Trade Mainstreaming and Development EIF Spokes Meeting 12-13 February, 2014 Lusaka
ENVIRONMENTAL MAINSTREAMING - International Trade …...The Environmental Mainstreaming Guide was...
Transcript of ENVIRONMENTAL MAINSTREAMING - International Trade …...The Environmental Mainstreaming Guide was...
TRADE IMPACTFOR GOOD
ENVIRONMENTAL MAINSTREAMING
A GUIDE FOR PROJECT MANAGERS
Digital images on the cover: Glenna Gordon, Flickr and ITC
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ENVIRONMENTAL MAINSTREAMING
A GUIDE FOR PROJECT MANAGERS
Contents
Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................... v Foreword ......................................................................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1 Introduction to environmental mainstreaming ............................................................................. 2
1. Who should use this guide? ........................................................................................................ 2 2. What is environmental mainstreaming? ...................................................................................... 4 3. The role of the Trade and Environment Programme .................................................................. 4
Chapter 2 Why is environmental mainstreaming important? ....................................................................... 5 1. UN Global Goals ......................................................................................................................... 5 2. Competitive benefits ................................................................................................................... 6 3. Funder interests ......................................................................................................................... 6 4. ITC Code of Conduct .................................................................................................................. 7
Chapter 3 Process overview ........................................................................................................................ 8 Chapter 4 Assessing environmental risks and opportunities ....................................................................... 9
1. The Environmental Assessment Template ............................................................................... 10 2. Tips on completing the Environmental Assessment Template ................................................. 10 3. Indicative questions for project managers ................................................................................ 11 4. Tools to rate and asses your project ......................................................................................... 12
Chapter 5 Deciding on environmental ratings ............................................................................................ 14 1. How to rate your project ............................................................................................................ 14 2. Minimum ratings ........................................................................................................................ 14
Chapter 6 Planning: How environment fits into your logframe................................................................... 15 Chapter 7 Delivery .................................................................................................................................... 17 Annex I Examples of mainstreaming logframes by sector ..................................................................... 18 Annex II Detailed matrix of environmental concerns ............................................................................... 21
Tables
Table 1 Practical reasons for integrating environment into ITC activities ............................................... 6 Table 2 Cross-cutting issues addressed in the Environmental Assessment Template ........................ 10 Table 3 Sector matrix of environmental concerns ................................................................................. 13 Table 4 Example of a logframe template .............................................................................................. 16
Figures
Figure 1 Summary of the environmental mainstreaming process for ITC projects .................................. 8 Figure 2 Minimum ratings ....................................................................................................................... 14
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Acknowledgements
The Environmental Mainstreaming Guide was prepared by ITC’s Trade and Environment Programme (TEP) team under the direction of Alexander Kasterine, Head of TEP.
The TEP team preparing the guide include Benjamin Smith and Ann-Kathrin Zotz with support from Ana Batalhone, Andrew Benton, Nydiane Razafindrahaingo, and Lori Werner in consultation with colleagues across ITC.
Special thanks for the technical input into the development process is extended to ITC colleagues Juan Hoyos (EC/DBIS), Elena Mendoza (ES/DCP), Anders Aeroe (Director, DMD), Rob Skidmore (SC/DMD), Raphaëlle Lancey and Iris Hauswirth (both SPPG).
The Guide builds on earlier work on environmental mainstreaming done by environmental economists within TEP, namely Katarina Nossal, Martina Bozzola, and Amanda McKee. Valuable early guidance was also offered from colleagues who served on ITC’s Environment Mainstreaming Taskforce.
Thanks also to Communications and Events for editorial and printing support, especially Evelyn Seltier, Serge Adeagbo and Franco Iacovino.
For further information on the guide, please contact Alexander Kasterine at [email protected].
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Foreword
The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity. The Agenda defines 17 Goals and 169 targets – including the objective to eradicate poverty by 2030. Trade is recognized as the “means for implementation” to achieve these Global Goals. The Paris Agreement reached in December 2015 further establishes a framework for urgent action on climate change. The International Trade Centre’s Aid for Trade programming supports developing countries to use trade as a lever for sustainable development and increased climate change resilience.
To ensure that ITC projects and programmes address these challenges effectively the ITC Trade and Environment Programme, as part of a corporate approach to sustainable development, has developed a strategy to mainstream environmental sustainability in ITC’s work. This Environmental Mainstreaming Guide for project managers and its accompanying training programme is the
culmination of that work.
A clear example of successful mainstreaming is ensuring that ITC’s SME clients develop climate-resilience and sustainability strategies and so remain viable businesses. ITC plays a critical role to help them mitigate environmental risks.
In addition, environmental mainstreaming has helped our clients to access new markets for certified products that meet high environmental standards and regulations. These products often fetch premium prices, helping producers create and capture higher value addition.
In short, mainstreaming will be critical to ensure that ITC continues to help shape profitable, resilient, inclusive and economically sustainable businesses.
Along with our gender and youth mainstreaming approaches, this guide is a critical step in aligning ITC work towards a more holistic approach in supporting sustainable and inclusive economic growth. I am pleased to introduce this guide as an important tool in ITC’s mission to deliver trade impact for good.
Arancha Gonzalez
Executive Director, International Trade Centre
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Chapter 1 Introduction to environmental mainstreaming
The Environmental Mainstreaming Guide for project managers provides advice on planning and managing the environmental elements of ITC projects. The guide also aims to raise awareness of environmental issues and impacts in some of ITC’s most frequently supported sectors.
The guide provides a summary of the activities involved in environmental mainstreaming, and wider appraisal processes. It does not contain all the answers, but helps project managers to assess project plans. It contains:
• Guidance on completing the environmental section of the cross-cutting issues and development markers section of a project plan;
• A list of indicative questions to help project managers consider specific environmental aspects of project plans;
• A matrix to identifying key environmental opportunities and risks – covering a range of sectors;
• Guidance on the environmental rating system and minimum environmental ratings;
• Guidance on finding appropriate outputs and indicators for environment in a project logframe;
• A detailed matrix of key environmental concerns by sector, with recommended sources of further information.
This guide will help project managers to mainstream issues of environmental sustainability into all of ITC’s activities achieving sustainable trade impact for good.
This guide helps project managers to understand and implement environmental mainstreaming.
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1. Who should use this guide?
This guide is a resource for ITC staff, consultants, and partners involved in managing ITC project activities such as planning, designing, appraising, implementing, monitoring and evaluating ITC projects.
Project managers are responsible to complete a screening note with respect to the environmental risks and opportunities faced by their respective project and to ensure that it is submitted with the other project documentation in the ITC project portal. It is also the responsibility of the project officer to ensure that any actions identified during screening are taken forward. Specific actions should be reflected in the project memorandum and logframe. A guide to integrating environmental considerations is included in Section 4.
The core objective of this policy document is to support project managers to incorporate environmental considerations into the planning, elaboration and implementation of ITC projects.
Mainstreaming requires the consideration of both opportunities, like organic certification, and risks, like higher emissions from project activities. © Tomás Munita
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2. What is Environmental Mainstreaming?
Environmental Mainstreaming means the integration of environmental considerations into ITC policies, planning and project activities to ensure the coherence and sustainability of our mission and practices.
Definition agreed by the Environment Mainstreaming Taskforce, September 2013
There are two aspects of environmental mainstreaming relevant to ITC and its delivery of Aid for Trade:
Risks: Mitigate environmental impacts and strengthen environmental resilience
• Exacerbate or cause environmental degradation or depletion
• Improve resource use efficiency, productivity and competitiveness
• Raise awareness of trade, environment and development linkages and their implications for sustainable development
• Reduce vulnerability to emerging risks and challenges, including resource depletion, environmental degradation and climate change.
Opportunities: Realize environmental potential
• Expand trade in environmentally-sustainable product and services markets
• Enable beneficiaries to meet environmental standards, trading rules or funder requirements.
By working with its beneficiaries to recognize and address these aspects in their export development and promotion activities, ITC will achieve stronger and more enduring impacts on economic growth, poverty reduction and sustainable development.
The initiative to mainstream environment into ITC project and planning activities is also aligned with a set of global guiding principles towards sustainable development adopted by international bodies along the years. Furthermore, the case for mainstreaming environment takes into account the need to address funder requests and practical reasons that linkages trade and the Global Goals.
3. The role of the Trade and Environment Programme
The role of the Trade and Environment Programme (TEP) environmental mainstreaming officer is to advise ITC staff on the assessment of environmental risks and opportunities in their respective projects and to integrate environmental considerations in the respective project documents. The TEP officer can be consulted during the assessment or planning phases, particularly if there is uncertainty as to the possible environmental issues or the appropriate action to take.
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Chapter 2 Why is environmental mainstreaming important?
There are multiple reasons why mainstreaming environment is key for ITC project work. These include:
• Environment is consistent with the broader UN mandate to pursue sustainability, particularly in the context of the Global Goals
• There are numerous competitive benefits for beneficiaries that have sound environmental practices such as access to green markets (see section 2.2 for the full list).
• Environment is often identified by funders as a key priority or a necessary dimension of reporting
• Ensuring environmental sustainability of our projects is aligned to ITCs upcoming Code of Conduct.
1. UN Global Goals
In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it.
Principal 4, Rio Declaration on Environment, 1992
The UN has a long-term commitment to environmental sustainability and the challenge remains at the forefront of the UN agenda. In the 2012 UN Quadrennial comprehensive policy review (QCPR) survey, 80% of governments singled out environment and sustainable development as the most critical area of UN assistance in the next four years.
At Rio+20, the General Assembly called on UN entities to “further enhance the mainstreaming of sustainable development into their respective mandates, programmes, strategies and decision-making process.” They also endorsed the outcome document of Rio+20, entitled ‘The future we want’.
Environmental sustainability is a key dimension of the recommended vision for the Post-2015 Development Agenda. The United Nations Global Goals for Sustainable Development have identified environment. This new universal set of goals follows and expands on the Millennium Development Goals, and proposes a set of 17 goals that balances all dimensions of sustainable development: environmental, social and economic.
Box. Defining Aid for Trade
The exact definition of Aid for Trade remains contested. The World Trade Organization (WTO) Director General’s Task Force on Aid for Trade formulated the rationale for Aid for Trade as follows:
“Aid for Trade is about assisting developing countries to increase exports of goods and services, to integrate into the multilateral trading system, and to benefit from liberalized trade and increased market access. Effective Aid for Trade will enhance growth prospects and reduce poverty in developing countries, as well as complement multilateral trade reforms and distribute the global benefits more equitably across and within developing countries.”
To summarize, the goals of Aid for Trade as enunciated by the WTO are:
• Increased exports from developing and least developed countries; • Enhanced economic growth; • Reduced poverty and increased equity both across and within developing countries.
The Task Force also notes:
“Aid for Trade should be rendered in a coherent manner taking full account, inter alia, of the gender perspective and of the overall goal of sustainable development.”
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2. Competitive benefits
Beyond our UN mandate and funder demands, there are a number of practical reasons why environment mainstreaming has become increasingly relevant to ITC. These may resonate differently with different staff and different programme areas. Five key motivations are discussed here.
Table 1 Practical reasons for integrating environment into ITC activities Motivation Description Example approach?
Global demand for green products and services is growing
The expanding international market for green products and services offers new opportunities for developing country exporters to increase export incomes and improve sustainability across the value chain.
Assist exporters in realising opportunities in green products and services markets (including renewables, ecotourism and natural products).
Environmental performance is important to securing market share
Exporters are increasingly required to meet regulatory or private standards for environmental sustainability. Some of these attract a price premium, while others are mainstreamed requirements for market access.
Assist exporters attain market access through meeting regulatory and private, voluntary environmental standards.
‘Green’ technologies and resource use efficiency can improve export competitiveness
Environmentally scarce and detrimental inputs -including energy, water, chemicals, waste and fuel—are among the largest business costs. More efficient resource management can increase productivity, profitability and competitiveness and provide quality and safety benefits.
Assist exporters to improve sourcing, use and management of resource inputs to reduce operating costs and improve competitiveness.
Over-extraction, over consumption and depletion of natural resources threatens development outcomes in the long term.
Developing country economies and livelihoods are highly dependent on natural resources. Unsustainable resource use and deterioration of natural assets may lift exports in the short term, but undermine long-term income, employment and development.
Assist exporters to sustainably manage natural resources and mitigate negative environmental impacts, such as waste and emissions.
Developing countries are most vulnerable to climate change and other environmental challenges, which could undermine trade
The impacts of climate change—including severe weather events, higher temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns—are expected to vary between sectors and regions. Developing countries are particularly vulnerable given their limited capacity to cope with change.
Assist exporters to understand environmental risks, in particular, climate change.
3. Funder interests
Many funders have highlighted the need for ITC to focus on green economy. At the WTO Trade and Environment Committee meetings and at the 2013 JAG, many funders expressed a strong desire to see ITC work more on green economy and trade. These funders include China, Canada, Denmark, Finland and other European funders.
Most funders have ‘environmental and climate sustainability’ within their aid goals and priority areas. Furthermore, several funders, including Canada and Norway demand strategic environmental assessments for all funded trade-related technical assistance (TRTA) projects.
Additionally, funders are particularly impressed when a project is shown to be aligned with a country’s National Action Plan (NAP) on environment. This alignment shows funders that ITC is taking into account national strategies and priorities. Many funder agencies support the creation of NAPs, so there may be a high level of interest in integrating strategies. Alignment indicates a project is more likely to have effectiveness and sustainability beyond the period of project activities.
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4. ITC Code of Conduct
With each project implementation, irrespective of the specific project objectives, we may cause unintended harm or have positive effects on Global Goals For instance a project may support the internationalisation and growth of enterprises/sectors that have a negative environmental impact, increase inequality or disrespect fair labour standards. Alternatively, a project could, for example as part of the support given to SMEs or trade and investment support institutions (TISIs), create solutions to pollution or inadequate working conditions.
It is suggested that ITC develop a ‘code of conduct’ that all projects have to follow. This code of conduct would guide projects on how to avoid unintentional harm. In the spirit of the Global Goals, it would also set minimum standards for the actors and beneficiaries we engage with, or define the minimum efforts ITC should undertake to help them reach these standards. The topics to be covered would include e.g. environmental sustainability and resilience in agri-food chains; how to cooperate with industries which contribute to pollution and contamination; minimum effort required to ensure equal access to all of ITC’s capacity-building measures.
Environmental Mainstreaming for projects is split up into four steps: asses, decide, plan and deliver. The methodology allows flexibility for application to all ITC projects. © Tomás Munita
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Chapter 3 Process overview
Environmental mainstreaming follows a four step process: assess, decide, plan and deliver.
Figure 1 Summary of the environmental mainstreaming process for ITC projects
• Assess. The first step is to assess the project’s potential environmental impacts. In this step, a
project manager gathers environmental information about potential risks and opportunities surrounding a project, the sector it will assist, and the geographic area where it will take place. Managers should talk to the in-country project counterparts about potential environmental issues as they do about all other aspects of the plan. To help assist this process, this guide presents a number of tools that will help project managers find environmental dimensions to consider. Managers should complete this process by filling out the Environmental Assessment Template in the New Project Portal.
• Decide. The second step is to decide the project’s appropriate environmental rating. Projects will be rated by the project manager based on their environmental risks and opportunities. Ratings are 0, 1, or 2. Rating 2 corresponds to the highest level of risks and opportunities. TEP has assessed a wide range of sectors that ITC supports and assigned a Minimum Rating to each. If, after investigating the projects potential environmental impacts, a project manager disagrees with the assigned Minimum Rating based upon the projects subsector they may rate the project lower than the minimum rating. In such a case the project manager must briefly explain why the project should have a lower rating. These explanations will be reviewed by TEP and PAC.
• Plan. The third step is to plan the project activities required to address the environmental risks and opportunities. Project rated as 0 (indicating that no risks or opportunities exist) need not follow this step. For projects rated 1 and 2, appropriate actions should be planned in the logical framework at the output level. For project rated 1 (moderate environmental risks and opportunities), environmental aspects should be integrated into existing outputs. For projects rated 2 (high levels of environmental risks and opportunities), environmental aspects should be their own stand-alone outputs. This guide presents a number of example outputs and indicators.
• Deliver. The fourth and final step is to deliver on the environmental activities. For projects rated as 1, the project team should be able to deliver the activities with existing resources and consultants. For projects rated as 2, specialized consultants may be necessary. TEP may also be available to support projects with a high level of potential environmental impact.
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Chapter 4 Assessing environmental risks and opportunities
Assessing the projects’ potential environmental impacts is essential to mitigating risks and taking advantage of opportunities available to the project. The assessment must take a holistic look at the project gathering information on the sector, the geographic area as well as taking into consideration beneficiary’s capacity and needs. Although a thorough environmental assessment needs technical expertise there are certain factors which can be directly assessed by the project manager. Where further technical assistance or information is needed the Trade and Environment Programme is available to help.
Environmental Assessment Template in ITC internal project portal is a good tool for starting your assessment. Also ITC’s project plan template contains space for noting “crosscutting-issues” of gender, youth and environment and has a space to assess development markers. However, there has not been specific guidance issued to project managers on the important elements that are should be included in that section nor to project evaluators, like members of the Project Approval Committee (PAC), on when such a section should be considered as complete.
Environmental screening is the responsibility of the project manager – who should consult colleagues in TEP as required. The TEP mainstreaming officer can provide advice on the completion of the screening note.
Assessing the risk and opportunities of projects requires speaking with beneficiaries and considering some core questions about the project, sector and geographic area. Following templates provided in the guide allows project managers to fully understand the environmental implications of their projects.
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1. The Environmental Assessment Template
The cross-cutting section on environment should be complete using the below Environmental Assessment Template. It should include:
• Risks: Mitigating impacts of the project and strengthen environmental resilience of beneficiaries
• Opportunities: Realising environmental opportunities that could strengthen the project’s impact
To help consider these questions, please refer to the indicative questions in Section 4.3. A project manager should be able to answer all of the “core” questions about the project.
After carful research and reflection by the project manager, the outcome of this section in the Project Plan should clearly lead to whether and how environment should be included in the Project Plan’s logframe.
Table 2 Cross-cutting issues addressed in the Environmental Assessment Template
Environmental Impacts: (refer to checklists in the Environment Guide)
Please list the key environmental issues raised by this project. This might include:
• Risks: Mitigating environmental impacts of the project
• Opportunities: Strengthen environmental resilience of project beneficiaries and realising environmental opportunities that could strengthen the project’s impact
Be sure to include any assumptions you may be making about the environment.
Please refer to the environmental guide tools in below, which are organised according to topics/sectors. These will offer further guidance, although the lists are not intended to be exhaustive.
Additional comments:
This is a space for other relevant information such as:
• comments on capacity for environmental management in country;
• comments on communicating environmental benefits and risks to project beneficiaries
• capacity of implementing institutions;
• comments on environmental trends in the country or region
• information on related environmental projects implemented by government or other funders.
2. Tips on completing the Environmental Assessment Template
• Reference the tools made available in the guide. The tools contained in this guide will help project managers consider possible environmental aspects of their project.
• Start as early as possible. Screening should go hand in hand with project concept development. This way environmental opportunities and risks can be appropriately and easily integrated into subsequent design stages, rather than being brought in at the last minute leading to both cost and time inefficiencies.
• Consider indirect effects. Some important environmental effects may be secondary or indirect – for example changes in government policy on taxation may have far-reaching but not immediately obvious environmental implications. Indirect effects can often result from business responses to a project, for example forest encroachment due to expanded agricultural land use as a result of profitable exports.
• Consider existing causes of environmental change. Underlying causes of change may include: increased environmental hazards; market failure; perverse policies; weak institutions; unclear
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property rights; and inadequate knowledge. How will the intervention contribute to or reduce these causes?
• Consider gender aspects of environmental concerns. Women living in rural areas are often more vulnerable to environmental degradation due to existing inequality in access to land, natural and productive resources, training, credit, and development programmes. Women in urban and in low-income areas can be particularly vulnerable to environmental risks at home and at work.
• Consider impacts on different social groups. Different groups in society feel positive and negative impacts of environmental issues differently. Varying socio-economic circumstances mean that there are winners and losers.
Assessment is the start of the process, not the end. Key results from all stages of environmental appraisal must be integrated into project or programme cycle management. Actions need to be included in logframes, project documents etc., and be monitored and reviewed during PAC reviews. If there is any environmental output, purpose or PIMS marker, there should be appropriate indicators and means of verification (MOVs) in the logframe. The Template cutting section may need revising if issues are addressed by design changes, or if new problems arise.
3. Indicative questions for project managers
The environmental dimensions of ITC work will vary greatly by circumstances in each individual sector, firm and county. As a result, it is not possible to create a generic approach to mainstreaming environmental concerns into ITC projects. Nevertheless, what’s most important is that project managers consider the environment from an early stage of project design.
