environmental impact assessment report for nuclear power plant at mithivirdi, bhavnagar, gujarat
Transcript of environmental impact assessment report for nuclear power plant at mithivirdi, bhavnagar, gujarat
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
REPORT FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
AT MITHIVIRDI, BHAVNAGAR, GUJARAT
REPORT NO. A100 – EI-1741-1201 JANUARY 2013
NUCLEAR POWER CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED
Volume – I (Main Report)
I
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Document No. A100-EI-1741-1201
Rev. No. F Page I
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
REPORT FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT AT
MITHIVIRDI, BHAVNAGAR, GUJARAT
SUMMARY
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
F 03.01.2013 ISSUED AS FINAL REPORT CP RSP JKJ
E 23.08.2012 ISSUED AS DRAFT REPORT CP RSP BBL
D 17.07.2012 ISSUED FOR COMMENTS CP RSP BBL
C 11.04.2012 ISSUED FOR COMMENTS CP RSP BBL
B 14.03.2012 ISSUED FOR COMMENTS CP RSP BBL
A 13.02.2012 ISSUED AS DRAFT CP RSP BBL
Rev. No Date Purpose Prepared by Reviewed by Approved by
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF
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REPORT FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT AT
MITHIVIRDI, BHAVNAGAR, GUJARAT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The demand of electricity is growing day by day with increase in industrial growth and
improvements in living standards of people of our country. In order to meet the demand,
Government of India has aimed to achieve the energy security in the country. The fast
depleting natural resources in the country has been foreseen by the Government of
India and this has lead to think of augmenting share of alternatives like nuclear power in
fast manner.
In October 2009, Government of India has accorded in principle approval for five more
new sites, two for indigenous 700 MWe Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWR)
and three for imported Light Water Reactors (LWR) of 1000 MWe or more capacity
LWRs planned to be set up with international cooperation. Mithivirdi is one of the sites
recommended by site selection committee in Bhavnagar district of Gujarat state, where
6 reactors of 1000 MWe each are to be established.
To obtain the Environment Clearance to set up Nuclear Power Plants in the above
location from Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India, Nuclear
Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) entrusted the work of “Environmental Impact
Assessment” Study to “Engineers India Limited” (EIL), New Delhi in August, 2010, with a
view to establish the baseline status with respect to various environmental components
viz. air, noise, water, land, biological, radiological, socioeconomic and to evaluate &
predict the potential impacts due to the proposed activities, including their Environmental
Management Plan.
The EIL has collected the baseline data for three seasons (summer, post monsoon and
winter) within a radius of 10 km from December 2010 to November 2011 for analysis of
present baseline status and its environmental impact. Baseline data was collected
around 10 km radius of the plant site and its impact was evaluated. A comprehensive
marine impact assessment was done for evaluating the present scenario and impact on
marine ecosystem for the proposed nuclear plant. Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ)
mapping was carried out to delineate High Tide Line (HTL) and Low Tide Line (LTL)
along the proposed site as per CRZ notification 2011 by MoEF. An Environmental
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Management Plan (EMP) incorporating control measures has been included in the
report for minimising the adverse impact.
1.1 NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME – PRESENT SCENARIO
As on 31st July, 2012, the total installed capacity in the country for generating electricity
from all the available sources is about 2,06,456 MWe, which includes about 66.54%
thermal, 19.03% hydro, 2.31% nuclear power and 8.38% renewable power sources.
NPCIL has an installed capacity of 4780 MWe with 20 nuclear power reactors (as on
November 2012) at 6 operating plant sites across the nation. Currently, 2 reactors at
Kudankulam site are in advanced stage of commissioning, 4 more reactors are under
construction, which will add another 4800 MWe of electrical power. In addition, a 500
MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) is being constructed at Kalpakkam. By
the end of XIIth National Plan, the total nuclear power generating capacity is planned to
reach 23,000 MWe and is expected to contribute around 10% of the total power
requirements of the country.
