ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FINAL REPORT v1.1 17...

Chris Hani District Municipality- EMP Report

Prepared by IKAMVA Consulting- Mthatha Office 1

CHRIS HANI DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

FINAL REPORT v1.1

17 August 2018

Prepared by:

7 Baobab Street

Zwartkop X4, Centurion, 0157

Tel: 012 663 5310

Fax: 047 531 0269

www.kamva.co.za

http://www.kamva.co.za/


Prepared by IKAMVA Consulting ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Drivers of Integrated Environmental Management in Municipal Plans and Functions

1

1.2 Integrated Environmental Management Plan .......................................................... 1

1.3 Managing for Ecosystem Services .......................................................................... 2

2 Outline of Process and Methodology .............................................................................. 3

2.1 Phase 1: Field Investigation and Desktop Assessment ........................................... 3

2.2 Phase 2: Environmental Status Quo Analysis Report and Strategic Environmental

Planning ............................................................................................................................ 3

2.3 Phase 3: Compilation of Environmental Management Plan ..................................... 3

2.4 Consultation Process .............................................................................................. 4

3 Overview of the Study Area ........................................................................................... 4

4 Legislative Framework ................................................................................................... 6

4.1 National Legislation ................................................................................................. 6

4.1.1 The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa .............................................. 6

4.1.2 National Environmental Management Act and family of acts ............................ 7

4.1.3 The National Environmental Management Act principles ................................. 7

4.1.4 National Spatial Development Perspective .................................................... 15

4.1.5 The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan ....................................... 17

4.1.6 The National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment ............................................... 18

4.1.7 The National Biodiversity Framework ............................................................. 18

4.1.8 National Waste Management Strategy ........................................................... 19

4.1.9 National Strategy for Sustainable Development in South Africa ..................... 20

4.1.10 Green Economy ............................................................................................. 21

4.1.11 National Climate Change Response White Paper .......................................... 23

4.1.12 The Biodiversity and Land Use Project .......................................................... 23

4.1.13 The Municipal Systems Act, No 32 of 2000 .................................................... 24

4.1.14 The Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act, No 16 of 2013 ........... 24

4.1.15 The National Planning Commission and the National Development Plan ....... 25

4.1.16 Medium Term Strategic Framework of the NDP ............................................. 27

4.1.17 Outcomes Based Delivery Agreement ........................................................... 27

4.1.18 Regional Industrial Development Strategy ..................................................... 29

4.2 Provincial Policy .................................................................................................... 29

4.2.1 Eastern Cape Vision 2030 Provincial Development Plan: .............................. 29


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4.2.2 Land use planning Ordinance No. 15 of 1985. ............................................... 30

4.2.3 Environmental Conservation Decree No.9 of 1992 ........................................ 30

4.2.4 Nature conservation Act of 1997 .................................................................... 30

4.2.5 Eastern Cape Environmental Conservation Act of 2003 ................................. 30

4.2.6 Eastern Cape Heritage Resources Act of 2003 .............................................. 30

4.3 District Policy ........................................................................................................ 30

4.3.1 Environmental Management .......................................................................... 30

4.3.2 Waste Management ....................................................................................... 31

4.3.3 Greening and Land Care Programmes .......................................................... 31

4.3.4 Environmental Education and Awareness Programmes ................................. 31

4.3.5 Environmental Planning and Management ..................................................... 32

4.3.6 District Wide Environment and Climate Change Forum ................................. 32

4.3.7 Climate Change ............................................................................................. 32

5 Environmental Status Quo Summary and Remediation Measures ............................... 34

5.1 Summary of Main Issues and Key Findings .......................................................... 34

6 Environmental Management Vision and Principles ....................................................... 35

6.1 Environmental Management Vision ....................................................................... 35

6.1.1 CHDM’s Vision Statement .............................................................................. 35

6.1.2 CHDM’s Mission Statement ........................................................................... 35

6.1.3 CHDM’s Core Values ..................................................................................... 36

6.1.4 CHDM’s Draft Environmental Policy ............................................................... 36

6.2 Environmental Management Principles ................................................................. 37

7 Integrated Environmental Management Goals ............................................................. 38

7.1 Strategic Integrated Environmental Management Goals ....................................... 39

7.2 IEM Objectives (Actions) and KPIs ....................................................................... 41

7.2.1 Goal 1 – Good Environmental Governance .................................................... 41

7.2.2 Goal 2 – Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation ...................................... 46

7.2.3 Goal 3 – Water Conservation and Demand Management .............................. 48

7.2.4 Goal 4 – A Clean Environment ....................................................................... 51

7.2.5 Goal 5 – Waste Management ........................................................................ 52

7.2.6 Goal 6 – Biodiversity Management ................................................................ 53

7.2.7 Goal 7 – Environmental Awareness, Capacity Building and Stakeholder Action

56

8 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN ........................................................................................... 58

8.1 Implementation Action Plan .................................................................................. 59

9 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 65


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10 References ............................................................................................................... 65

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Sections of NEMA applicable to Local Government (DEA (LGS)) ............................ 8 Table 2: Sections of the NEMBA applicable to Local Government (DEA (LGS)). .................. 9 Table 3: Sections of the NEMPAA applicable to Local Government (DEA (LGS)). .............. 10 Table 4: Sections of the NEMAQ act applicable to Local Government (DEA (LGS)). .......... 11 Table 5: Sections of the NEMWA applicable to Local Government (DEA (LGS)). ............... 13 Table 6: Categories describing economic potential: ............................................................ 16 Table 7: Roles and responsibilities for local government ..................................................... 19 Table 8: NDP: Summary of Spatial Related Drivers and Objectives .................................... 26 Table 9: Seven Strategic Integrated Environmental Management Goals ............................. 40 Table 10: Goal 1 – Good Environmental Governance ......................................................... 42 Table 11: Goal 2 – Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation ........................................... 46 Table 12: Goal 3 – Water Conservation and Demand Management.................................... 48 Table 13: Goal 4 – A Clean Environment ............................................................................ 51 Table 14: Goal 5 – Waste Management .............................................................................. 52 Table 15: Goal 6 – Biodiversity Management ...................................................................... 53 Table 16: Goal 7 – Environmental Awareness, Capacity Building and Stakeholder Action .. 56 Table 17: Implementation Action Plan ................................................................................. 59

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Linkages between Ecosystem Services and Human Wellbeing (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005) ............................................................................................. 2 Figure 2: The District Municipalities of the Eastern Cape ................................................ 5 Figure 3: Local Municipalities that fall under Chris Hani District Municipality ............... 5 Figure 4: Structure of this IEMP .......................................................................................... 39 Figure 5: Institutional Responsibilities ................................................................................. 39

ACRONYMS CBD – Convention on Biological Diversity

CHDM Chris Hani District Municipality

COGTA – Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs

DAFF – National Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

DEA – Department of Environmental Affairs

DEDEAT – Department of Economic Development, Environmental Affairs and

Tourism, Eastern Cape

DM District Municipality

DPW – Department of Public Works


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DRDAR – Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform

DWS – Department of Water and Sanitation

EAPs – Environmental Assessment Practitioners

ECPTA – Eastern Cape Parks and Tourism Agency

EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment

EMP – Environmental Management Plan

GEF – Global Environment Facility

IDP – Integrated Development Plan

IEM – Integrated Environmental Management

IEMP – Integrated Environmental Management Plan

IWMP – Integrated Waste Management Plan

KPI's – Key Performance Indicators

LED – Local Economic Development

LMs Local Municipalities

MDGs – Millennium Development Goals

MSA – Municipal Systems Act

MTSF – Medium Term Strategic Framework

NBF – National Biodiversity Framework

NBSAP – National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

NEMA – National Environmental Management Act

NEMAQA – National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act

NEMBA – National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act

NEMPAA – National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act

NEMWA – National Environmental Management: Waste Act

NFEPA – National Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas

NGO’s – Non-Government Organisations

NPAES – National Protected Areas Expansion Strategy

NSBA – National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment

NSDP – National Spatial Development Perspective

PGDS – Provincial Growth and Development Strategy

PSC Project Steering Committee

SALGA – South African Local Government Association


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SANBI – South African National Biodiversity Institute

SDF – Spatial Development Framework

SEA – Strategic Environmental Assessment

SPLUMA – Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act

UNDP – United Nations Development Programme

WWTW – Wastewater Treatment Works

IKAMVA Consulting wishes to acknowledge the participation of the following individuals

towards the success of this EMP Project.

Q. Mpotulo : CHDM - EM L. Mtyotywa : DEDEAT

L. Mapekula : CHDM - EM V. Banzi : DEDEAT

Z. Kolanisi : CHDM - EM P. Machaea : DEDEAT

S. Kwezi : CHDM - EM M. Mbete : DEDEAT

A. Banjwa : CHDM - EM M. Fulumente : DEDEAT

M. Zenani : CHDM - EM T. Mbaba : DEDEAT

Y. Yabo : CHDM - EM T. de Jongh : DEDEAT

M. Makosonke : DEDEAT Z. Mzileni : Emalahleni LM

B. Mtamo : DEDEAT F. Gcora : Engcobo LM

S. Mdumzana : DEDEAT N. Tshefu : Sakhisizwe LM

Z. Mzalisi : DEDEAT S. October : ECPTA


Prepared by IKAMVA Consulting- 1

1 INTRODUCTION

Chris Hani District Municipality (herein referred to as CHDM) is developing an Environmental

Management Plan (EMP) in accordance with the applicable legislation. It is a legislative

requirement that the District Municipality (DM) develops an EMP to be in line with strategic

plans and ensure seamless incorporation into the Integrated Development Plan (IDP).

IKAMVA Consulting was appointed by CHDM to render these services in support of the DM

in March 2018.

1.1 Drivers of Integrated Environmental Management in Municipal

Plans and Functions

The Municipal Systems Act (No. 32 of 2000) herein referred to as (MSA) requires that all

municipalities in South Africa develop Integrated Development Plans (IDP’s). Municipalities

must focus on development and service delivery which is economically, socially and

environmentally sustainable. Integrated and sustainable development is intended principally

to improve quality of life for people, specifically in poor and other disadvantaged communities.

The priorities of social upliftment and justice, environmental protection and management, and

economic growth and development need to be kept in tension in order to achieve this in a

sustainable way.

The natural environment provides fundamental life supporting services, without which people

and the economy could not exist. This includes the use of the natural environment to produce

food, water, building materials, medicinal products and energy, and to supply us with flood

management services, fertile soils, climate protection, recreational opportunities, visual and

cultural amenity. All people and economies – regardless at what scale or where they are

located – thus have a fundamental dependence on the natural environment to be sustained,

healthy and thriving.

The CHDM therefore has a key role to play in ensuring that all aspects of the Local

Municipalities’ (LMs) (under its jurisdiction) operations respond to this context by addressing

environmental management and protection as an integrated part of their service delivery, and

economic and social development functions.

1.2 Integrated Environmental Management Plan

Although the Local Municipal IDPs address environmental management as a priority, the LMs

do not currently have established environmental management policies nor do they have

dedicated environmental management capacity within the municipal administration.

Environmental management is dealt with in a decentralised way through various municipal

functions including Community Services, Water and Wastewater, and Waste Management.

This Integrated Environmental Management Plan (IEMP) has been prepared to:

a) To provide key environmental information to support planning and development

decision making within the DM;

b) Recommend specific actions / interventions that CHDM needs to undertake to

address existing or emerging environmental issues, opportunities and

constraints;



c) Recommend resourcing and capacity requirements needed to address

environmental management priorities within the district. and

d) Assist CHDM in addressing environmental indicators in its IDP thus adding value

to a credible IDP content as required by COGTA within the context of best

practice environmental governance.

It is intended that this IEMP will be included in CHDM’s IDP. As such, this IEMP should be

regularly reviewed (annually) in accordance with the IDP review programme.

1.3 Managing for Ecosystem Services

Ecosystem services are services that are generated by the natural environment, which

enhance human wellbeing, and are directly used by people (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Linkages between Ecosystem Services and Human Wellbeing (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005)

Development decisions are predominantly based on financial and social criteria. It is often

perceived that the natural environment does not have financial value. This is due to the fact

that the natural environment and its associated ecosystem services are provided for free and

are not traded. Consequently, trade‐offs around financial returns, jobs, and the environment

are made with incomplete information in respect of the real value of ecosystem services that

may be affected or lost. So, while developments may be financially and socially feasible, the

economic costs of the loss or reduction of ecosystem services are left to the users of the

services to bear.



Ecosystem services can only be supplied if the ecosystems from which they are derived are

functional. Many of these services (including groundwater recharge, water purification, soil

fertility, soil protection, fodder, plant and animal pest control, air quality management,

recreational opportunities and provision of refuges for nationally important biodiversity etc.)

are used locally by the district as part of its service infrastructure, and by residents of the

municipal areas. Some are used regionally or nationally.

2 OUTLINE OF PROCESS AND METHODOLOGY

The following method statement describes the activities that IKAMVA Consulting are

undertaking in order to fulfil the requirements for the assignment. The activities are grouped

into three phases:

2.1 Phase 1: Field Investigation and Desktop Assessment

During this phase the focus has been on gathering background and baseline environmental

information on the project areas. This has included reviewing existing desktop studies and the

various IDPs etc. However, the use of secondary data on its own is not sufficient. It has been

vital to verify these studies against primary data gained through field investigations. The LMs

have all been contacted and initial visits have been undertaken in the following LMs: Engcobo

LM (8th & 11th May 2018); Sakhisizwe Local Municipality (8th & 11th May 2018); Intsika Yethu

Local Municipality (11th May 2018).

The non-availability of municipal personnel in the Inxuba Yethemba and Enoch Mgijima LM,

strikes and road shows in some municipalities have hampered field investigations in these

areas.

A stakeholder database has been compiled and all interested and affected parties were invited

to register for participation in the process of developing the IEMP.

GIS mapping of all environmentally sensitive areas is being undertaken.

2.2 Phase 2: Environmental Status Quo Analysis Report and

Strategic Environmental Planning

During this phase a draft Environmental Status Quo Analysis Report has been developed. The

Status Quo was presented at the Climate Change Forum on 23 May 2018 to key stakeholders,

including the DM, LMs, DEDEAT and DEA. The draft Status Quo Analysis Report was made

available for comment for a period of 30 days. The final Status Quo Analysis Report was then

submitted.

2.3 Phase 3: Compilation of Environmental Management Plan

The third and final phase included the preparation of the draft EMP Report. This draft EMP

Report was workshopped with a small group on 14 June 2018 and presented to key

stakeholders and workshopped further at a meeting on 26 June 2018. These meetings

assisted in developing an appropriate action plan and budget for the Implementation Plan. It

is necessary that a monitoring programme be developed for the EMP. The draft EMP Report

has been circulated and presented to relevant personnel before being finalized. An internal



workshop with all the members of the CHDM Environmental Management Unit was held on 3

August 2018 to assign the budget to the EMP.

2.4 Consultation Process

A Project Steering Committee meeting was established at the outset of the project. The first

meeting took place on 3 May 2018. The committee is comprised of representatives of CHDM,

each LM, and DEDEAT.

The project team visited the LMs as part of the field investigations and the gathering of primary

data.

A presentation of the Environmental Status Quo Report was made at the Climate Change

Forum on 23 May 2018.