These questions are designed to help project managers consider various aspects of environmental risks and opportunities. While not exhaustive, they may serve as a good starting point during the design and assessing of projects. Project managers should answer the relevant questions in the Environmental Assessment Template in the New Project Portal.
Risks: Mitigating impacts and strengthening resilience
The core questions for assessing the environmental risks of a project include the following:
• In what ways might the project impact the environment? See the Sector Matrix (Table 2)
• Does the firm or sector use any inputs or practices that are causing damage to natural resources? If yes, what strategies could the project use to mitigate them?
• Will project activities indirectly affect the environment? If yes, what strategies could be used to lessen the environmental impact?
• Are there opportunities for improved environmental management on the firm or sector level? If yes, what tangible benefits will need to be communicated to beneficiaries to change environmental behaviours?
• What kind of natural resources is the firm or sector reliant upon (supplies of water, arable land, mined materials)? Is there a reasonable risk of those resources becoming scarcer? What strategies could beneficiaries adopt to mitigate their exposure?
• Does the firm or sector face regulatory risks surrounding the environment? If yes, what can the beneficiaries do to prepare for environmental-related regulatory changes?
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Additional questions
• Is there a risk of asset “lock-in” dictating negative environmental business practices moving into the future?
• What are the existing causes of environmental change in the region(s) where project beneficiary operate? For example increased environmental hazards; market failure; perverse policies; weak institutions; unclear property rights; and inadequate knowledge. Could the project contribute to or reduce these causes?
• Could there be differentiated impacts on different socio-economic groups? • Are there any environmental risks that could have particular harm over longer terms? • Does the host country have a Climate Change National Action Plan? Are environmental issues
part of its other national development plans and policies? • Does the project geographical placement (island state, water scarce regions) pose any climate or
other environmental risks to beneficiaries? • How do environmental challenges affect the client’s employees and beneficiaries?
Opportunities: Leveraging environmental benefits
Core questions
• What market opportunities arise from environmental needs? Is the beneficiary in position to address new market demands?
• Are there opportunities to improve resource or process efficiency? How can these benefits be communicated to beneficiaries?
• What environmental strategies have been shown by similar firms or sectors? Can these strategies be spread through TSIs or adopted by project beneficiaries?
• What environmental certifications are available in this sector? Check the ITC Standards Map. Is there a possibility of adoption by project beneficiaries?
• How will the benefits and opportunities of action be communicated to beneficiaries and other stakeholders? For help with communicating benefits to beneficiaries, please contact the Trade and Environment Officer.
Additional questions
• Are there investments in environmentally sound technologies that could also bring a long-term return?
4. Tools to rate and asses your project
Every project, sector and national context is unique and should be evaluated on its own merits. However, there are some general areas of concern that should be flagged for closer investigation and discussion with beneficiaries. These are outlined in Table 2 on the next page. The table is a loose guide, a conduced version of the matrix found in Annex II, rather than a definitive tool. The full sector matrix of environmental concerns in the Annex II of this document, presents key environmental impacts by sectors that project managers should examine.
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Table 3 Sector matrix of environmental concerns Note: Areas of environmental relevance are marked with an R while areas of high concern are marked with HC .
Sect
or
Subs
ecto
r
Min
imum
R
atin
g
Air
and
Clim
ate
Bio
dive
rsity
Ener
gy a
nd
Min
eral
s
Fore
sts
Fres
h w
ater
re
sour
ces
Land
and
A
gric
ultu
re
Mar
ine
and
Coa
stal
Are
as
Che
mic
als
and
Was
te
Agricultural products
Aquaculture 1 R R HC R HC HC Cocoa 1 R R R HC Coffee 1 R R
HC R HC
R
Cotton 1
R
R HC HC
HC Essential oils 1
R
R R R
Fibres (natural) 1
R
R R R
Fisheries 1 R HC
HC R
Floriculture 1 R R
R HC R
HC Fruits & vegetables 1 R R
R R HC
R
Livestock 1 HC R
HC R HC
HC Medicinal plants 1
R
R R R
Tea 1 R R R R R HC R Spices 1
R
R R R
HC
All other agricultural products 1 R? R? R? R? R? R? R? R? Manufactured products
Creative industries 1
R
Fibres (synthetic) 1 R R R R Leather 1
R HC R
HC
Machinery 1 R HC R Paper/ Packaging 1 HC R R HC R R
R
Pharmaceuticals 1
R
HC Textiles and clothing 1
R R
HC
Wood and Wood Products 1 R R HC R HC R All other manufactured goods 1 R? R? R? R? R? R? R? R?
Fair trade and environmental exports
Biodiversity-based products 2
HC
R R HC
Fair trade and environmental exports 2 HC
HC R R
R R Organic products 2
R
R R R
All other Fair trade and environmental exports 2 R? R? R? R? R? R? R? R?
Services
Construction Services 1 R HC R R HC Investment / Financial Services 0 R R R R R R R R IT & IT-enabled Business Services 0
R
Tourism 1 HC R R
R R
Transport, logistics, distribution 1 HC
HC
R R Waste and environmental services 1 R R R R HC R HC HC All other services 1 R? R? R? R? R? R? R? R?
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Chapter 5 Deciding on environmental ratings
In addition to the Environmental Assessment Template, every project is assigned a rating on the level of impact that the project may have on environment. This rating reflects the level of environmental risk and will inform how deeply environmental activities should be integrated into the project logframe and results chain.
1. How to rate your project
ITC’s current rating guidance is as follows:
Rating 0: Project has no addressable environmental risks and no opportunities: Cross-cutting dimensions are not relevant and/or no further action is needed. “(1) Avoids negative impacts to the environment, (2) does not take place in a sector or geographical area where beneficiaries may have risks from environmental change and (3) does not present to any market access opportunities by adopting good environmental standards or practices.
Rating 1: Project has moderate environmental risks and/or some opportunities: Cross-cutting dimensions are not the project focus, but there are one or more relevant opportunities or risks to the environment, women or youth. These will be addressed by integrating environmental concerns into existing project outputs.
Rating 2: Project has high environmental risks and/or extensive opportunities: There is a high level of environmental risk and/or opportunity in the project. These will be addressed by creating specific environmental outputs.
Ideally, the tools in this guide will expand the awareness environmental issues for ITC project manager. As a result, Environment should seldom be rated as a “0”.
2. Minimum ratings
After researching each of ITC sectors of work, TEP has assigned each sector a Minimum Rating for environment. These minimum ratings can be found above in Table 2, or through the project portal. Most ITC projects are in sectors with a minimum rating of “1”, meaning that they pose some environmental risks or opportunities. Fair trade and environmental exports and National Export Strategies have a minimum rating of 2.
The project manager feels that environment should be rated lower than the Minimum Rating justification must be given in the new project portal. These exceptions will be reviewed by PAC and TEP.
Figure 2 Minimum ratings
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Chapter 6 Planning: How environment fits into your logframe?
After the project manager has considered environmental issues in the cross-cutting section and determined the importance to the project, it is time to incorporate environment into the logical framework (logframe).
To ensure that the project’s response is aligned with needs the project manager must integrate environmental in project logframes. Projects with higher ratings will have environment more deeply embedded into their outputs, activities and indicators.
For projects with Rating 0:
Meaning: There are neither environmental risks nor opportunities associated with the project
• Environmental considerations are not required to be incorporated in the project documents.
For projects with Rating 1:
Meaning: There are environmental risks and/ or opportunities associated with the project
• Environmental considerations must be incorporated into existing outputs.
• Incorporate environmental risk and opportunities. The logframe must contain into at least:
o 1 existing output
o 1 existing activity and corresponding indicator
For projects with Rating 2:
Meaning: There are large environmental risks and/ or opportunities associated with the project
• Environmental considerations must be reflected in specific outputs.
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• Create specific environment outputs and activities in logframe. The logframe must contain at least:
o 1 dedicated environmental output
o 1 dedicated environmental activity, and corresponding indicator
• Project manager may consider having environment as part of the outcome statement.
The integration of environmental outputs, activities, and indicators into project logframes will be reviewed by PAC and the environment experts of the Trade and Environment Programme.
Table 4 Example of a logframe template
Objectives Indicators
including baseline and targets
Means of verification Risks/assumptions
Impact
Outcome
Projects that have a Rating 2 may incorporate environment into the project outcome.
Output 1
Projects that have Rating 1 must incorporate environment into existing outputs
Determine appropriate indicators that reflect the Project’s environmental output
Find the appropriate means of verification, reflecting the environmental indicator
Output 2.
Projects that have Rating 2 must reflect environment in specific outputs
Determine appropriate indicators that reflect the Project’s environmental output
Find the appropriate means of verification, reflecting the environmental indicator
For examples of integrated logframes across a number of sectors, please refer to Annex I.
ENVIRONMENTAL MAINSTREAMING: A GUIDE FOR PROJECT MANAGERS
17
Chapter 7 Delivery
The environmental aspects of projects should be delivered in the same fashion as any other component of the framework. For most projects with Rating 1, the project team should be able to develop and deliver most activities with their normal resources: the core project team and non-specialized consultants.
For delivery of environmental aspects where projects have a high level of environmental risks and opportunities, generally rated at Rating 2, TEP may be consulted as a resource, or help deliver project activities. For such projects, it may also be necessary to hire consultants that specialize in environmental issues. TEP may also serve as a resource for identifying and hiring such consultants.
TEP stands ready to assist project teams that need additional help. Delivering this work will be part of TEP’s on-going Environment Mainstreaming offering.
If project managers have questions about how TEP can support their upcoming project designs, please consult with the environmental mainstreaming officer in the Trade and Environment Unit.
Environmental mainstreaming ensures that actions are taken to promote sustainable practices, for example, in the agricultural sectors.
ENVIRONMENTAL MAINSTREAMING: A GUIDE FOR PROJECT MANAGERS
18
Annex I Examples of mainstreaming logframes by sector
Agricultural products
Example: General Agriculture
Minimum Rating 1 / Manager’s Rating: 2
Output Indicator
Market studies for demand for organic agricultural goods
Number of market studies for export
Example: Tea Farming
Minimum Rating: 1 / Manager’s Rating: 2
Output Indicator
Training the trainer for climate resilience Number of extension officers trained in ITC climate resilience
Tea factory energy efficiency Number of tea factories that receive trainings on improving energy efficiency; number of tea factories reporting improvements made in energy efficiency as a result of trainings
Capacity of tea exporters and producers is strengthened to adapt to and mitigate climate change
Number of gap analyses and cost benefit analysis to see current energy usage
Number of key managers and extension staff are trained in methodologies to mitigate emissions
Number of factory managements, lead farmers, community members, and other stakeholders trained on climate change mitigation measures.
Example: Avocado Exports
Minimum Rating: 1 / Manager’s Rating: 1
Output Indicator
Export competitiveness of the avocado sector enhanced
Number of farmer groups obtaining Global GAP
certification
Sustainable export capacity of exporting SMEs and farmer groups enhanced
Number of farmer groups trained in production, disease management, post-harvest handling and sustainable pesticide use.
Capacity of TSIs improved in providing sector development support services to SMEs, including environmental support
Number of environmental support services to SMEs updated and/or newly developed
ENVIRONMENTAL MAINSTREAMING: A GUIDE FOR PROJECT MANAGERS
19
Example: Mango Exports
Minimum Rating: 1 / Manager’s Rating: 1
Output Indicator
Post-harvest processing for organic mangos Number of SMEs trained in the requirements for post-harvest processing of needed for organic certification
Training for key managers and extension officers on the use of ITC’s Standards Map and Blue Numbers Initiative
Number of managers and extension officers who have been trained on ITC’s environmental products
Example: Honey Exports
Minimum Rating: 1 / Manager’s Rating: 2
Output Indicator
Monitoring of environmental health Number of environmental surveys given to producers to reflect the health of their colonies, report compiled from those surveys
Market surveys for demand Number of market surveys on organic demand held in target markets
Organic certification Number of organic certifications begun by farmers and processors
Example: Cotton Farming
Minimum Rating: 1 / Manager’s Rating: 2
Output Indicator
Learning less water intensive farming processes Number of farmers attending trainings on less intensive water practices
Example: Livestock and Animal Feed
Minimum Rating: 1 / Manager’s Rating: 1
Output Indicator
Sustainable livestock and animal feed sector analysis published and development
Baseline situation, stakeholder maps, potential environmental impacts, livestock and feed value chains analysed. Resource requirements, market options and project operating zones agreed
ENVIRONMENTAL MAINSTREAMING: A GUIDE FOR PROJECT MANAGERS
20
Manufactured products
Example: Leather Goods Manufacturing
Minimum Rating: 1 / Manager’s Rating: 1
Output Indicator
Better manufacturing processes Number of trainings held on best effluent management practices
Example: Ethical Fashion
Minimum Rating: 1 / Manager’s Rating: 2
Output Indicator
Environmental practices and impacts monitored a the firm level
Survey and analysis of producer solid and liquid waste through indicator survey’s to beneficiaries
Example: Wood and Wood Products
Minimum Rating: 1 / Manager’s Rating: 2
Output Indicator
Key managers and extension staff are trained in methodologies to mitigate emissions
Number of trainings held on emissions mitigation
Conduct gap analysis and cost benefit analysis to see current energy usage
Number of gap analysis held on reducing energy use
Number of factory managers who report reduced energy use
Services
Example: ITC Survey of Non-Tariff Measures
Rating: 2
Output Indicator
Analysis of non-tariff measures involving environmental considerations
Number of respondents surveyed on the importance of environmental related non-tariff measures
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NTA
L M
AIN
STR
EA
MIN
G: A
GU
IDE
FO
R P
RO
JEC
T M
AN
AG
ER
S
21
Ann
ex II
D
etai
led
mat
rix o
f env
ironm
enta
l con
cern
s
1. F
ood
and
agri-
busi
ness
1.1
Food
and
agr
i-bus
ines
s - A
quac
ultu
re
1.2
Food
and
agr
i-bus
ines
s- C
ocoa
1.3
Food
and
agr
i-bus
ines
s -C
offe
e
1.4
Food
and
agr
i-bus
ines
s - C
otto
n
1.5
Food
and
agr
i-bus
ines
s - E
ssen
tial o
ils
1.6
Food
and
agr
i-bus
ines
s - F
ibre
s (n
atur
al a
nd s
emi-s
ynth
etic
)
1.7
Food
and
agr
i-bus
ines
s - F
ishe
ries
1.8
Food
and
agr
i-bus
ines
s- F
loric
ultu
re
1.9
Food
and
agr
i-bus
ines
s - F
ruits
& v
eget
able
s
1.10
Foo
d an
d ag
ri-bu
sine
ss- L
ives
tock
1.11
Foo
d an
d ag
ri-bu
sine
ss -
Med
icin
al p
lant
s
1.12
Foo
d an
d ag
ri-bu
sine
ss -
Spic
es
1.13
Foo
d an
d ag
ri-bu
sine
ss -
Tea
2. F
air t
rade
and
env
ironm
enta
l exp
orts
2.1
Fair
trade
and
env
ironm
enta
l exp
orts
- B
iodi
vers
ity-b
ased
pro
duct
s
2.2
Fair
trade
and
env
ironm
enta
l ex
ports
- F
air
trade
and
env
ironm
enta
l ex
ports
2.3
Fair
trade
and
env
ironm
enta
l exp
orts
- Org
anic
pro
duct
s
3. M
anuf
actu
red
good
s
3.1
Man
ufac
ture
d go
ods
- Cre
ativ
e in
dust
ries
3.2
Man
ufac
ture
d go
ods
- Fib
res
(Syn
thet
ic)
3.3
Man
ufac
ture
d go
ods
- Lea
ther
3.4
Man
ufac
ture
d go
ods
- Mac
hine
ry
3.5
Man
ufac
ture
d go
ods
- Pap
er/ P
acka
ging
3.6
Man
ufac
ture
d go
ods
- Pha
rmac
eutic
als
3.7
Man
ufac
ture
d go
ods
- Tex
tiles
and
clo
thin
g
3.8
Man
ufac
ture
d go
ods
- Woo
d an
d W
ood
Prod
ucts
4. T
rade
in s
ervi
ces
4.1
Trad
e in
ser
vice
s - C
onst
ruct
ion
Serv
ices
4.2
Trad
e in
ser
vice
s - I
nves
tmen
t / F
inan
cial
Ser
vice
s
4.3
Trad
e in
ser
vice
s - I
T &
IT-e
nabl
ed B
usin
ess
Serv
ices
4.4
Trad
e in
ser
vice
s - T
ouris
m
4.5
Trad
e in
ser
vice
s - T
rans
port,
logi
stic
s, d
istri
butio
n
4.6
Trad
e in
ser
vice
s - W
aste
and
env
ironm
enta
l ser
vice
s
To
sugg
est
chan
ges
or
addi
tions
to
th
is
mat
rix,
plea
se
emai
l en
viro
nmen
t@in
trac
en.o
rg
E
NV
IRO
NM
EN
TAL
MA
INS
TRE
AM
ING
: A G
UID
E F
OR
PR
OJE
CT
MA
NA
GE
RS
22
Subs
ecto
r R
isk
Are
a R
isks
O
ppor
tuni
ties
1.1
Food
and
ag
ri-bu
sine
ss -
Aqu
acul
ture
(HC
) Fre
sh
wat
er
reso
urce
s
- Dis
char
ge o
f sus
pend
ed s
olid
s an
d nu
trien
t and
org
anic
enr
ichm
ent
of re
cipi
ent w
ater
s ca
n re
sult
in b
uild
-up
of a
noxi
c se
dim
ents
and
the
eutro
phic
atio
n of
lake
s.
- In
tens
ive
use
of f
resh
wat
er f
or i
nlan
d fa
cilit
ies
can
caus
e th
e sa
liniz
atio
n of
drin
king
wat
er s
uppl
ies
- S
peci
al c
onsi
dera
tion
mus
t be
giv
en t
o be
tter
man
agem
ent
of
aqua
cultu
re d
evel
opm
ents
affe
ctin
g se
nsiti
ve in
land
hab
itats
, suc
h as
w
etla
nds,
man
grov
es,
spec
ific
bree
ding
and
nur
sery
gro
unds
and
rip
aria
n fa
una
and
vege
tatio
n,
(HC
) Mar
ine
and
Coa
stal
A
reas
- Dis
char
ge o
f sus
pend
ed s
olid
s, a
nd n
utrie
nt a
nd o
rgan
ic e
nric
hmen
t of
rec
ipie
nt w
ater
s re
sulti
ng i
n bu
ild-u
p of
ano
xic
sedi
men
ts w
hich
ca
n di
stur
b ne
arby
ha
bita
ts
and
othe
r us
ers
of
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent
- S
edim
ent a
ccum
ulat
ion
can
lead
to a
ltera
tion
of s
eabe
d fa
una
and
flora
com
mun
ities
- La
rge-
scal
e sh
rimp
cultu
re h
as r
esul
ted
in p
hysi
cal d
egra
datio
n of
co
asta
l ha
bita
ts,
for
exam
ple,
th
roug
h co
nver
sion
of
m
angr
ove
fore
sts
and
dest
ruct
ion
of w
etla
nds
- S
peci
al c
onsi
dera
tion
mus
t be
giv
en t
o be
tter
man
agem
ent
of
aqua
cultu
re d
evel
opm
ents
affe
ctin
g se
nsiti
ve h
abita
ts,
for
exam
ple,
es
tuar
ies,
man
grov
es, s
peci
fic b
reed
ing
and
nurs
ery
grou
nds,
as
wel
l as
ot
her
user
s to
pr
even
t co
nflic
t an
d th
eref
ore
sust
aina
ble
prod
uctio
n.