In October 2009, Government of India (GoI) has accorded In-principle approval for five
new sites, two for indigenous PHWRs and three for imported LWRs for setting up future
nuclear power stations for their full potential. Thus huge requirement of power for the
country could be met by setting-up of more number of Nuclear Power Plants (NPP) from
above category. In this context, Mithivirdi Nuclear Power Plant assumes importance,
which is planned to have a capacity of 6,000 MWe or more.
1.2 DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR POWER IN THE COUNTRY
A three stage program for generation of nuclear power was propounded, envisaged and
adopted for execution by the Government of India. The first stage program envisaged
utilization of available resources of natural Uranium in the country for generation of
nuclear power by the home grown Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR)
technology. Accordingly, in the bygone four decades, the Department of Atomic Energy
(DAE) through the Project Proponent, NPCIL has installed operating successfully and
safely 18 PHWRs and 2 BWRs. Having acquired proficiency in all the frontiers of
technology, viz. design, construction, commissioning and operation of the NPPs, NPCIL
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built power reactor units have logged more than 360 reactor years of successful and
safe operation so far.
The Second Stage program involves the application of Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR)
technology using plutonium extracted from the reprocessed spent fuel obtained from first
stage PHWR units and converting Thorium (held as blankets) into Uranium (U-233).
Thorium is available in abundance in India.
The Third Stage involves use of uranium (U-233) obtained from second stage and
thorium as blanket thereby producing uranium for long term energy generation.
2.0 SITE SELECTION
The site selection committee appointed by Govt. of India comprising members from
MoEF, Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB), Central Electricity Authority (CEA),
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), DAE, and NPCIL have recommended
Mithivirdi as the suitable site for establishing the nuclear power plant (6 X 1000 MWe
capacity Light Water Reactor. The site selection committee has considered various site
selection criteria as specified by AERB/MoEF such as location, land availability,
transportation accessibility, source of cooling water, meteorology, population, seismic
zones, flood analysis, sustainability of the project, other environmental aspects etc.
before recommending the suitability of the site for establishing NPP.
There is a requirement of 777 ha for project area for setting up nuclear plants and
buildings. A total of 603 ha area falls under agricultural land (both kharif and rabi) and
the remaining land includes waste land, forest, scrub land, water body etc. The soil type
is a mixture of sand gravel with intermediate golden colour laterite with clay as a binder.
The proposed Mithivirdi nuclear power plant project will be executed in three stages.
The Stage-I will complete in 2019-20 followed by Stage-II in 2021-2022 and Stage-III in
2023-24. The cost of the proposed project is under negotiation.
3.0 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS APPROVED FOR IMPLEMENTATION
The Government of India accorded In-principle approval in October 2009 for setting up
additional nuclear power plants viz. 4X700 MWe at Kumharia (Haryana), 2X700 MWe at
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Bargi (Madhya Pradesh), 6X1000 MWe at Mithivirdi (Gujarat), 6X1000 MWe at Haripur
(West Bengal), 6X1000 MWe at Kovvada (Andhra Pradesh), 2X1000 MWe at
Kudankulam (Tamil Nadu), and 6X1650 MWe at Jaitapur, (Maharashtra). Accordingly,
permission for starting the pre - project activities also has been accorded for these
projects sites.
4.0 PROJECT PROFILE
The proposed NPP at Mithivirdi will be set up in Talaja Taluka, Bhavnagar district,
Gujarat which is 40 km from Bhavnagar. The site is located on sea coast on west side of
the Gulf of Khambhat. The total project area is 777 ha. The land use and land cover
statistics of the study area is given in Table 1.
Table 1 Land use statistics of NPP at Mithivirdi
Land use % of distribution
(Project area = 777
ha)
% of distribution
(10 km)
% of distribution
(30 km)
Agriculture 78.05 69.24 71.97
Built-up - 1.74 2.80
Forest 2.70 2.43 3.34
Waste land 19.25 23.89 16.58
Water body - 0.99 0.84
Wetland - 0.01 1.07
Others - 1.70 3.40
A land measuring 777.80 ha in the coastal area is available and being acquired for
Mithivirdi plant site to set-up all the planned LWR units of proposed Nuclear Power Plant
of 6000 MWe in the location. The brief details of present land use of the proposed plant
site to be acquired are presented in Table 2. The land use in terms of agricultural and
non-agricultural land for the proposed site is given in Table 3.