The second PSC meeting was scheduled for the 14 June 2018. This was cancelled as it was

agreed to host the Stakeholder Workshop on 15 June 2018.

The Stakeholder Workshop was postponed at the last minute due to the shifting of the State

of the District Address to 15 June 2018. A small group meeting was held on 14 June 2018 to

discuss the EMP. Valuable inputs were gathered from CHDM and DEDEAT.

The Stakeholder Workshop was held on 26 June 2018 where the EMP was presented and the

implementation discussed.

An internal workshop was held on 3 August 2018 to finalise the budget assigned to each goal

of the implementation plan.

3 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY AREA

Chris Hani District Municipality is situated in the northern region of the Eastern Cape Province

and covers a surface area of 36,756 km2. This DM is predominantly rural where 63.8% of the

population lives in rural areas and only 35.2% live in areas classified as urban. The five other

districts that share borders with CHDM include

Pixley ka Seme DM,

Joe Gqabi DM,

Sarah Baartman DM,

Amathole DM and

O.R. Tambo DM.



Figure 2: The District Municipalities of the Eastern Cape

After the 2016 Local Government Election (3 August 2016), the number of local municipalities

decreased from eight to six with the merger of Tsolwana LM, Inkwanca LM and Lukanji LM

into a newly established municipality, Enoch Mgijima LM, which also hosts the district

municipal headquarters and council chambers in Komani (previously known as Queenstown).

Figure 3: Local Municipalities that fall under Chris Hani District Municipality



The following list presents the six LMs of the district with their urban nodes:

Inxuba Yethemba LM: Cradock and Middleburg.

Enoch Mgijima LM: Komani, Whittlesea, Tarkastad, Molteno and Hofmeyer.

Emalahleni LM: Cacadu (previously known as Lady Frere), Dordrecht and Indwe.

Intsika Yethu LM: Cofimvaba and Tsomo.

Sakhisizwe LM: Cala and Khowa (previously known as Elliot).

Engcobo LM: Engcobo

4 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK

4.1 National Legislation

4.1.1 The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa

The Constitution (Act No. 108 of 1996) is the supreme law in South Africa. Chapter 2 of the

Constitution sets out the Bill of Rights, which enshrines the rights of all people and affirms the

democratic values of human dignity, equality and freedom. Section 24 of the Bill of Rights

includes an environmental right, which states that:

“Everyone has the right:

a. to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being; and

b. to have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that

i. prevent pollution and ecological degradation;

ii. promote conservation; and

iii. secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development”.

Furthermore, the Constitution outlines the kind of local government needed in the country. In

Sections 152 and 153, local government is mandated with the responsibility of ensuring the

development process in municipal spaces, and mainly in charge of planning for the areas of

jurisdiction. The constitutional mandate gives a clear indication of the intended purposes of

municipalities:

o To ensure sustainable provision of services; o To promote social and economic development; o To promote a safe and healthy environment; o To give priority to the basic needs of communities; and o To encourage involvement of communities.

To give effect to the Bill of Rights, which includes the social, economic and environmental

spheres, a suite of national legislation and policy addressing environmental functions has been

implemented since 1994. The aim of current legislation is to incorporate both human rights

and sustainable development in terms of the environment. Sustainable development can only

be achieved if the three pillars of environment, society and economy are integrated and equally

considered.



4.1.2 National Environmental Management Act and family of acts

NEMA is the foundation for environmental management in South Africa. The purpose of

NEMA is “To provide for co-operative environmental governance by establishing principles for

decision-making on matters affecting the environment, institutions that will promote co-

operative governance and procedures for co-ordinating environmental functions exercised by

organs of state”. The principles of NEMA that are set out in Section 2 provide a framework

within which environmental management and implementation plans are to be developed.

These principles apply to all organs of state that may significantly affect the environment.

Principles include inclusivity, representivity, accountability, efficiency and effectiveness, social

equity and justice.

4.1.3 The National Environmental Management Act principles

Section 2 of NEMA, requires all organs of State to implement and adhere to the principles set

out in Chapter 1 of NEMA. All organs of State also have the responsibility to protect, promote

and conserve the needs of the people. Section 2 also stipulates that the organs of State have

to serve as custodians of the environment and it is their duty to guide the implementation of

this Act. It is therefore vital that CHDM develops this IEMP.

NEMA sets clear principles for guidance in the stipulation of general principles for the

environmental management (Section 2 of NEMA).

These principles are summarized below:

Environmental management must place people and their needs at the forefront of its concern, and serve their physical, psychological, developmental, cultural and social interests equitably.

Development must be sustainable socially (people), environmentally (planet) and economically (prosperity).

Sustainable development requires the consideration of all the relevant factors, including the following: To avoid and minimize:

o the disturbance of ecosystems and loss of biological diversity o the disturbance of landscapes and sites that constitute the cultural heritage o pollution and degradation of the environment o waste (re-use or recycle)

The responsible and equitable use of renewable and non-renewable resources That a risk prevention approach is taken, and The prevention of negative impacts on the environment and on people’s

environmental rights Environmental justice must be pursued so that adverse environmental effects shall

not be distributed in such a manner as to unfairly discriminate against any person.

At the core of the NEMA principles are primarily the needs of the people, and socially,

environmentally and economically sustainable development. These core guidelines act as

excellent indicators when measuring all potential development.



The main aim of the IEM according to Section 23 of the NEMA is to;

“Identify, predict and evaluate the actual and potential impact on the environment, socio-

economic conditions and cultural heritage, the risks and consequences and alternatives and

options for mitigation of activities, with a view to minimize negative impacts, maximizing

benefits, and promoting compliance with the principles of environmental management set out

in Section 2”.

Table 1 lists the specific sections from NEMA that are applicable to local government

Table 1: Sections of NEMA applicable to Local Government (DEA (LGS))

Sections applicable Implications for local government

Section 17 (1)

Fair decision-making and conflict

management: with reference to

conciliation

Any municipal council may consider the desirability of

first referring a matter to conciliation where a difference

or disagreement arises concerning the exercise of any

of its functions which may significantly affect the

environment, or before which an appeal arising from a

difference or disagreement regarding the protection of

the environment is brought under any law. If the

municipal council considers conciliation appropriate, it

must either refer the matter to the Director-General for

conciliation under this Act, or appoint a conciliator. If it

considers conciliation inappropriate or if conciliation has

failed, the municipal council must make a decision,

provided that the provisions of Section 4 of the

Development Facilitation Act prevail.

Section 35 (1)

Environmental-management co-

operation agreements: the

conclusion of agreements

A municipality may enter into environmental-

management co-operation agreements with any person

or community for the purpose of promoting compliance

with the principles laid down in this Act.

Section 45 (2)

Administration of the Act:

regulations for the management

of co-operation agreements

A municipal council may substitute its own regulations or

by-laws, as the case may be, for the regulations issued

by the Minister, provided that such provincial regulations

or municipal by-laws comply with the principles laid

down in this Act and are not less stringent than the

higher law.

Section 46 (2,3)

Administration of the Act: model

environmental-management by-

laws

Any municipality may request the Director-General to

assist it with the preparation of by-laws on matters

affecting the environment and the Director-General may

not unreasonably refuse such a request. The Director-

General may institute programmes to assist

municipalities with the preparation of by-laws for the

purposes of implementing this Act.

NEMA is the mother legislation of Environmental Management in South Africa in that it

provides the set principles for sustainability and this aspect supports all the following

environmental statutes in the NEMA group. These include:



National Environmental Management Amendment Act (Act No.8 of 2004),

National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act (Act No.10 of 2004),

National Environmental Management Protected Areas Act (Act No.57 of 2003)

National Environmental Management Air Quality Act (Act No. 39 of 2004)

The National Environmental Management: Waste Act (Act No. 59 of 2008)

The National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act (Act No. 24 of 2008)

Outlined below is a list of the NEMA group sections that are applicable to environmental

management in the municipalities. These sections will help the municipality to manage the

environmental issues that are identified.

4.1.3.1 National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act (Act No.10 of 2004)

The National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act (NEMBA) expresses the

commitments that South Africa made in approving the Convention on Biological Diversity

(CBD). The Act aims at resolving the fragmented nature of biodiversity-related legislation that

occurred at national and provincial levels by combining different laws and giving effect to the

principle of co-operative governance, and at the same time responding to commitments made

under the CBD (DEA (LGS)).

In line with the objectives of the CBD, NEMBA provides for:

Management and conservation of South Africa’s biodiversity within NEMA’s framework;

Usage of indigenous biological resources in a sustainable manner;

Fair and equitable sharing among stakeholders of the benefits arising from bio-prospecting involving indigenous biodiversity;

Protection of species and ecosystems that warrant national protection; and

Establishment and functions of the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI).

The following table lists the specific sections from NEMBA that are applicable to local

government.

Table 2: Sections of the NEMBA applicable to Local Government (DEA (LGS)).


Section 48 (1) The national biodiversity framework, bioregional plans and

biodiversity management plans may not conflict with any IDP

adopted by municipalities.

Section 54 Municipalities must adopt an IDP that takes into account the

need for the protection of listed ecosystems.

Section 76 (2) Municipalities must prepare an invasive-species monitoring,

control and eradication plan for land under their control, as part

of their IDP-related environmental plans in accordance with

Section 11 of this Act. This plan must include: a detailed list of

invasive species; a description of infested land; the extent of

infestation; measures to monitor, control and eradicate the

invasive species; and ways of measuring the progress and

success of control and eradication programmes.



SANBI may assist municipalities in performing these duties.

4.1.3.2 The National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act (Act No. 57 of 2003)

The purpose of the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act (NEMPAA) is

to provide for:

the protection and conservation of vulnerable ecological areas representative of South Africa’s biological diversity and its natural landscapes and seascapes;

the formation of a national register of all national, provincial and local protected areas

the management of all protected areas according to the international and national norms and standards; and

Inter-governmental co-operation and public consultation in matters concerning protected areas.

Table 3: Sections of the NEMPAA applicable to Local Government (DEA (LGS)).


The Act contains no

specific requirements for

local government, but it

states that all municipal by-

laws are subordinate to the

provisions of the Act.

Local protected areas will continue to be regulated by

provincial legislation and the national Minister of

Environmental Affairs will set the norms and standards for

management of local protected areas.

Although there are no specific obligations on local

government regarding the implementation of this Act,

municipalities can play a crucial role in assisting national and

provincial governments to reach their targets for areas under

protection.

4.1.3.3 The National Environment Management: Air Quality Act (No. 39 of 2004)

The purpose of the National Environment Management: Air Quality (NEMAQ) Act is the

reorganization of the law regulating air quality in order to protect the environment by providing

reasonable measures for the prevention of pollution and ecological degradation. It also aims

for securing ecologically sustainable development and simultaneously promoting justifiable

economic and social development; to make the provisions for national norms and standards

regulating air-quality monitoring, management and control by all spheres of government; for

precise air quality measures; and for incidental matters.

This Act establishes national standards according to which municipalities have to monitor

ambient air quality and atmospheric emissions from certain, uncertain and mobile sources.

The following table list the sections in the Act that are applicable to the local governments.



Table 4: Sections of the NEMAQ act applicable to Local Government (DEA (LGS)).


Section 11 (1) A municipality may, in terms of a by-law, identify substances or

mixtures of substances that (when deposited, concentrated or

accumulated) may reasonably be believed to present a threat to

human health and well-being or to the environment within the

municipality. A municipality may establish local emission standards

for each of these substances or mixtures of substances.

Section 11 (2) Although national government sets standards for substances and

mixtures of substances, provincial government may alter the

standards only in as far as it establishes standards that are stricter

than national standards. Similarly, municipalities may only alter

national and provincial standards by establishing standards for the

municipality, or any part of the municipality, that are stricter than the

national or provincial ones.

Section 11 (3) A municipality may phase in the provisions under this Act and may

amend the provisions only by making them more stringent than

national and provincial provisions.

Section 11 (4) A municipality must follow a consultative process when passing by-

laws.

Section 14 (3) Each municipal administration must designate an air-quality officer

to be responsible for coordinating matters of air-quality management

in the municipality.

Section 15 (2) Each municipality must include an air-quality management plan in its

IDP.

Section 35 (2) Municipalities are bound by prescribed national standards when

controlling noise.

Section 36 (1) Metropolitan and district municipalities are charged with

implementing an atmospheric-emission licensing system under

which no person may conduct any activity on the national or

provincial list without an atmospheric-emissions license (or

provisional license). Municipalities therefore perform the functions of

licensing authorities.

Section 36 (2 and 3) Metropolitan and district municipalities may delegate this licensing

authority function to a provincial organ of state, or a Member of the

Executive Council (MEC) may appoint a provincial organ of state if a

municipality cannot or does not fulfill its obligations.

Section 36 (4) If a municipality itself applies for an atmospheric emissions license,

a provincial organ of state must be regarded as the licensing

authority for the purpose of that application.

Section 38 (1) A licensing authority (usually metropolitan or district municipalities)

may: reasonably require anyone applying for an atmospheric

emissions license to provide additional information about the



application at the applicant’s expense; conduct its own investigation

into the likely effects of the proposed application; invite written

comments from any organ of state that has an interest in the matter.

Furthermore, it must afford the applicant the opportunity to defend

the application in the light of any objections.

Section 38 (2) Both the applicant and the licensing authority (metropolitan and

district municipalities) must comply with Section 24 of NEMA and

Section 22 of the Environment Conservation Act with regard to the

application for, and granting of, atmospheric emissions licenses.

Section 40 (1) The licensing authority (metropolitan and district municipalities) may

grant or refuse an application for a license

Section 41 (1 and 2) When approving a license, the licensing authority (metropolitan and

district municipalities) must first issue a provisional license, subject

to conditions as set out by the MEC, the Minister of Environmental

Affairs or the licensing authority, to enable the applicant to

commence the activity.

Section 44 (1 and 5) A licensing authority (metropolitan and district municipality) may

grant the transfer of an atmospheric emissions license (or provisional

license) to a new owner of the activity, by taking into account all the

relevant matters considered when the original license was granted.

Section 45 (1) The licensing authority (metropolitan and district municipalities) must

review all atmospheric emissions licenses (and provisional licenses)

at intervals as specified in the licenses, or when circumstances

demand it.


vary the license in writing to the holder of the license (or provisional

license):

to prevent deterioration of air quality;

to achieve ambient air quality standards;

to accommodate changing socio-economic demands where this is in

the public interest;

at the request of the license holder; when transferred to another

person or when renewed.


renew an atmospheric emissions license. A provisional license may

only be renewed once.

Section 48 (1) An air-quality officer may, depending on the size and nature of the

listed activity, require the license holder of an atmospheric emissions

license (or provisional license) to appoint an emissions-control

officer.



Section 49 The licensing authority (metropolitan and district municipalities) must

determine whether a person is a fit and proper person to hold an

atmospheric emissions license by determining whether:

the person has ever previously contravened or failed to comply with

this Act, the Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act or any other

air-quality legislation;

the person has held a license (or was a director or manager in a

company that held a license) that has been suspended or

revoked;

the management of the listed activity will be in the hands of a

technically competent person.

4.1.3.4 The National Environmental Management: Waste Act (No. 59 of 2008)

This Act provides for the regulation of waste management in order to protect health and the

environment. This is achieved by providing reasonable measures to prevent pollution and

ecological degradation, securing ecologically sustainable development.