(HC
) C
hem
ical
s an
d W
aste
- Dis
char
ge o
f sus
pend
ed s
olid
s, a
nd n
utrie
nt a
nd o
rgan
ic e
nric
hmen
t of
reci
pien
t wat
ers
resu
lting
in b
uild
-up
of a
noxi
c se
dim
ents
- M
isap
plic
atio
n of
hus
band
ry a
nd d
isea
se m
anag
emen
t ch
emic
als
can
impa
ct o
ther
wild
life
and
may
be
pres
ent
in h
ighe
r qu
antit
ies
in
the
food
- The
use
of m
ulti-
troph
ic s
yste
ms
can
redu
ce o
rgan
ic w
aste
as
filte
r-fe
eder
s su
ch a
s m
usse
ls fi
lter t
he w
aste
, and
pro
duce
a v
alua
ble
by-
prod
uct
- E
ffect
ive
guid
elin
es o
n th
e ap
prop
riate
and
bes
t-pra
ctis
e us
e of
ch
emic
als
can
miti
gate
im
pact
s of
che
mic
als
on t
he s
urro
undi
ng
orga
nism
s
- O
ther
fish
spe
cies
that
feed
on
fish
para
site
s ca
n be
intro
duce
d to
pr
oduc
e a
valu
able
by-
prod
uct a
nd r
educ
e di
seas
e pr
eval
ence
(su
ch
as w
rass
e fo
r sal
mon
sea
lice
)
- Dis
ease
info
rmat
ion
netw
orks
can
redu
ce th
e sp
read
of p
aras
ites
or
viru
ses
Air
and
Clim
ate
-
Ene
rgy
used
in
prod
uctio
n, t
rans
port
and
stor
age
can
rele
ase
sign
ifica
nt e
mis
sion
s -
Ene
rgy
effic
ient
sto
rage
, pa
ckag
ing
and
trans
port
can
redu
ce t
he
impa
ct o
n th
e en
viro
nmen
t
E
NV
IRO
NM
EN
TAL
MA
INS
TRE
AM
ING
: A G
UID
E F
OR
PR
OJE
CT
MA
NA
GE
RS
23
Subs
ecto
r R
isk
Are
a R
isks
O
ppor
tuni
ties
Bio
dive
rsity
-
Col
lect
ion
of s
eed
from
the
wild
(by
-cat
ch o
f no
n-ta
rget
spe
cies
oc
curr
ing
in th
e co
llect
ion
of w
ild s
eed)
- The
use
of f
ishe
ry re
sour
ces
as fe
ed is
als
o ca
usin
g co
ncer
n.
- P
reca
utio
nary
app
roac
hes
are
advo
cate
d fo
r m
any
aqua
cultu
re
prac
tices
, pa
rticu
larly
as
rega
rds
the
intro
duct
ion
and
use
of a
lien
spec
ies.
Land
and
A
gric
ultu
re
- S
alin
izat
ion
of a
gric
ultu
ral w
ater
sup
plie
s an
d la
nd s
ubsi
denc
e du
e to
gro
undw
ater
abs
tract
ion
-
Impr
oved
coo
rdin
atio
n an
d m
anag
emen
t of
dev
elop
men
t in
itiat
ives
at
sec
tora
l, ec
o-re
gion
al a
nd l
ocal
lev
els
can
cont
ribut
e to
mor
e en
viro
nmen
tally
sus
tain
able
dev
elop
men
t of a
quac
ultu
re.
Furth
er
Info
rmat
ion:
FA
O 2
005-
2015
. W
orld
inv
ento
ry o
f fis
herie
s. I
mpa
ct o
f aq
uacu
lture
on
envi
ronm
ent.
Issu
es F
act
She
ets.
Tex
t by
Uw
e B
arg.
In:
FA
O
Fish
erie
s an
d A
quac
ultu
re D
epar
tmen
t [on
line]
. Rom
e. U
pdat
ed 2
7 M
ay 2
005.
http
://w
ww
.fao.
org/
fishe
ry/to
pic/
1489
4/en
1.2
Food
and
ag
ri-bu
sine
ss-
Coc
oa
(HC
) Lan
d an
d A
gric
ultu
re
- Th
e cl
earin
g of
for
ests
can
red
uce
the
qual
ity o
f so
il st
ruct
ure
and
resu
lt in
incr
ease
d so
il er
osio
n.
- D
roug
ht c
an s
tress
the
Cac
ao t
rees
as
a re
sult
of r
educ
ed w
ater
re
tent
ion
from
poo
r soi
l qua
lity
and
resu
lt in
low
er y
ield
s
- Fu
ll su
n- g
row
n co
coa
gene
rate
s m
ore
wee
ds a
nd c
an b
ecom
e m
ore
susc
eptib
le to
cer
tain
dis
ease
s. T
his
can
resu
lt in
an
incr
ease
d us
e of
her
bici
de a
nd p
estic
ide
whi
ch c
an l
ater
lea
d to
res
ista
nce
whi
ch w
ill re
quire
a h
ighe
r fre
quen
cy o
f fut
ure
appl
icat
ions
.
- S
uita
ble
soil
man
agem
ent,
prop
er
irrig
atio
n,
com
post
ing
and
inte
rcro
ppin
g ca
n le
ssen
env
ironm
enta
l im
pact
s
- Bet
ter a
cces
s to
pes
t con
trol p
rodu
cts
such
as
bioc
ides
and
the
use
of b
ette
r pe
st m
anag
emen
t pra
ctis
es a
s an
alte
rnat
ive
to th
e ha
rmfu
l pe
stic
ide
use
Air
and
Clim
ate
- C
olle
ctio
n an
d tra
nspo
rt of
raw
mat
eria
l and
fina
l pro
duct
con
tribu
te
sign
ifica
nt e
mis
sion
s
- Th
e us
e of
die
sel
at t
he i
ndus
trial
pro
cess
ing
stag
e co
ntrib
utes
em
its m
ore
emis
sion
s th
an n
eces
sary
- E
nerg
y ef
ficie
nt s
tora
ge,
pack
agin
g an
d tra
nspo
rt ca
n re
duce
the
im
pact
on
the
envi
ronm
ent
- U
se n
atur
al g
as in
stea
d of
die
sel o
il fo
r ro
aste
rs a
nd b
oile
rs d
ue to
its
low
er e
mis
sion
s
Fore
sts
- In
som
e co
untri
es,
coco
a fa
rmin
g co
ntrib
utes
to
rain
fore
st a
nd o
ld
grow
th fo
rest
def
ores
tatio
n.
- Coc
oa fa
rmin
g be
com
es a
des
truct
ive
circ
le a
s fa
rmer
s w
ear o
ut th
e so
ils a
nd c
ut fu
rther
into
the
fore
st to
obt
ain
fresh
land
.
- C
ocoa
far
mer
s ca
n go
bac
k to
the
orig
inal
met
hod
of f
arm
ing,
by
plan
ting
with
in
the
natu
ral
tree-
cove
r an
d w
ithou
t cu
tting
do
wn
exis
ting
trees
.
Bio
dive
rsity
-
By
clea
ring
land
in th
ese
fore
sts,
farm
ers
decr
ease
the
biod
iver
sity
an
d in
tera
ctio
ns b
etw
een
the
orga
nism
s th
at n
atur
ally
live
in th
is a
rea.
M
any
wild
life
habi
tats
are
des
troye
d an
d th
e pl
ant s
peci
es d
iver
sity
is
dras
tical
ly re
duce
d.
- If
the
shad
e tre
es a
re fr
uit-b
earin
g, th
is c
an a
lso
prov
ide
addi
tiona
l in
com
e to
farm
ers.
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NTA
L M
AIN
STR
EA
MIN
G: A
GU
IDE
FO
R P
RO
JEC
T M
AN
AG
ER
S
24
Subs
ecto
r R
isk
Are
a R
isks
O
ppor
tuni
ties
Fres
h w
ater
re
sour
ces
- N
utrie
nts
begi
n to
lea
ch o
ut o
f th
e so
il du
e to
poo
r irr
igat
ion
and
inad
equa
te s
oil p
rote
ctio
n
- E
xces
sive
pes
ticid
e an
d he
rbic
ide
appl
icat
ions
hav
e co
ntrib
uted
to
pest
resi
stan
ce a
nd
- Th
e pr
oduc
tion
of n
atur
al f
ertil
izer
fro
m o
ld,
ferm
ente
d po
ds c
an
less
en th
e ne
ed fo
r fos
sil-f
uel b
ased
ferti
lizer
s
- Th
e us
e of
inte
grat
ed p
est m
anag
emen
t an
d ad
equa
te s
oil f
ertil
ity
man
agem
ent
coul
d re
duce
lon
g-te
rm p
rodu
ctio
n in
put
cost
s an
d re
duce
the
nega
tive
impa
ct o
n w
ater
reso
urce
s an
d fu
ture
resi
stan
ce
in p
ests
Furth
er
Info
rmat
ion:
N
tiam
oah
and
Afra
ne 2
008,
Env
ironm
enta
l im
pact
s of
coc
oa p
rodu
ctio
n an
d pr
oces
sing
in
Gha
na:
life
cycl
e as
sess
men
t ap
proa
ch
http
://w
ww
.sci
ence
dire
ct.c
om/s
cien
ce/a
rticl
e/pi
i/S09
5965
2607
0024
29
1.3
Food
and
ag
ri-bu
sine
ss -
Cof
fee
Fore
sts
- Cof
fee
is ty
pica
lly c
ultiv
ated
in tr
opic
al a
nd s
ubtro
pica
l are
as a
t hig
h el
evat
ions
, ofte
n in
rugg
ed m
ount
aino
us a
reas
.
- It
prov
ides
fun
ctio
ns s
uch
as s
oil
eros
ion
cont
rol
and
nutri
ent
rete
ntio
n
- A
gro
win
g m
arke
t dem
and
for
coffe
e ha
s le
d to
cha
nges
in g
row
ing
met
hods
suc
h as
fore
st c
lear
ance
for “
sun
culti
vatio
n”, w
hich
redu
ces
the
abili
ty o
f fo
rest
s to
per
form
soi
l er
osio
n co
ntro
l an
d nu
trien
t re
tent
ion
serv
ices
- Mai
ntai
ning
div
erse
veg
etat
ion
on th
e fa
rm re
duce
s so
il er
osio
n an
d sl
ope
failu
re a
s w
ell a
s he
lps
to im
prov
e so
il qu
ality
. N
itrog
en-fi
tre
es, f
alle
n le
aves
and
pru
ned
bran
ches
enr
ich
the
soil
and
prov
ide
vita
l nut
rient
s,
Land
and
A
gric
ultu
re
- Cof
fee
is ty
pica
lly c
ultiv
ated
in tr
opic
al a
nd s
ubtro
pica
l are
as a
t hig
h el
evat
ions
, ofte
n in
rugg
ed m
ount
aino
us a
reas
.
- The
trad
ition
al ‘S
hade
-gro
win
g’ te
chni
que
has
been
wid
ely
repl
aced
by
“s
un
culti
vatio
n”.
Sun
cu
ltiva
ted
coffe
e is
pr
oduc
ed
as
a m
onoc
ultu
re,
whe
re s
hade
-gro
wn
coffe
e gr
oves
are
rep
lace
d by
hy
brid
, sun
-res
ista
nt tr
ees
that
brin
g hi
gh y
ield
s.
- La
ck o
f ve
geta
tion
amon
gst
coffe
e tre
es r
educ
es t
he a
mou
nt o
f na
tura
l m
ulch
, in
crea
ses
soil
expo
sure
an
d w
eed
occu
rren
ce,
resu
lting
in
enha
nced
app
licat
ion
of h
erbi
cide
s, c
hem
ical
fer
tiliz
ers
and
pest
icid
es.
- A
n en
viro
nmen
tally
fav
oure
d al
tern
ativ
e to
sun
cul
tivat
ed c
offe
e is
sh
ade-
grow
n co
ffee.
In
this
met
hod,
cof
fee
plan
ts a
re i
nter
sper
sed
bene
ath
loca
l for
est t
rees
, mim
icki
ng th
e w
ay c
offe
e gr
ows
natu
rally
in
thes
e re
gion
s.
- S
hade
-gro
wn
coffe
e di
scou
rage
s w
eed
grow
th
and
redu
ces
path
ogen
infe
ctio
n.
- C
offe
e gr
own
in s
hade
has
a lo
nger
mat
urat
ion
perio
d w
hich
may
en
hanc
e fla
vour
rich
ness
of t
he c
rop.
E
NV
IRO
NM
EN
TAL
MA
INS
TRE
AM
ING
: A G
UID
E F
OR
PR
OJE
CT
MA
NA
GE
RS
25
Subs
ecto
r R
isk
Are
a R
isks
O
ppor
tuni
ties
Air
and
Clim
ate
- C
olle
ctio
n an
d tra
nspo
rt of
raw
mat
eria
l and
fina
l pro
duct
con
tribu
te
sign
ifica
nt e
mis
sion
s.
- Roa
stin
g, p
acka
ging
, dis
tribu
tion,
grin
ding
and
pur
chas
ing
of c
offe
e-re
late
d pr
oduc
ts a
nd m
ater
ials
con
tribu
te s
igni
fican
t em
issi
ons.
- V
eget
atio
n ric
h fa
rms
play
a c
ruci
al r
ole
in s
tabi
lisin
g m
icro
clim
ates
an
d bu
fferin
g ag
ains
t te
mpe
ratu
re
and
hum
idity
flu
ctua
tions
as
soci
ated
with
clim
ate
chan
ge.
- E
ffici
ent r
oast
ing
stov
es, o
rgan
ic a
nd d
ecom
posa
ble
pack
agin
g, a
s w
ell a
s en
ergy
and
fuel
effi
cien
t tra
nspo
rt an
d gr
indi
ng s
yste
ms
can
less
en th
e en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
ct o
f the
pro
ject
.
Bio
dive
rsity
- T
radi
tiona
l sha
d-gr
own
coffe
e pr
ovid
es a
hab
itat f
or a
wid
e ra
nge
of
anim
al a
nd p
lant
spe
cies
.
- S
un-c
ultiv
atio
n an
d as
soci
ated
fo
rest
cl
eara
nce
can
redu
ce
biod
iver
sity
.
- S
hade
cof
fee
supp
orts
bio
dive
rsity
, w
ith f
arm
s se
rvin
g as
wild
life
corr
idor
s be
twee
n pl
ots
and
natu
ral h
abita
ts.
Incr
ease
d nu
mbe
rs o
f po
llina
tors
incr
ease
s th
e fru
it se
t and
yie
ld o
f cof
fee
and
othe
r pl
ants
on
the
far
m.
Div
ersi
ty o
f pr
edat
ors
has
a po
sitiv
e im
pact
on
pest
co
ntro
l, re
duci
ng th
e ne
ed fo
r pes
ticid
e us
e.
- S
hade
far
min
g ca
n pr
ovid
e ot
her
econ
omic
ben
efits
. S
ome
trees
yi
eld
non-
coffe
e pr
oduc
ts s
uch
as f
ruits
and
fue
lwoo
d, p
rovi
ding
an
addi
tiona
l sou
rce
of in
com
e fo
r far
mer
s.
Fres
h w
ater
re
sour
ces
- S
un g
row
n co
ffee
with
red
uced
nut
rient
ret
entio
n le
ads
to w
ater
co
ntam
inat
ion
(due
to le
achi
ng o
f org
anic
pol
luta
nts)
.
- C
onta
min
atio
n of
wat
erw
ays
also
pos
es s
erio
us e
nviro
nmen
tal
thre
ats
from
the
proc
essi
ng o
f cof
fee
bean
s. D
isch
arge
s fro
m c
offe
e pr
oces
sing
pla
nts
repr
esen
t a m
ajor
sou
rce
of ri
ver p
ollu
tion.
- E
colo
gica
l im
pact
s re
sult
from
the
dis
char
ge o
f or
gani
c po
lluta
nts
from
th
e pr
oces
sing
pl
ants
to
riv
ers
and
wat
erw
ays,
tri
gger
ing
eutro
phic
atio
n of
wat
er s
yste
ms
and
robb
ing
aqua
tic p
lant
s an
d w
ildlif
e of
ess
entia
l oxy
gen.
- Th
ere
is
also
a
larg
e am
ount
of
w
aste
pr
oduc
ed
durin
g th
e m
anuf
actu
ring
of c
offe
e. T
his
exce
ss w
aste
can
be
detri
men
tal t
o so
il an
d w
ater
sou
rces
as
coffe
e pu
lp i
s of
ten
dum
ped
into
stre
ams,
de
grad
ing
fragi
le s
yste
ms.
- S
hade
-gro
wn
coffe
e di
scou
rage
s w
eed
grow
th,
redu
ces
path
ogen
in
fect
ion,
- S
hade
cof
fee
farm
s te
nd t
o ha
ve f
ewer
wee
ds.
Nat
ural
mul
ch,
supp
lied
by f
alle
n le
aves
, co
mbi
ned
with
lim
ited
sunl
ight
, pr
even
ts
wee
d fro
m s
prea
ding
and
redu
ces
the
need
for h
erbi
cide
app
licat
ion.
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NTA
L M
AIN
STR
EA
MIN
G: A
GU
IDE
FO
R P
RO
JEC
T M
AN
AG
ER
S
26
Subs
ecto
r R
isk
Are
a R
isks
O
ppor
tuni
ties
Che
mic
als
and
Was
te
- “S
un c
ultiv
ated
cof
fee
prod
uctio
n” i
nvol
ves
an i
nten
sive
use
of
chem
ical
s w
ith
serio
us
nega
tive
impa
cts
on
hum
an
heal
th
and
ecos
yste
ms.
H
ighe
r w
eed
and
pest
oc
curr
ence
le
ads
to
furth
er
herb
icid
e an
d pe
stic
ide
appl
icat
ion.
- E
colo
gica
l im
pact
s re
sult
from
the
dis
char
ge o
f or
gani
c po
lluta
nts
from
th
e pr
oces
sing
pl
ants
to
riv
ers
and
wat
erw
ays,
tri
gger
ing
eutro
phic
atio
n of
wat
er s
yste
ms
and
robb
ing
aqua
tic p
lant
s an
d w
ildlif
e of
ess
entia
l oxy
gen.
- Th
ere
is
also
a
larg
e am
ount
of
w
aste
pr
oduc
ed
durin
g th
e m
anuf
actu
ring
of c
offe
e. T
his
exce
ss w
aste
can
be
detri
men
tal t
o so
il an
d w
ater
sou
rces
as
coffe
e pu
lp i
s of
ten
dum
ped
into
stre
ams,
de
grad
ing
fragi
le s
yste
ms.
- S
hade
-gro
wn
coffe
e di
scou
rage
s w
eed
grow
th,
redu
ces
path
ogen
in
fect
ion,
- S
hade
cof
fee
farm
s te
nd t
o ha
ve f
ewer
wee
ds.
Nat
ural
mul
ch,
supp
lied
by f
alle
n le
aves
, co
mbi
ned
with
lim
ited
sunl
ight
, pr
even
ts
wee
d fro
m s
prea
ding
and
redu
ces
the
need
for h
erbi
cide
app
licat
ion.
Furth
er
Info
rmat
ion:
V
icto
ria M
oore
, las
t acc
ess
10/1
1/20
15, h
ttp://
ww
w.s
usta
inab
lebu
sine
ssto
olki
t.com
/env
ironm
enta
l-im
pact
-cof
fee-
trade
/
1.4
- Cot
ton
(HC
) Fre
sh
wat
er
reso
urce
s
- E
xces
sive
use
of
agric
ultu
ral
chem
ical
s ha
s ne
gativ
e im
pact
s on
ec
osys
tem
s th
at re
ceiv
e ru
n-of
f fro
m fa
rms.
- Mas
sive
inpu
ts o
f fre
shw
ater
are
requ
ired.
- D
owns
tream
, la
rge
quan
titie
s of
che
mic
als,
wat
er,
and
ener
gy a
re
requ
ired
to p
repa
re a
nd th
en d
ye c
otto
n fa
bric
as
wel
l.
- W
ater
irri
gatio
n pr
actis
es n
eed
to b
e ap
prop
riate
to
ensu
re a
su
stai
nabl
e su
pply
of w
ater
and
ass
ocia
ted
soil
qual
ity.
(HC
) Lan
d an
d A
gric
ultu
re
- D
eple
tion
of w
ater
res
ourc
es c
an c
ause
sal
iniz
atio
n re
nder
ing
agric
ultu
ral l
and
unsu
itabl
e fo
r fut
ure
use.
- E
xces
sive
use
of
agric
ultu
ral
chem
ical
s ha
s ne
gativ
e im
pact
s on
ec
osys
tem
s th
at re
ceiv
e ru
n-of
f fro
m fa
rms.
- Mas
sive
inpu
ts o
f fre
shw
ater
are
requ
ired.
- D
owns
tream
, la
rge
quan
titie
s of
che
mic
als,
wat
er,
and
ener
gy a
re
requ
ired
to p
repa
re a
nd th
en d
ye c
otto
n fa
bric
as
wel
l.
- E
duca
ting
farm
ers
on s
usta
inab
le g
row
ing
met
hods
and
pes
ticid
e us
e im
porta
nt to
mak
e th
e co
tton
harv
est m
ore
sust
aina
ble.
- S
usta
inab
le c
ertif
icat
ions
like
the
Bet
ter
Cot
ton
Initi
ativ
e (B
CI)
may
be
an
impo
rtant
tool
.
E
NV
IRO
NM
EN
TAL
MA
INS
TRE
AM
ING
: A G
UID
E F
OR
PR
OJE
CT
MA
NA
GE
RS
27
Subs
ecto
r R
isk
Are
a R
isks
O
ppor
tuni
ties
(HC
) C
hem
ical
s an
d W
aste
- U
nsaf
e us
e of
agr
icul
tura
l che
mic
als
has
seve
re h
ealth
impa
cts
on
wor
kers
in
the
field
and
on
ecos
yste
ms
that
rec
eive
exc
ess
dose
s th
at ru
n-of
f fro
m fa
rms.