Table 2 Break-up of Land in different villages – to be acquired
Sr. No Village Land (Hectares)
Private Government Total
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1 Jaspara 584.94 164.73 749.67
2 Mandva 10.59 10.59
3 Khadadpar 12.79 4.75 17.54
Total 608.32 169.48 777.80
Source: District Administration Bhavnagar
Table 3 Classification of land in the proposed site at Mithivirdi, Bhavnagar district
Sl.No Village Agriculture Land
Non-Agriculture
Land
Total Land
No. of Khatedars
R&R Issues
1 Jaspara 583.18 166.49 749.67 310 Land to be acquired through Government of Gujarat.
2 Mandva 10.55 0.04 10.59 19
3 Khadadpar 12.68 4.85 17.54 11
Total 606.41 171.39 777.80 340
Source: District Administration Bhavnagar
5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT UNDER COASTAL REGULATION ZONE
5.1 CRZ CATEGORISATION AND HTL/LTL DEMARCATION
The proposed project is a coastal site project and thus falls under the purview of Coastal
Regulation Zone Notification - 2011. Accordingly, a detailed CRZ demarcation study has
been carried out by Institute of Remote Sensing (IRS), Anna University, Chennai. Based
on above CRZ demarcation studies, the 200 m and 500 m from High Tide Line have
been plotted on the revenue map of NPP at Mithivirdi by IRS, Chennai. The NPP layout
has been superimposed on this map. As per CRZ Notification, the NPP at Mithivirdi site
falls in CRZ – III category.
5.2 APPLICABLE PROVISION OF CRZ TO PROJECTS PROPOSED BY DEPARTMENT OF ATOMIC ENERGY
Costal Regulation Zone Notification dated 6th January, 2011 issued by the Ministry of
Environment & Forests (under section 3 i (b) and Section 3 (2) (v) of the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986 and Section 5(3)(d) of Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986) and
amended as per the provisions of Para `2` of MOEF notification vide S.O. 114 (E) in
October 2001, the setting-up of new industries and expansion of existing industries and
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REPORT FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT AT
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other activities are prohibited in CRZ, except for (a) those directly related to water front
or directly need foreshore facilities and (b) Projects of Department of Atomic Energy.
This is to further mention that all the facilities of the proposed “Nuclear Power Plant” at
Mithivirdi under DAE, also requires water front and foreshore facilities, are within the
CRZ as per above demarcation and considered as “Permissible Activities”, under Para
3.0 of CRZ notification. Accordingly NPCIL is in the process of obtaining no objection
certificate from state coastal zone management authority and clearance from MoEF in
line with requirements of the CRZ Notification 2011.
5.3 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT ON CRZ AROUND NPP AT MITHIVIRDI
There is no sensitive eco-system in the intertidal area and 500 m coastal zone beyond
HTL and also this area is not included in any national park or sanctuary. Therefore, the
proposed project activity will not affect any sensitive ecosystem. The above area is not
being used for salt pans by local people. Therefore, conversion of this stretch of land for
the construction of the essential facilities will not have any significant impact on flora,
fauna and human activities.
5.4 MARINE IMPACT ASSESSMENT
INDOMER Coastal Hydraulics (P) Limited, Chennai engaged by Engineers India Limited,
New Delhi carried out the marine impact assessment study due to foreshore activities of
the project including jetty on coastal diversity and the proposed nuclear power plant at
Mithivirdi with respect to plankton, fish and diversity of flora and fauna along the shore
line with physicochemical features of the coastal water during study period from
December 2011 to April 2012. INDOMER also carried out the thermal impact
assessment on coastal and marine flora and fauna.
The proposed marine facilities for the power plant will consist of:
i) Groyne type seawater intake,
ii) Return water outfall through six tunnels (at a distance varying from 2.5 Km
to 3.5 Km from the coast) and
iii) Temporary material handling jetty.