This Act seeks to:

to provide national norms and standards

to regulate the management of waste by all spheres of government;

to provide specific waste management measures;

to provide the permitting and control of waste management activities;

to provide the remediation of contaminated land; and

to provide the national waste information system; and to provide for compliance and enforcement.

The following table lists the sections of the Act that are applicable to the local governments.

Table 5: Sections of the NEMWA applicable to Local Government (DEA (LGS)).


Waste service

standards

Section 9 (2)

In terms of this section, every municipality must:

conduct municipal activities in accordance with the National Waste Management Strategy and any national or provincial norms and standards;

compile an integrated waste management plan with its IDP;

Section 10 (4) may delegate a power or assign a duty to another official in that officer’s administration, subject to such limitations or conditions as prescribed by the Minister or MEC;

may, under certain circumstances as set out in Section 71 (1) and (2), require any person to submit a waste impact report, in writing and in a specified form and within a specified period of time, to the waste management officer.

Section 16 In terms of the Act, any holder of waste, including municipalities must

take all reasonable measures to:



avoid the generation of waste and where such generation cannot be avoided, minimize the toxicity and amount of waste that is generated;

reuse, recycle or recover waste; where waste must be disposed of, to ensure that the waste

is treated and disposed of in an environmentally sound

manner;

manage the waste in such a manner that it does not

endanger health or the environment or cause a nuisance

through noise, odour or visual impacts;

prevent any other person from contravening a provision of this Act in respect of the waste; and

take reasonable measures to prevent the waste from being used for an unauthorized purpose.

Further responsibilities of local government contemplated in this

section include measures to:

investigate, assess and evaluate the impact of any waste on health and the environment;

stop, modify or control any act or process causing pollution, environmental degradation or harm to health;

ensure that local industries, businesses, communities, and the council itself, comply with prescribed standards of waste management;

eliminate any source of pollution or environmental degradation; and

remedy the effects of any such pollution or environmental degradation.

Section 17

In terms of the Act a municipality (or an owner in the case of privately

owned land to which the public has access) must ensure that

sufficient containers or places are provided to contain litter that is

discarded by the public.

Section 23 In terms of the Act, a municipality may, by notice, require any person

making use of the municipal collection service to separate specific

types of waste from general waste for the purposes of recovery, re-

use or recycling.

The Section also specifies however, that unless otherwise specified,

every person who undertakes a recovery, re-use or recycling activity

must, before undertaking that activity, ensure that the recovery, re-

use or recycling of the waste uses fewer natural resources than

disposal would; and, to the extent possible, is less harmful to the

environment than disposal would be.

Section 24 Every municipality is obliged to ensure increasingly efficient,

effective and affordable waste collection services are provided in its

area. This duty is subject to:

the need for an equitable allocation of services to all communities in the municipal area;

the obligation of those receiving the service to pay any reasonable prescribed charges;



the right of the municipality to limit the provision of collection services if the recipients fail to comply with reasonable conditions set for the provision of such services: provided that this limitation does not pose a risk to human health or the environment; and

the right of the municipality to differentiate between categories of users and geographical areas when setting service standards and levels related to waste collection.

Every municipality must attempt, as far as is reasonably possible,

to provide containers or receptacles for the collection of

recyclable waste that are accessible to the public.

Section 25 The following requirements are enforceable by municipalities:

No person may allow waste to be removed from his or her premises unless the waste is collected by:

a municipality or municipal service provider;

a person authorized by law to collect that waste, where authorization is required; or

a person who is not prohibited from collecting that waste.

Section 27 In terms of the transporting of waste:

The Minister or MEC may, by notice in the Gazette, require any person or category of persons who transports waste for gain to register with the waste management officer in the department or province where the transportation takes place and to furnish such information as is specified or that the waste management officer may require.

Municipalities must ensure that any person engaged in the transportation of waste must take all reasonable steps to prevent any spillage of waste or littering from a vehicle used to transport waste.

Where waste is transported for the purposes of disposal, a person transporting the waste must ensure that the facility or place to which the waste is transported is authorized to accept such waste prior to offloading the waste from the vehicle. In the case of hazardous waste, written notification that the waste has been accepted must also be obtained.

A person who is in control of a vehicle, or in a position to control the use of a vehicle which is used to transport waste for the purpose of depositing waste is deemed to knowingly cause such waste to be deposited

4.1.4 National Spatial Development Perspective

National Spatial Development Perspective (NSDP) provides a framework for a far more

focused intervention by the State in equitable and sustainable development. It represents a

key instrument in the State’s drive towards ensuring greater economic growth, buoyant and

sustained job creation and the eradication of poverty.

Provincial Growth and Development strategies (PGDSs) and IDPs will need to provide more

rigorous assessments of potential development by combining the NSDP’s initial interpretation

with local knowledge and research. Through a process of interaction and dialogue, these



provincial and municipal planning instruments will then define each locality’s development

potential in terms of the six stated categories of development potential.

The NSDP describes the national space economy in terms of key demographic, human

settlement, economic and environmental trends. It also identifies areas of national strategic

economic importance and extreme need. Two broad elements are used in this regard, namely

economic potential and need.

In relation to economic potential, six categories are used. These categories were developed

to (1) enable an identification of areas of economic significance and enable comparison

between areas; (2) highlight key characteristics and the diverse and unique attributes of

localities; and (3) provide signals as to which sectors and institutions need to be supported to

ensure the maintenance and growth of the areas of demonstrated economic significance.

Table 6: Categories describing economic potential:

Category Description

Innovation and experimentation Research and development and the

application of novel technologies to

production processes.

Production of high value, differentiated

goods (not strongly dependent on labour

costs)

All forms of production that focus on local

and/or global niche markets such as

manufacturing and some specialised

agricultural or natural resource-based

products.

Production of labour-intensive, mass

produced goods (more dependent on labour

costs and/or on natural resource

exploitation)

These are industries, primarily made up of

iron and steel producers and large-scale

commercial agricultural and mining activities

that are highly dependent on proximity or

good, cheap transport linkages to the huge

volumes of natural resources that they use

in their production processes. They also

depend on the availability of large pools of

unskilled and semi-skilled labour.

Public services and administration Activities in this group tend to take place in

larger towns and cities with significant

public-sector employment and consumption

supporting private-sector activities, such as

retail and private-sector services.

Retail and private-sector services These consist of retail, catering and personal

services, both formal and informal. These

are major components of any economy and

are large employers of skilled and semi-

skilled workers in most advanced

economies. Such activities flourish in diverse

settlements with large populations.

Tourism These diverse sets of activities, while

generally less spatially focused than, for



instance, the manufacturing and services

sector, are nonetheless all dependent on

tourist-attractions (e.g. eco-scenery, culture,

heritage), good transport routes, safety, and,

in certain cases, high-quality medical

services, restaurants, retail outlets and

hotels.

4.1.5 The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) was finalised in May 2005 after

a two-year development process. It sets out a comprehensive long-term strategy for the

conservation and sustainable use of South Africa's biodiversity, including fifteen year targets.

The NBSAP is a requirement in terms of South Africa's commitments to the CBD.

Local government has an important role to play in development planning and management of

biodiversity, and will require particular focused support to facilitate implementation of the

NBSAP.

It has been recommended that the NBSAP include a major thrust to support municipalities in

their efforts to integrate biodiversity priorities in their IDPs, SDFs, and day-to-day decision-

making. It is suggested that the South African Local Government Association (SALGA) can

assist with developing such a capacity-building programme for municipalities. The results of

this assessment can help to identify municipalities – those with higher numbers of threatened

ecosystems – that require such support most urgently. It is vital that the products that emerge

from such fine-scale biodiversity plans are appropriate and useful for local-level decision-

making by municipalities and other land-use decision-makers, such as the Department of

Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) and provincial environmental affairs departments.

Local and district municipalities should be seen as key stakeholders in bioregional

programmes.

The significance of the NBSAP is that:

Biodiversity considerations are integrated into all other strategies and plans, such as poverty eradication strategies and development programmes

It will provide the road map for achieving the biodiversity related objectives contained in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, such as reducing the rate of loss of biodiversity by 2010

It will lay the groundwork for the National Biodiversity Framework (NBF) required in terms of Chapter 3 of the NEMBA.

It will further develop the 1997 White Paper on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of South Africa's Biological Diversity; by translating policy goals into an implementation plan, with firm targets, clear roles and responsibilities, realistic timeframes and measurable indicators.

The Goal of the NBSAP is to conserve and manage biodiversity to ensure sustainable benefits

to the people of South Africa, through co-operation and partnerships that build on strengths

and opportunities.

Strategic objectives of the NBSAP can be summarised as follows:



An enabling framework integrates biodiversity into the socio-economy

Biodiversity contributes to socioeconomic development and sustainable livelihoods

Biodiversity, including species, ecosystems and ecological processes, is effectively conserved across the landscape and seascape, with a focus on biodiversity priority areas

South Africa’s international obligations are met where feasible and in the national interest

A cross-cutting objective which relates to all the above objectives is: enhanced institutional effectiveness and efficiency ensures good governance in the biodiversity sector.

4.1.6 The National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment

The National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment (NSBA) provides a spatial picture of the location

of South Africa's threatened and under-protected ecosystems, and focuses attention on

geographic priority areas for biodiversity conservation. South Africa's first NSBA was

undertaken in 2004, and published in April 2005. The NSBA will be updated every five years.

Identification of threatened ecosystems can be done by province, district and local

municipality, highlighting opportunities for provinces and municipalities to contribute to

national biodiversity priorities. For example, municipalities could take threatened ecosystems

into account in their rates policies and SDFs.

The NSBA could help to identify municipalities (those with higher numbers of threatened

ecosystems) that require support to integrate biodiversity considerations into their IDPs and

SDFs

4.1.7 The National Biodiversity Framework

The NBF is informed by both the NBSAP and the NSBA. It draws together key elements of

each, and focuses attention on the immediate priorities, both spatial and thematic, for the next

five years.

Organs of state whose core business is not biodiversity conservation, but whose policies,

programmes and decisions impact directly and substantially on how South Africa's biodiversity

is managed, include:

• National Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

• Provincial Departments of Agriculture

• Department of Minerals Resources

• Department of Land Affairs

• Department of Public Works (DPW)

• Municipalities

• South African Heritage Resources Agency and Provincial Heritage Resources Authorities.

These organs of state play a key role in managing natural resources, and are required to take

biodiversity into account in terms of the Constitution and NEMA.



The local sphere of government deserves particular mention. Day-to-day decisions about how

land and other natural resources are used at the local level ultimately determine whether

development is sustainable. While local government does not make all these decisions itself

(many of them are made by provincial or national departments, or by individual landowners or

resource users), it has a key role to play in ensuring co-ordination and integrated management

of natural resources.

From the Top Priority Actions identified for 2008 to 2013, NBF Priority Action 12 is relevant to

local government. Establish a national programme to build the capacity of municipalities

to include biodiversity opportunities and constraints in their planning and operations.

While municipalities play a key role in managing biodiversity and other natural resources, they

often do not have the information, systems and human resources to take biodiversity

considerations effectively into account in these activities. Although conservation is not a

function of the local sphere of government in terms of the Constitution, municipalities are

obliged to providing a safe environment for all residents and to contribute towards sustainable

development. In terms of these obligations, municipalities must take biodiversity

considerations into account in their planning, decision-making and other functions.

Municipal protected areas often play a crucial role in meeting biodiversity targets for

ecosystems that are not protected elsewhere in the protected area system. Their biodiversity

importance is thus disproportionate to their numbers and size. Municipalities may not realise

the significance of their protected areas, and often lack the capacity to manage them

effectively.

Several pilot projects around the country are working with municipalities to develop tools and

methods for building municipal capacity to incorporate biodiversity considerations into their

planning and operations. Results from these pilot projects should be used to roll such support

out to more municipalities. The results of the NSBA can help to identify municipalities that

require support most urgently, for example, those with high numbers of threatened

ecosystems.

4.1.8 National Waste Management Strategy

As a requirement of the National Waste Management Strategy (NWMS), all municipalities are

required to develop an Integrated Waste Management Plan (IWMP). The roles and

responsibilities in terms of the NWMS for local government are given in the table below.

Table 7: Roles and responsibilities for local government

Integrated waste

management

planning:

Local government will be responsible for the compilation of

general waste management plans for submission to provincial

government.

Waste information

system:

Local government will be responsible for data collection.

Waste minimisation: Local government will implement and enforce appropriate

national waste minimisation initiatives and promote the

development of voluntary partnerships with industry.

Recycling: Local government will establish recycling centres and/or facilitate

community initiatives.



Waste collection and

transportation:

Local government is to improve service delivery. Private public

partnerships to assist service delivery are encouraged.

Waste disposal: Local government is to take responsibility for the establishment

and management of landfill sites, and to promote development of

regionally based facilities. Formalising and controlling of

scavenging is the responsibility of the permit holder.

4.1.9 National Strategy for Sustainable Development in South Africa

The “National Strategy for Sustainable Development in South Africa” (DEAT, 2010) provides

the national vision for sustainable development and includes strategic interventions to

effectively achieve this objective. It is anticipated that the Framework will guide all sectors

and organs of state to “progressively refine and realign their policies and decision-making

systems in order to establish a coherent and mutually consistent national system aimed at

promoting sustainable development”. Five priority areas for strategic intervention are

identified:

1. Enhancing systems for integrated planning and implementation:

Ensuring sustainable resource use is embedded into activities of all Clusters and intergovernmental structures, including the actions of the Premier’s Co-ordinating Committee;

Strengthening integration of sustainability criteria within planning frameworks including the PGDSs and IDPs;

Monitoring and evaluating progress towards sustainability against indicators;

Improving the integrated nature of policy development and implementation.

2. Sustaining our ecosystems and using resources sustainably:

Ensuring that the economic value of ecosystems are an integral part of development planning (IDPs and PGDSs) and decision-making and informs policies, strategies, programmes and actions;

Improving aquatic ecosystems, water availability and water quality;

Investing in protecting and enhancing ecosystems;

Reducing resource consumption per unit of production and waste generation;

Improving air quality through various strategies including improved air quality monitoring, clean coal technologies and renewable energy sources;

Improving energy efficiency;

Enhancing food security and natural resource-based livelihoods;

Implementing economic and fiscal instruments to promote sustainable development; and

Implementing international agreements that relate to natural resource use and ecosystem management.

3. Investing in sustainable economic development and infrastructure:

Increasing investment in infrastructure to address poverty and unemployment;

Developing and implementing mechanisms, methods and criteria to promote sustainable infrastructural investment;

Developing skills and capacity for building and maintaining sustainable infrastructure; and



Implementing interventions to promote a “second economy”.

4. Creating sustainable human settlements:

Ensuring a shared approach to sustainable human settlements;

Implementing an integrated approach to addressing HIV, AIDS and TB;

Linking sustainable resource use, poverty eradication and local economic development;

Ensuring a safe and efficient public transport;

Reinforcing rural sustainable developments; and

Improving waste management.

5. Responding appropriately to emerging human development, economic and environmental challenges:

Responding to issues of climate change;

Energy load shedding crisis and rising energy prices;

International co-operation for sustainable development;

HIV and AIDS; and

Responding to NSSD and NDP Chapter 5 Imperatives on Environment.