- D
owns
tream
, la
rge
quan
titie
s of
che
mic
als,
wat
er,
and
ener
gy a
re
requ
ired
to p
repa
re a
nd th
en d
ye c
otto
n fa
bric
as
wel
l.
- A
ppro
pria
te h
ealth
and
saf
ety
prot
ocol
s sh
ould
min
imis
e th
e ris
k to
w
orke
rs.
- D
ispo
sal
of w
aste
by-
prod
ucts
use
d in
pro
cess
ing
shou
ld n
ot b
e de
trim
enta
l to
the
envi
ronm
ent a
nd u
sers
of t
he e
nviro
nmen
t.
Bio
dive
rsity
- D
eple
tion
of a
quife
rs c
an re
duce
exi
stin
g ha
bita
ble
ecos
yste
ms
and
has
alre
ady
been
re
spon
sibl
e fo
r th
e de
stru
ctio
n of
la
rge-
scal
e ec
osys
tem
s.
- E
cosy
stem
s ar
e a
sour
ce o
f w
ater
and
pro
vide
ser
vice
s su
ch a
s w
ater
filt
ratio
n an
d w
ater
ret
entio
n w
hich
is
requ
ired
for
redu
ced
wat
er ri
sk fo
r nea
rby
plan
tatio
ns.
Fore
sts
- La
rge-
scal
e pr
oduc
tion
can
caus
e de
fore
stat
ion
and
the
resu
lting
re
duct
ions
in
so
il er
osio
n co
ntro
l, ca
rbon
st
orag
e,
and
nutri
ent
cycl
ing.
Furth
er
Info
rmat
ion:
W
WF
1999
, Th
e Im
pact
of
C
otto
n on
Fr
esh
Wat
er
Res
ourc
es
and
Eco
syst
ems
A
Pre
limin
ary
Syn
thes
is,
http
://d2
ouvy
59p0
dg6k
.clo
udfro
nt.n
et/d
ownl
oads
/impa
ct_l
ong.
WW
F C
otto
n Fa
rmin
g,
Last
ac
cess
10
/11/
2015
, ht
tp://
ww
f.pan
da.o
rg/a
bout
_our
_ear
th/a
bout
_fre
shw
ater
/fres
hwat
er_p
robl
ems/
thirs
ty_c
rops
/cot
ton/
1.5
- Foo
d an
d ag
ri-bu
sine
ss
Esse
ntia
l oils
Bio
dive
rsity
- T
he e
ssen
tial o
ils s
ecto
r cov
ers
a di
vers
e nu
mbe
r of c
rops
and
wild
-co
llect
ed
plan
ts.
As
a re
sult
it is
di
fficu
lt to
ge
nera
lize
abou
t en
viro
nmen
tal
conc
erns
. Fo
r w
ild
colle
cted
pl
ants
, ha
bita
t an
d bi
odiv
ersi
ty lo
ss a
nd o
verh
arve
stin
g ar
e th
reat
s.
- Thr
eats
to w
ild p
lant
spe
cies
and
thei
r pop
ulat
ions
incl
ude
inte
nsiv
e an
d co
mm
erci
al c
olle
ctio
n (o
ften
conc
entra
ted
in f
ew a
reas
rat
her
than
with
in th
e w
hole
are
a of
thei
r dis
tribu
tion)
.
- O
ver-
expl
oita
tion
of w
ild r
esou
rces
can
res
ult i
n a
seve
re d
eclin
e in
ge
netic
div
ersi
ty, w
ith m
any
spec
ies
alre
ady
thre
aten
ed.
- S
usta
inab
ly h
arve
sted
cer
tific
atio
n ca
n en
sure
red
uced
impa
cts
on
the
envi
ronm
ent a
nd b
iodi
vers
ity, a
nd re
tain
the
serv
ices
they
pro
vide
fo
r the
gro
wth
of c
rops
use
d to
ext
ract
ess
entia
l oils
.
- Im
plem
enta
tion
of C
ITE
S r
egul
atio
ns c
an h
elp
redu
ce p
ress
ure
on
wild
pop
ulat
ions
and
inc
reas
e ac
cess
to
inte
rnat
iona
l m
arke
ts f
or
sust
aina
bly
prod
uced
raw
mat
eria
ls.
Fore
sts
- Lar
ge-s
cale
har
vest
and
pro
duct
ion
can
caus
e de
fore
stat
ion
- D
estru
ctiv
e ha
rves
ting
tech
niqu
es a
nd l
arge
ly u
nmon
itore
d tra
de
can
redu
ce th
e ab
ility
of t
he fo
rest
to s
usta
in it
self
- Im
plem
enta
tion
of C
ITE
S r
egul
atio
ns c
an h
elp
redu
ce p
ress
ure
on
wild
pop
ulat
ions
and
inc
reas
e ac
cess
to
inte
rnat
iona
l m
arke
ts f
or
sust
aina
bly
prod
uced
raw
mat
eria
ls
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NTA
L M
AIN
STR
EA
MIN
G: A
GU
IDE
FO
R P
RO
JEC
T M
AN
AG
ER
S
28
Subs
ecto
r R
isk
Are
a R
isks
O
ppor
tuni
ties
Fres
h w
ater
re
sour
ces
- La
rge-
scal
e pr
oduc
tion
can
caus
e w
ater
res
ourc
es o
vere
xplo
itatio
n as
wel
l as
soil
and
wat
er c
onta
min
atio
n du
e to
the
use
of
chem
ical
fe
rtiliz
ers
(in th
e ca
se o
f non
-org
anic
farm
s).
- C
ertif
icat
ion
of o
rgan
ic p
rodu
ce c
an e
nabl
e ac
cess
to h
ighe
r va
lue
inte
rnat
iona
l mar
kets
and
redu
ce th
e us
e of
che
mic
als.
Gui
delin
es to
pr
oduc
ers
and
proc
esso
rs c
an p
rom
ote
a co
nsis
tent
pro
duct
whi
ch
can
com
pete
with
syn
thet
ic o
ils.
Land
and
A
gric
ultu
re
- C
ultiv
atio
n is
an
al
tern
ativ
e to
w
ild
colle
ctio
n.
Yet,
grow
ing
a su
bsta
ntia
l am
ount
of
plan
t m
ater
ial
to p
rodu
ce e
ssen
tial
oil
ofte
n in
volv
es
a m
onoc
ultu
re
styl
e of
fa
rmin
g,
man
aged
by
in
tens
e m
echa
nisa
tion
and
irrig
atio
n fo
r opt
imal
pro
duct
ion.
- Con
vent
iona
l met
hods
of e
ssen
tial o
il ex
tract
ion
can
be in
effic
ient
in
term
s of
ene
rgy
and
reso
urce
s, a
nd c
an r
esul
t in
an
inco
nsis
tent
pr
oduc
t qua
lity.
- O
rgan
ic c
ertif
icat
ion
and
Sus
tain
ably
gro
wn
certi
ficat
ion
can
enab
le
prod
ucer
s to
sel
l to
inte
rnat
iona
l mar
kets
and
ben
efit
the
long
evity
of
crop
cul
tivat
ion
- Tr
acea
bilit
y of
org
anic
orig
in (
certi
ficat
ion,
con
serv
atio
n st
atus
, and
gr
een
prod
uctio
n an
d ex
tract
ion
tech
nolo
gies
) ca
n en
sure
pro
duct
s ar
e pr
oduc
ed s
usta
inab
ly a
nd h
ave
a m
inim
al i
mpa
ct o
n th
e la
nd
used
.
Furth
er
Info
rmat
ion:
S
neld
er, D
enys
e J.
; Las
co, R
odel
D. (
29 S
epte
mbe
r 20
08).
Sm
allh
olde
r Tr
ee G
row
ing
for
Rur
al D
evel
opm
ent a
nd E
nviro
nmen
tal S
ervi
ces:
Le
sson
s fro
m A
sia
http
s://b
ooks
.goo
gle.
ch/b
ooks
?id=
LmA
_5zx
DS
RkC
&pg
=PA
248&
redi
r_es
c=y#
v=on
epag
e&q&
f=fa
lse
1.6
Food
and
ag
ri-bu
sine
ss =
Fi
bres
(Nat
ural
an
d se
mi-
synt
hetic
)
Bio
dive
rsity
-
Cul
tivat
ion
of n
atur
al f
ibre
s ca
n re
sult
in l
oss
of h
abita
t; ho
wev
er
som
e na
tura
l fib
res
are
by-p
rodu
cts
from
the
cul
tivat
ion
of o
ther
cr
ops.
- Fi
bres
are
cho
sen
first
by
cons
ider
ing
aest
hetic
and
per
form
ance
re
quire
men
ts b
ut l
ow i
mpa
ct v
aria
nts,
suc
h as
org
anic
or
recy
cled
sh
ould
be
prom
oted
. Thi
s ca
n pr
ovid
e ac
cess
to in
tern
atio
nal m
arke
ts
and
redu
ce
the
nega
tive
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s as
soci
ated
w
ith
larg
e-sc
ale
prod
uctio
n.
Fore
sts
- La
rge-
scal
e pr
oduc
tion
can
caus
e de
fore
stat
ion
and
redu
ce t
he
abili
ty o
f the
fore
st to
sin
k an
d st
ore
atm
osph
eric
car
bon.
-
Sus
tain
able
har
vest
cer
tific
atio
n fo
r fib
re c
rops
and
the
ir fin
al
prod
ucts
can
pro
vide
acc
ess
to h
ighe
r va
lue
inte
rnat
iona
l m
arke
ts
and
redu
ce p
ress
ure
on fo
rest
s.
Fres
h w
ater
re
sour
ces
- La
rge-
scal
e pr
oduc
tion
can
caus
e w
ater
res
ourc
es o
vere
xplo
itatio
n as
wel
l as
soil
and
wat
er c
onta
min
atio
n du
e to
the
use
of
chem
ical
fe
rtiliz
ers
(in th
e ca
se o
f non
-org
anic
farm
s).
- C
onve
ntio
nal r
ayon
, mad
e of
cel
lulo
se f
rom
tre
es,
is e
asie
r on
the
la
nd, b
ut c
hem
ical
-hea
vy in
the
fibre
-spi
nnin
g ph
ase.
- P
rom
otio
n of
the
use
of
fibre
-cro
p by
-pro
duct
s as
org
anic
fer
tilis
er
can
redu
ce th
e am
ount
of c
hem
ical
ferti
liser
nee
ded.
-The
use
of
chem
ical
s in
pro
cess
ing
stag
es s
houl
d be
tre
ated
to
inte
rnat
iona
l st
anda
rds
to r
educ
e th
e ne
gativ
e im
pact
on
the
wat
er
reso
urce
s.
Land
and
A
gric
ultu
re
- La
rge-
scal
e pr
oduc
tion
can
redu
ce t
he q
ualit
y of
the
soi
l for
fut
ure
year
s,
as
wat
er
rete
ntio
n,
eros
ion
cont
rol
and
nutri
ent
rete
ntio
n se
rvic
es a
re re
duce
d.
- Th
e us
e of
low
impa
ct v
aria
nts,
suc
h as
org
anic
, fib
re b
y-pr
oduc
ts
from
ot
her
crop
s,
or
recy
cled
fib
res
can
be
prom
oted
th
roug
h ce
rtific
atio
n.
E
NV
IRO
NM
EN
TAL
MA
INS
TRE
AM
ING
: A G
UID
E F
OR
PR
OJE
CT
MA
NA
GE
RS
29
Subs
ecto
r R
isk
Are
a R
isks
O
ppor
tuni
ties
Furth
er
Info
rmat
ion:
Fe
rnan
do
et
al
2014
, En
viro
nmen
tal
aspe
cts
of
fiber
cr
ops
culti
vatio
n an
d us
e.
http
://w
ww
.sci
ence
dire
ct.c
om/s
cien
ce/a
rticl
e/pi
i/S09
2666
9014
0060
86
1.7
Food
and
ag
ri-bu
sine
ss -
Fish
erie
s
(HC
) B
iodi
vers
ity
- O
verfi
shin
g—ca
tchi
ng f
ish
fast
er t
han
they
can
rep
rodu
ce—
is a
n ur
gent
and
dev
asta
ting
issu
e, a
nd i
s on
e of
the
big
gest
thr
eats
to
ocea
n ec
osys
tem
s. T
oday
, 90
per
cent
of
the
wor
ld's
fis
herie
s ar
e ei
ther
ful
ly e
xplo
ited,
ove
rexp
loite
d or
hav
e co
llaps
ed d
ue t
o ov
er
fishi
ng (
catc
hing
fis
h fa
ster
tha
n th
ey c
an r
epro
duce
). Th
e gl
obal
fis
hing
flee
t is
oper
atin
g at
2.5
tim
es th
e su
stai
nabl
e le
vel—
ther
e ar
e si
mpl
y to
o m
any
boat
s ch
asin
g a
dwin
dlin
g nu
mbe
r of f
ish.
- U
nsus
tain
able
fis
hing
re
quire
s th
at
new
pr
actic
es
are
wid
ely
adop
ted.
The
re a
re t
wo
mai
n w
ays
to d
rive
this
. Th
e fir
st is
thr
ough
go
vern
men
t in
terv
entio
n an
d en
forc
emen
t of
fis
hing
pra
ctic
es.
The
seco
nd is
thro
ugh
volu
ntar
y pr
ivat
e st
anda
rds
and
labe
ls, s
uch
as th
e M
arin
e S
usta
inab
ility
Cou
ncil,
MS
C.
(HC
) Mar
ine
and
Coa
stal
A
reas
- H
arm
ful
prac
tises
(su
ch a
s dr
edge
s) a
re d
etrim
enta
l to
sea
bed
habi
tats
, re
duci
ng
the
habi
tat’s
cap
acity
fo
r pr
imar
y gr
owth
an
d th
eref
ore
the
use
of th
e ar
ea a
s a
spaw
ning
gro
und
to r
eple
nish
wild
st
ocks
of f
ish.
- P
rom
ote
good
fis
hing
pra
ctis
es t
hat
do n
ot d
amag
e th
e se
abed
th
roug
h th
e us
e of
vol
unta
ry s
tand
ards
whi
ch re
war
d th
e in
dust
ry w
ith
high
er p
rices
.
Air
and
Clim
ate
- The
glo
bal f
ishi
ng fl
eet e
mit
larg
e am
ount
s of
gre
enho
use
gase
s.
-Sto
rage
and
tran
spor
t of p
rodu
ce re
quire
s a
larg
e am
ount
of e
nerg
y.
- P
rovi
sion
of
guid
elin
es f
or e
nerg
y-ef
ficie
nt s
tora
ge c
an h
elp
to
redu
ce e
nerg
y co
nsum
ptio
n.
- S
ourc
ing
fish
from
clo
ser
mar
kets
can
red
uce
trans
port
mile
s an
d as
soci
ated
em
issi
ons.
Che
mic
als
and
Was
te
- Dur
ing
proc
essi
ng, f
ish
offa
l is
ofte
n w
aste
d.
- D
isca
rded
by
-cat
ch
can
nega
tivel
y im
pact
th
e ab
ility
of
w
ild
popu
latio
ns to
sur
vive
.
- Fi
sh m
ay b
e fo
und
to h
ave
high
lev
els
of c
hem
ical
s an
d m
icro
-pl
astic
s w
hich
can
be
harm
ful t
o hu
man
hea
lth w
hen
cons
umed
.
- Aba
ndon
ed n
ets
in th
e oc
ean
can
cont
inue
to c
atch
and
kill
fish
unt
il th
e ge
ar e
rode
s.
- Fi
shin
g w
ith
dyna
mite
an
d po
ison
s ha
s ne
gativ
e im
pact
s on
su
rrou
ndin
g or
gani
sms
and
thei
r hab
itat.
- Was
te p
rodu
cts
can
be u
tilis
ed fo
r ani
mal
and
fish
feed
and
are
hig
h in
om
ega-
3 fa
tty a
cids
.
- V
olun
tary
sta
ndar
ds a
nd c
erta
in m
arke
ts r
equi
re l
ow l
evel
s of
ch
emic
als
in f
ish.
How
ever
red
ucin
g w
aste
and
che
mic
als
in t
he
ocea
n is
a g
loba
l iss
ue.
Furth
er
info
rmat
ion:
FA
O 2
005-
2015
. Wor
ld in
vent
ory
of fi
sher
ies.
Impa
cts
of fi
sher
y ac
tiviti
es. I
ssue
s Fa
ct S
heet
s. T
ext b
y P
ere
Oliv
er a
nd R
ebec
ca M
etzn
er. I
n:
FAO
Fi
sher
ies
and
Aqua
cultu
re
Dep
artm
ent
[onl
ine]
. R
ome.
U
pdat
ed
27
May
20
05.
[Cite
d 11
N
ovem
ber
2015
]. ht
tp://
ww
w.fa
o.or
g/fis
hery
/topi
c/12
273/
en
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NTA
L M
AIN
STR
EA
MIN
G: A
GU
IDE
FO
R P
RO
JEC
T M
AN
AG
ER
S
30
Subs
ecto
r R
isk
Are
a R
isks
O
ppor
tuni
ties
1.8
Food
and
ag
ri-bu
sine
ss-
Flor
icul
ture
(HC
) Fre
sh
wat
er
reso
urce
s
- Fl
oric
ultu
re n
eeds
larg
er v
olum
es o
f w
ater
tha
n co
nven
tiona
l cro
p cu
ltiva
tion.
-
Wat
er r
e-us
e sy
stem
s ca
n re
duce
wat
er c
onsu
mpt
ion
and
relie
ve
pres
sure
on
wat
er re
sour
ces
as w
ell a
s in
crea
se re
silie
nce
to v
aryi
ng
reso
urce
ava
ilabi
lity
to re
duce
risk
.
(HC
) C
hem
ical
s an
d W
aste
- Fl
oric
ultu
re
requ
ires
inte
nsiv
e us
e of
ch
emic
al
ferti
lizer
s an
d pe
stic
ides
.
- In
adeq
uate
was
te m
anag
emen
t sys
tem
s do
not
rec
over
ferti
liser
or
pest
icid
es.
- A
wid
er v
arie
ty o
f pes
t man
agem
ent p
ract
ises
and
a h
ighe
r us
e of
na
tura
l fe
rtiliz
ers
can
less
en
the
impa
ct
of
floric
ultu
re
on
the
envi
ronm
ent.
This
will
als
o re
duce
the
like
lihoo
d th
at r
esis
tanc
e w
ill
occu
r in
pest
s.
- W
aste
man
agem
ent
syst
ems
can
reco
ver
and
reus
e w
ater
and
fe
rtilis
er. W
hen
inte
grat
ed w
ith b
iolo
gica
l pes
t con
trol t
his
can
redu
ce
sign
ifica
ntly
the
con
cent
ratio
ns o
f ch
emic
als
need
ed a
nd r
elea
sed
into
the
envi
ronm
ent.
Air
and
Clim
ate
- Fl
oric
ultu
re s
ales
fro
m d
evel
opin
g co
untri
es n
early
alw
ays
use
air
freig
ht tr
ansp
ort f
or s
hipp
ing
to d
evel
oped
mar
ket,
caus
ing
sign
ifica
nt
carb
on fo
otpr
ints
.
- O
ffset
ting
the
emis
sion
s of
airf
reig
ht i
s al
so b
enef
icia
l an
d m
ay
prov
ide
flow
er p
rodu
cers
a d
iffer
entia
ting
mar
ketin
g op
portu
nity
.
Bio
dive
rsity
-
The
clea
ring
of
fore
st
for
culti
vatio
n ca
n re
duce
th
e le
vel
of
biod
iver
sity
. - I
nter
crop
ping
can
reta
in a
hig
h le
vel o
f bio
dive
rsity
and
als
o th
e so
il qu
ality
to s
usta
in h
arve
st le
vels
in th
e fu
ture
.
Fore
sts
- Th
e cl
earin
g of
for
est
for
culti
vatio
n ca
n re
duce
the
abi
lity
to s
ink
and
stor
e at
mos
pher
ic c
arbo
n -
Sus
tain
ably
har
vest
ed c
ertif
icat
ion
can
educ
ate
the
cons
umer
s of
pr
oduc
t orig
in a
nd it
s im
pact
on
loca
l for
ests
.
Land
and
A
gric
ultu
re
- Fl
oric
ultu
re
requ
ires
inte
nsiv
e us
e of
ch
emic
al
ferti
lizer
s an
d pe
stic
ides
and
nee
ds l
arge
r am
ount
s of
wat
er t
han
conv
entio
nal
farm
ing.