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The intake in the present case has been designed as the intake open channel with
groynes. This design will minimize the interference with currents and avoid any vortex
formation. The intake will have appropriate screens and trash bars with openings to
minimize the entry of marine organisms, fish larvae and fishes.
The quantity of dredging is estimated at 3 x 106 m3 and is proposed to be utilized
onshore to raise the level of the plant area.
The baseline data collected from the project region and the review of the available
information indicate that the water quality parameters are within the acceptable limits for
the coastal waters. The coastal waters are well mixed and free from any major pollution.
5.4.1 MARINE ECOLOGICAL STUDIES
The ecological status of the region was assessed in order to establish the baseline of
marine ecology.
i) The diversity values (H ) for phytoplankton and zooplankton were found to be
between 4 and 5 indicating the region as moderate to good.
ii) Mangrove in and around the project site is extremely poor and sparsely
distributed. Rhizophora sp. was seen in patches in between the rocks, Avicenia
sp. was found in good number on the river banks near Alang ship yard.
iii) No coral reefs/ coral patches were observed in the study area. Sea grass/ sea
weeds and algal communities were observed to be very scantly distributed.
iv) No Turtle nesting ground was noticed in the study/ project area.
v) Southern side of the project area near Alang ship yard has vast expanse of Tidal
flats/ Mud flats due to the presence of a river.
vi) There is no intensive fishing activity in the vicinity of the proposed site.
5.5 THERMAL DISPERSION STUDIES
The total Condenser Cooling Water (CCW) of 43220 MLD will be discharged through a
configuration of 6 tunnels each of 8m diameter, with 5 ports of 2m diameter in each
tunnel at discharge end with a spacing of 100m and each pair of tunnels extending into
sea by 2500 m, 3000 m and 3500 m. The outfall will be designed with multiple ports to
enhance the jet mixing. The tide induced flow field is simulated using MIKE 21 – HD
model and the mixing of the return water discharge is studied using MIKE 21 – AD
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model. The modeling studies have been carried out for a discharge of 43220 MLD of
CCW with a discharge temperature not exceeding 7°C above the ambient level. The
CCW discharged will reach the ambient temperature within a shorter distance and time
on the basis of modeling study.
The model studies reveal that the mixing rate is slightly on the lower side during neap
tide and spread of water with temperature difference of 1°C was observed to be up to a
distance of 3.5 km or even less from the centre of outfall system parallel to coast on the
southern side of the outfalls. CCW discharged at the outfall has a tendency to spread
more towards south during the tidal cycles. This happens perhaps due to stronger ebb
currents expected along the western boundary of a water body during the ebb tidal cycle.
During the flood and ebb cycles of tidal flow, the spread of CCW is observed to extend to
a greater distance on the southern side compared to those observed on the northern
side.
Hence, as per the model study, the intake channel will be located on the north side of
the outfall system. The quality of CCW discharged into the sea shall be in conformity
with the stipulated standards of the Gujarat Pollution Control Board.
6.0 RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION OF PROJECT AFFECTED FAMILIES
Preparation of a detailed Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R & R) plan is taken up for
compensation to the Project Affected People (PAP) in line with the National Rehabilitation
& Resettlement Policy – 2007 and in consultation with Gujarat State Government for the
project affected people.
Discussions are being held with District Collector / Commissioner of the concerned area
for compensation for land & landed properties.
The NPCIL policy envisages a special focus on the creation and up-gradation of skill
sets of landless persons and other project affected persons (PAPs), who are dependent
upon agricultural operations over the acquired land, and for the rural artisans e.g.
blacksmiths, carpenters, potters, masons etc., who contribute to the society together, to
improve their employability.
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With the help of District Administration, the essential inputs containing lists of land losers
and project affected persons are being prepared.
NPCIL is committed to establish requisite system for organizing vocational and formal
training and education for all such identified persons and extend full assistance to them
to become eligible for seeking employment with the project proponent or any other
organized sector.
NPCIL is committed to implement the R & R package as per the mutual agreement with
the State Government.