Cooperative governance is identified as the key to ensuring the achievement of sustainable

development.

All 189 Members States of the United Nations, including South Africa, adopted the United

Nations Millennium Declaration in September 2000 (UN, 2000). The commitments made by

the Millennium Declaration are known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and

2015 was targeted as the year to achieve these goals. The United Nations Open Working

Group of the General Assembly identified seventeen sustainable development goals, built on

the foundation of the MDGs as the next global development target (UN, 2014). The sustainable

development goals include aspects such as ending poverty, addressing food security,

promoting health, wellbeing and education, gender equality, water and sanitation, economic

growth and employment creation, sustainable infrastructure, reducing inequality, creating

sustainable cities and human settlements, and addressing challenges in the physical

environment such as climate change and environmental resources (UN, 2014). These aspects

are included in the NDP, and it should be assumed that South Africa’s development path is

aligned with the international development agenda.

National Strategy for Sustainable Development Strategic Priorities

Priority 1: Enhancing systems for integrated planning and implementation

Priority 2: Sustaining our ecosystems and using natural resources efficiently

Priority 3: Towards a green economy

Priority 4: Building sustainable communities

Priority 5: Responding effectively to climate change

4.1.10 Green Economy

South Africa views green economy as a sustainable development path based on addressing

the interdependence between economic growth, social protection and natural ecosystem. The

South African approach is to ensure that green economy programmes are to be supported by

practical and implementable action plans. It is therefore important to build on existing best



processes, programmes, initiatives and indigenous knowledge in key sectors “towards a

resource efficient, low carbon and pro-employment growth path”. Government alone

cannot manage and fund the transition to a green economy. The private sector and civil society

must also play a fundamental role.

A more formal definition can be regarded as a “system of economic activities related to the

production, distribution and consumption of goods and services that result in improved human

well-being over the long term, while not exposing future generations to significant

environmental risks or ecological scarcities”. It implies the decoupling of resource use and

environmental impacts from economic growth. It is characterized by substantially increased

investment in green sectors, supported by enabling policy reforms. The Green Economy refers

to two inter-linked developmental outcomes for the South African economy:

Growing economic activity (which leads to investment, jobs and competitiveness) in the green industry sector

A shift in the economy as a whole towards cleaner industries and sectors

Green jobs are those that help to protect ecosystems and biodiversity; reduce energy,

materials, and water consumption through high efficiency strategies; de-carbonise the

economy; and minimise or altogether avoid generation of all forms of waste and pollution.

Greater efficiency in the use of energy, water, and materials is a core objective of a green

economy i.e. achieving the same economic output (and level of wellbeing) with far less

material input.

Nine key areas identified in the green economy programmes

South Africa recognises that green economy action has a number of crosscutting roles and

responsibilities. The implementation is significantly decentralised and includes private sector,

civil society and all levels of government. The nine key focus areas are identified in the green

economy programmes that include:

1. Green buildings and the built environment: programme includes greening private and public buildings

2. Sustainable transport and infrastructure: programme includes promoting non-motorised transport

3. Clean energy and energy efficiency: programme includes -

o Expanding off-grid options in rural and urban

o REFIT optimisation for large scale renewable and localisation and

o Up-scaling Solar Water Heater rollout

4. Resource conservation and management: programme includes -

o National payments for ecosystem services

o Up-scale “Working for” programmes

o Infrastructure resilience and ecosystems

o Offset programme

o Wildlife management

5. Sustainable waste management practices: programme includes -



o Waste beneficiation

o Zero waste community programme for 500 000 households

6. Agriculture, food production and forestry: programme includes integrated sustainable agricultural production

7. Water management: programme includes -

o Water harvesting

o Alternative technology for effluent management

o Comprehensive municipal water metering (Demand side management)

o Reduce water losses in agriculture, municipalities and mining

8. Sustainable consumption and production: programme includes -

o Industry specific production methods

o Industrial production technology changes

9. Environmental sustainability: programme includes -

o Greening large events and legacy (2010 Soccer World Cup, COP17 flagship and Tourism) and

o Research, awareness and skills development and knowledge management.

4.1.11 National Climate Change Response White Paper

South Africa has drafted a number of strategies in order to achieve its climate change response objective. This includes the mainstreaming of climate change response into all national, provincial and local planning regimes. Behaviour change that would support the transition to a low carbon society and economy needs to be promoted through the use of incentives and disincentives, including through regulation and the use of economic and fiscal measures.

Sustainable development is also climate friendly development. The more sustainable CHDM’s development path is, the easier it will be to build resilience to climate change impacts.

Key sectors, in the short- to medium-term, required to implement, primarily, climate change adaptation responses include water and agriculture.

Water is arguably the primary medium through which climate change impacts will be felt by people, ecosystems and economies;

Agriculture – after water, the prognosis for domestic food security and the agricultural industry more broadly, is a major cause for concern; and

Furthermore, South Africa’s greenhouse gas profile is linked to energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies.

It is important for municipalities to have an urgent short- to medium-term Disaster Risk Management response and one where proactive long term responses are critical.

4.1.12 The Biodiversity and Land Use Project

The Biodiversity and Land Use Project, implemented by the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) together with its partners and funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) through the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), was established

to support municipalities “to minimize the multiple threats to biodiversity by increasing



the capabilities of authorities and land owners to regulate land use and manage biodiversity in threatened ecosystems at the municipal scale”.

The project aims to strengthen and support biodiversity integration in legislative developments in planning, environmental assessments and environmental management tools and processes, and protect Critical Biodiversity Areas in collaboration with private and communal land owners. This requires working closely to support and strengthen capacity development with municipalities, relevant government departments, Environmental Assessment Practitioners (EAPs), policy developers and decision makers, land intensive sectors and private land owners, to integrate biodiversity in their processes and protect critical biodiversity through better land management.

4.1.13 The Municipal Systems Act, No 32 of 2000

Section 25 (1) of the MSA stipulates that “Each municipal council must, within a prescribed

period after the start of its elected term, adopt a single, inclusive and strategic plan for the

development of the municipality”. The Act dictates that the plan should: link, integrate and co-

ordinate plans and should take into account proposals for the development of the municipality.

In addition, the plan should align the resources and capacity of the municipality with the

implementation of the plan.

The plan must form the policy framework and general basis on which annual budgets must be

based. Furthermore, the plan should be compatible with national and provincial development

planning requirements binding on the municipality in terms of legislation. The IDP has a

legislative status. Section 35 (1) states that an IDP adopted by the council of a municipality—

(a) is the principal strategic planning instrument which guides and informs all planning

and development, and all decisions with regard to planning, management and

development, in the municipality;

(b) binds the municipality in the exercise of its executive authority, except to the extent

of any inconsistency between a municipality’s IDP and national or provincial legislation,

in which case such legislation prevails; and

(c) binds all other persons to the extent that those parts of the IDP that impose duties

or affect the rights of’ those persons have been passed as a by-law.

4.1.14 The Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act, No 16 of 2013

Regulations GG 38594 GN R239 was published in terms of The Spatial Planning and Land

Use Management Act 16 of 2013 (SPLUMA) on 23 March 2015. The law came into effect on

1 July 2015.

SPLUMA provides a framework for spatial planning and land use management in South Africa.

SPLUMA:

Specifies the relationship between the spatial planning and the land use management system and other kinds of planning;

Ensures that the system of spatial planning and land use management promoted social and economic inclusion;

Provides for development principles and norms and standards;

Provides for the sustainable and efficient use of land;



Provides for cooperative government and intergovernmental relations amongst the national, provincial and local spheres of government; and

Redresses the imbalance of the past and to ensure that there is equity in the application of spatial development planning and land use management systems.

SPLUMA applies to the whole of South Africa (urban and rural areas) and governs informal

and traditional land use development processes.

Chapter 2 describes key development principles, norms and standards, which include:

"Spatial justice" – past spatial and other developments imbalances must be redressed through improved access to and use of land;

“Good Administration” A Municipal Planning Tribunal cannot be impeded in its discretion on the ground that the value of the land / property is affected by the outcome of the application;

"Spatial sustainability" - promote land development that is within the fiscal, institutional and administrative means of South Africa, protect prime and unique agricultural land, comply with environmental laws and limit urban sprawl;

"Efficiency" – land development must optimise the use of existing resources and infrastructure and decision making procedures must be designed to minimise negative financial, social, economic or environmental impact; and

"Spatial Resilience"- flexibility in spatial plans is accommodated to ensure sustainable livelihoods.

Chapter 4 addresses Spatial Development Frameworks (SDFs). Each Municipality must

prepare SDFs. A Municipal Planning Tribunal may not make a decision that is inconsistent

with the Municipal SDF; they can only depart from a Municipal SDF if site-specific

circumstances justify a departure.

(Sifiso Msomi, Shepstone and Wylie Attorneys)

4.1.15 The National Planning Commission and the National Development Plan

According to the National Planning Commission (NPC) there are nine key social, political and

economic challenges facing South Africa:

1. Unemployment in South Africa is very high

2. The quality of education for poor black South Africans is below standard

3. Infrastructure is poorly located, under-maintained and insufficient to foster higher growth

4. South Africa’s growth path is highly resource-intensive and hence unsustainable

5. Spatial challenges (rural vs urban development) continue to marginalise the poor

6. A widespread disease burden is compounded by a failing public health system.

7. The performance of the public service is uneven

8. Corruption undermines state legitimacy and service delivery

9. South Africa remains a divided society

According to the report, the first two challenges listed above are “the most pressing challenges

facing the country”.

The plan concentrates on creating an empowering environment for development and wants to

move from a worldview of privilege to a worldview of improvement that advances the

http://www.lexology.com/920/author/Sifiso_Msomi/

http://www.lexology.com/contributors/920/



improvement of abilities, the creation of opportunities and the involvement of all citizens. The

National Development Plan (NDP) (NPC, 2012) wants to achieve the following:

1. An economy that will create more jobs.

2. Improving infrastructure.

3. Transition to a low-carbon economy.

4. An inclusive and integrated rural economy.

5. Reversing the spatial effects of apartheid.

6. Improving the quality of education, training and innovation.

7. Quality healthcare for all.

8. Social protection.

9. Building safer communities.

10. Reforming the public service.

11. Fighting corruption.

12. Transforming society and uniting the country.

Each of the points above is a chapter in the plan, and contains a range of targets and

proposals. Some are general statements of policy intent, while others are specific policy

proposals, actions or processes that should take place (NPC, 2012).

The NDP seeks to ensure environmental sustainability and equitable transition to a low-carbon

economy. It highlights that the South African economy can grow better if the natural resources

are used responsibly.

It also points out that environmental sustainability and climate change should be considered

when resolving the developmental challenges facing the predominantly poorer communities.

Capacity building regarding a low-carbon economy and the development of sustainable

societies is crucially needed in South Africa.

Mitigation measures such as awareness campaigns and sufficient recycling infrastructure will

assist in positioning South Africa to be a zero-waste society in the future. This in turn will

reduce environmental degradation.

Municipalities can play an important role in working towards the 2030 vision of the NDP. This

can be achieved through having coordinated planning and investment in the infrastructure and

services that prioritise climate change and environmental sustainability. This will provide

communities with access to basic needs, such as housing, clean water, proper sanitation and

affordable energy that is safe.

Table 8: NDP: Summary of Spatial Related Drivers and Objectives

NDP Drivers Objectives Nr.

Driver 1: Diversify and expand

agricultural development and

food security

Protection of rural livelihoods 1

Expansion of commercial agriculture 2

Conservation and restoration of protected areas 3



NDP Drivers Objectives Nr.

Driver 4: Capitalise on

transport and distribution

opportunities

Upgrading the Durban Gauteng freight corridor 4

Driver 8: Expand and maintain

basic and road infrastructure

Access to clean, potable water 5

Access to electricity grid 6

Enough water for agriculture and industry 7

Renewable energy (20 000 MW) 8

Driver 9: Facilitate sustainable

human settlement

Spatial planning system 9

Upgrade all informal settlements 10

Improve balance between location of jobs and

people

11

Development of spatial compacts 12

More jobs in or close to dense, urban township 13

Support rural and urban livelihoods 14

Greater spatial mix 15

Densification of cities 16

Resource allocation 17

Better located housing and settlements 18

Public transport 19

Driver 12: Integrate

environmental limitations and

change into growth and

development planning

Expansion of commercial agriculture 20

Conservation and restoration of protected areas 21

4.1.16 Medium Term Strategic Framework of the NDP

The Medium Term Strategic Framework (MTSF) is a reflection of government’s assessment

of, and perspective on, key development challenges at a particular point in time, as well as a

statement of intent (with strategic objectives and targets) of the way it envisages addressing

the challenges over the medium (five-year) term. It serves as a backdrop to guide planning

and budgeting across the three spheres of government.

4.1.17 Outcomes Based Delivery Agreement

The outcomes for 2014 to 2019 are published as annexures to the MTFS:

Outcome 10: Environmental assets and natural resources that are well protected and

continually enhanced.

Output 1: Enhanced quality and quantity of water resources



Output 2: Reduced greenhouse gas emissions, climate change impacts and improved air/ atmospheric quality

Output 3: Sustainable environmental management Output 4: Protected biodiversity

Output 1: Enhanced quality and quantity of water resources

Water demand is expected to rise by 52% over the next 30 years while supply of water is likely

to decline if current trends due to leakage from old and poorly maintained municipal

infrastructure and the loss of wetlands persist. This would make the prospect of water shortage

a frightening reality in the near future. To enable more efficient management of our water

resources, the following targets are critical:

• Reduction of water loss from distribution networks from current levels of approximately 30%

to 18% by 2014 coupled with encouraging users to save water.

• To preserve groundwater reserves and prevent further loss of wetlands, the number of

wetlands rehabilitated should increase from 95 to 150 per year. Furthermore, action needs to

be taken to increase the number of wetlands under formal protection from the current level of

19 as well ensuring that the number of rivers with healthy ecosystems increases significantly.

• To improve current capacity to treat wastewater, 80% of sewage and wastewater treatment

plants should be upgraded by 2015 and the percentage of wastewater treatment plants

meeting water quality standards should be increased from 40% to 80% by 2014.

Output 2: Reduced greenhouse gas emissions, climate change impacts and improved

air/ atmospheric quality

• To begin reducing South Africa’s footprint with regard to greenhouse gas emission, the

percentage of power generation from renewable sources should increase from

2,000 GW/ hours to 10,000 GW/ hours by 2014.

• To mitigate the catastrophic impacts of climate change it is imperative that we reduce total

CO2 emissions by 34% by 2020 and 42% by 2025.

• Reduction of atmospheric pollutants is also critical and targets should be set that comply with

Ambient Air Quality Standards.

• To better cope with the unpredictable and severe impacts of climate change, adaptation

plans for key sectors of the economy must be developed (i.e. Agriculture, water, forestry,

tourism, Human Settlements).

Output 3: Sustainable environmental management

The proper management of our environment will require that we achieve the following

• Percentage of land affected by soil degradation to decrease from 70% to 55%.

• Net deforestation to be maintained at not more than 5% by 2020 and protection of indigenous

forest assets be transferred to appropriate conservation and relevant agencies by 2014.

