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Environmental Management of Cities

ENS 64 Land Use and Urban Environmental Planning

Mike Arieh P. Medina

Central Mindanao University

College of Forestry and Environmental Science

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Bayamo City, Cuba

Before 2004 After 2004

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50% percent of theworlds population livesin urban areas

lobal !rbani"ation

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Cities #rovide o##ortunities, e$onomies of s$ale, afuture %ith more $hoi$es.

it attracts a rising tide of humanity, of people hoping fora better life for themselves and their children.

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!rban sustainabilitymulti#lier

The process throughwhich the high densityof urban living

signicantly shrinsthe per capitaecological footprintsby reducing energy

and material needs.!"ees, #00$.

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!rban sustainabilitymulti#lier &igh population

densities, whichreduce the per capitademand for occupied

land 'ower costs per capita

of providinginfrastructure and

public amenities "educes per capita

consumption ofbuilding materials and

services infrastructure

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Cities are also at risk from industrial ha"ards, naturaldisasters, and the s#e$ter of global %arming.

it also been blamed for causing environmental catastrophes, for

marginali(ing communities, for diminishing the )uality of life of the poor.

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lobal slum #o#ulations

Asians&'(M

Afri$ans ())M

*atin

Ameri$ans (+4M

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Clean air is essential to a healthy environment

*cosystem +ervices in ities

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ivers and !ater bodies "rovide drin#ing !ater and act asnat$ral "oll$tion %lters&

*cosystem +ervices in ities

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'iodiversity is essential for food( materials( medicine andim"roved )$ality of life( not *$st locally b$t also globally&

*cosystem +ervices in ities

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Forests serve as !atersheds( habitats( carbon sin#s( leis$reamenities and to$rist destinations&

*cosystem +ervices in ities

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+etlands %lter and "rocess !aste and act as a n$rsery for%sheries&

*cosystem +ervices in ities

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Sand d$nes( coral reefs and mangroves "rotect cities from storm s$rges( "reventerosion and siltation( and in the case of the latter t!o act as n$rseries for %sheries&

*cosystem +ervices in ities

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Par#s and greenbelts act as sin#s for carbon dio,ide -C./0and co$nteract the heat island e1ect of large b$ilt2$" areas&

*cosystem +ervices in ities

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uestion-

-f the environment is suchan asset to cities, why is itoften last on the list ofpriorities for urban

managers

A/./ ey reason is theuse of accounting systemsthat eternali(e real costs

and do not account fornatural capital.

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CityEnvironment1ntera$tions

Poor!rban

Planning

*oss of Biodiversity

/lums

/olid aste

3looding

/#ra%l

Coastal Erosion

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Po#ulation Most at isk

*nvironmentalha(ards areresponsible for themost common causesof ill health andmortality among the

urban poor.

lac of clean drining water 1 sanitation and drainage 1 poor air

)ualityundernourishment 1 poor health 1 inade)uate public health services

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Po#ulation Most at isk

2overty forces theurban poor intoha(ardous areas,unsuitable forhabitation3

4ood plainssteep or unstable hillsideshighly polluted areas

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5he ole of *o$alovernments

how urbanenvironmentrelationships evolve,

and how their cities

interact with thehinterland and with

the wider globalcommunity.

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5he ole of *o$alovernments

2ass legislation

6esign systems

'and use decisions

-mprove economy

'and tenure7land rights

6evelop nancing tools *ncourage participation

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5he ole of *o$alovernments 8or a city to grow and

develop in the long term, itcannot disregard itsenvironment.

The environment cuts across

all sectors, income groupsand management areas.

/n ad hoc a""roach toenvironmental issues isfragmentary, epensive and

ine9cient.The solution lies in the

integration of environmentalissues in planning andmanagement

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EnvironmentalA$tions

6ire$t E7e$ts 8ther E7e$ts

2romotion of cleanerhousehold fuels

"eductions inrespiratory and otherproblemsthrough reducedindoor and outdoorair pollution.

"educed contributionof householdstoves to city airpollution.

-mproved provisionof solid wastemanagement

services

:reatly reduced risof many animaland insect disease

vectors and stopsgarbage blocingdrains.

onsiderableemploymentopportunities

in well managed solidwaste collectionsystems whererecycling, reuse andreclamation arepromoted.

Advantages of EnvironmentalA$tion on !rban 1m#rovement

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1nstrument 5y#e 8#tions 5ool E9am#les

2olicy -nstruments ;oluntary3 2roductlabeling, branding,voluntary codes ofpractice or standards,eternally accreditedenvironmentalmanagementstandards or audits,voluntaryagreements

+ustainableprocurement, productlife cycle analysis,ecolabeling

2rocess instruments < ;isioning< 2articipation

=etaplan, tas forces,round tables,epert panels,worshops, etc.

1nstruments for Environmental1ntegration