7.0 WATER REQUIREMENT AND WATER BALANCE
Water requirement of the project for condenser cooling system would be met from sea
water (Table 4). Special measures would be taken in designing the sea water based
condenser cooling system. The fresh water for plant site is proposed to be met from
Desalination Plant of appropriate capacity to be installed at Plant Site (Table 5).
Table 4 Sea Water Requirement Estimate
System Parameter
Required Value
Condenser System(CDS)
Circulating water to/from main condenser
282,960 M3/hr (approx.) per unit
Turbine Close Loop Cooling System (TCS)
Circulating water to/from three (3) TCS heat exchangers
7,040 M3/hr (approx.) per unit
Total 290,000 M3/hr (approx.) per unit
Total (for six units) 17,40,000 M3/hr (approx.) 18,00,000 M3/hr (rounded) 43200 MLD (approx.)
The rise in temperature of the receiving water body due to condenser cooling water at
the point of discharge will not be more than 7oC in line with requirements of the statutory
requirement notified by MoEF.
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Table 5 Fresh Water Consumption
System Monthly average M3/hr
Potable Water 7.95
Fire Protection System 1.14
Demineralized Water System 5.68
Service Water System 79.5
Total (per unit) 100 (approx.)
Total (6 units) Approximately 15 MLD
A desalination plant based on Mechanical Vapour Compression (MVC) technology of
capacity 45 MLD will be setup to cater the needs of the project including township as
given in Table 6.
Table 6 Requirement of water for Plant and Township area
Sl. No
DEMAND TOTAL QUANTITY OF SEA WATER
1 Water for plant requirements 15 MLD 40 MLD
2 Township 3 MLD 5 MLD
Total 18 MLD 45 MLD
In MVC process, the incoming sea water is pre-heated with minute dose of scale
inhibiting additive and passed through a heat exchanger, where the heat in the
discharged brine and product water is recovered. The sea water is then re-circulated
and sprayed on the outside of a bundle of horizontal heat transfer tubes at a rate just
sufficient to create thin continuous liquid films.
Product water generated by this technology is very close to demineralisation water
quality, and requires minimum further treatment to be used for plant demineralisation
water make up requirement. The effluents of demineralisation plant will be neutralized
and discharged into sea as per the Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB) norms.
8.0 PLANT DESCRIPTION
The nuclear island structures include the containment (the steel containment vessel and
the containment internal structure), and the shield and auxiliary buildings. The
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containment, shield and auxiliary buildings are structurally integrated on a common
basement which is embedded below the finished plant grade level.
The Advance Passive Reactor Plant (pressurized water reactor) consists of two heat
transfer circuits, each with a steam generator, two reactor coolant pumps, a single hot
leg and two cold legs, for circulating reactor coolant. In addition the system includes a
pressurizer, interconnecting piping, valves and instrumentation necessary for operational
control and safeguards actuation. All system equipment is located in the reactor
containment. The Fuel Assemblies (FA) are arranged in a lattice in the Reactor. The
In/Out movements of the Control rod drive mechanism (CRDM) control the nuclear
fission energy generated in the Reactor. The forced circulation of Primary Coolant by
Reactor Coolant Pump (RCP) transfers the heat energy in the reactor to the Steam
Generator (SG). The Primary coolant flows through the tube side of the SG and after
transferring the heat energy to the Secondary side water on the shell side of the SG,
returns to the RCP suction.
The water in the shell side of the SG, called Secondary side is evaporated and the
steam is fed to the Turbo-Generator to generate electricity. Of the thermal power output
of 3415 Mwt, a nominal net electrical output of 1000 MWe will be produced. The Steam
works on the blades of the turbine, thereby rotating the Turbo-Generator shaft, expands
and enters the Condenser. Condenser cooling water system condenses the low
enthalpy Steam that enters the condenser to water.
8.1 INHERENT SAFETY FEATURES
The passive safety design is based on the natural principles of gravity flows, natural
circulation, heat transfer, condensation and expansion of gasses. Reactivity coefficients
characterizing the reactor core reactivity change in response to variations in parameters
of the fuel, coolant and boron concentration are negative under normal operation,
anticipated operational occurrence and design basis accidents. Thus, any fast changes
in power are self-terminating.
