are involved, but also three inland cities: Baise, Hechi, and Liuzhou. Petroleum industry induces threats to the environment and ecological system, and the natural conditions are somewhat vulnerable. PEIA is therefore important to identify and analyze the impacts, and recommend alternative designs/arrangements (schemes) of the plan. This PEIA is highlighted by MoEP. The draft report is under reviewing procedure.

Plan Description Based on 20 million tons of raw oil processing (2 phases), to establish a series of projects, including 44 key projects and many more related projects: 1.2 million tons ethylene production 0.3 millions tons polyethylene production 0.6 million tons polypropylene production 0.6 million tons styrene 0.2 million tons acetic acid 0.1 million tons acetic ester 0.2 million tons acetic ethylene 0.1 million tons EVA and 0.05 million tons VAE 0.07 million tons polyethylene alcohol 0.75 million tons PTA Period: from 2006 to 2020, in two phases

Location: The cities and industrial parks involved Beibu Gulf This is Guangxi

This is the basic scheme (arrangement), park / cities

Features of PEIA Large scale: Large city, province, basin, Long time period Complicated Environment /economy / social.. Consistency with other plans, policies Highly uncertain Plan > schemes/scenarios > projects Source strengths unknown, distribution uncertain Risk analysis Dependence on source and receptor distribution so as on schemes

Level Logic framework Reference Analysis Objectives E. Saving & P. Reduc Petro. Industry Strate. Ind. chain & production City develop. plan Carrying capacity Industry plan Plan arrangement State Province City Indus. park Park dev. objectives Industry/arrangement Infrastructure condition env. sensible issues Key proj. site Policies/Petro industry plan Scale reasoning How to develop better ? Develop. acceptable? Objectives of this work

Assessment Road Map Work Plan Current Status Design scenario Plans Plan Analysis Evaluation Indicator System Impact Predict. & Assessment Base scheme assessment Circular economy Social & economic impacts Public participation Environment & resource impact Environmental risk assessment Comparison and optimization Conclusion Recommendations to basic scenario Measure to mitigate impacts Background Assessment objectives and scope Legislative issues Methods Key issues Petroleum industry development in China Environment and development in target region Guangxi Province Relevant cities Relevant industrial parks Limiting factors 2 levels: cities / parks 5 views: plan consist.; resource; envir. Capacity & mass loading requirement; industry basis; natural & geo. conditions 1.Perform production chain analysis, with processes and current situation, 63 schemes were designed 2.Based on principles on product integrity, local product chain, plan consistency, resource limiting, pollutant mass loading etc., 9 schemes were selected including a basic scheme. With plan description Environmental reasonability / feasibility Consistency with State/Province/City/park Env. Impact identification, pol. src analysis Clean production indicators National eco-ind. park indicators Euro. Ind. Sustain. Dev. Indicators Int. well-known Comp. Env. Indicators Recommended indicators by EIA guidelines Eco-city/county/district indicators Scope: 6 ind. parks & surroundings, city / province Sectors: air, water, ecology, solid waste, resource Subjects: present status, basic scheme, alternative schemes Methods: quantitative & qualitative Key issues: Beibu Gulf, marine environ. / ecology Subject: Social/Econ. Inf. to province, sustainability, policy Methods: investment benefit analysis, mainly qualitative Cost analysis: market risk, opportunity cost Methods: questionnaire/interview, internet, poster, meeting Target group: officers, planners, general public in plan/assessment Areas Scope: 6 ind. parks, surrounding 10km, road, sea route Subjects: risk source, sensible targets, comparison between basic and alternative schemes Methods: qualitative and semi-quantitative Circular economy capacity analysis for basic and alternative schemes Method: indicator Indicators: economic, energy, resource utilization Plan reasonability Plan consistency Acceptability of plan implementation impacts Public opinion Comparison based on: Plan reasonability Plan consistency Acceptability of plan impacts Public opinion Ordering of the 9 schemes

Key issues Method: Regular method to the projects with clear descriptions Design schemes (scenario) for those with uncertain descriptions, consider environmental/resource limiting factors for scheme optimization Analysis: Plan reasonability analysis: industry policy, project arrangement, site selection, plan consistency, environmental functioning, environmental infrastructure, environmental capacity, clean production and circular economy etc.; Environmental Assessment: identify, predict, and assess environmental impacts respect to air, water, coastal marine and ecologic system, risk analysis and limiting conditions. Consider optimization, mitigation measures. Subjects: Current situation assessment and limiting factor analysis Plan consistency analysis Environmental and resource impact analysis Risk analysis and emergency response suggestions Scheme design, screening comparison and selection (63 schemes 9 schemes)

(1) Comparative assessment of 6 industrial parks park Plan compatibility 0.10 Environment quality (0.20) Environment capacity (0.30) Infrastruc- ture (0.15) Other major factors (0.25) Total Hechi555364.95 Liuzhou555364.95 Baise553143.55 Nanning533343.45 Beihai531543.15 Qinzhou653534.10 Result: Suitable: Liuzhou (4.95) and Hechi (4.95); moderate: Qinzhou (4.10) and Baise (3.55) Unlikely: Nanning (3.45), Beihai (3.15)