- A
wid
er v
arie
ty o
f pes
t man
agem
ent p
ract
ises
and
a h
ighe
r us
e of
na
tura
l fe
rtiliz
ers
can
less
en
the
impa
ct
of
floric
ultu
re
on
the
envi
ronm
ent.
Furth
er
info
rmat
ion:
Te
hran
i-kro
nner
20
12,
Soc
io-E
cono
mic
an
d E
nviro
nmen
tal
Impa
ct
of
Flor
icul
ture
In
dust
ry
in
Eth
iopi
a ht
tp://
lib.u
gent
.be/
fullt
xt/R
UG
01/0
01/8
94/5
50/R
UG
01-0
0189
4550
_201
2_00
01_A
C.p
df
1.9
Food
and
ag
ri-bu
sine
ss -
Frui
ts &
(HC
) Lan
d an
d A
gric
ultu
re
- E
nviro
nmen
tal c
once
rns
of fr
uit a
nd v
eget
able
farm
ing
vary
by
crop
an
d su
rrou
ndin
g ec
osys
tem
. -
Sw
itchi
ng t
o or
gani
c fa
rmin
g m
etho
ds m
ay a
lso
open
up
new
m
arke
ts in
dev
elop
ed c
ount
ries
E
NV
IRO
NM
EN
TAL
MA
INS
TRE
AM
ING
: A G
UID
E F
OR
PR
OJE
CT
MA
NA
GE
RS
31
Subs
ecto
r R
isk
Are
a R
isks
O
ppor
tuni
ties
vege
tabl
es
Air
and
Clim
ate
- Pro
duct
ion,
sto
rage
and
tran
spor
t res
ult i
n hi
gh le
vels
of e
mis
sion
s.
- B
est p
ract
ise
guid
elin
es c
an b
e is
sued
to p
rodu
cers
, sup
plie
rs a
nd
cons
umer
s on
how
the
y ca
n be
st c
ontri
bute
to
redu
ce e
mis
sion
s in
th
e su
pply
cha
in. F
or e
xam
ple,
con
sum
ers
coul
d ch
oose
to c
onsu
me
seas
onal
pro
duce
, an
d bu
yers
cou
ld r
educ
e ai
r m
iles,
how
ever
thi
s co
uld
nega
tivel
y im
pact
poo
rer s
uppl
iers
ove
r oth
ers.
Bio
dive
rsity
- T
he c
lear
ing
of fo
rest
for f
arm
s ca
n re
duce
bio
dive
rsity
leve
ls, w
hich
ar
e ne
eded
for t
he n
atur
al p
ollin
atio
n of
cro
ps.
- C
lear
ing
fore
sts
can
also
re
sult
in
the
redu
ctio
n of
w
ild
fruit
popu
latio
ns th
at h
ave
gene
tic tr
aits
that
cou
ld b
e se
lect
ed to
impr
ove
culti
vars
.
- In
terc
ropp
ing
can
reta
in h
abita
ts a
nd a
ssoc
iate
d bi
odiv
ersi
ty,
also
ac
ting
to b
enef
it po
llina
tion.
- S
usta
inab
ly g
row
n pr
oduc
ts c
an b
e ce
rtifie
d in
crea
sing
acc
ess
to
high
er v
alue
inte
rnat
iona
l mar
kets
.
Fore
sts
- The
cle
arin
g of
fore
st fo
r far
ms
can
redu
ce th
e ab
ility
of t
he fo
rest
to
sink
and
sto
re a
tmos
pher
ic c
arbo
n.
- Sw
itchi
ng to
org
anic
farm
ing
met
hods
may
ope
n up
new
mar
kets
in
deve
lope
d co
untri
es a
nd re
duce
pre
ssur
es o
n fo
rest
hab
itats
and
the
carb
on fo
otpr
int o
f the
fina
l pro
duct
.
Fres
h w
ater
re
sour
ces
- Fru
its a
nd v
eget
able
s of
ten
over
-use
ferti
lizer
s an
d pe
stic
ides
whi
ch
can
be d
etrim
enta
l to
near
by w
ater
sou
rces
. - B
ette
r pra
ctic
es fo
r wat
er ir
rigat
ion
and
effe
ctiv
e us
e of
ferti
liser
can
re
lieve
pre
ssur
es o
n w
ater
sou
rces
. B
iolo
gica
l pe
st
cont
rol
and
inte
rcro
ppin
g ca
n re
duce
th
e ne
ed
for
high
le
vels
of
pe
stic
ide
appl
icat
ions
.
Che
mic
als
and
Was
te
- P
oor
post
-har
vest
sto
rage
and
inad
equa
te tr
ansp
ort o
f pro
duce
can
in
crea
se p
ost-h
arve
st lo
sses
. -
Bet
ter
prac
tices
for
pes
t co
ntro
l and
was
te m
anag
emen
t ca
n he
lp
farm
ers
min
imiz
e en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
cts
and
cut l
ong-
term
cos
ts.
Furth
er
info
rmat
ion
Sto
esse
l et
al
2012
, Li
fe C
ycle
Inv
ento
ry a
nd C
arbo
n an
d W
ater
Foo
dPrin
t of
Fru
its a
nd V
eget
able
s: A
pplic
atio
n to
a S
wis
s R
etai
ler.
http
://pu
bs.a
cs.o
rg/d
oi/a
bs/1
0.10
21/e
s203
0577
1.10
- Fo
od a
nd
agri-
busi
ness
- Li
vest
ock
(HC
) Air
and
Clim
ate
- C
attle
and
oth
er r
umin
ant
lives
tock
pro
duce
a l
arge
am
ount
of
met
hane
, a
gree
nhou
se g
as.
The
carb
on f
ootp
rint
of a
nim
al f
eed
in
addi
tion
to t
he p
roce
ssin
g an
d tra
nspo
rt of
the
fin
al p
rodu
ce i
s si
gnifi
cant
.
- S
ourc
ing
loca
l ani
mal
fee
d in
puts
can
red
uce
asso
ciat
ed t
rans
port
emis
sion
s.
- M
arke
ts m
ay p
refe
r to
pay
a s
imila
r or
hig
her
pric
e fo
r lo
cal
prod
uce.
(HC
) For
ests
-T
he c
lear
ing
of fo
rest
s fo
r pas
ture
land
is a
n is
sue
mor
e pr
omin
ent i
n de
velo
ping
cou
ntrie
s an
d ca
n re
duce
the
abi
lity
of f
ores
ts t
o si
nk
atm
osph
eric
car
bon
and
stor
e it.
- S
usta
inab
le g
razi
ng p
ract
ises
can
be
used
whe
reby
the
lan
d fo
r gr
azin
g is
div
ided
and
rot
ated
allo
win
g fo
r ef
fect
ive
reco
very
and
su
stai
nabl
e us
e of
a g
iven
are
a of
land
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NTA
L M
AIN
STR
EA
MIN
G: A
GU
IDE
FO
R P
RO
JEC
T M
AN
AG
ER
S
32
Subs
ecto
r R
isk
Are
a R
isks
O
ppor
tuni
ties
(HC
) Lan
d an
d A
gric
ultu
re
- Li
ve s
tock
is a
n in
tens
ive
use
of t
he la
nd,
parti
cula
rly w
ith g
razi
ng
anim
als.
Ther
e ar
e va
st d
iffer
ence
s be
twee
n pr
oduc
tion
syst
ems
and
anim
al
prod
ucts
. In
gene
ral:
- Fe
ed e
ffici
ency
is a
key
driv
er o
f pr
oduc
tivity
and
can
red
uce
the
amou
nt o
f ra
w p
lant
mat
eria
l req
uire
d fo
r th
e pr
oduc
tion
of a
giv
en
amou
nt o
f mea
t.
- Rot
atio
nal l
and
man
agem
ent p
ract
ises
can
redu
ce th
e ne
ed fo
r new
fo
rest
are
as fo
r gra
zing
ani
mal
s.
(HC
) C
hem
ical
s an
d W
aste
- Th
e im
prop
er t
reat
men
t of
liv
esto
ck w
aste
can
lea
d to
rel
ated
ill
ness
es d
owns
tream
and
on
the
farm
.
- O
ver-
use
of a
ntib
iotic
s ca
n re
sult
in r
esis
tant
bac
teria
whi
ch c
an b
e a
risk
to h
uman
hea
lth.
- G
uide
lines
for
the
treat
men
t of w
aste
and
use
of a
ntib
iotic
s sh
ould
be
con
side
red
due
to th
e le
vel o
f ris
k as
soci
ated
with
thes
e pr
actis
es.
- Reg
ulat
ions
for a
ntib
iotic
use
sho
uld
be a
dher
ed to
.
Bio
dive
rsity
-
The
clea
ring
of f
ores
t fo
r pa
stur
elan
d ca
n re
duce
the
lev
el o
f bi
odiv
ersi
ty.
- Rot
atio
nal l
and
man
agem
ent p
ract
ises
can
redu
ce th
e ne
ed fo
r new
fo
rest
are
as fo
r gra
zing
ani
mal
s.
Fres
h w
ater
re
sour
ces
- Fur
ther
mor
e, li
vest
ock
was
te c
an p
ose
a th
reat
to in
land
wat
erw
ays
as
high
le
vels
of
ph
osph
orus
an
d ni
troge
n ru
n-of
f ca
n ca
use
eutro
phic
atio
n.
- Fee
d ef
ficie
ncy
can
redu
ce th
e av
aila
bilit
y of
nut
rient
s in
was
te ru
n-of
f. Th
is c
an a
lso
redu
ce ra
w m
ater
ial i
nput
s an
d th
e ca
rbon
foot
prin
t of
the
mea
t.
Furth
er
Info
rmat
ion:
H
erre
ro
et
al
2013
, B
iom
ass
use,
pr
oduc
tion,
fe
ed
effic
ienc
ies
and
gree
nhou
se
gas
emis
sion
s fro
m
glob
al
lives
tock
sy
stem
s.
http
://w
ww
.pna
s.or
g/co
nten
t/110
/52/
2088
8.ab
stra
ct
1.11
Foo
d an
d ag
ri-bu
sine
ss -
Med
icin
al p
lant
s
Bio
dive
rsity
(G
ener
al)
Envi
ronm
enta
l co
ncer
ns o
f m
edic
inal
pla
nt f
arm
ing
and
wild
-col
lect
ion
varie
s by
cro
p an
d su
rrou
ndin
g ec
osys
tem
.
- Th
ere
are
risks
that
suc
h pr
oduc
ts w
ill b
e un
sust
aina
bly
harv
este
d or
col
lect
ed f
rom
the
wild
, re
duci
ng t
he a
bilit
y fo
r th
e po
pula
tion
to
surv
ive.
- H
abita
t lo
ss t
hrou
gh t
he c
lear
ance
of
fore
st f
or c
ultiv
atio
n ca
n re
duce
bio
dive
rsity
leve
ls.
-Res
earc
h in
to
crop
-spe
cific
ar
tific
ial
prop
agat
ion
can
allo
w
com
mun
ities
to
gr
ow
thei
r ow
n,
redu
cing
th
e pr
essu
re
on
wild
po
pula
tions
an
d se
curin
g a
mor
e co
nsta
nt
supp
ly
and
thro
ugh
certi
ficat
ion
and
adhe
renc
e to
CIT
ES
reg
ulat
ions
, ac
cess
to
high
er
valu
e in
tern
atio
nal m
arke
ts.
- In
terc
ropp
ing
can
reta
in a
hig
h le
vel
of b
iodi
vers
ity a
nd n
atur
al
polli
nato
rs,
and
can
allo
w d
iver
sific
atio
n of
inco
me
and
sust
aina
ble
harv
est c
ertif
icat
ion.
Fore
sts
- For
est m
ay b
e cl
eare
d fo
r the
cul
tivat
ion
of m
edic
inal
pla
nts.
- C
ertif
icat
ion
of s
usta
inab
le p
rodu
ctio
n m
etho
ds c
an c
omm
unic
ate
to
cons
umer
s th
e im
pact
of t
he p
rodu
ct o
n fo
rest
are
as.
Fres
h w
ater
re
sour
ces
- Arti
ficia
l pro
paga
tion
of p
lant
s re
quire
s la
rge
amou
nts
of w
ater
. -W
ater
re
-use
sy
stem
s ca
n re
duce
th
e ex
tract
ion
of
fresh
wat
er
reso
urce
s.
E
NV
IRO
NM
EN
TAL
MA
INS
TRE
AM
ING
: A G
UID
E F
OR
PR
OJE
CT
MA
NA
GE
RS
33
Subs
ecto
r R
isk
Are
a R
isks
O
ppor
tuni
ties
Land
and
A
gric
ultu
re
- W
ild h
arve
st m
etho
ds c
an r
educ
e th
e ab
ility
of
the
spec
ies
to
reco
ver a
nd th
eref
ore
futu
re h
arve
sts.
-
Bet
ter p
ract
ices
for
wat
er u
se, p
est c
ontro
l and
was
te m
anag
emen
t ca
n he
lp f
arm
ers
min
imiz
e en
viro
nmen
tal
impa
cts
and
ofte
n sa
ve
mon
ey.
- S
witc
hing
to
orga
nic
farm
ing
met
hods
may
als
o op
en u
p ne
w
mar
kets
in d
evel
oped
cou
ntrie
s.
Furth
er
Info
rmat
ion:
S
chip
pman
n, L
eam
ann
and
Cun
ning
ham
200
2, F
AO
. Im
pact
of C
ultiv
atio
n an
d G
athe
ring
of M
edic
inal
Pla
nts
on B
iodi
vers
ity: G
loba
l Tre
nds
and
Issu
es. f
tp://
193.
43.3
6.93
/doc
rep/
FAO
/005
/aa0
10e/
AA
010E
00.p
df
1.12
Foo
d an
d ag
ri-bu
sine
ss -
Spic
es
(HC
) C
hem
ical
s an
d W
aste
- Th
e sp
ice
sect
or
deal
s w
ith
sust
aina
bilit
y is
sues
su
ch
as
unco
ntro
lled
use
of a
gro-
chem
ical
s.
- B
ette
r pr
actic
es
for
was
te
irrig
atio
n,
pest
co
ntro
l an
d w
aste
m
anag
emen
t ca
n he
lp f
arm
ers
min
imiz
e en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
cts
and
ofte
n sa
ve m
oney
.
- O
rgan
ic c
ertif
icat
ion
can
redu
ce c
hem
ical
use
and
pos
sibl
y pr
ovid
e ac
cess
to
hi
gher
va
lue
end-
cons
umer
m
arke
ts.
The
use
of
inte
rcro
ppin
g an
d bi
olog
ical
pes
t co
ntro
l can
red
uce
the
appl
icat
ion
leve
ls o
f pes
ticid
es.
Bio
dive
rsity
-
The
clea
ring
of
fore
st
for
culti
vatio
n ca
n re
duce
th
e le
vel
of
biod
iver
sity
. - I
nter
crop
ping
can
reta
in a
hig
h le
vel o
f bio
dive
rsity
, pol
linat
ors
and
a di
vers
ified
inco
me
stre
am.
Fore
sts
- For
est m
ay b
e cl
eare
d fo
r cul
tivat
ion
and
redu
ce th
e ab
ility
of f
ores
ts
to s
ink
and
stor
e at
mos
pher
ic c
arbo
n.
- Cer
tific
atio
n of
sus
tain
able
pro
duct
ion
met
hods
can
com
mun
icat
e to
co
nsum
ers
the
impa
ct o
f the
pro
duct
on
fore
st a
reas
.
Fres
h w
ater
re
sour
ces
- Is
sues
suc
h as
unc
ontro
lled
pest
icid
e us
e an
d po
or w
aste
wat
er
man
agem
ent c
an h
ave
a ne
gativ
e im
pact
on
wat
er s
yste
ms.
-
Gui
delin
es f
or i
rrig
atio
n pr
actis
es c
an i
mpr
ove
the
effic
ienc
y of
w
ater
use
.
- In
tegr
ated
pe
st
man
agem
ent
or
impr
oved
pe
st
man
agem
ent
cont
rols
can
be
prom
oted
to re
duce
pes
ticid
e us
e.
Land
and
A
gric
ultu
re
- Env
ironm
enta
l con
cern
s of
spi
ce fa
rmin
g an
d w
ild-c
olle
ctio
n va
ry b
y cr
op a
nd s
urro
undi
ng e
cosy
stem
. Poo
r ag
ricul
tura
l pra
ctic
es a
nd th
e la
ck o
f ad
equa
te p
roce
ssin
g fa
cilit
ies
has
been
a c
once
rn f
or s
ome
spic
e m
arke
ts.
- In
tens
ive
farm
ing
can
redu
ce s
oil f
ertil
ity a
nd in
crea
se th
e ne
ed fo
r fe
rtiliz
ers.
- B
ette
r pr
actic
es
for
was
te
irrig
atio
n,
pest
co
ntro
l an
d w
aste
m
anag
emen
t ca
n he
lp f
arm
ers
min
imiz
e en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
cts
and
ofte
n sa
ve m
oney
.
- S
witc
hing
to
orga
nic
farm
ing
met
hods
may
als
o op
en u
p ne
w
mar
kets
in
deve
lope
d co
untri
es.
This
cou
ld b
e su
pple
men
ted
with
co
nsum
er a
war
enes
s in
thes
e m
arke
ts, a
s th
e m
ajor
ity o
f spi
ce c
rops
ar
e pu
rcha
sed
by re
taile
rs a
nd p
roce
ssor
s an
d ar
e no
t vis
ible
to fi
nal
cons
umer
s.
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NTA
L M
AIN
STR
EA
MIN
G: A
GU
IDE
FO
R P
RO
JEC
T M
AN
AG
ER
S
34
Subs
ecto
r R
isk
Are
a R
isks
O
ppor
tuni
ties
Furth
er
Info
rmat
ion:
G
uillo
u P
asca
le, a
nd M
arjo
n va
n O
pijn
en, 2
010,
Cou
ld y
ou p
ass
me
the
Sus
tain
able
pep
per,
plea
se?
Tow
ards
a s
usta
inab
le s
pice
s su
pply
ch
ain,
K
eys
findi
ngs
and
sect
or
reco
mm
enda
tions
, C
RE
M
in
colla
bora
tion
with
B
oth
EN
DS
an
d C
orda
id.
http
://w
ww
.bot
hend
s.or
g/up
load
ed_f
iles/
docu
men
t/6S
usta
inab
le_S
pice
s-_B
oths
_EN
DS
_-_C
orda
id_-
_CR
EM
_-_O
ctob
er_.
1.13
Foo
d an
d ag
ri-bu
sine
ss -
Tea
(HC
) Lan
d an
d A
gric
ultu
re
- E
nviro
nmen
tal c
once
rns
of t
ea c
ultiv
atio
n in
clud
e th
e cl
eara
nce
of
land
, the
res
ultin
g ha
bita
t los
s, o
ver-u
se o
f pes
ticid
es a
nd s
oil q
ualit
y de
grad
atio
n.
- In
terc
ropp
ing,
th
e us
e of
bi
olog
ical
pe
st
cont
rol,
and
good
m
anag
emen
t pra
ctis
es c
an in
crea
se th
e qu
ality
and
ferti
lity
of th
e so
il an
d re
duce
lon
g-te
rm c
osts
res
ultin
g fro
m t
he n
eed
for
incr
ease
d fe
rtilis
er a
nd p
estic
ide
use.
- S
witc
hing
to
orga
nic
farm
ing
met
hods
may
als
o op
en u
p ne
w
mar
kets
in d
evel
oped
cou
ntrie
s.
Air
and
Clim
ate
- Pro
duct
ion,
sto
rage
and
tran
spor
t of p
rodu
ctio
n in
puts
and
tea
resu
lt in
hig
h le
vels
of e
mis
sion
s.
- B
est p
ract
ise
guid
elin
es c
an b
e is
sued
to p
rodu
cers
, sup
plie
rs a
nd
cons
umer
s on
how
they
can
bes
t con
tribu
te to
redu
ced
emis
sion
s.
Ene
rgy
and
reso
urce
s - T
he d
ryin
g pr
oces
ses
uses
fuel
.
-Syn
thet
ic
pack
agin
g re
quire
s en
ergy
an
d ta
kes
a lo
ng
time
to
degr
ade.
- Th
e us
e of
org
anic
pac
kagi
ng a
nd e
ffici
ent
dryi
ng t
echn
ique
s ca
n re
duce
fuel
con
sum
ptio
n an
d th
e im
pact
of w
aste
on
land
fill s
ites.
Bio
dive
rsity
-
The
clea
ring
of fo
rest
for
farm
s ca
n re
duce
the
leve
l of b
iodi
vers
ity,
espe
cial
ly w
hen
repl
aced
with
larg
e ar
eas
of m
onoc
ultu
re.
- Int
ercr
oppi
ng c
an re
tain
hab
itats
and
ass
ocia
ted
biod
iver
sity
.