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8.2 ENGINEERED SAFETY FEATURES
Engineered safety features (ESF) are actuated in the event of an accidental release of
radioactive fission products from the reactor coolant system. The engineered safety
features function to localize, control, mitigate, and terminate such accidents and to
maintain radiation exposure levels to the public below applicable limits and guidelines.
The task is accomplished by quickly shutting down the reactor and making it sub-critical,
fast cooling and maintaining water level in core, continued heat removal from core to
limit rise of fuel temperature, containing radioactivity release from the core and
safeguarding various systems from over pressure.
8.3 RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
8.3.1 GASEOUS RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The Gaseous Radwaste System is designed to perform the collection of gaseous wastes
that are radioactive or hydrogen bearing, process and discharge the emissions, keeping
off-site releases of radioactivity within acceptable limits prescribed by the Atomic Energy
Regulatory Board.
The major source of input to the gaseous radwaste system is the fission gases which are
carried by hydrogen and nitrogen gas. The other major source of input is through the
tank vent or the liquid radwaste system de-gasifier discharge.
Releases from the gaseous radwaste system are continuously monitored by a radiation
detector in the discharge line. This instrument provides an alarm signal at a high level
set point to alert operators of rising radiation levels. The monitor is also interlocked with
an isolation valve in the discharge line; the valve closes at a higher level set point. In
addition, the system includes provisions for taking grab samples of the discharge flow
stream for analysis.
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8.3.2 LIQUID RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The liquid radwaste system is designed to control, collect, process, handle, store, and
dispose of liquid radioactive waste generated as the result of normal operation, including
anticipated operational occurrences.
The liquid radwaste system processes waste with an upstream filter followed by ion
exchange resin vessels in series. The top of the first vessel is normally charged with
activated carbon, to act as a deep-bed filter and remove oil from floor drain wastes.
Moderate amounts of other wastes can also be routed through this vessel. After
deionization, the water passes through an after-filter where radioactive particulates and
resin fines are removed. The processed water then enters one of three monitor tanks.
When one of the monitor tanks is full, the system is automatically realigned to route
processed water to another tank. The contents of the monitor tank are re-circulated and
sampled. In the unlikely event of high radioactivity, the tank contents are returned to a
waste holdup tank for additional processing.
Normally, however, the radioactivity will be well below the discharge limits. Detection of
high radiation in the discharge stream stops the discharge flow and operator action is
required to re-establish discharge. The radioactive level will be regularly monitored and
ensured that they are well below the discharged limit as stipulated by the Atomic Energy
Regulatory Board.
8.3.3 SOLID RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The solid waste management system is designed to collect and accumulate spent ion
exchange resins and deep bed filtration media, spent filter cartridges, dry active wastes,
and mixed wastes generated as a result of normal plant operation, including anticipated
operational occurrences.
The dry solid radwaste comprising of compactable and non-compactable waste are
packed into boxes and drums. Drums are used for higher activity compactable and non-
compactable wastes Compaction is performed by mobile equipment or is performed
offsite. The volume of radioactive waste will be regularly monitored and ensured that
they are well below limit as stipulated by the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board.
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8.4 RADIATION DOSE LIMITS FOR NPP WORKERS/PUBLIC
8.4.1 WORKERS OF NPP
For workers of NPP, individual dose of 100 mSv over 5 years with less than 30 mSv in
any year is imposed as effective maximum dose as per AERB requirements. The design
of proposed reactor at NPP, Mithivirdi is aimed at providing low dose rates work places
and suitable ergonomics. This design can be described as “passive protection” ensures
that further optimization of individual dose can be achieved during plant operation.
8.4.2 PUBLIC
For members of public the upper limit of radiation exposure is 1 mSv/year
(0.001Sv/year) of effective dose, during normal operation of all the NPPs at the site.