• Solid waste management to ensure waste minimization, improved collection and disposal

and recycling by ensuring that the percentage of households with basic waste collection and

disposal facilities increases from 50% to 80% by 2012; percentage of landfill sites with permits

increased to 80% by 2015 and that 25% percent of municipal waste gets diverted from landfill

sites for recycling by 2012.



• To ensure integrated planning, a clear plan that will ensure that environmental issues are

integrated into land use planning and incorporated into national, provincial and municipal

plans.

Output 4: Protected biodiversity

Keeping our biodiversity intact is vital for sustainable economic growth and development

because it ensures ongoing provision of ecosystem services such as the production of clean

air, clean water through good catchment management and prevention of erosion and carbon

storage to counteract global warming. Consideration should be therefore be given to limit

further loss of natural habitat in threatened ecosystems by more deliberate preservation and

conservation of protected areas. In this regard the targets for achievement are as follows:

• Land protection and rehabilitation by increasing the percentage of land mass under

conservation from 6% to 9% and the hectares of land rehabilitated per year should increase

from 624ha to 1000ha by 2014

• Consistent with the draft National Biodiversity Framework, the percentage of coastline

prohibiting fishing and any form of harvesting and extraction should increase from 9% to 11%,

the percentage of coastline with partial protection to increase from 12% to14% and clear

targets set for the number of kilometres of coast, rivers and lakes to be cleaned and

rehabilitated

• To preserve our biodiversity and protect ecosystems and species the number of species

under formal protection should increase and the proportion of species threatened with

extinction should decline from current levels of 6.5%

4.1.18 Regional Industrial Development Strategy

The Regional Industrial Development Strategy (RIDS) seeks to empower all areas in the South

African economy to accomplish their ideal economic potential by encouraging local

development implanted in a region/ district through linkages inside existing and latent industrial

and economic bases.

The role of the RIDS is to work closely with districts in ensuring some level of preparedness /

readiness so that when a viable investment opportunity arises, that investment takes place on

the district’s terms.

4.2 Provincial Policy

4.2.1 Eastern Cape Vision 2030 Provincial Development Plan:

This document highlights the long term plan to prioritise rural development as a key to

sustainable development in the province. It is clear that there are spatial imbalances within

the province and the persistent underdevelopment of its rural regions where the majority of

citizens live. Socio-economic underdevelopment and high deprivation, in other words, poor

access to basic services is seen in the east of the province and incorporates a large portion

of CHDM. These are generally high-density, poverty-stricken rural areas, with underdeveloped

towns that largely serve as trading hubs. Despite the fact that this region accounts for the bulk

of arable land, and has high rainfall patterns and water to sustain agriculture and forestry, the

area focuses on consumption, with very little production.

The Chris Hani District has significant agricultural potential, with good water resources and

some irrigation infrastructure. An ambitious and detailed plan for agriculture-driven

development has been proposed, focusing on Sakhisizwe, Engcobo and Emalahleni. This



presents the province with an opportunity to develop a large agro-industrial hub and

significantly re-order spatial patterns of economic activity and growth by promoting value-

adding agro-processing industry, related industries and services, and develop new

settlements of a technical and professional employees in this region. This development could

also benefit Enoch Mgijima (Lukanji), positioning it as a growing logistics nexus and light-

manufacturing hub. The Chris Hani District is also establishing itself as a model district by

piloting new forms of collective enterprise – mainly cooperatives to help grow poor black

citizens’ participation in the economy. Cradock is also a growth node for agriculture and the

emerging biofuel industry in the province, with its proximity to the port city of Nelson Mandela

Metro giving it a distinct advantage.

4.2.2 Land use planning Ordinance No. 15 of 1985.

To regulate land use planning and to provide for matters indicated thereto.

4.2.3 Environmental Conservation Decree No.9 of 1992

It makes provision to consolidate and amend the laws relating to conservation, management,

protection and commercial utilization of indigenous fauna and flora and their habitats on land,

in fresh water and in the sea excluding national parks. To provide for the establishment and

management of national wildlife reserves, protected natural environments, limited

development areas, camping areas, hiking trails, water catchment areas and a coastal

conservation area; to provide for the establishment of an environmental conservation fund, to

provide for matters relating to sea and the sea shore and to provide for incidental matters.

4.2.4 Nature conservation Act of 1997

To consolidate and amend the laws relating to the conservation, management and protection

of fauna, flora and fish and their habitats generally, to provide for the establishment and

management of nature reserves, hiking trails, water catchment areas and coastal conservation

areas, to provide for matters relating to the sea shore and to provide for incidental matters.

4.2.5 Eastern Cape Environmental Conservation Act of 2003

To provide for the consolidation and repeal of certain laws, relating to environmental

conservation applicable in the province including the sea shore

4.2.6 Eastern Cape Heritage Resources Act of 2003

Makes provision for the establishment of a statutory body to identify, manage, conserve and

promote heritage resources in the Province and to provide for matters incidental thereto.

4.3 District Policy

4.3.1 Environmental Management

This Environmental Management unit is legislatively informed by the National Environmental

Management Act 107 of 1998 wherein its function is to address environmental management

and climate change related issues. Critical to this unit is the development of a district wide

Climate Change Response Strategy. This will be done in collaboration with all other interested

and affected stakeholders. The strategy will address adaptation and mitigation measures in

an attempt to conserve the natural resources that exist within the district. This unit strides to

ensure realization of Section 24 of the Constitution wherein it is stated that everyone has the

right to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being; and to have the

environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable



legislative and other measures that prevent pollution and ecological degradation, ensuring

conservation and ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources.

4.3.2 Waste Management

Chris Hani District Municipality is not performing the task of refuse removal. The refuse

removal services are performed by the local municipalities and in this case the 6 local

municipalities performing this task of refuse removal are Enoch Mgijima, Sakhisizwe, Inxuba

Yethemba, Ngcobo, Emalahleni and Intsika Yethu local municipalities. The local municipalities

provide high quality standards of waste management services considering their rural nature

and economic stress. Waste is collected on a daily basis in town and in urban residential areas

and townships the waste is collected twice a week. There are refuse receptacles in a form of

skips and rubbish bins in towns and the refuse removal vehicles, tractors and trucks are in

good conditions. The waste is disposed in the landfill sites which are managed at local

municipal level. Waste Management Planning and Projects CHDM assisted all the 6 local

municipalities by developing the Integrated Waste Management Plans. This means that all

local municipalities within CHDM have integrated Waste Management Plans which are

currently under review. Through CHDM’s partnership with the national Department of

Environmental Affairs (DEA), Youth Jobs in Waste Programmes are being implemented in all

8 municipalities in the region. These programmes mainly focus on waste collection, recycling

& sorting of waste, awareness campaigns as well as landfill sites management. The DEA

provided funding and support towards licensing of Cradock landfill site and rehabilitation of

the Whittlesea, Hofmeyer and Dordrecht waste sites. Several EPWP programmes are

implemented in municipalities towards cleansing, establishment of buy back centres and

recycling.

4.3.3 Greening and Land Care Programmes

In relation to greening, CHDM has resolved to ‘green’ its events by planting trees as means of

striving to counteract the carbon footprint. Trees are planted for the purpose of greening

especially in towns, villages and schools. As part of greening and land care, CHDM is

implementing job creation projects for correcting environmental degradation by means of

eradicating invasive alien plants and encroaching species like Euryops (Lapesi), Black and

Silver Wattle. The Wattle Eradication Programme and or Land Care Management Programme

are implemented in certain areas of Ngcobo, Enoch Mgijima, Sakhisizwe, Emalahleni and

Intsika Yethu municipalities. The greening and environmental rehabilitation programs have

also been expanded to include research and a management program for Satansbos at Inxuba

Yethemba municipality. The main objectives for land care and greening programmes are as

follows:

Alleviate poverty through responsible environmental management

Create employment for the communities

Promote behavioural change with respect to environmental management

Protect the environment and ensure the safe use of land

4.3.4 Environmental Education and Awareness Programmes

Awareness programs are conducted on environmental quality management, land care and

sustainable development in relation to climate change. Observation of environmental days like

Arbor Day, World Environment Day and Water Week helps in raising the awareness in terms

of identified themes for those programs on an annual basis. Environmental education

programmes are also conducted in schools. The impact of these capacity building sessions

cannot be overemphasized as we can see that CHDM is now ready to address the scourge of

climate change and make it beneficial to the citizens of this region through greening, recycling,



and renewable energy initiatives. Environmental education programmes are also conducted

in schools.

4.3.5 Environmental Planning and Management

Chris Hani DM is in the process of developing Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation

Strategy as well as the Air Quality Management Plan. The Integrated Waste Management

Plans are under review. The environmental planning tools currently used are the

Environmental Management Plan and the Spatial Development Framework. Several capital

projects which require Environmental Impact Assessment are included in the list of CHDM’s

capital projects in this document.

4.3.6 District Wide Environment and Climate Change Forum

In February 2014, CHDM hosted a District Wide Institutional Strategic planning session in

preparation for a 5 year IDP (2012 – 2017), wherein climate change was prioritised by all

Departments in the name of mainstreaming. Subsequently, a climate change summit was

convened on February 2012 with a resolution to funcitionalize a district climate change forum.

It is against this background that the Environment and Climate Change Forum has since been

operational. The forum focuses on a wide scope of environment and climate change aspects

affecting the district including local municipalities pertaining to:

Education, awareness and capacity building

Compliance, Legislation and policy (requirement and formulation)

Biodiversity

Waste Management and Air Quality

4.3.7 Climate Change

Climate change is defined as the statistical significant and lasting change in the characteristics

of the climate system. Besides natural processes, climate change may result from human

activities, as is the case with the current climate change concerns. The major concern as a

significant of climate change is the increased emission of greenhouse gases, e.g. Carbon

Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous oxide and Halocarbon gases that contain fluorine, chlorine and

bromine – mainly used in aerosols.

A key characteristic of the current climate change is global warming which refers to the general

increase in surface temperatures across the world. The main concern and urgency about

dealing with climate change is that the process is irreversible. Scientific evidence gathered

from different research activities around the world strongly indicate that the climate is changing

and the main contributor to these changes are human activities. The use of fossil fuel, e.g.

coal, in energy generation is one of the major producers of greenhouse gases which are

destroying the atmosphere resulting in the increase in surface temperature due to ozone

depletion. Other factors that contribute to the climate change include the use of aerosols,

cement manufacture, animal agriculture and deforestation. The international community is

alarmed by the current rapid change in climate, which is leading to global warming, and this

has led to international consultation and attempts to reach consensus on measures that need

to be adopted to reduce the impact of climate change, at forums such as the United Nations

Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCCC), the Kyoto Protocol (1997) and COP-

17 which was held in South Africa in 2011 has not really yielded the intended results.



Some of the noticeable effects from climate change in South Africa include the change in the

type, distribution and coverage of vegetation which has affected agricultural activities,

especially in rural areas like Chris Hani District Municipality (CHDM) and areas with semi-

desert especially the Eastern Cape Province. South Africa is already experiencing some

effects of change in climate such as the recent extreme weather patterns e.g. very hot and

cold seasons and heavy rains and flooding, with droughts hitting other parts of the country,

these do not follow the known or anticipated climatic conditions.

Climate change requires that all nations, act now and together without exception. The impact

of changes to the climate stretches beyond territorial boundaries. There is consensus among

researchers that, adaptation policies and programmes need to be implemented without delay

on a multi-scale level to reduce the envisaged crisis and disasters that are associated with

climate change. According to some experts the projected climatic changes for Africa suggest

a future of increasingly scarce water, collapsing agricultural yields, encroaching desert and

damaged coastal infrastructure. South Africa is a water scarce country, and this natural

resource is seriously threatened by the current global warming that characterizes climate

change. At provincial and local government levels including District like CHDM, this will require

more collaboration in seeking solutions and adapting so that the contributing factors to this

phenomenon are reduced. It is envisaged that the impacts of climate change ‘will be magnified

or moderated by underlying conditions of governance, poverty and resource management, as

well as the nature of climate change impacts at local and regional levels’. In 2008, the

Secretary General of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD),

Angela Guirra, made the following statement, during a Conference on “Competitive Cities and

Climate Change”, “In our cities, citizens, industries and institutions must respond to the

challenges of technological change and globalisation. In our cities, as elsewhere, we must

deal with the social implications of change (…) Urban areas could (also) play a central role in

successfully addressing global environmental challenges (…) Cities generate almost 70% of

total gas emission. There is no doubt that improvements in urban design, housing stock, traffic

congestion and accessibility, disaster prevention and waste management, are crucial

component of a strategy to combat global warming. If cities fail to deal effectively with

environmental challenges, our planet is in serious trouble”. - Competitive Cities and Climate

Change. OECD Conference Proceedings, 9-10 October 2008, Milan, Italy. The relevance of

this statement can never be under estimated as we see the urgency of the need for all of us

to act decisively in dealing with what has been described as one of the manmade security

threats of this century. Experts gathered at the OECD 2008 Conference proposed that: “Strong

and effective urban policies that enable cities to benefit from globalising processes require

flexible, multi-level forms of inter-governmental joint action. The need for a multi-level

governance framework for urban development policies is particularly critical for addressing

climate change. City and regional leaders are generally best suited to design strategies for

addressing their own local climate change risks. Likewise, local governments are needed as

partners to implement nation-wide climate change response policies, while at the same time

designing their own policy responses that are tailored to local contexts.” It is within this

background and within the context of South Africa’s experiences and unique conditions that it

has been deemed fit to develop and spearhead the programme on Climate Change within our

CHDM, as part of a District wide adaptation strategy.



5 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO SUMMARY AND

REMEDIATION MEASURES

5.1 Summary of Main Issues and Key Findings

One of the key deliverables in developing the EMP, includes the drafting of the Environmental

Status Quo Report. This stand-alone report is included as Appendix A. It provides an

environmental overview of the district, including the biophysical, social and economic

environment. An environmental analysis is made where the environmental management

issues, opportunities and constraints are discussed. The issues are then prioritised. These

issues include the following:

- Water shortages

- Water quality degradation, poor sanitation

- Poor waste management

- Uncontrolled alien invasive plant infestation.

- Raise awareness and encourage buy-in from all municipal stakeholders.

- Soil erosion, loss of top soil and fertility

- Climate change induced extreme events.

The conclusions drawn from the analysis are described below:

This DM is predominantly rural where 63.8% of the population lives in rural areas and

only 35.2% live in areas classified as urban. Those living in rural settlements are at

least partially dependent on the natural environment for their livelihoods;

A high proportion of the people living in the DM are grant dependent rather than

actively productive;

Unemployment is high, and most households rely on social grants and remittances

from family members working elsewhere.

The majority of educated and able-bodied people leave the district and seek

employment elsewhere;

The Enoch Mgijima municipal area, particularly Komani, is the economic hub, due to

its strategic position in the middle of the national corridors to the Gauteng, Western

Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Northern Cape and Free State Provinces.

Growing populations in towns face resource shortages, aging and inadequate

infrastructure and quality issues e.g. sewage into rivers due to overloaded systems.

In an attempt to speed up service delivery and development for the communities, the

environment and its capacity to sustain itself have been severely compromised.

Land capability increases from West to East, with Ngcobo LM having the highest

percentage of arable land, whereas Inxuba Yethemba LM wholly comprises of non-

arable land and therefore is better suited to stock and game farming.