Fore
sts
- Th
e cl
earin
g of
for
est
for
farm
s ca
n re
duce
the
abi
lity
to s
ink
and
stor
e at
mos
pher
ic c
arbo
n, a
nd r
educ
es i
ts a
bilit
y to
con
trol
soil
eros
ion
and
reta
in w
ater
.
- Cer
tific
atio
n of
sus
tain
able
pro
duct
ion
met
hods
can
com
mun
icat
e to
co
nsum
ers
the
impa
ct o
f the
pro
duct
on
fore
st a
reas
.
Fres
h w
ater
re
sour
ces
- Pra
ctis
es th
at o
ver-u
se fe
rtiliz
ers
can
be d
etrim
enta
l to
near
by w
ater
so
urce
s. M
onoc
ultu
res
requ
ire a
n in
crea
sed
use
of p
estic
ide
per
unit
area
and
thi
s ca
n be
det
rimen
tal t
o w
ater
sou
rces
and
the
far
mer
s w
ho a
pply
it.
- Bet
ter p
ract
ices
for w
ater
irrig
atio
n an
d ef
fect
ive
use
of fe
rtilis
er c
an
relie
ve p
ress
ures
on
wat
er s
ourc
es.
- Int
ercr
oppi
ng a
nd im
prov
ed p
est m
anag
emen
t pra
ctis
es c
an re
duce
th
e ne
ed fo
r lar
ge a
mou
nts
of p
estic
ide
appl
icat
ions
.
Che
mic
als
and
Was
te
- Pes
ticid
e us
e ca
n ne
gativ
ely
impa
ct n
earb
y w
ater
way
s.
- B
ette
r pr
actic
es f
or p
est
cont
rol a
nd w
aste
man
agem
ent
can
help
fa
rmer
s m
inim
ize
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s an
d of
ten
save
mon
ey.
Furth
er
Info
rmat
ion:
E
thic
al
Con
sum
er,
2013
. R
epor
t on
th
e Te
a In
dust
ry
– D
ecem
ber
2013
. La
st
Acc
ess
11/1
0/20
15.
http
://w
ww
.eth
ical
cons
umer
.org
/eth
ical
repo
rts/te
a-in
dust
ry-r
epor
t.asp
x
Gro
osm
an, 2
011.
Sec
tor O
verv
iew
: Tea
. ID
H, T
he s
usta
inab
le tr
ade
initi
ativ
e. w
ww
.idhs
usta
inab
letra
de.c
om/s
ite/g
etfil
e.ph
p?id
=184
E
NV
IRO
NM
EN
TAL
MA
INS
TRE
AM
ING
: A G
UID
E F
OR
PR
OJE
CT
MA
NA
GE
RS
35
Subs
ecto
r R
isk
Are
a R
isks
O
ppor
tuni
ties
2.1
Fair
trad
e an
d en
viro
nmen
tal
expo
rts
- B
iodi
vers
ity-
base
d pr
oduc
ts
(HC
) B
iodi
vers
ity
- B
iodi
vers
ity c
an b
e a
subs
tant
ial s
ourc
e of
val
ue.
Ther
e ar
e ris
ks
how
ever
, th
at
such
pr
oduc
ts
will
be
un
sust
aina
bly
harv
este
d or
co
llect
ed f
rom
the
wild
, no
t al
low
ing
viab
le r
epro
duct
ive
time
for
popu
latio
ns to
repl
enis
h.
- A
ppro
pria
te m
echa
nism
s ca
n be
put
in p
lace
to e
nsur
e su
stai
nabl
e ha
rves
t le
vels
and
red
uce
pres
sure
on
wild
pop
ulat
ions
, su
ch a
s ad
herin
g to
CIT
ES
regu
latio
ns.
Fore
sts
- C
erta
in te
chni
ques
for
harv
estin
g bi
odiv
ersi
ty-r
elat
ed p
rodu
cts
from
fo
rest
s (tr
ees,
wild
pla
nts,
ani
mal
s) c
an b
e de
trim
enta
l to
the
surv
ival
of
the
spec
ies
and
the
capa
city
of s
ervi
ces
that
fore
sts
prov
ide.
- Sw
itchi
ng to
org
anic
farm
ing
met
hods
may
ope
n up
new
mar
kets
in
deve
lope
d co
untri
es.
Fres
h w
ater
re
sour
ces
- For
cul
tivat
ed b
iodi
vers
ity-b
ased
pro
duct
s th
e ap
plic
atio
n of
ferti
liser
an
d pe
stic
ide
can
pollu
te fr
esh
wat
er re
sour
ces.
- P
roce
ssin
g of
oils
and
oth
er b
iodi
vers
ity r
elat
ed p
rodu
cts
requ
ires
the
use
of c
hem
ical
s an
d m
ay r
elea
se b
y-pr
oduc
ts i
nto
adjo
inin
g w
ater
way
s.
- Bet
ter p
ract
ices
for w
ater
irrig
atio
n an
d ef
fect
ive
use
of fe
rtilis
er c
an
relie
ve p
ress
ures
on
wat
er s
ourc
es
- B
ette
r pr
actic
es f
or p
est
cont
rol a
nd w
aste
man
agem
ent
can
help
fa
rmer
s m
inim
ize
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s an
d of
ten
save
mon
ey.
- B
ette
r pr
actic
es
for
was
te
irrig
atio
n,
pest
co
ntro
l an
d w
aste
m
anag
emen
t ca
n he
lp
farm
ers
and
proc
esso
rs
min
imiz
e en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
cts
and
ofte
n sa
ve m
oney
.
Furth
er
Info
rmat
ion:
2.2
Fair
trad
e an
d en
viro
nmen
tal
expo
rts
- Fai
r tr
ade
and
envi
ronm
enta
l ex
port
s
(HC
) Air
and
Clim
ate
- Fa
ir tra
de a
nd e
nviro
nmen
tal
expo
rts v
ary
grea
tly b
ut,
as w
ith a
ll m
anuf
actu
red
good
s, t
he e
nerg
y us
e of
pro
duct
ion
and
was
te is
an
issu
e.
- Tr
ansp
ort
of r
aw m
ater
ials
and
fin
al p
rodu
cts
incr
ease
the
car
bon
foot
prin
t of t
he g
oods
.
- In
effic
ient
ene
rgy
use
for
prod
uctio
n w
ill i
ncur
avo
idab
le c
ost
and
avoi
dabl
e em
issi
ons.
- Th
ere
are
a w
ide
rang
e of
miti
gatio
n m
easu
res
such
as
the
optim
izat
ion
of m
anuf
actu
ring,
mat
eria
ls t
rans
porta
tion,
ins
talla
tion,
m
aint
enan
ce, d
ism
antle
men
t and
dis
posa
l pra
ctic
es.
- R
educ
ing
nega
tive
effe
cts
on w
ildlif
e, la
nd-u
se c
hang
e an
d w
ater
re
sour
ces
shou
ld a
lso
be o
f hig
h pr
iorit
y.
(HC
) Ene
rgy
and
Min
eral
s -
Ene
rgy-
inte
nsiv
e in
frast
ruct
ure
can
redu
ce n
et e
mis
sion
red
uctio
ns
of re
new
able
tech
nolo
gies
.
- E
nerg
y-ef
ficie
nt
vehi
cles
an
d ba
ttery
-sto
rage
ap
plia
nces
pl
ace
heav
y de
man
ds o
n ra
re e
arth
ele
men
ts.
- Ine
ffici
ent e
nerg
y us
e fo
r pro
duct
ion
will
incu
r avo
idab
le c
ost.
- Th
e lif
e cy
cle
of F
air
trade
and
env
ironm
enta
l ex
ports
sho
uld
be
asse
ssed
and
com
pare
d to
alte
rnat
ives
to fi
nd th
e le
ast p
ollu
ting
and
cost
ly o
ptio
n.
- A c
lose
d-lo
op p
rodu
ctio
n cy
cle
coul
d re
use
rare
ear
th m
ater
ials
and
ot
her i
nput
s w
ith d
eple
ting
natu
ral s
tock
s.
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NTA
L M
AIN
STR
EA
MIN
G: A
GU
IDE
FO
R P
RO
JEC
T M
AN
AG
ER
S
36
Subs
ecto
r R
isk
Are
a R
isks
O
ppor
tuni
ties
Fore
sts
- Th
e im
pact
of
clea
ring
fore
st f
or t
he c
ultiv
atio
n of
bio
fuel
cro
ps
shou
ld b
e ta
king
into
acc
ount
in li
fe c
ycle
ass
essm
ents
com
parin
g th
e ne
t car
bon
bene
fits
of d
iffer
ent t
echn
olog
ies.
- C
onsi
dera
tion
of t
he c
arbo
n fo
otpr
int
of b
iofu
el c
rops
will
allo
w a
m
ore
accu
rate
eva
luat
ion
of th
e lif
e te
chno
logi
es li
fe c
ycle
.
Fres
h w
ater
re
sour
ces
- Pro
duct
ion
proc
esse
s re
quire
larg
e am
ount
s of
wat
er.
- Wat
er u
sage
for t
he c
ultiv
atio
n of
bio
fuel
cro
ps c
an b
e si
gnifi
cant
.
- Pro
duct
ion
proc
esse
s re
quire
the
appr
opria
te h
andl
ing
and
disp
osal
of
was
te b
y-pr
oduc
ts a
nd t
he r
euse
of
wat
er in
pro
duct
ion
syst
ems
can
relie
ve p
ress
ure
on li
mite
d fre
shw
ater
sto
cks.
Mar
ine
and
Coa
stal
A
reas
- Te
chno
logi
es
such
as
w
ind,
w
ave
and
tidal
ha
ve
unkn
own
cons
eque
nces
on
seab
ed h
abita
ts.
- P
ilot
sche
mes
sho
uld
asse
ss t
he f
easi
bilit
y of
the
se p
roje
cts
and
thei
r im
pact
on
the
envi
ronm
ent.
Che
mic
als
and
Was
te
- P
rodu
ctio
n pr
oces
ses
can
resu
lt in
che
mic
al a
nd o
ther
was
te
prod
ucts
- P
rodu
ctio
n pr
oces
ses
requ
ire th
e ap
prop
riate
han
dlin
g an
d di
spos
al
of b
y-pr
oduc
t was
te
Furth
er
Info
rmat
ion:
D
G E
NTE
RP
RIS
E, 2
014.
REP
OR
T O
N C
RIT
ICA
L R
AW M
ATE
RIA
LS F
OR
TH
E E
U, R
epor
t of t
he A
d ho
c W
orki
ng G
roup
on
defin
ing
criti
cal
raw
mat
eria
ls. h
ttp://
ec.e
urop
a.eu
/gro
wth
/sec
tors
/raw
-mat
eria
ls/s
peci
fic-in
tere
st/c
ritic
al/in
dex_
en.h
tm
Frid
et a
l 201
1. T
he e
nviro
nmen
tal i
nter
actio
ns o
f tid
al a
nd w
ave
ener
gy g
ener
atio
n de
vice
s. w
ww
.vliz
.be/
imis
docs
/pub
licat
ions
/224
420.
2.3
Fair
trad
e an
d en
viro
nmen
tal
expo
rts-
Org
anic
pr
oduc
ts
Land
and
A
gric
ultu
re
(Gen
eral
) O
rgan
ic i
ndus
try e
ncom
pass
es a
wid
e ra
nge
of p
rodu
cts
(incl
udin
g fo
od, c
osm
etic
s an
d cl
othi
ng).
- In
gen
eral
, or
gani
c pr
actis
es p
rom
ote
soil
ferti
lity
and
stru
ctur
e by
ap
plyi
ng o
rgan
ic w
aste
mat
eria
ls to
the
soil.
Fres
h w
ater
re
sour
ces
-
Pes
ticid
e us
e is
ofte
n us
ed fo
r or
gani
c pr
oduc
tion
whi
ch c
an r
un-o
ff in
to in
land
wat
er s
uppl
ies.
-
Pes
ticid
e us
e ca
n be
red
uced
thro
ugh
inte
rcro
ppin
g an
d In
tegr
ated
P
est m
anag
emen
t.
Ene
rgy
and
min
eral
s - N
egat
ive
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
is li
mite
d an
d m
ainl
y as
soci
ated
with
cu
ltiva
tion
of s
ourc
e cr
ops
and
trans
porta
tion
of p
rodu
ced
good
s.
- M
itiga
tion
mea
sure
s in
clud
e op
timis
atio
n of
bes
t pr
actic
es a
nd
impl
emen
tatio
n of
ne
w
tech
nolo
gies
to
re
duce
ne
gativ
e en
viro
nmen
tal e
ffect
s at
all
stag
es o
f pr
oduc
t lif
e cy
cle.
Con
sum
ers
may
be
will
ing
to p
ay a
pric
e pr
emiu
m fo
r loc
al p
rodu
ce.
Furth
er
Info
rmat
ion:
Tu
omis
to
et
al
2012
. D
oes
orga
nic
farm
ing
redu
ce
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s?
– A
m
eta-
anal
ysis
of
E
urop
ean
rese
arch
. ht
tp://
ww
w.s
cien
cedi
rect
.com
/sci
ence
/arti
cle/
pii/S
0301
4797
1200
4264
3.1
Man
ufac
ture
d go
ods
- Cre
ativ
e in
dust
ries
Ene
rgy
and
Min
eral
s -
Cre
ativ
e in
dust
ries
gene
rally
hav
e a
low
eco
nom
ic im
pact
. E
nerg
y us
e an
d th
e us
e of
air
traffi
c m
ay b
e co
nsid
ered
. -
Bet
ter
prac
tices
incl
ude
appl
icat
ion
of e
nerg
y-ef
ficie
nt te
chno
logi
es
and
sust
aina
ble
sour
cing
of e
co-fr
iend
ly m
ater
ials
.
Furth
er
Info
rmat
ion:
Fo
rum
fo
r th
e Fu
ture
, 20
10.
The
crea
tive
indu
strie
s:
Sus
tain
abili
ty
Bea
con
Pro
ject
Fi
nal
Rep
ort.
http
s://w
ww
.foru
mfo
rthef
utur
e.or
g/si
tes/
defa
ult/f
iles/
proj
ect/d
ownl
oads
/cre
ativ
eind
ustri
essu
stai
nabi
lityb
eaco
npro
ject
E
NV
IRO
NM
EN
TAL
MA
INS
TRE
AM
ING
: A G
UID
E F
OR
PR
OJE
CT
MA
NA
GE
RS
37
Subs
ecto
r R
isk
Are
a R
isks
O
ppor
tuni
ties
3.2
Man
ufac
ture
d go
ods
- Fib
res
(Syn
thet
ic)
Fres
h w
ater
re
sour
ces
- P
rodu
ctio
n an
d pr
oces
sing
of s
ynth
etic
fibr
e re
quire
s w
ater
as
an
inpu
t. Th
is c
an p
ut a
stra
in o
n w
ater
way
s an
d im
pact
ot
her u
sers
and
wat
erw
ay e
cosy
stem
s.
- Effi
cien
t wat
er re
cove
ry a
nd re
use
can
redu
ce th
e st
rain
on
the
envi
ronm
ent,
and
prov
ide
resi
lienc
e an
d re
duce
d ris
k w
hen
wat
er s
uppl
ies
are
runn
ing
low
.
Air
and
Clim
ate
- E
mis
sion
s as
soci
ated
w
ith
sour
cing
ra
w
mat
eria
ls,
proc
essi
ng a
nd tr
ansp
ort o
f fin
al p
rodu
cts
are
larg
e.
- A
sses
smen
t of
trans
port
and
dist
ribut
ion
optio
ns c
an a
llow
a c
ost-e
ffect
ive
and
emis
sion
-frie
ndly
opt
ion
to b
e se
lect
ed.
Che
mic
als
and
Was
te
- D
ispo
sal
of
was
te
from
pr
oduc
tion
proc
esse
s ca
n be
de
trim
enta
l to
th
e di
spos
al
site
an
d th
e su
rrou
ndin
g ec
osys
tem
.
- Int
erna
tiona
l sta
ndar
ds fo
r was
te d
ispo
sal s
houl
d be
adh
ered
to.
Ene
rgy
and
Min
eral
s -
Pro
duct
ion
proc
esse
s re
quire
lar
ge a
mou
nts
of e
nerg
y.
Inef
ficie
nt
tech
nolo
gies
ca
n w
aste
en
ergy
an
d re
sult
in
avoi
dabl
e co
nsum
ptio
n.
- B
est p
ract
ise
and
ener
gy e
ffici
ent p
rodu
ctio
n te
chno
logi
es c
an re
duce
long
-te
rm c
osts
by
redu
cing
long
-term
ene
rgy
requ
irem
ents
.
Furth
er
Info
rmat
ion:
S
hen
et
al
2010
. E
nviro
nmen
tal
impa
ct
asse
ssm
ent
of
man
-mad
e ce
llulo
se
fibre
s.
http
://w
ww
.sci
ence
dire
ct.c
om/s
cien
ce/a
rticl
e/pi
i/S09
2134
4910
0021
7X
3.3
Man
ufac
ture
d go
ods
- Lea
ther
(H
C) F
resh
w
ater
re
sour
ces
- The
prim
ary
envi
ronm
enta
l thr
eat i
nvol
ves
the
dum
ping
into
w
ater
way
s of
sol
id a
nd l
iqui
d w
aste
tha
t co
ntai
ns l
efto
ver
chro
miu
m a
nd o
ther
haz
ardo
us c
ompo
unds
.
- B
est
prac
tice
pollu
tion
cont
rol
syst
ems
can
be u
neco
nom
ical
for
man
y de
velo
ping
cou
ntry
tann
erie
s. H
owev
er, t
here
may
be
a nu
mbe
r of
rel
ativ
ely
inex
pens
ive
prac
tices
to re
duce
wor
ker e
xpos
ure
and
envi
ronm
enta
l dam
age.
- C
ertif
icat
ion
can
requ
ire m
inim
al i
nput
s of
cer
tain
che
mic
als
and
allo
w
proc
esse
rs t
o re
ach
inte
rnat
iona
l m
arke
ts a
nd r
educ
e w
orke
r ex
posu
re t
o ch
emic
als.
(HC
) C
hem
ical
s an
d W
aste
- Th
e ta
nnin
g pr
oces
s m
ay
pose
m
any
dang
ers
to
the
envi
ronm
ent.
The
prim
ary
envi
ronm
enta
l thr
eat
invo
lves
the
du
mpi
ng
into
w
ater
way
s of
so
lid
and
liqui
d w
aste
th
at
cont
ains
lefto
ver c
hrom
ium
and
oth
er h
azar
dous
com
poun
ds.
This
is c
omm
onpl
ace
in re
gion
s w
ithou
t stro
ng e
nviro
nmen
tal
prot
ectio
n st
anda
rds.
Fore
sts
- C
lear
ed fo
rest
for
past
urel
and
redu
ces
soil
eros
ion
cont
rol,
habi
tat d
iver
sity
, and
car
bon
stor
age.
-
Cer
tific
atio
n of
lea
ther
req
uire
s th
e hi
de s
ourc
e, w
hich
can
be
used
to
asse
ss th
e en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
ct o
f the
live
stoc
k th
e ta
nner
y so
urce
s.
Land
and
A
gric
ultu
re
- Rai
sing
ani
mal
s fo
r foo
d an
d le
athe
r req
uire
s hu
ge a
mou
nts
of fe
ed, p
astu
rela
nd, w
ater
, and
foss
il fu
els.
- A
ppro
pria
te tr
eatm
ent a
nd d
ispo
sal o
f was
te p
rodu
cts
can
redu
ce th
e la
stin
g im
pact
s ch
emic
als
may
hav
e on
the
envi
ronm
ent a
nd la
nd.
Furth
er
info
rmat
ion
FAO
199
6. M
anag
emen
t of W
aste
from
Ani
mal
Pro
duct
Pro
cess
ing.
http
://w
ww
.fao.
org/
wai
rdoc
s/le
ad/x
6114
e/x6
114e
00.h
tm#C
onte
nts
IFC
200
7. E
nviro
nmen
tal,
Hea
lth, a
nd S
afet
y G
uide
lines
for
Tann
ing
and
Leat
her
Fini
shin
g.
http
://w
ww
.ifc.
org/
wps
/wcm
/con
nect
/de6
c3d0
0488
556f
2bb1
4fb6
a651
5bb1
8/Fi
nal+
-+T
anni
ng+a
nd+L
eath
er+F
inis
hing
?MO
D=A
JPE
RE
S
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NTA
L M
AIN
STR
EA
MIN
G: A
GU
IDE
FO
R P
RO
JEC
T M
AN
AG
ER
S
38
Subs
ecto
r R
isk
Are
a R
isks
O
ppor
tuni
ties
3.4
Man
ufac
ture
d go
ods
- M
achi
nery
(HC
) Ene
rgy
and
Min
eral
s - I
neffi
cien
t ene
rgy
use
for p
rodu
ctio
n w
ill in
cur a
void
able
cos
t.