(2) Plan consistency analysis PlansWeightRestricted points in the planConsistency National Industry Policy6 0.8 million tons/a coke project is under restriction Confliction National oil refinery development plan and ethylene industry development plan 3 Distributed arrangement of the current plan some what conflict with the collective principle of the national plan Some confliction 11th Five-Year Environmental Protection Plan of Guangxi 3 Vulnerable coastal areas locate at Beihai, Qinzhou, and Fangchenggang. Sensitive areas near planned project sites Natural Preservation Plan of Guangxi 6 At Beihai, there are 2 national level protection areas and 4 provincial level protection areas Some environmental sensitive sites Marine environmental function of Guangxi 6 Beihai harbor is located in a area of high marine water quality requirement. Also with Qinzhou, the harbors are located in 2nd category water quality aquatic environment Wastewater discharge should meet high quality requirement 11th Five-Year Industry Development Plan of Guangxi 1 Hechi 2.5 million tons raw oil processing, Beihai 2 million tons oil refinery, and Biehai 1 million tons ethylene projects Confliction Energy saving and pollutant emission reduction plans 6Check major requirements Watch energy saving and pollutant generation in the plan

(3) Scheme design and screening Based on production chain analysis and similar project combining principle, and the existing arrangement, 63 schemes were designed. Based on product grouping, linking of the local industry, consistency, resource limiting, and mass loading requirement, 6 schemes emerged after screening. With the basic scheme and two collective schemes, 9 schemes were selcted for analysis.

Nine Schemes after screening Scheme 2 Scheme 5 Scheme 19 Scheme 21 Scheme 22 Scheme 24 Original Scheme Scheme 27Scheme 28

Atmospheric environment: SO 2 and HCs Annual average concentration distribution prediction by modeling Pollutant emission source strength estimate and mass loading requirement Comments on acid rain situation Analysis of these factors for the schemes Marine (coastal) environment: COD and oil Concentration distribution prediction by POM modeling Pollutant emission source strength estimate and mass loading requirement Result analysis for the schemes Water environment: Waste water and COD Sewage network and waste water treatment plants Impact on surface waters at the cities Pollutant emission source strength estimate and mass loading requirement Analysis and comparison between the schemes Solid waste: Domestic, industrial, and hazardous Generation, management and disposal Treatment infrastructure Comparison between different schemes Environmental Analysis

Sample figures of annual SO 2 concentration distribution

Sample coastal marine modeling For Qinzhou For Beihai

Ecological analysis: Land use type, biodiversity, forest cover, sensible sites, petroleum-specific vulnerability Current situation, sensible sites, vulnerability Alternative schemes Resource analysis: Current situation inventory, carrying capacity analysis, prediction based on schemes; Water Water supply and demand Water consumption efficiency Requirement and attainment measures Energy Energy supply and demand Energy consumption efficiency Energy saving objectives and attainment measures

Ecological analysis: current situation

Ecological impact based on schemes No1 No5 No19 No21 No22 No24 No27 No28 Basic Impact on ecological system The Schemes in which ecological sensitive projects are put to less sensitive cities are highly scored and recommended.

Water supply and demand RegionProvinceQinzhouBeihaiNanningLiuzhouHechiBaise Maximum Water demand of original scheme (10 9 m 3 ) 2316.53.90.581.61.9 Water supply amount in 2010(10 9 m 3 ) 38022.315.733.730.626.130.6 Water Supply amount in 2020(10 9 m 3 ) 40030.716.638.6732.527.632.4 It is obvious that Qinzhou carries the heaviest burden (nearly 74% of supply amount in 2010, and 54% in 2020). It is highly recommended that Qinzhou should increase its water supply ability and keep good balance in the process of water allocation.

Water consumption efficiency CitiesQinzhouBeihaiNanningLiuzhouHechiBaisePriovince Water consumption per 10000 RMB industrial added value m 3 /10000 RMB 175 165 73 195 281 42 284 Water consumption per 10000 RMB industrial added value in 2005 258332126358450511398 Water consumption per 10000 RMB industrial added value in 2010 370130203230 Water consumption per 10000 RMB industrial added value in 2020 160125185123 Inefficient use of water resources is not beneficial to achieve the water-saving goals of Guangxi District.

Energy supply and demand Energy demand in this plan and possible supply of each city CitiesQinzhouBeihaiNanningLiuzhouHechiBaise The total energy demand (million tons of ETC) 25.69.63.413.81.7 1.9 2.9 Energy supply in 2010 million tons of ETC 6533941259766.5450697 Energy supply in 2020 million tons of ETC 7115231423876754737 Energy supply in relevant parks million tons of ETC 25.536.53614.5 At park level, the petrochemical energy consumption accounted for 100% and 26.3% of the available energy in Qinzhou and Beihai park respectively. Qinzhou parks energy supply can not meet the requirements of petroleum industry. Whats more, the future development of forest pulp and paper, steel and other industries which consume a mass of energy in the Tieshan Port Zone will strengthen the pressure of energy supply in Bei Hai.