Historically, the eastern part of CHDM, is the most deprived area within the

municipality.

Passive land use i.e. the use of land with little or no regulation, management or

maintenance by the users and authorities has resulted in extensive overgrazing,

degradation and soil erosion;

The biophysical environment’s ability to deliver key services such as good topsoil,

grazing, clean air and water and protection from floods, disease, and other disasters



is decreasing, as natural resources are being degraded at an unsustainable rate. The

result of this affects the rural population far more as they rely on the environment the

most.

It is essential that environmental awareness is encouraged as pressures on the land

and water resources will grow significantly worse unless attitudes and actions change.

The capacity of the local communities must be built to improve their understanding of

the consequences of their actions on the resources on which they rely to live.

The biophysical environment and its resources are key ingredients to successful rural

livelihoods. It is essential that CHDM takes appropriate custodianship of the landscape

and its resources in order for the economy and associated society to persist without

very expensive inputs from the district governmental systems.

6 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT VISION AND

PRINCIPLES

6.1 Environmental Management Vision

6.1.1 CHDM’s Vision Statement

According to the latest IDP, CHDM’s stakeholders through Strategic Planning Sessions both departmental and institutional felt that the Vision and Mission which adopted during 2012 for the 2012-2017 IDP should be amended. The following options will be presented to Council for adoption and later to be taken back to communities for comments.

A) “Leaders in sustainable economic growth and improved quality of life” Or

B) “A district that is recognized as a model (a recognized model) for service excellence to its citizens”

Or

C) “A developmental municipality that offers sustainable economic growth and improved quality of life”

6.1.2 CHDM’s Mission Statement

A) “To coordinate governance and quality service for vibrant communities” or

B) “To improve quality of life through sustainable delivery of services” (quality life – is dictated upon by various factors: environment, socio-economic)



6.1.3 CHDM’s Core Values

C H R I S H A N I

Com

mitm

en

t

Hum

an

ity

Resp

ect

Inte

grity

Sin

ce

rity

Hon

esty

Acco

unta

bili

ty

Nurt

urin

g

Inn

ova

tive

6.1.4 CHDM’s Draft Environmental Policy

A healthy and sustainable environment is a Constitutional Right of all citizens of CHDM, and

is important to the municipality’s economy and future.

In achieving a healthy and sustainable environment, CHDM is committed to sustainable

development and Local Agenda 21 (LA 21) principles.

Chris Hani District Municipality objectives with respect to environmental management are:

- To continually strive to improve environmental performance.

- To at a minimum, meet or exceed environmental standards set by applicable laws and

regulations.

- To practice sustainable development in line with LA 21 principles.

- To promote sustainable development in line with LA 21 principles.

- To prevent pollution or explore, create, implement and communicate ways of

preventing or minimising pollution.

- To rehabilitate environmental damage and pollution.

- To conserve renewable and non-renewable resources.

- To promote the conservation of biodiversity and ecological processes.

- To promote the conservation of environmentally sensitive and conservation-worthy

areas.

- To set environmental performance targets and objectives in line with National

standards.

- To monitor and report on performance in relation to these targets and objectives on an

ongoing basis.

- To maintain an appropriate system for documenting and reporting on these targets,

objectives and performance against them.

- To respond to non-performance in terms of these objectives and targets.



- To communicate performance in relation to these targets to all employees and the

public, on at least an annual basis.

- Where possible, to educate residents regarding sustainable development and other

environmental issues.

6.2 Environmental Management Principles

1. Sustainability:

Environmental management should seek to facilitate and enhance development that is

sustainable, in order to meet the needs of present generations without compromising the

ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This includes the sustainable use of

resources, and should reflect a balance between social justice, economic efficiency and

ecological integrity.

2. Environment as a Resource:

The environment provides essential resources for economic and social development.

3. Common Heritage:

The use of these resources must serve the public interest, and the environment must be

protected as the people’s common heritage.

4. Holism:

Urban systems, while largely transformed through human activity are nonetheless ecosystems

and should be managed appropriately by acknowledging the interdependence of different

components of the systems.

5. Considering broader consequences:

The regional, national and international effects of activities at local level should be taken into

account.

6. Efficiency:

Environmental Management should be carried out in an efficient manner, making best possible

use of available resources.

7. Justice:

Management of environmental resources and environmental impacts shall seek to promote

social, economic and environmental justice, so as not to discriminate against any person,

particularly the vulnerable and disadvantaged.

8. Public participation and access:

All people shall be given the opportunity to participate effectively in environmental governance,

including empowerment and capacity building. Openness, transparency and access to

information should be practiced to enable accountable decision-making.

9. Continual improvement:



Environmental quality and human health and well-being should be continually improved

through effective environmental management.

10. Shared responsibility:

All people of the DM have a shared responsibility to contribute to the improvement of

environmental quality and human health and well-being.

11. Problem solving:

A positive approach emphasizing problem solving is required in order to avoid conflicts of

interest and conflicts over use of scarce resources.

12. Considering full environmental costs:

The price of goods, services and processes must include full environmental costs through their

life cycle.

13. Avoiding negative impacts:

Negative impacts on the environment, including the effects of pollution and uncontrolled waste,

disturbance of ecosystem and cultural heritages sites, and loss of biodiversity, must be

anticipated and avoided or minimised wherever possible.

14. Precaution:

A risk-averse and cautious approach should be applied in environmental management,

recognizing the limits of current knowledge and environmental consequences.

15. Accountability for actions:

Those responsible for negative environmental impacts must pay the repair costs both to

environment and human health, and the costs of preventative measures to reduce or prevent

further environmental damage. This includes the principles of “the polluter pays” and requires

effective law enforcement (NEMA).

7 INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GOALS

Environmental management is an integrated municipal function, as it requires action in nearly

all municipal sectors. This IEMP has been structured around a set of seven Strategic

Integrated Management Goals that have been defined for the CHDM. These goals have

been identified on the basis of:

1. The roles and responsibilities that the municipality must assume in regards to environmental management in terms of national legal mandates (see Section 2), and

2. The specific issues, opportunities and constraints that have been identified in the district (see Section 5).

For each goal, a number of objectives are included, which are the actions / projects /

programmes that need to be undertaken in order to achieve the goal. The Municipal Sectors

responsible for the implementation of each objective is included.

For each objective, there are a set of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) that can be used to

measure progress in implementation of the objective. All the KPIs that have been developed

for objectives under one goal can be used to track the municipality’s performance in terms of

achieving that goal.



The structure of this IEMP is summarised in the Figure 4 below.

Figure 4: Structure of this IEMP

Figure 5: Institutional Responsibilities

7.1 Strategic Integrated Environmental Management Goals

The IEMP has been structured in this way for a specific purpose, and that is to clarify the

overarching IEM aims (i.e. goals) of the municipality, and how the environmental management

actions undertaken within a variety of municipal sectors contribute towards the achievement

of these aims. This structure also helps to clarify the respective roles of various municipal

departments as IEM agents of the CHDM, and the Community Services Department/ IEM Unit

as a central champion and coordinator of IEM goals in CHDM (Figure 5).

SIEM Goal 1

Objective A - e.g. Water & Waste Water

KPIs

Objective B - e.g. Waste Management

KPIs

Objective C - e.g. Parks & Amenities

KPIs

SIEM Goal 2

Objective A - e.g. Water & Waste Water

KPIs

Objective B - e.g. Community Services

KPIs

Objective C - e.g. Electricity and

Mechanical Maintenance

KPIs



The following seven Strategic Integrated Environmental Management Goals have been

defined for the CHDM. The Environmental Management approaches, Programmes and

Projects presented in the sections which follow present the implementation framework for

achieving these goals.

Table 9: Seven Strategic Integrated Environmental Management Goals

Goal Description

Goal 1 Implement good

environmental

governance in the

CHDM.

This goal requires a collaborative approach between

organs of state (inclusive of LM) relating to

environmental matters, through establishment of formal

and informal relations. It also requires that decision

making be underpinned by sound knowledge and

adaptive management. It also requires relations to be

built with non-governmental organizations and

communities that should be encouraged and enabled to

contribute to planning processes as means to enable

effective environmental management.

Goal 2 Address climate change through locally appropriate climate mitigation and adaptation responses.

Improve the district’s resilience to extreme weather and

climate events by identifying vulnerable areas that are

likely to be prone to natural disasters such as floods and

damaging storms, and limit further development there.

Ecosystems that provide some mitigation against

climate change effects should be protected and

rehabilitated in key areas, e.g. wetlands and

grasslands.

Goal 3 Protect and conserve

the water resources

and manage the

demand and supply.

The amount of water on the earth remains the same but

how much is available and usable for domestic,

agricultural and industrial use in an area changes. This

solely depends on how it is managed. CHDM needs to

develop a water conservation & demand management

programme

Goal 4 A clean environment,

where all sources of

pollution that impact on

ecosystem and human

health are addressed

Sources of pollution from municipal and private infrastructure that threaten human health, or the functionality or integrity of freshwater resources or terrestrial ecosystems must be addressed as a priority in order to promote our constitutional right to live in a clean environment.

Goal 5 Effective management of municipal waste.

Encourage district‐wide waste reduction, re‐use and recycling initiatives in order to minimise waste disposal to landfill. Programmes and activities to educate communities regarding waste and waste reduction should be developed. This can include clean-up campaigns. Public-private partnerships for providing recycling services/ buy back centres should be investigated. It is important to use locally focused programmes and projects to achieve the 3R’s of waste minimization.



Goal Description

Goal 6 Promote the District’s

biodiversity

Ecosystem services generated by the natural environment, which enhance human wellbeing, and are directly used by people, can only be supplied if the ecosystems from which they are derived are functional. Many of these services (including groundwater recharge, water purification, soil fertility, soil protection, fodder, plant and animal pest control, air quality management, recreational opportunities and bioprospecting etc.) are used locally by the district as part of its service infrastructure, and by residents of the municipal areas. It is therefore essential to promote biodiversity management.

Goal 7 Raise awareness on environmental matters

Achieving the goals set out for IEM is a collective effort.

The positive contribution of all municipal residents,

including businesses and industries, needs to facilitated

and promoted. Water conservation and demand

management, waste management, food and energy

security, and pollution control are vital components of

an awareness campaign. Farmers, key businesses and

industries have a role to play in addressing pollution

threats. It is important for CHDM to strengthen these

relationships.

7.2 IEM Objectives (Actions) and KPIs

The following sections present the various objectives (i.e. the actions) that need to be

undertaken by the various CHDM departments in order to achieve each of the seven strategic

IEM goals presented in the previous section. KPIs are specified for each objective, which

represent the ‘measurable’ indicators of progress in the achievement of each objective.

7.2.1 Goal 1 – Good Environmental Governance

“Implement good environmental governance in the CHDM”

Owing to the fact that Section 24 of the Constitution establishes the right of all people in the

country to have a safe and healthy environment, and to have this protected for future

generations, all organs of state need to establish and maintain good environmental

governance. This is also important to ensure that municipalities fulfill their scheduled

environmental management functions, as well as comply with the array of environmental

statutes that may regulate their activities.

A collaborative approach is required between organs of state (inclusive of LMs) relating to

environmental matters, through establishment of formal and informal relations. Decision

making should be underpinned by sound knowledge and adaptive management. Relations

should be built with non-governmental organizations and communities, encouraging and

enabling the contribution to planning processes as means to enable effective environmental

management.

The following objectives (actions) are required to achieve this goal in CHDM:



Table 10: Goal 1 – Good Environmental Governance

GOAL 1 – Good Environmental Governance

A Co-ordinate the establishment of a dedicated environmental management

unit that will respond to all environmental issues within the administrative

structures of each of the LMs.

Description:

To ensure successful implementation of priority environmental management

programmes and projects, an IEM function, which is adequately resourced in terms

of number of staff and budget allocation, should be developed within each of the

LMs. Furthermore, this function should have the requisite skills and capacity

required to address the following core activities:

Championing the integration of environmental protection and management into the IDP, SDF, strategic and local level plans (e.g. Local Area Plans etc.), and where relevant into sector plans (e.g. disaster management, waste management, environmental health etc.).

Motivating for budgets to implement priority environmental management programmes and projects.

Reviewing and inputting into the planning and design of all municipal development and infrastructure projects to ensure that good environmental management principles are being adopted, and that all environmental legal requirements are met.

Reviewing all development applications and Environmental Impact Assessments undertaken for developments in the LM, and specifying conditions of approval for these applications that ensure that the environment is protected and the municipal environmental management priorities and targets are not compromised. This should include coordinating comments from all relevant municipal departments, collating these and submitting a unified municipal response in response to Scoping and Environmental Impact Reports or Basic Assessments undertaken in the municipal area.

Leading projects that deepen the municipality’s understanding of the role and function of the natural environment to deliver life‐supporting ecosystem services, the risks of climate change, the impact of current and future development pressures on the environment and resulting impacts on human health and quality of life.

Leading projects that develop spatial plans and other information that can be used to inform spatial planning, development assessment and control and sectoral planning and activities, with the aim of protecting the environment, minimising environmental risks and developing a sustainable city.

Collecting Key Performance Indicator data from all sectors that have a role in implementing the objectives (actions) specified by the IEMP, and reporting on LM’s progress in respect of achieving its IEM goals.

Implementing relevant projects and programmes as specified in the IEMP.

Liaising with other government departments, parastatals, Non-Government Organisations (NGO’s), farmers and business regarding environmental management priorities and objectives, and environmental legal compliance in the municipal area.

Liaising and working with local communities in the municipal area around

community‐based environmental management and sustainability.



Enforcing compliance with environmental conditions imposed by the municipality on private developments (and municipal developments).

Participating in relevant working groups, committees and networks that provide a platform for learning and sharing local government experiences in environmental management and sustainable development.

Undertaking regular state of the environment and other reporting as may be stipulated by national and provincial government.

Sectors responsible for implementing this objective:

Each LMs’ Division Human Resources and Legal Services

Each LMs’ Division Community Services/ IEM

CHDM Environmental Management Unit

Key Performance Indicators:

1.A.1. Each LMs’ Community Services Department organogram reviewed and IEM

departmental requirements determined.

1.A.2. Each LM’s Community Services Department organogram amended.

1.A.3. Number of vacant environmental management posts filled and adequate

infrastructure provided, per LM.

1.A.4. Highly capacitated individuals able to conduct environmental management

related activities, per LM.

1.A.5. Environmental management to form integral part of the organisation (DM &

LMs).

1.A.6. Adequate resources injected/ mobilized for the functionality and sustainability

of the environmental management unit.

B To develop capacity within all relevant sectors in the LM institution to fulfil

scheduled environmental management functions, and to implement relevant

aspects of the IEMP.

Description:

Environmental management is by nature very integrated. The scheduled

environmental management functions as specified in the various Acts are most

effectively fulfilled by the municipal department whose functions most closely align

with the scheduled function, as opposed to having a centralised IEM function trying

to do this. For example, most municipalities allocate the responsibilities articulated

in the National Environmental Management: Waste Act, to the waste management

function within the municipality, and not the environmental management function.