- R
aw m
ater
ials
mus
t be
extra
cted
from
the
grou
nd. S
tock
s of
som
e m
etal
s m
ay fa
ce v
olat
ile s
uppl
ies.
- Ene
rgy
effic
ient
mac
hine
ry s
houl
d be
pro
mot
ed w
here
pos
sibl
e
- Th
e ra
w m
ater
ials
and
mac
hine
ry o
r pr
oduc
t pa
rts s
houl
d be
pr
oces
sed
or p
rodu
ced
usin
g en
ergy
effi
cien
t pro
cess
es.
- R
euse
and
rec
ycle
sch
emes
can
red
uce
susc
eptib
ility
to d
win
dlin
g st
ocks
of
certa
in r
aw m
ater
ials
and
red
uce
nega
tive
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s as
soci
ated
with
ext
ract
ion
proc
esse
s.
Air
and
Clim
ate
- In
effic
ient
ene
rgy
use
for
prod
uctio
n w
ill i
ncur
avo
idab
le c
ost
and
avoi
dabl
e em
issi
ons.
-
Ass
essm
ent
of t
rans
port
and
dist
ribut
ion
optio
ns c
an a
llow
a c
ost-
effe
ctiv
e an
d em
issi
on-fr
iend
ly o
ptio
n to
be
sele
cted
.
Che
mic
als
and
Was
te
- Th
e im
prop
er
hand
ling
and
disp
osal
of
in
dust
rial
was
te
can
nega
tivel
y im
pact
the
envi
ronm
ent i
t is
plac
ed in
. -
Inte
rnat
iona
l was
te m
anag
emen
t sta
ndar
ds (
such
as
ISO
) ca
n he
lp
to f
acili
tate
pro
per
was
te m
anag
emen
t an
d in
crea
se q
ualit
y an
d co
nsis
tenc
y.
Furth
er
Info
rmat
ion:
E
nviro
nmen
t Li
fe
Cyc
le,
web
page
, N
orth
ern
Illin
ois
Uni
vers
ity.
Last
ac
cess
11
/11/
2015
. ht
tp://
ww
w3.
niu.
edu/
~c90
mdk
1/em
s/en
viro
nmen
tal.h
tm#e
7
3.5
Man
ufac
ture
d go
ods
- Pap
er/
Pack
agin
g
(HC
) Air
and
Clim
ate
- A
ir po
llutio
n w
ith n
itrou
s, s
ulph
ur a
nd c
arbo
n di
oxid
es d
urin
g pa
per
prod
uctio
n is
a c
once
rn.
- H
arve
st a
nd t
rans
port
of r
aw m
ater
ial
and
the
final
pro
duct
s ca
n re
leas
e si
gnifi
cant
em
issi
ons.
- G
uide
lines
on
the
mos
t co
st-e
ffect
ive
low
em
issi
on p
rodu
ctio
n pr
oces
ses
can
miti
gate
em
issi
ons,
re
duce
lo
ng-te
rm
cost
s an
d pr
omot
e w
orke
r hea
lth a
nd s
afet
y.
(HC
) For
ests
-
The
pape
r in
dust
ry a
ccou
nts
for
a la
rge
prop
ortio
n of
har
vest
ed
trees
. Pap
er c
omes
from
a m
ix o
f for
este
d ar
eas
and
plan
tatio
ns. A
s a
resu
lt, d
efor
esta
tion
is a
key
con
cern
.
- C
ertif
icat
ions
ca
n co
ntrib
ute
to
mor
e su
stai
nabl
e fo
rest
ry
and
plan
tatio
n m
anag
emen
t pra
ctic
es.
- Th
e us
e of
rec
ycle
d m
ater
ial
for
prod
uctio
n ca
n al
so h
elp
redu
ce
defo
rest
atio
n ra
tes.
Bio
dive
rsity
-
The
clea
ranc
e of
for
est
habi
tat
can
redu
ce t
he c
onne
ctiv
ity o
f ec
osys
tem
s an
d th
e le
vel o
f bio
dive
rsity
. -
Sui
tabl
e fo
rest
m
anag
emen
t pr
actis
es
can
ensu
re
a le
vel
of
conn
ectiv
ity b
etw
een
adjo
inin
g ec
osys
tem
s to
red
uce
the
impa
ct o
n ex
istin
g bi
odiv
ersi
ty le
vels
.
Ene
rgy
and
Min
eral
s - P
aper
pro
duct
ion
uses
a la
rge
amou
nt o
f ene
rgy.
- D
urin
g pa
ckag
ing
prod
uctio
n, t
he u
se o
f pe
trole
um-b
ased
oils
can
al
so b
e en
viro
nmen
tally
dam
agin
g.
- P
rintin
g an
d pa
ckag
ing
prod
uctio
n us
ing
vege
tabl
e ba
sed
oils
may
lo
wer
the
envi
ronm
enta
l ris
k.
- E
nerg
y ef
ficie
nt p
rodu
ctio
n pr
oces
ses
can
redu
ce lo
ng-te
rm e
nerg
y re
quire
men
ts a
nd th
eref
ore
cost
s.
E
NV
IRO
NM
EN
TAL
MA
INS
TRE
AM
ING
: A G
UID
E F
OR
PR
OJE
CT
MA
NA
GE
RS
39
Subs
ecto
r R
isk
Are
a R
isks
O
ppor
tuni
ties
Fres
h w
ater
re
sour
ces
- N
utrie
nt d
isch
arge
can
cau
se e
utro
phic
atio
n, a
nd c
onta
min
atio
n of
w
ater
fro
m p
roce
ssin
g ch
emic
als
can
have
det
rimen
tal
effe
cts
on
wat
er re
sour
ces.
-Gui
delin
es fo
r th
e m
ost a
ppro
pria
te h
andl
ing
and
disp
osal
of w
aste
ch
emic
als
from
trea
tmen
t pro
cess
es c
an b
e im
plem
ente
d.
Che
mic
als
and
Was
te
- A
dditi
onal
ly,
the
pape
r pr
oduc
tion
proc
ess
ofte
n pr
oduc
es
haza
rdou
s w
aste
wat
er li
ke d
urin
g th
e bl
each
ing
of w
ood
pulp
. -
Inte
rnat
iona
l sta
ndar
ds f
or w
aste
man
agem
ent
shou
ld b
e ad
here
d to
.
Land
and
A
gric
ultu
re
-The
uns
usta
inab
le h
arve
st o
f sec
onda
ry fo
rest
can
redu
ce th
e ab
ility
fo
r reg
row
th.
-Ero
sion
con
trol f
unct
ions
can
be
redu
ced
whi
ch c
an h
ave
nega
tive
impa
cts
on n
earb
y se
ttlem
ents
.
- C
ertif
icat
ions
ca
n co
ntrib
ute
to
mor
e su
stai
nabl
e fo
rest
ry
and
plan
tatio
n m
anag
emen
t pra
ctic
es.
Furth
er
Info
rmat
ion:
K
enne
th
Mar
sh
and
Bet
ty
Bug
usu,
20
07.
Sci
entif
ic
stat
us
sum
mar
y,
Inst
itute
of
Fo
od
Tech
nolo
gist
s.
http
://w
ww
.ift.o
rg/~
/med
ia/K
now
ledg
e%20
Cen
ter/S
cien
ce%
20R
epor
ts/S
cien
tific
%20
Sta
tus%
20S
umm
arie
s/E
dito
rial/e
dito
rial_
0407
_foo
dpac
kagi
ng.p
df
3.6
Man
ufac
ture
d go
ods
- Ph
arm
aceu
tical
s
Che
mic
als
and
Was
te
(Gen
eral
) A
su
bsta
ntia
l fra
ctio
n of
th
e gl
obal
pr
oduc
tion
of
phar
mac
eutic
als
take
s pl
ace
in lo
w-c
ost p
rodu
ctio
n co
untri
es.
- B
ecau
se o
f th
e hi
gh s
olub
ility
of
mos
t ph
arm
aceu
tical
pro
duct
s,
aqua
tic o
rgan
ism
s ar
e es
peci
ally
vul
nera
ble
to th
eir e
ffect
s.
- P
rope
r m
anag
emen
t of
pha
rmac
eutic
al m
anuf
actu
ring
faci
litie
s is
im
porta
nt to
min
imiz
e th
e ch
ance
s of
env
ironm
enta
l im
pact
s.
Bio
dive
rsity
-
Pha
rmac
eutic
als
that
are
der
ived
fro
m b
iodi
vers
ity-b
ased
pro
duct
s al
so r
aise
con
cern
s ab
out
the
sust
aina
bilit
y of
pro
paga
tion
or w
ild
colle
ctio
n.
-Inte
rnat
iona
l gu
idel
ines
on
the
treat
men
t of
wat
er w
ith c
hem
ical
s sh
ould
be
impl
emen
ted
to r
educ
e ad
vers
e im
pact
s on
bio
dive
rsity
an
d hu
man
hea
lth.
Furth
er
info
rmat
ion:
B
IO I
ntel
ligen
ce S
ervi
ce (
2013
), S
tudy
on
the
envi
ronm
enta
l ris
ks o
f m
edic
inal
pro
duct
s, F
inal
Rep
ort
prep
ared
for
Exe
cutiv
e A
genc
y fo
r H
ealth
and
Con
sum
ers.
http
://ec
.eur
opa.
eu/h
ealth
/file
s/en
viro
nmen
t/stu
dy_e
nviro
nmen
t.pdf
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NTA
L M
AIN
STR
EA
MIN
G: A
GU
IDE
FO
R P
RO
JEC
T M
AN
AG
ER
S
40
Subs
ecto
r R
isk
Are
a R
isks
O
ppor
tuni
ties
3.7
Man
ufac
ture
d go
ods
- Tex
tiles
an
d cl
othi
ng
(HC
) C
hem
ical
s an
d W
aste
The
exac
t en
viro
nmen
tal
impa
ct o
f te
xtile
and
clo
thin
g pr
oduc
tion
varie
s de
pend
ing
on th
e ty
pe o
f fib
re th
e ite
ms
are
mad
e fro
m.
- M
anuf
actu
ring
proc
esse
s su
ch a
s w
ashi
ng,
(wat
er h
eatin
g an
d de
terg
ents
); bl
each
ing;
and
dyi
ng o
f te
xtile
s ca
n re
leas
e ec
otox
ic
chem
ical
s.
- To
xici
ty, h
azar
dous
was
te a
nd e
fflue
nt a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith a
ll st
ages
of
prod
uctio
n (in
clud
ing
pre-
treat
men
t che
mic
als,
dye
s an
d fin
ishe
s) a
re
also
sig
nific
ant c
once
rns
that
sho
uld
be ta
ken
into
acc
ount
.
- S
ynth
etic
fibr
es a
re d
iffic
ult t
o re
cycl
e an
d th
ey a
re s
mal
l eno
ugh
to
be in
gest
ed b
y w
ildlif
e, w
orki
ng th
eir w
ay in
to fo
od c
hain
s.
- Th
e cu
ltiva
tion
of f
ibre
cro
ps in
volv
es in
tens
ive
wat
er u
se a
nd t
he
resu
lting
co
ntam
inat
ion
of
wat
er
from
fe
rtilis
er,
herb
icid
e an
d pe
stic
ides
.
- Im
plem
entin
g w
aste
re
duci
ng
desi
gn
and
clea
n pr
oduc
tion
adju
stm
ents
suc
h as
wat
erle
ss d
ying
and
reu
se, r
educ
e an
d re
cycl
e po
licie
s co
uld
help
to
im
prov
e ef
ficie
ncy
and
redu
ce
reso
urce
de
plet
ion
as w
ell a
s po
llutio
n.
- Im
plem
entin
g be
st p
ract
ices
in te
chno
logi
cal i
nnov
atio
n is
impo
rtant
fo
r im
prov
ing
envi
ronm
enta
l and
car
bon
foot
prin
ts o
f m
anuf
actu
ring
proc
esse
s.
- S
uppo
rting
in
form
atio
n ex
chan
ge
abou
t in
nova
tive
solu
tions
is
cr
ucia
l to
addr
ess
sust
aina
bilit
y ch
alle
nges
and
obj
ectiv
es.
- E
duca
ting
prod
ucer
s an
d m
anuf
actu
rers
abo
ut in
tern
atio
nal s
ocia
l an
d en
viro
nmen
tal
stan
dard
s an
d re
quire
men
ts c
an h
elp
to l
esse
n th
e en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
ct o
f the
indu
stry
.
Ene
rgy
and
Min
eral
s - P
rodu
ctio
n pr
oces
ses
enta
il in
tens
ive
ener
gy u
se.
- Hig
h en
ergy
use
in th
e pr
oces
sing
of f
ossi
l fue
ls in
to s
ynth
etic
fibr
es
(e.g
. pol
yest
er, n
ylon
)
- Im
plem
entin
g be
st p
ract
ices
in te
chno
logi
cal i
nnov
atio
n is
impo
rtant
fo
r im
prov
ing
envi
ronm
enta
l and
car
bon
foot
prin
ts o
f m
anuf
actu
ring
proc
esse
s.
Air
and
Clim
ate
- D
irect
gr
eenh
ouse
ga
s em
issi
ons
are
prod
uced
fro
m
fact
ory
proc
esse
s, a
nd in
dire
ct e
mis
sion
s ar
e re
leas
ed in
the
prod
uctio
n an
d tra
nspo
rt of
raw
mat
eria
ls, a
nd tr
ansp
ort o
f fin
al p
rodu
ct.
- Fa
ctor
ies
can
utili
se b
est
prac
tise
ener
gy e
ffici
ent
proc
esse
s to
re
duce
em
issi
ons.
Fres
h w
ater
re
sour
ces
-
The
culti
vatio
n of
fib
re
crop
s in
volv
es
ferti
liser
, he
rbic
ide
and
pest
icid
e us
e, w
hich
can
cau
se e
utro
phic
atio
n an
d be
har
mfu
l to
w
ildlif
e.
- Bet
ter p
ract
ices
for w
ater
irrig
atio
n an
d ef
fect
ive
use
of fe
rtilis
er c
an
relie
ve p
ress
ures
on
wat
er s
ourc
es.
- B
ette
r pr
actic
es f
or p
est
cont
rol a
nd w
aste
man
agem
ent
can
help
fa
rmer
s m
inim
ize
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s an
d of
ten
save
mon
ey.
Land
and
A
gric
ultu
re
- Th
e cu
ltiva
tion
of
fibre
cr
ops
invo
lves
fe
rtilis
er,
herb
icid
e an
d pe
stic
ide
use
resu
lting
in th
e lo
ss o
f soi
l fer
tility
am
ong
othe
r im
pact
s.
- A w
ide
rang
e of
miti
gatin
g pr
actic
es c
an b
e ap
plie
d. O
ne o
f the
m is
su
stai
nabl
e so
urci
ng (
incl
udin
g so
urci
ng l
ocal
pro
duct
ion)
.of
eco-
frien
dly
raw
mat
eria
ls, f
ibre
s an
d na
tura
l dye
s
- S
ocia
l an
d en
viro
nmen
tal
resp
onsi
bilit
y ca
n be
ad
dres
sed
by
prom
otin
g fa
ir pr
oduc
tion
and
trans
pare
nt v
alue
cha
ins.
E
NV
IRO
NM
EN
TAL
MA
INS
TRE
AM
ING
: A G
UID
E F
OR
PR
OJE
CT
MA
NA
GE
RS
41
Subs
ecto
r R
isk
Are
a R
isks
O
ppor
tuni
ties
Furth
er
Info
rmat
ion:
M
uthu
20
14.
Asse
ssin
g th
e E
nviro
nmen
tal
Impa
ct
of
Text
iles
and
the
Clo
thin
g S
uppl
y C
hain
. Li
nk
to
tabl
e of
co
nten
ts:
http
://w
ww
.sci
ence
dire
ct.c
om/s
cien
ce/b
ook/
9781
7824
2104
7
3.8
Man
ufac
ture
d go
ods
- Woo
d an
d W
ood
Prod
ucts
(HC
) For
ests
- U
nlik
e pa
per,
woo
d us
ually
com
e fro
m la
rger
, old
er tr
ees,
lead
ing
to
poss
ible
old
-gro
wth
fore
st d
estru
ctio
n.
- W
orki
ng
with
w
ood
prod
uct
man
ufac
ture
rs
to
sour
ce
from
su
stai
nabl
y ce
rtifie
d so
urce
s (li
ke F
SC
) can
impr
ove
the
sust
aina
bilit
y an
d ra
ise
the
valu
e of
pro
duct
s, e
spec
ially
in e
xpor
t mar
kets
.
- Fo
rest
man
agem
ent
best
-pra
ctis
es c
an b
e im
plem
ente
d to
ens
ure
the
capa
city
for s
inki
ng a
nd s
torin
g ca
rbon
is n
ot re
duce
d.
- Tra
ceab
ility
sys
tem
s ca
n re
duce
the
trade
of i
llega
l har
vest
.
(HC
) Lan
d an
d A
gric
ultu
re
- The
uns
usta
inab
le h
arve
st o
f sec
onda
ry fo
rest
can
redu
ce th
e ab
ility
fo
r reg
row
th.
- E
rosi
on c
ontro
l fu
nctio
ns c
an b
e im
pact
soi
l an
d sl
ope
stru
ctur
e w
hich
can
resu
lt in
neg
ativ
e im
pact
s on
dow
nhill
set
tlem
ents
.
- W
orki
ng
with
w
ood
prod
uct
man
ufac
ture
rs
to
sour
ce
from
su
stai
nabl
y ce
rtifie
d so
urce
s (li
ke F
SC
) can
impr
ove
the
sust
aina
bilit
y an
d ra
ise
the
valu
e of
pro
duct
s, e
spec
ially
in e
xpor
t mar
kets
.
- Fo
rest
man
agem
ent
prac
tises
can
be
impl
emen
ted
to r
etai
n so
il st
ruct
ure
and
eros
ion
capa
city
of t
he la
nd.
Air
and
Clim
ate
- C
lear
ing
of f
ores
ts r
educ
es t
he c
arbo
n st
ored
by
trees
, w
hile
the
co
mbu
stio
n of
woo
d re
leas
es g
reen
hous
e ga
ses
into
the
atm
osph
ere.
Th
is c
ontri
bute
s to
the
redu
ctio
n of
the
earth
’s a
bilit
y to
sin
k an
d st
ore
atm
osph
eric
car
bon
as w
ell a
s in
crea
sing
atm
osph
eric
car
bon
leve
ls.
- P
ollu
tion
from
the
har
vest
and
tra
nspo
rt of
raw
mat
eria
l an
d fin
al
prod
uct r
esul
ts in
car
bon
emis
sion
s.
- Fo
rest
man
agem
ent
best
-pra
ctis
es c
an b
e im
plem
ente
d to
ens
ure
the
capa
city
for s
inki
ng a
nd s
torin
g ca
rbon
is n
ot re
duce
d.
Bio
dive
rsity
- H
abita
t los
s fro
m d
efor
esta
tion
redu
ces
biod
iver
sity
leve
ls.
- Th
e st
ruct
ure
of e
stab
lishe
d w
ater
-way
s in
for
ests
can
be
alte
red,
af
fect
ing
wat
er-d
wel
ling
spec
ies.
- Fo
rest
man
agem
ent
best
-pra
ctis
es c
an b
e im
plem
ente
d to
ens
ure
the
capa
city
for s
inki
ng a
nd s
torin
g ca
rbon
is n
ot re
duce
d.
Fres
h w
ater
re
sour
ces
- The
qua
lity
of w
ater
dow
nstre
am o
f cle
ared
fore
st c
an b
e ne
gativ
ely
impa
cted
as
larg
er v
olum
es o
f w
ater
run
-off
the
surfa
ce r
athe
r th
an
filte
ring
thro
ugh
the
soil.
- Fo
rest
man
agem
ent
best
-pra
ctis
es c
an b
e im
plem
ente
d to
ens
ure
the
wat
er re
tent
ion
and
filtra
tion
func
tions
of t
he fo
rest
are
reta
ined
.
Che
mic
als
and
Was
te
- C
hem
ical
s ar
e us
ed in
the
proc
essi
ng o
f fin
al w
ood
prod
ucts
whi
ch
can
have
a n
egat
ive
impa
ct o
n th
e en
viro
nmen
t of d
ispo
sal s
ites.
- G
uide
lines
on
th
e m
inim
al
usag
e of
ch
emic
als
in
proc
essi
ng
prod
ucts
can
hel
p to
pro
mot
e re
duct
ions
in th
eir u
se.