Energy consumption efficiency QinzhuBeihaiNanningLiuzhouBeiseHechiGuangxi Per 10000 RMB selling value 0.070.170.280.570.210.330.16 per 10000RMB added value in 2005 2.472.752.033.184.053.443.9 Target, per 10000RMB added value in 2010 1.782.21.622.382.842.552.41 In the plan, the energy consumption of each city's accounted for no more than 3.6% of the target value. Thus the highly efficient energy use of petroleum industry will have great positive impact on the goal of energy saving in Guang Xi.

Scheme Comparison based on resource impact assessment There is no big difference among impacts of the nine schemes With regard to the energy factors, No5 is much better than Scheme 21 and basic scheme since projects with high water demand are not placed in cities such as Qinzhou and Beihai, where the freshwater are relatively not in sufficient. No2 No 5 No19 No 21 No22 No24 No 27 No 28 Basic

Circular economy potential analysis: Input agglomeration Output agglomeration Energy consumption per million industrial productive value Fresh water consumption Utilize ratio of local resource Distance for resource transport Industrial Clustering Environmental risk analysis: Risk statistics review, both domestic and abroad Social conditions: population, risk management capacity Natural conditions: typhoon/storms, geological disasters, sensible sites Risk source identification Risk valuing Comparison between schemes

Evaluation Indices No.2No.5No.19No.21No.22No.24No.26No.27No.28 Input agglomeration 0.270.260.28 0.260.25 0.400.36 Output agglomeration 0.25 0.240.25 0.240.400.38 Energy consumption per million industrial productive value 0.850.840.880.830.900.870.820.780.80 Fresh water consumption 0.84 0.830.860.850.820.870.86 Percentage of local resource 0.870.900.820.740.900.910.580.89 Utilize ratio of local resource 0.500.64 0.56 0.580.460.630.58 Distance for resource transport 0.640.650.630.61 0.630.561.000.85 Industrial Cluster 0.8 Score in Total 58.961.360.357.560.2 52.370.266.5 Contribution to circular economy potential This industrial supply chain is well and completely designed in this plan. However, the disperse lay-out will lower the efficiency of resource utilization by increase the transportation distance.

Environmental Risk Assessment Plan to respond disaster emergency Recommendation for Plan Defensive measures to natural disasters Preventive measures for industrial risks Risk statistics, both domestic and abroadSocial and natural conditions surveyRegulations and standards Risk Source identification Project Risks Risks to arouse Secondary disasters Risk level Accident type Accident effects Accident frequency Scheme score based on project risk level(P) Sensitivity to geological disaster Sensitivity to climate disasters Sensitivity to industrial risks Geological condition of industrial parks Ecologically sensitive place capacity to respond emergency Weight determined by city sensitivity (W) Comprehensive ER= P ij W j Nine Schemes Scheme comparison based on ERA

Typhoon and storm Geologic disaster

57 Risk analysis: scheme comparison 2 1 Though without the transportation risk, scheme 27 and 28 which put all projects in weakest place suffers rather higher risk. 2 While Scheme 21, in which the projects with hazardous chemical are placed in less sensitive area, wins the highest scores. 3 The original scheme, which is disperse and poorly organized suffers the highest environmental risks. No2 No5 No19 No21 No22 No24 No27 No28 Basic Scheme Score based on ERA

Socio-economic assessment Profit ratio, opportunity costs, market risk, input/output analysis Advantages on development of relevant industries, create job opportunities External dependent economy, benefit and impacts on different groups of people Public participation: Government officers, experts, general public, supporting attitude Call for strict environmental and resource protection Air pollution, surface water pollution, marine ecological system Market risk

Scheme comparison Res. utilization Optimal Scheme Plan reasonability ConsistencyEnvir. / resour. Impact Project Allocation Nine schemes (scenarios) Production scale Production chain Provincial plans Relevant city plans park plans Water environment Solid waste Air environment Ecological impacts Risk analysis Circular economy

Result of scheme comparison Reason ability Consist ency AirWater Solid waste Eco- syste m Reso urce Risk Circul. econo my TotalOrder No 2 0.902.280.460.972.330.640.882.080.32 10.88 2 No 5 1.981.800.780.961.611.351.281.381.05 12.19 1 No19 1.980.720.511.010.360.920.800.810.73 7.82 9 No21 0.721.921.980.960.720.310.722.660.22 10.21 3 No22 2.340.721.761.011.070.440.720.520.48 9.06 8 No24 1.261.441.101.081.071.350.881.030.48 9.69 5 No27 3.601.200.180.410.190.161.040.702.62 10.10 4 No28 3.960.480.890.700.140.210.640.491.93 9.44 6 Basic1.261.441.170.910.502.631.040.330.16 9.44 6 12 1

Conclusions Overall evaluation of the original scheme (basic) Optimization recommendations Recommend scheme No 5

Environmental Management Sustainable Development Practice in China.

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