While it is anticipated that most of the scheduled environmental management

functions are already being dealt with by various municipal departments within each

the LM, it is recommended that a thorough review of scheduled environmental

management functions be undertaken, that any gaps in allocated responsibilities for

fulfilling these functions are identified, and that such gaps are filled by establishing

capacity in the relevant municipal department(s) to fulfil these functions.



Furthermore, the review should include an assessment of the capacity of the various

municipal departments that are undertaking scheduled environmental management

functions to ensure that there are sufficient human resources and an appropriate

skills set to fulfil these functions adequately. In addition to fulfilling scheduled

environmental management functions, there are a number of municipal

departments that will be required to implement relevant aspects of the IEMP. It is

therefore recommended that a capacity assessment and associated development

process is undertaken to ensure that the IEMP principles and objectives are

properly implemented by the municipal departments that need to do this.





1.B.1. Review of scheduled environmental management functions and allocation of

implementation responsibility, and capacity for fulfilment of these functions

completed per LM.

1.B.2. Review of capacity to implement IEM principles and objectives in all relevant

municipal departments completed per LM.

1.B.3. IEM capacity building process implemented per LM.

C LMs to develop, review and update by-laws relating to environmental

management

Description:

Each LM should develop, implement and enforce environmentally related legislation

at a local level.

This includes the development of new local by-laws to ensure that all the relevant

environmental aspects are governed within a legislative framework. The LMs also

have an executive function (including co-governance arrangements) coupled with

enforcement. This refers specifically to environmental aspects such as air quality,

land use management, water management and waste management, etc.

The lack of efficient and up-to date bylaws is identified as a problem in most of the

LMs. It is, therefore, imperative that the LMs should generate new environmental

by-laws not only to improve their own government function but also to improve co-

operative governance and integrated environmental management.

The following five draft environmental by-laws should be generated that will ensure

the administration of environmental affairs within the jurisdiction of each LM

(Wessels 2004):

• Scheduled and Offensive Trades By-laws - These by-laws provide for the control

and regulation of all scheduled trades and related activities, products, services and

facilities within each LM in order to promote sustainable development, the protection

of the environment and the health and safety of the citizens of the District. The



Scheduled and Offensive Trades By-laws play a crucial role in the integration of

environmental by-laws in that they identify the trades that may pose significant

threats to the elements of the environment. This by-law will give the LMs the power

to prosecute and to regulate offensive traders within its jurisdictional area. If the

Scheduled and Offensive Trades By-laws are used in correlation with the other

bylaws, the environmental impacts on the environmental media will be minimised.

This is a small but crucial step in the quest for IEM and sustainable development.

• Air Quality By-laws - These by-laws reform the law regulating air quality in each

LM in order to protect and enhance the quality of air in the District. These should

provide for local norms and standards regulating air quality monitoring,

management and control, for specific air quality measures and for matters incidental

thereto.

• Biodiversity By-laws - These by-laws provide within the framework of NEMA and

NEMBA for the management, regulation and conservation of District’s biodiversity;

the protection of species and ecosystems that warrant local protection; the

sustainable use of indigenous biological resources and the fair and equitable

sharing of benefits arising from bio-prospecting of genetic material derived from

indigenous biological resources.

• Waste Management By-laws - These by-laws provide for integrated waste

management through the fundamental reform of existing by-laws relating to waste;

to repeal certain by-laws and to provide for matters connected therewith.

• Water Management By-laws - These by-laws consolidate the provisions applicable

to water services within each LM and make specific provision for every phase of

water services and for other matters incidental thereto.

Working groups for each by-law should be established to identify all the relevant

issues that should be included in the by-laws and the writing of the by-laws. Each

working group should consist of two specialists (one law specialist and one

environmental specialist), a political representative and a member of the public. The

working groups should ensure the integration of the draft environmental by-laws

with each other and the correlation and alignment of these by-laws with national

and provincial legislation.





Each LMs’ Sub‐Section Waste Water Services


1. C.1 Review of existing environmental by-laws undertaken, per LM.

1. C.2. Working groups established to develop and adopt environmental by-laws,

per LM.



1. C.3. By-laws relating to environmental management adopted by each LM

Council.

D To co-ordinate transparent reporting

Description:

CHDM and each of the LMs should seek to participate in transparent environmental

and climate reporting programmes such as Carbon Cities Climate Registry, regular

State of the Environment Reporting, and the national Green Drop and Blue Drop

Programmes.



CHDM GIS Section


Each LMs’ Section Electricity and Mechanical Maintenance



1.D.1 Regular state of the environment reporting is undertaken.

1.D.2. Reports are locally, nationally and internationally available / circulated.

1.D.3. Number of municipal water treatment plants participating in the Blue Drop

Reporting programme (as a % of the total).

1.D.4. Number of municipal wastewater treatment plants participating in the Green

Drop Reporting programme (as a % of the total).

1.D.5. Submission of greenhouse gas emissions information to Carbon Cities

Climate Registry in terms of the required schedule of reporting.

1.D.6. Environmental management budget to feature in financial reporting/ financial

statement of the organisation.

1.D.7. GIS installation to track progress on licensing and other related activities.

7.2.2 Goal 2 – Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation

“Address climate change through locally appropriate climate mitigation and adaptation

responses.”

Improve the district’s resilience to extreme weather and climate events by identifying

vulnerable areas that are likely to be prone to natural disasters such as floods and damaging

storms, and limit further development there. Ecosystems that provide some mitigation against

climate change effects should be protected and rehabilitated in key areas, e.g. wetlands and

grasslands.

Table 11: Goal 2 – Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation

GOAL 2 – CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION



A To have a climate change adaptation strategy

Description:

- Climate change adaptation strategy is adopted by Council

- Implement climate change adaptation strategy

- Review and update the climate change adaptation strategy



CHDM Disaster Management Unit

All departments within CHDM


Each LMs’ Disaster Management Unit

DEDEAT

DEA

DAFF

DRDAR


2.A.1. Acknowledgement/ buy-in from political heads and technical awareness of

climate change by Council.

2.A.2 The document is adopted by Council.

2.A.3. The KPIs of the climate change adaptation strategy are met.

2.A.4. Regular review of the climate change adaptation strategy.

2.A.5. Synergies amongst spheres of government should be ensured in respect of

climate change adaptation strategies.

B To encourage LMs to develop their own climate change adaptation strategy

Description:

- Assist the LMs to develop their own climate change adaptation strategy





2.B.1. CHDM provide support to LMs in developing climate change adaptation

strategy.

2.B.2. The number of local climate change adaptation strategies approved by

Council.

2.B.3. Implementation plan to be in place to undertake activities emanating from the

climate change adaptation strategy.



C Promote development of the Renewable Energy Sector.

Description:

Owing to the national drive to grow the renewable energy generation capacity of the

country, and the need for all municipalities to consider ways to increase local energy

security to ensure that they remain good investment destinations, the potential to

grow the local economy through renewable energy generation, and supply/

installation of renewable energy equipment needs to be optimised. The CHDM

should support and promote this through facilitating public and private sector

investment into renewable energy projects and businesses.




Each LMs’ Division Local Economic Development

DEA

DEDEAT Key Performance Indicators:

2.C.1. Renewable Energy Sector contribution to the local economy.

2.C.2. Number of jobs in the renewable energy sector in the municipal area.

2.C.3. Number of renewable energy projects in CHDM.

2.C.4. Number of kWh of renewable energy produced in CHDM.

2.C.5. Number of CHDM schools doing rural sustainable biogas projects.

7.2.3 Goal 3 – Water Conservation and Demand Management

“Protect and conserve the water resources and manage the demand and supply.”

The amount of water on the earth remains the same but how much is available and usable for

domestic, agricultural and industrial use in an area changes. This solely depends on how it is

managed. CHDM needs to develop a water conservation & demand management programme

Table 12: Goal 3 – Water Conservation and Demand Management

GOAL 3 – WATER CONSERVATION AND DEMAND MANAGEMENT

A To protect water resources

Description:

- As the Water Services Authority, the DM should actively participate in the Catchment Management Agencies that the district falls within, namely the Fish to Tsitsikama CMA, the Upper Orange CMA and Mzimvubu to Kieskamma CMA.

- Obtain information from DWS on existing water resources and users. - CHDM to work with DWS to enforce registration and authorisation of water

uses. - Enforce abstraction limits. - Ensure all leaks are repaired and where necessary pipes are upgraded.



- Promote water conservation measures and water wise use Sectors responsible for implementing this objective:


DWS

DEDEAT


3.A.1. Participation in CMAs as a member. 3.A.2. Percentage of available resources in use. 3.A.3. Report on water availability versus water users. 3.A.4. Report on the number of leaks identified and repaired.

B To conserve storm water

Description:

- Review Storm Water Management Plans per LM. - Improve on existing storm water management plans by suggesting ways to

harness storm water runoff more effectively by channelling into the water supply catchment area.




Each LMs’ Division Technical Services


3.B.1. Increased dam levels related to storm events.

C To harvest rain water

Description:

- Ensure that all municipal buildings have rain water harvesting systems in place.

- Incentivize rain water harvesting. - Investigate options to subsidize rain water harvesting equipment.






3.C.1. Number of households harvesting rain water. 3.C.2. Number of municipal buildings harvesting rain water.



D Water Demand Management

Description:

- Baseline survey of water demand management infrastructure e.g. bulk and local meters.

- Upgrade bulk and localized metering infrastructure. - Enforce cost recovery on excessive consumers. - Dam construction and management to address issues of water supply. - Rehabilitation of existing dams. - Investigate borehole development.





DWS


3.D.1 Baseline survey report. 3.D.2 Budget spent on upgrades. 3.D.3. Strategy for the construction of new dams in the district. 3.D.4. Strategy for the development of boreholes.

E Promote wetland management

Description:

- Undertake baseline survey of wetlands within the district. - Map wetlands and develop a wetland management plan. - Assist LMs in wetland management. - Create awareness on the importance of wetlands.


- CHDM Environmental Management Unit - Each LMs’ Division Community Services/ IEM - Each LMs’ Division Planning - DEDEAT - DWS


3.E.1. Baseline survey report. 3.E.2. Wetland management plan drafted. 3.E.3. Wetland management plans for the LMs. 3.E.4. Awareness campaign undertaken.



7.2.4 Goal 4 – A Clean Environment

“A clean environment, where all sources of pollution that impact on ecosystem and human

health are addressed”

Sources of pollution from municipal and private infrastructure that threaten human health, or

the functionality or integrity of freshwater resources or terrestrial ecosystems must be

addressed as a priority in order to promote our constitutional right to live in a clean

environment.

Table 13: Goal 4 – A Clean Environment

GOAL 4 – A CLEAN ENVIRONMENT

A To enhance water quality management

Description:

- Review and revise water quality monitoring programmes (locations and parameters)

- Review and revise reporting procedures - Develop public disclosure and reporting policy - Develop appropriate response to pollution events - Disclosure of pollution incidents - Upgrading of dilapidated bulk water infrastructure



CHDM Infrastructure Services

CHDM Municipal Health Services


DWS

Water Services Authority


4.A.1. Surface water quality - percentage sample compliance with SABS standards/DWAF Guidelines 4.A.2. Ground water quality - percentage sample compliance with SABS standards/DWAF Guidelines 4.A.3. Number of WWTW spill incidents 4.A.4. Number of industry discharge incidents 4.A.5. Monitoring programme

B To enhance air quality management

Description:

- Develop an Air Quality Management Plan.

- Implement the Air Quality Management Plan.

- Formalise brick-makers into co-ops to enhance interaction and guidance.







DEDEAT

DEA


4.B.1. Air Quality Management Plan approved by Council.

4.B.2. Air Quality Management Plan implemented.

4.B.3. Brick-makers formalised into co-ops to enhance interaction and guidance.

7.2.5 Goal 5 – Waste Management

“Effective management of municipal waste.”

Encourage district‐wide waste reduction, re‐use and recycling initiatives in order to minimise

waste disposal to landfill. Programmes and activities to educate communities regarding waste

and waste reduction should be developed. This can include clean-up campaigns.

Public-private partnerships for providing recycling services/ buy back centres should be

investigated. It is important to use locally focused programmes and projects to achieve the

3R’s of waste minimization.

Table 14: Goal 5 – Waste Management

GOAL 5 – WASTE MANAGEMENT

A Ensure the Integrated Waste Management Plans are in place

Description:

- Assist LMs with the development and implementation of their IWMPs





Each LMs’ Sub‐Section Waste Services

DEDEAT


5.A.1. Co-ordination and evaluation of the IWMPs

5.A.2. Number of IWMPs approved by Council.

5.A.3. Number of functioning waste management programmes in the LMs.



B Ensure compliance and enforcement

Description:

- Ensure that all municipalities comply with the bylaws and develop systems

towards enforcing them.



CHDM Environmental Health




5.B.1. Number of audits undertaken.

5.B.2. Implementation of by-laws.

7.2.6 Goal 6 – Biodiversity Management

“Promote the District’s biodiversity”

Ecosystem services generated by the natural environment, which enhance human wellbeing,

and are directly used by people, can only be supplied if the ecosystems from which they are

derived are functional. Many of these services (including groundwater recharge, water

purification, soil fertility, soil protection, fodder, plant and animal pest control, air quality

management, recreational opportunities and bioprospecting etc.) are used locally by the

district as part of its service infrastructure, and by residents of the municipal areas. It is

therefore essential to promote biodiversity management.

Table 15: Goal 6 – Biodiversity Management

GOAL 6 – BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT

A Manage the alien invasive species and enhance indigenous flora

Description:

- Implement the CHDM Alien and Bush Encroaching Plant Management Strategy.

- The strategy must be in line with the new AIS regulations. - Funding is key and CHDM must investigate options for funding. - Bioprospecting should be addressed in the Biodiversity Management Plan

(Aloe and Perlagonium).



CHDM GIS Section

DWS

DEDEAT



DAFF

SANBI

DEA


6.A.1. Report on the monitoring and evaluation programme as per the strategy. 6.A.2. Biodiversity Management Plan developed for Bioprospecting.

B Implement land care initiatives

Description:

- Promote and encourage the concept of Community Based Natural Resource Management.

- Promote effective farming practices. - Implement measures to prevent further soil loss. - Implement a strategy to slow down the loss of vegetation cover and plant

biodiversity. - Rehabilitate key grasslands into productive units. - All strategies must be in line with key documents in biodiversity

management and the ecosystem guidelines that have been developed for SANBI.



CHDM GIS Section

DAFF

DEDEAT

DRDAR


6.B.1. DAFF extension programme initiated. 6.B.2. Strategies congruent with the ecosystem guidelines developed. 6.B.3. To see improvement in biodiversity through GIS mapping/ satellite images.

C Control illegal mining

Description:

- Promote better stakeholder engagement. - Develop a strategy with responsible sectors that will assist illegal miners to

comply with legislation. - Formalise illegal miners into co-ops to enhance interaction and guidance.


- CHDM Environmental Management Unit - Department of Mineral Resources - DEDEAT




6.C.1. Strategy drafted in collaboration with responsible sectors. 6.C.2. Number of mines assisted to comply with legislation.

D To manage and expand protected areas

Description:

- Facilitate information sharing amongst groups that manage protected areas.

- Assist with the implementation of the Eastern Cape Protected Areas Expansion Strategy.

- Partner with DEDEAT and Eastern Cape Parks and Tourism Agency (ECPTA) to formally protect priority biodiversity areas.