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NTA
L M
AIN
STR
EA
MIN
G: A
GU
IDE
FO
R P
RO
JEC
T M
AN
AG
ER
S
42
Subs
ecto
r R
isk
Are
a R
isks
O
ppor
tuni
ties
Furth
er
Info
rmat
ion:
FA
O, 2
002.
Env
ironm
ent a
nd e
nerg
y ba
lanc
es o
f woo
d pr
oduc
ts a
nd s
ubst
itute
s. h
ttp://
ww
w.fa
o.or
g/do
crep
/004
/y36
09e/
y360
9e07
.htm
4.1
Trad
e in
se
rvic
es -
Con
stru
ctio
n Se
rvic
es
(HC
) Ene
rgy
and
Min
eral
s - D
irect
ly, c
onst
ruct
ion
uses
larg
e am
ount
s of
ene
rgy
and
mat
eria
ls.
- Ind
irect
ly, t
he w
ay th
at b
uild
ings
are
con
stru
cted
has
a c
ritic
al “l
ock-
in” e
ffect
on
ener
gy u
se.
- P
rom
otio
n of
ene
rgy
effic
ient
bui
ldin
gs i
s im
porta
nt a
nd l
eads
to
high
env
ironm
enta
l be
nefit
s fo
r th
e en
viro
nmen
t an
d th
e bu
ildin
g’s
owne
rs a
nd o
ccup
ants
.
(HC
) C
hem
ical
s an
d W
aste
- The
dis
posa
l of c
onst
ruct
ion
was
te m
ay a
lso
be a
con
cern
. - I
nter
natio
nal g
uide
lines
on
chem
ical
s an
d w
aste
dis
posa
l sho
uld
be
impl
emen
ted
to re
duce
neg
ativ
e im
pact
s on
the
envi
ronm
ent.
Air
and
Clim
ate
- E
xtra
ctio
n an
d tra
nspo
rt of
raw
mat
eria
ls a
s w
ell a
s th
e pr
oduc
tion
of c
emen
t can
rele
ase
sign
ifica
nt e
mis
sion
s.
- S
ourc
ing
loca
l ra
w m
ater
ials
or
via
less
pol
lutin
g tra
nspo
rt ca
n re
duce
rela
tive
asso
ciat
ed tr
ansp
ort e
mis
sion
s.
Fore
sts
- C
onst
ruct
ion
can
also
enc
roac
h on
env
ironm
enta
lly s
ensi
tive
area
s an
d us
es w
ood-
base
d pr
oduc
ts.
- M
ater
ials
use
d in
ext
ract
ion/
prod
uctio
n sh
ould
be
sour
ced
from
fir
ms
adhe
ring
to in
tern
atio
nal s
tand
ards
.
Land
and
A
gric
ultu
re
- Dev
elop
men
t act
ivity
can
redu
ce la
nd a
vaila
ble
for a
gric
ultu
re.
- E
xtra
ctio
n of
raw
mat
eria
ls c
an r
equi
re la
rge
amou
nts
of w
ater
and
al
so re
nder
adj
acen
t lan
d un
suita
ble
for a
gric
ultu
re.
- G
uide
lines
on
w
ater
co
nsum
ptio
n an
d ef
ficie
nt
prac
tises
ca
n im
prov
e th
e su
stai
nabi
lity
of o
pera
tions
.
Furth
er
Info
rmat
ion:
H
orva
th
2004
. C
onst
ruct
ion
Mat
eria
ls
and
the
Env
ironm
ent.
http
://is
ites.
harv
ard.
edu/
fs/d
ocs/
icb.
topi
c661
271.
files
/Hor
vath
_Con
str%
20M
at%
20an
d%20
the%
20En
viro
nmen
t.pdf
4.2
Trad
e in
se
rvic
es -
Inve
stm
ent /
Fi
nanc
ial
Serv
ices
All
area
s -
Dire
ctly
, fin
anci
al s
ervi
ces
have
litt
le i
mpa
ct o
n th
e en
viro
nmen
t. In
dire
ctly
, ho
wev
er,
wha
t pr
ojec
ts a
re f
inan
ced
can
have
pro
foun
d an
d lo
ng-la
stin
g ef
fect
s on
the
envi
ronm
ent.
- Fi
nanc
ial
firm
s ca
n be
key
par
tner
s fo
r m
akin
g en
viro
nmen
tally
so
und
inve
stm
ent d
ecis
ions
. Man
y de
velo
ping
cou
ntry
fina
ncia
l firm
s do
not
hav
e en
viro
nmen
tal
impa
ct s
cree
ning
and
due
dilig
ence
in
plac
e. F
indi
ng w
ays
to h
elp
firm
’s a
sses
env
ironm
enta
l im
pact
s or
th
eir i
nves
tmen
ts c
an le
ad to
sub
stan
tial e
cono
my-
wid
e be
nefit
s.
Furth
er
Info
rmat
ion:
In
vest
ing
for
soci
al
and
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
, a
desi
gn
for
cata
lysi
ng
an
emer
ging
in
dust
ry,
2009
. M
onito
r In
stitu
te.
http
://m
onito
rinst
itute
.com
/dow
nloa
ds/w
hat-w
e-th
ink/
impa
ct-in
vest
ing/
Impa
ct_I
nves
ting.
4.3
Trad
e in
se
rvic
es -
IT &
IT-
Air
and
Clim
ate
- E
xtra
ctio
n, p
rodu
ctio
n, u
sage
and
tra
nspo
rt of
raw
mat
eria
ls,
final
pr
oduc
ts a
nd w
aste
can
lead
to s
igni
fican
t em
issi
ons.
-
Ene
rgy-
effic
ient
sup
ply
chai
ns a
nd p
rodu
cts
can
redu
ce e
nerg
y co
nsum
ptio
n an
d th
e lif
ecyc
le c
arbo
n fo
otpr
int p
oten
tial.
E
NV
IRO
NM
EN
TAL
MA
INS
TRE
AM
ING
: A G
UID
E F
OR
PR
OJE
CT
MA
NA
GE
RS
43
Subs
ecto
r R
isk
Are
a R
isks
O
ppor
tuni
ties
enab
led
Bus
ines
s Se
rvic
es
Ene
rgy
and
Min
eral
s -
Key
en
viro
nmen
tal
impa
cts
of
IT
sect
or
incl
ude:
hi
gh
ener
gy
cons
umpt
ion
cont
ribut
ing
to g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons;
air,
wat
er
and
soil
pollu
tion,
ozo
ne fo
rmat
ion
and
bioa
ccum
ulat
ion
of to
xins
due
to
haz
ardo
us c
onst
ituen
ts i
n of
fice
equi
pmen
t; E-
was
te (
disc
arde
d el
ectri
cal
and
elec
troni
c de
vice
s,
inte
nsiv
e us
e of
co
nsum
able
m
ater
ials
(e.
g. p
aper
and
ink)
for
imag
ing
equi
pmen
t; us
e of
ene
rgy,
fin
ite re
sour
ces
and
harm
ful e
mis
sion
from
IT a
pplia
nces
pro
duct
ion.
- Im
plem
entin
g IT
equ
ipm
ent
recy
clin
g, l
onge
r lif
e an
d ta
ke b
ack
prog
ram
mes
cou
ld h
elp
to re
duce
E-w
aste
gen
erat
ion.
- G
reen
pro
cure
men
t fo
r el
ectro
nics
(fa
vour
ing
ener
gy-s
avin
g, h
igh-
effic
ienc
y pr
oduc
ts w
ith r
estri
cted
am
ount
of h
azar
dous
con
stitu
ents
) an
d vi
rtual
isat
ion
of s
erve
rs a
re g
ood
way
s to
low
er g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons
and
cont
amin
atio
n ris
ks.
- Im
plem
entin
g re
cycl
ing
polic
ies
for
cons
umab
le
mat
eria
ls
and
impr
ovin
g ca
paci
ty p
lann
ing
to li
mit
over
-pro
visi
onin
g ar
e so
me
of th
e m
etho
ds to
redu
ce n
atur
al re
sour
ces
depl
etio
n an
d w
aste
gen
erat
ion.
Che
mic
als
and
Was
te
- E-w
aste
pos
es a
ser
ious
thre
at to
hum
an a
nd e
nviro
nmen
tal h
ealth
. -
Inte
rnat
iona
l sta
ndar
ds f
or w
aste
tre
atm
ent
shou
ld b
e ad
here
d to
. E
nfor
cem
ent o
f reg
ulat
ions
sho
uld
min
imis
e ill
egal
dis
posa
l.
Furth
er
Info
rmat
ion:
Yi
an
d Th
omas
, 20
07.
A
revi
ew
of
rese
arch
on
th
e en
viro
nmen
tal
impa
ct
of
e-bu
sine
ss
and
ICT.
ht
tp://
ww
w.s
cien
cedi
rect
.com
/sci
ence
/arti
cle/
pii/S
0160
4120
0700
0736
4.4
Trad
e in
se
rvic
es -
Tour
ism
(HC
) Air
and
Clim
ate
- Th
e la
rges
t im
pact
of
tour
ism
is o
n th
e gr
eenh
ouse
gas
em
issi
ons
from
ass
ocia
ted
air t
rave
l. -
Whi
le a
ir tra
vel
is c
ritic
al t
o to
uris
m,
offs
ettin
g m
ay p
rovi
de o
ne
mea
ns o
f miti
gatin
g its
impa
ct.
Bio
dive
rsity
-D
eman
d fo
r w
ildlif
e re
late
d so
uven
irs c
an r
educ
e th
e ab
ility
of
wild
po
pula
tions
to s
usta
in.
- Add
ition
ally
, tou
rism
has
the
pote
ntia
l to
crea
te b
enef
icia
l effe
cts
on
the
envi
ronm
ent
by c
ontri
butin
g to
env
ironm
enta
l pr
otec
tion
and
cons
erva
tion.
It is
a w
ay to
rai
se a
war
enes
s of
env
ironm
enta
l val
ues
and
it ca
n se
rve
as a
tool
to fi
nanc
e pr
otec
tion
of n
atur
al a
reas
and
in
crea
se th
eir e
cono
mic
impo
rtanc
e.
Ene
rgy
and
Min
eral
s -
Con
stru
ctio
n of
gen
eral
inf
rast
ruct
ure
such
as
road
s an
d ai
rpor
ts,
and
of to
uris
m fa
cilit
ies,
incl
udin
g re
sorts
, hot
els,
res
taur
ants
, sho
ps,
golf
cour
ses
and
mar
inas
.
- Wis
e de
cisi
on m
akin
g on
the
cons
truct
ion
of to
uris
m in
frast
ruct
ure
is
key.
Mar
ine
and
Coa
stal
A
reas
- C
onst
ruct
ion
of
tour
ism
fa
cilit
ies,
in
clud
ing
reso
rts,
hote
ls,
rest
aura
nts,
sho
ps, g
olf c
ours
es a
nd m
arin
as.
- Wis
e de
cisi
on m
akin
g on
the
cons
truct
ion
of to
uris
m in
frast
ruct
ure
is
key.
Che
mic
als
and
Was
te
- In
adeq
uate
sa
nita
ry
syst
ems
can
be
plac
ed
unde
r in
crea
sed
pres
sure
resu
lting
from
a ra
pid
incr
ease
in to
uris
m.
- S
anita
ry
syst
ems
can
be
deve
lope
d to
co
pe
with
in
crea
sing
de
man
d.
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NTA
L M
AIN
STR
EA
MIN
G: A
GU
IDE
FO
R P
RO
JEC
T M
AN
AG
ER
S
44
Subs
ecto
r R
isk
Are
a R
isks
O
ppor
tuni
ties
Furth
er
Info
rmat
ion:
E
nviro
nmen
tal
Impa
cts
of
Tour
ism
–
Glo
bal
Leve
l, U
NE
P,
web
page
. La
st
Acc
ess
12/1
1/20
15.
http
://w
ww
.une
p.or
g/re
sour
ceef
ficie
ncy/
Bus
ines
s/S
ecto
ralA
ctiv
ities
/Tou
rism
/Fac
tsan
dFig
ures
abou
tTou
rism
/Impa
ctso
fTou
rism
/Env
ironm
enta
lIm
pact
s/En
viro
nmen
talIm
pact
sofT
ouris
m-G
loba
lLev
el/ta
bid/
7877
7/D
efau
lt.as
px
4.5
Trad
e in
se
rvic
es -
Tran
spor
t, lo
gist
ics,
di
strib
utio
n
(HC
) Air
and
Clim
ate
- Th
is c
reat
es a
ir po
llutio
n, in
clud
ing
nitro
us o
xide
s an
d pa
rticu
late
s,
and
is a
sig
nific
ant c
ontri
buto
r to
glob
al w
arm
ing
thro
ugh
emis
sion
of
carb
on d
ioxi
de,
for
whi
ch t
rans
port
is t
he f
aste
st-g
row
ing
emis
sion
se
ctor
. Th
e hu
man
hea
lth i
mpa
ct o
f tra
nspo
rt em
issi
ons
is a
lso
of
conc
ern.
- The
key
way
to re
duce
the
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
is to
shi
ft th
e m
ode
of t
rans
porta
tion
to a
les
s ha
rmfu
l m
etho
d (e
.g.
airfr
eigh
t to
sea
sh
ippi
ng o
r tru
ck s
hipp
ing
to ra
il).
(HC
) Ene
rgy
and
Min
eral
s -
Tran
spor
t is
sig
nific
ant
beca
use
it is
a m
ajor
use
r of
ene
rgy,
and
bu
rns
mos
t of t
he w
orld
's p
etro
leum
. - T
he k
ey w
ay to
redu
ce th
e en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
ct is
to s
hift
the
mod
e of
tra
nspo
rtatio
n to
a l
ess
harm
ful
met
hod
(e.g
. ai
rfrei
ght
to s
ea
ship
ping
or t
ruck
shi
ppin
g to
rail)
.
Mar
ine
and
Coa
stal
A
reas
- Ine
ffect
ive
man
agem
ent o
f nav
igat
ion
can
resu
lt in
spi
lled
carg
o an
d su
bseq
uent
neg
ativ
e ef
fect
s on
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent.
- In
tern
atio
nal s
tand
ards
for
the
cont
ainm
ent o
f che
mic
als
shou
ld b
e ad
here
d to
, an
d ap
prop
riate
pre
caut
ions
tak
en t
o re
duce
pot
entia
l ris
ks to
the
envi
ronm
ent.
Che
mic
als
and
Was
te
- S
pilla
ge a
nd I
neffe
ctiv
e di
spos
al o
f re
sidu
e fro
m c
onta
iner
s ca
n re
sult
in c
hem
ical
leac
hing
into
the
surr
ound
ing
envi
ronm
ent.
- In
tern
atio
nal s
tand
ards
for
the
cont
ainm
ent o
f che
mic
als
shou
ld b
e ad
here
d to
, an
d ap
prop
riate
pre
caut
ions
tak
en t
o re
duce
pot
entia
l ris
ks to
the
envi
ronm
ent.
Furth
er
Info
rmat
ion:
Tr
ansp
ort
Res
earc
h K
now
ledg
e ce
ntre
, 20
09.
Tran
spor
t an
d th
e E
nviro
nmen
t. ht
tp://
ww
w.tr
ansp
ort-
rese
arch
.info
/Upl
oad/
Doc
umen
ts/2
0090
8/20
0908
18_1
2403
0_53
136_
TRK
C_T
rans
port_
and_
the_
Env
ironm
ent.p
df
4.6
Trad
e in
se
rvic
es -
Was
te
and
envi
ronm
enta
l se
rvic
es
(HC
) Fre
sh
wat
er
reso
urce
s
- San
itatio
n an
d se
wag
e se
rvic
es c
an h
ave
nega
tive
impa
cts
on w
ater
so
urce
s an
d th
eref
ore
be a
hum
an h
ealth
haz
ard
as w
ell a
s ha
ving
ne
gativ
e co
nseq
uenc
es fo
r the
mar
ine
ecos
yste
m.
- Was
te a
void
ance
, rec
yclin
g an
d so
und
envi
ronm
enta
l man
agem
ent
can
help
m
itiga
te
som
e en
viro
nmen
tal
impa
cts.
IS
O14
001
accr
edita
tion
may
be
one
tool
that
can
hel
p w
aste
man
agem
ent f
irms.
(HC
) Mar
ine
and
Coa
stal
A
reas
- San
itatio
n an
d se
wag
e se
rvic
es c
an h
ave
nega
tive
impa
cts
on w
ater
so
urce
s an
d th
eref
ore
be a
hum
an h
ealth
haz
ard
as w
ell a
s ha
ving
ne
gativ
e co
nseq
uenc
es fo
r the
mar
ine
ecos
yste
m.
- S
ervi
ces
can
prom
ote
ener
gy e
xtra
ctio
n fro
m s
ewag
e se
rvic
es,
appr
opria
te d
ispo
sal o
f was
te a
nd g
ener
al g
ood
prac
tise.
- W
aste
sta
ndar
ds s
houl
d be
adh
ered
to
and
min
imal
ize
the
impa
ct
on th
e m
arin
e en
viro
nmen
t.
(HC
) C
hem
ical
s an
d W
aste
- In
appr
opria
te d
ispo
sal o
f ha
rmfu
l was
te c
an h
ave
serio
us im
pact
s on
hum
an h
ealth
and
env
ironm
ent.
- Th
e tra
ceab
ility
of
was
te d
ispo
sal
shou
ld b
e en
forc
ed t
o en
sure
w
aste
dis
posa
l se
rvic
es a
re n
ot h
avin
g a
detri
men
tal
impa
ct o
n hu
man
and
eco
syst
em h
ealth
E
NV
IRO
NM
EN
TAL
MA
INS
TRE
AM
ING
: A G
UID
E F
OR
PR
OJE
CT
MA
NA
GE
RS
45
Subs
ecto
r R
isk
Are
a R
isks
O
ppor
tuni
ties
Air
and
Clim
ate
- Org
anic
was
te c
an re
sult
in la
rge
amou
nts
of m
etha
ne e
mis
sion
s.
- Ext
ract
ion
of w
aste
for f
uel c
an in
crea
se e
mis
sion
s.
- In
cine
ratio
n of
w
aste
em
its
larg
e am
ount
s of
ca
rbon
in
to
the
atm
osph
ere.
- M
etha
ne e
mis
sion
s at
sel
ecte
d di
spos
al s
ites
can
be c
aptu
red
and
used
as
fuel
.
- Pre
vent
, reu
se, r
ecyc
le a
nd o
ther
goo
d w
aste
man
agem
ent p
olic
ies,
an
d in
tern
atio
nal s
tand
ards
for w
aste
dis
posa
l sho
uld
be a
dher
ed to
.
Bio
dive
rsity
-
Inef
ficie
nt c
onse
rvat
ion
actio
ns c
an r
educ
e th
e co
st-e
ffect
iven
ess
and
resu
lts o
f pro
gram
mes
. -
All
inte
rven
tions
sho
uld
be c
ost-b
enef
it as
sess
ed t
o ef
ficie
ntly
al
loca
te re
sour
ces.
Land
and
A
gric
ultu
re
- Th
e di
spos
al o
f w
aste
can
hav
e se
rious
env
ironm
enta
l da
mag
e,
incl
udin
g la
nd d
egra
datio
n.
- W
aste
man
agem
ent
is p
artic
ular
ly h
arm
ful i
n de
velo
ping
cou
ntrie
s th
at la
ck e
ffect
ive
regu
latio
ns.
- La
ndfil
ls c
an p
ollu
te t
heir
surr
ound
ing
envi
ronm
ent
and
rend
er
adjo
inin
g la
nd
and
wat
er
reso
urce
s in
capa
ble
of
supp
ortin
g ag
ricul
tura
l and
oth
er a
ctiv
ities
.
Furth
er
Info
rmat
ion:
E
nviro
nmen
t P
rote
ctio
n A
genc
y,
2002
. S
olid
W
aste
M
anag
emen
t: A
loca
l C
halle
nge
with
G
loba
l Im
pact
s.
http
://w
ww
3.ep
a.go
v/ep
awas
te/n
onha
z/m
unic
ipal
/pub
s/gh
g/f0
2026
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Street addressInternational Trade Centre54-56 Rue de Montbrillant1202 Geneva, Switzerland
P: +41 22 730 0111F: +41 22 733 4439E: [email protected]
Postal addressInternational Trade CentrePalais des Nations1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland
Street addressInternational Trade Centre54-56 Rue de Montbrillant1202 Geneva, Switzerland
P: +41 22 730 0111F: +41 22 733 4439E: [email protected]
Postal addressInternational Trade CentrePalais des Nations1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland
Street addressInternational Trade Centre54-56 Rue de Montbrillant1202 Geneva, Switzerland
The International Trade Centre (ITC) is the joint agency of the World Trade Organization and the United Nations.