DEDEAT

ECPTA

DAFF


6.D.1. Effective management of protected areas. 6.D.2. Facilitate and promote protected areas expansion (stewardship forum).

E Develop Bioregional Plan

Description:

The purpose of a bioregional plan is to inform land-use planning and decision-making by a range of sectors whose policies and decisions impact on biodiversity. This is done through providing a map of biodiversity priorities with accompanying land-use planning and decision-making guidelines. Bioregional plans are intended to feed into a range of multi-sectoral planning and assessment processes such as Environmental Management Frameworks (EMFs), Spatial Development Frameworks (SDFs), Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEAs) and Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs). The basic elements of a bioregional plan are:

- A map of critical biodiversity areas, which are terrestrial and aquatic features critical for conserving biodiversity and maintaining ecosystem functioning, and which should thus remain in their natural state.

- Accompanying land-use guidelines for avoiding loss or degradation of natural habitat in critical biodiversity areas.


- CHDM Environmental Management Unit - DEDEAT - ECPTA




6.E.1. A map of critical biodiversity areas developed. 6.E.2. Land-use guidelines drafted for avoiding loss or degradation of natural habitat in critical biodiversity areas. 6.E.3. Bioregional plan developed and gazetted.

7.2.7 Goal 7 – Environmental Awareness, Capacity Building and Stakeholder Action

“Raise awareness on environmental matters, build capacity and engage stakeholder action”

Achieving the goals set out for Integrated Environmental Management is a collective effort.

The positive contribution of all municipal residents, including businesses and industries, needs

to facilitated and promoted. Water conservation and demand management, waste

management, food and energy security, and pollution control are vital components of an

awareness campaign. Farmers, key businesses and industries have a role to play in

addressing pollution threats. It is important for CHDM to strengthen these relationships.

Table 16: Goal 7 – Environmental Awareness, Capacity Building and Stakeholder Action

GOAL 7 – ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS, CAPACITY BUILDING AND

STAKEHOLDER ACTION

A Conduct Awareness Campaigns

Description:

- Identify environmental challenges and opportunities faced by the LMs.

- Identify target groups.

- Identify topics for campaigns.

- Collaborate with LMs to develop locally appropriate campaigns.




DEDEAT

DEA


7.A.1. List of environmental challenges and opportunities facing each LM.

7.A.2. Stakeholder database.

7.A.3. List of topics

7.A.4 Number of campaigns conducted.



B Observing significant environmental calendar days

Description:

- Identify environmental calendar days.

- Develop a plan for each observance.

- Implement the plan.




DEDEAT

DEA

DAFF

DRDAR

DWS


7.B.1. Number of calendar days observed.

7.B.2. Feedback report.

C Implement a recognition system to reward environmental effort

Description:

- Identify existing environmental recognitions.

- Expand the scope of the recognition system.

- Implement the recognition system.





7.C.1. Award ceremony.

7.C.2 List of awards and recipients.

D Build capacity around the EMP

Description:

- Facilitate training programmes where officials responsible for undertaking

environmental management line functions are trained to do the work.

- These training programmes can be aligned to NQF standards.





HR Department


7.D.1. List of training programmes developed.

7.D.2 List of personnel trained.

8 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

This section summarises the implementation actions that need to be undertaken in order for

the CHDM to achieve the Strategic Integrated Environmental Management Goals. These

‘actions’ are the IEMP objectives presented in the previous chapter.

Those actions that cannot be achieved within the following five-year period have not been

removed from the plan but rather indicated as long term goals that will be addressed in the

future.

The following timeframes are suggested for implementation of each objective:

Begin the project within the next 2 years.

Begin the project between 2 and 5 years from now.

Begin the project more than 5 years from now.

Begin the project in the short term and continue to implement

indefinitely.

Further to this, the following sequencing of objectives is suggested:

Begin with this project.

Begin the project only after all high priority projects have been

completed / near completion.

Begin the project only after all high and medium priority projects

have been completed / near completion.

This section also presents a summary of the roles and responsibilities of the various municipal

departments that need to respond by implementing the IEMP.



8.1 Implementation Action Plan

The following implementation action plan has been prepared to guide the sequencing and prioritisation of objectives in this IEMP.

Table 17: Implementation Action Plan

Goals Objectives (Actions) Indicative Budget KPIs Responsible Departments Implementation

Timeframe

Prioritisation

1. Good

Environmental

Governance

A. Co-ordinate the

establishment of a

dedicated environmental

management unit that

will respond to all

environmental issues

within the administrative

structures of each of the

LMs.

NA – internal budget 1.A.1. Each LMs’ Community Services Department

organogram reviewed and IEM departmental

requirements determined.

1.A.2. Each LM’s Community Services Department

organogram amended.

1.A.3. Number of vacant environmental management

posts filled and adequate infrastructure

provided, per LM.

1.A.4. Highly capacitated individuals able to conduct

environmental management related activities,

per LM.

1.A.5. Environmental management to form integral

part of the organisation (DM & LMs).

1.A.6. Adequate resources injected/ mobilized for the

functionality and sustainability of the

environmental management unit.




1. Good

Environmental

Governance

B. To develop capacity

within all relevant

sectors in the LM

institution to fulfil

scheduled

environmental

management functions,

and to implement

relevant aspects of the

IEMP.

6 workshops (providing direct

intervention per LM).

R15,000.00 per workshop.

R90,000.00 per annum

Accredited training for

Managers responsible for

Community Services Unit.

R10,000.00 per accredited

training.

Basic training – includes MM,

Portfolio head responsible for

Community Services

(catering per LM):

R10,000.00 x 6 =

R60,000.00

1.B.1. Review of scheduled environmental

management functions and allocation of

implementation responsibility, and capacity for

fulfilment of these functions completed per LM.

1.B.2. Review of capacity to implement IEM

principles and objectives in all relevant

municipal departments completed per LM.

1.B.3. IEM capacity building process implemented

per LM.






Timeframe

Prioritisation

1. Good

Environmental

Governance

C. LMs to develop,

review and update by-

laws relating to

environmental

management

R10,000.00 (auditing of

existing bylaws)

R1,000,000.00/ year

(workshops of working

groups and gazetting)

1.C.1. Review of existing by-laws undertaken, per

LM.

1.C.2. Working groups established to draft by-laws,

per LM.

1.C.3. By-laws relating to environmental

management adopted by each LM Council.





1. Good

Environmental

Governance

D. To co-ordinate

transparent reporting

NA – internal budget 1.D.1. Regular state of the environment reporting is

undertaken.

1.D.2. Reports are locally, nationally and

internationally available / circulated.

1.D.3. Number of municipal water treatment plants

participating in the Blue Drop Reporting

programme (as a % of the total).

1.D.4. Number of municipal wastewater treatment

plants participating in the Green Drop

Reporting programme (as a % of the total).

1.D.5. Submission of greenhouse gas emissions

information to Carbon Cities Climate Registry

in terms of the required schedule of reporting.

1.D.6. Environmental management budget to feature

in financial reporting/ financial statement of

the organisation.

1.D.7. GIS installation to track progress on licensing

and other related activities.


CHDM GIS Section




2. Climate Change

Mitigation and

Adaptation

A. To have a climate

change adaptation

strategy

R10,000,000.00/ year 2.A.1. Acknowledgement/ buy-in from political heads

and technical awareness of climate change by

Council.

2.A.2. The document is adopted by Council.

2.A.3. The KPIs of the climate change adaptation

strategy are met.

2.A.4. Regular review of the climate change

adaptation strategy.

2.A.5. Synergies amongst spheres of government

should be ensured in respect of climate

change adaptation strategies.


CHDM Disaster Management Unit

All departments within CHDM


Each LMs’ Disaster Management Unit

DEDEAT

DEA

DAFF

DRDAR




Timeframe

Prioritisation

2. Climate Change

Mitigation and

Adaptation

B. To encourage LMs to

develop their own

climate change

adaptation strategy

NA – internal budget 2.B.1. CHDM provide support to LMs in developing


2.B.2. The number of local climate change

adaptation strategies approved by Council.

2.B.3. Implementation plan to be in place to

undertake activities emanating from the




2. Climate Change

Mitigation and

Adaptation

C. Promote

development of the

Renewable Energy

Sector.

(Part of R10,000,000.00/

year above of the Climate

Change Adaptation Strategy)

2.C.1. Renewable Energy Sector contribution to the

local economy.

2.C.2. Number of jobs in the renewable energy

sector in the municipal area.

2.C.3. Number of renewable energy projects in

CHDM.

2.C.4. Number of kWh of renewable energy

produced in CHDM.

2.C.5. Number of schools in CHDM doing rural

sustainable biogas projects.



Each LMs’ Division Local Economic Development

DEA

DEDEAT

3. Water

Conservation and

Demand

Management

A. To protect water

resources

NA – internal budget Co-ordinating function.

3.A.1. Participation in CMAs as a member. 3.A.2. Percentage of available resources in use. 3.A.3. Report on water availability versus water

users. 3.A.4. Report on the number of leaks identified and

repaired.


DWS

DEDEAT

3. Water

Conservation and

Demand

Management

B. To conserve storm

water

NA – internal budget Water Services Function. EMU to co-ordinate with Water Services.

3.B.1. Increased dam levels related to storm events.




3. Water

Conservation and

Demand

Management

C. To harvest rain water NA – internal budget Human Settlement function. EMU to undertake awareness campaigns per LM on the importance of rain water harvesting. 6x R30,000.00 = R180,000.00

3.C.1. Number of households harvesting rain water.

3.C.2. Number of municipal buildings harvesting rain water.







Timeframe

Prioritisation

3. Water

Conservation and

Demand

Management

D. Water demand

management

NA – internal budget Technical Services Function Technical Services usually budgets R265 million but only received R68 million for operations and maintenance.

3.D.1. Baseline survey report. 3.D.2. Budget spent on upgrades. 3.D.3. Strategy for the construction of new dams

in the district. 3.D.4. Strategy for the development of boreholes




3. Water

Conservation and

Demand

Management

E. Promote wetland

management R200,000.00 (Wetland Management Plan) R50,000.00 (GIS to get shapefiles from DEDEAT).

3.E.1. Baseline survey report. 3.E.2. Wetland management plan drafted. 3.E.3. Wetland management plans for the LMs. 3.E.4. Awareness campaign undertaken.



Each LMs’ Division Planning

DEDEAT

DWS

4. A clean

environment

A. Enhance water

quality monitoring

NA – internal budget Linked to Technical Services Municipal Health Services budget R2.5 million for monitoring.

4.A.1. Surface water quality - percentage sample compliance with SABS standards/DWAF Guidelines.

4.A.2. Ground water quality - percentage sample compliance with SABS standards/DWAF Guidelines.

4.A.3. Number of WWTW spill incidents. 4.A.4. Number of industry discharge incidents. 4.A.5. Monitoring programme.





DWS

Water Services Authority

4. A clean

environment

B. Enhance air quality

monitoring

R400,000.00 (Development

of an Air Quality

Management Plan).

4.B.1. Air Quality Management Plan approved by

Council.

4.B.2. Air Quality Management Plan implemented.

4.B.3. Brick-makers formalised into co-ops to

enhance interaction and guidance.




DEDEAT

DEA

5. Waste

management

A. Ensure Integrated

Waste Management

Plans are in place

Co-ordinating function.

R50,000.00/ year

(Environment and Climate

Change Forum – every 3

months).

Funded IWMPs for 3 LMs

previously (R800,000.00).

R300,000.00 for Engcobo.

5.A.1. Co-ordinating and evaluation of the IWMPS.

5.A.2. Number of IWMPs approved by Council.

5.A.3. Number of functioning waste management

programmes in the LMs.





DEDEAT

5. Waste

management

B. Ensure compliance

and enforcement.

NA – internal budget Develop template for the LMs

to use for reporting

5.B.1. Number of audits undertaken.

5.B.2. Number of compliance notices issued by the

Competent Authorities.


CHDM Environmental Health






Timeframe

Prioritisation

6. Biodiversity

management

A. Manage alien

invasive plant species

and enhance indigenous

flora.

R2,000,000.00/ year for

labour intensive clearing.

6.A.1. Report on the monitoring and evaluation

programme as per the strategy.

6.A.2. Biodiversity Management Plan developed for

Bioprospecting.


CHDM GIS Section

DWS

DEDEAT

DAFF

SANBI

DEA

6. Biodiversity

management

B. Initiate land care

management initiatives

R20,000,000.00

EPIP grant

6.B.1. DAFF extension programme initiated.

6.B.2. Strategies congruent with the ecosystem

guidelines developed.

6.B.3. To see improvement in biodiversity through

GIS mapping/ satellite images.


CHDM GIS Section

DAFF

DEDEAT

DRDAR

6. Biodiversity

management

C. Control illegal mining 6.C.1. Strategy drafted in collaboration with

responsible sectors.

6.C.2. Number of mines assisted to comply with

legislation.


Department of Mineral Resources

DEDEAT

6. Biodiversity

management

D. To manage and

expand protected areas

NA – internal budget Co-ordinating function.

6.D.1. Effective management of protected areas.

6.D.2. Facilitate and promote protected areas

expansion (stewardship forum).


DEDEAT

Eastern Cape Parks and Tourism Agency

DAFF

6. Biodiversity

management

E. Develop Bioregional

Plan

R100,000.00

More funding can be

requested from DEDEAT.

6.E.1. A map of critical biodiversity areas developed.

6.E.2. Land-use guidelines drafted for avoiding loss

or degradation of natural habitat in critical

biodiversity areas.

6.E.3. Bioregional plan developed and gazetted.


DEDEAT

ECPTA

7. Environmental

awareness,

capacity building

and stakeholder

action

A. Conduct awareness

campaigns

R10,000.00 per awareness

campaign = R80,000.00 per

year (2 per quarter).

7.A.1. List of environmental challenges and

opportunities facing each LM.

7.A.2. Stakeholder database.

7.A.3. List of topics.

7.A.4. Number of campaigns conducted.



DEDEAT

DEA




Timeframe

Prioritisation

7. Environmental

awareness,

capacity building

and stakeholder

action

B. Observing significant

environmental calendar

days.

R500,000.00

Wetlands Day,

Clean-up and Recycling Day,

Environmental Day, and

Arbour Day.

7.B.1. Number of calendar days observed.

7.B.2. Feedback report.



DEDEAT

DEA

DAFF

DRDAR

DWS

7. Environmental

awareness,

capacity building

and stakeholder

action

C. Implement a

recognition system to

reward environmental

effort.

Regional Environmental

Awards with DEDEAT.

R50,000.00 (Catering for

schools).

7.C.1. Award ceremony.

7.C.2. List of awards and recipients.



DEDEAT

7. Environmental

awareness,

capacity building

and stakeholder

action

D. Build capacity around

the EMP

Refer to Goal 1B. 7.D.1. List of training programmes developed.

7.D.2 List of personnel trained.


HR Department



9 CONCLUSIONS

Seven goals have been identified around the following issues:

Good environmental governance.

Climate change.

A water conservation & demand management programme.

A clean environment.

Waste management.

Biodiversity management.

Environmental awareness, capacity building and stakeholder action.

An implementation plan is included that provides actions that need to be undertaken in order

for the CHDM to achieve the Strategic Integrated Environmental Management Goals.

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