8.4.3 RADIATION PROTECTION
The design of the project will be such that the radiation dose to the members of public
from all the routes are within AERB limits. The AERB permitted dose to the members of
public is 1.0 mSv/y from all the routes and units at the site. For highlighting the
experiences of the existing NPP units in India, the radiation dose to the members of
public from all the operating stations of NPCIL is presented in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 Public Dose at exclusion zone from NPPs (2006-2010) (AERB Prescribed Annual Limit is 1000 micro-Sievert)
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It is clear from the figure that the radiation dose to public due to NPCIL’s nuclear power
plants is observed to lesser than the stipulated dose limit of 1 mSv/y and also lesser
than natural background radiation of 2.4 mSv/y. Therefore, nuclear power plants do not
pose any hazard to human and other life forms.
8.4.4 PRE-OPERATIONAL RADIOLOGICAL SURVEY
The pre-operational environmental monitoring was carried out by Environmental Survey
Laboratory (ESL) of Health Physics Division (HPD), BARC during November 2010 and
the observations are as follows.
Direct radiation exposure measurements
Gamma radiation level at various locations around Mithivirdi is observed in the
range of 0.022-0.182 µSv/h. with an average value 0.088 µSv/h. The gamma
radiation levels around the site are of normal background.
Radioactivity Levels in various environmental Matrices
The environmental samples show the existence of various radionuclides of natural
(238U, 232Th, 40K) and fallout (137Cs and 90Sr) origin.
Tritium (3H) in water samples
Tritium in water has been found less than the detection level of 10 Bq/l in all water
samples.
Radioactivity levels in water samples (137Cs and 90Sr)
The 90Sr activity in all the water samples is below detectable level of 1.5 mBq/l.
The 137Cs activity in all the water samples is in the range of BDL-3.3 mBq/l.
Radioactivity levels in aquatic organism (137Cs and 40K)
Fish and crab samples were analysed. The 137Cs and 40K activities in the samples
are in the range of BDL-0.13 Bq/kg flesh wt. and 11.4-28.9 Bq.kg-1 flesh wt.
respectively.
Radioactivity levels in soil and sand samples
Soil and sand samples were collected from various locations around the site and
analysed for natural and fallout activity 238
U, 232
Th, 40
K, and 137
Cs are in the range of
3 – 45.5 Bq./kg wt., 10 – 56.3 Bq./kg wt, 25.6 – 331.3 Bq./kg wt and 0.73 – 3.62
Bq./kg wt. respectively.
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137Cs and 40K Radioactivity levels
i) In vegetable and fruit samples
Radioactivity level in Vegetable and fruit samples are in the range of Below
Detection Level (BDL) - 0.18 Bq./kg wt. and 16.4 – 64.4 Bq./kg wt. respectively.
ii) In cereals and pulses
Radioactivity level in Cereals and pulses samples are in the range of BDL - 0.18
Bq/kg wt. and 85.2 – 364 Bq./kg wt. respectively.
iii) Radioactivity levels in leaf and grass samples
Radioactivity level in Leaf and grass samples are in the range of BDL – 1.52 Bq/kg
wt. and 70 – 986.4 Bq./kg wt. respectively.
8.5 DOSE APPORTIONMENT STUDY
The Dose Apportionment Study was carried out by Health Physics Division, BARC and
the observations are as follows:
Atmospheric and aquatic releases from the station are assessed to compute the
impact on public. The radioactive species considered are Fission Product Noble
Gases, 41Ar, tritiated water, 131I, and fission/ activation product particulates.
The pathways of exposure evaluated include (where applicable) plume-shine,
submersion, inhalation, ground-shine and ingestion. One year site Meteorological
data has been used to quantify the impact of releases. Dietary data of the local
population has also been used in this study. The gaseous releases will take
place from building top vent of height 80m. The radius of the exclusion boundary
is taken as 1.0 km.
The impact of aqueous discharges is assessed by estimating dispersion of the
effluents in the Gulf of Khambhat at 3.5 km from the coast, and conservatively
calculating doses arising from consumption of fish.
The dose due to disposal of solid waste has been done as per accepted
practices in all nuclear power plant sites in India and a notional dose of 0.05
mSv/y has been allocated for dose through the terrestrial route. This
apportionment is applicable for the entire site, until further detailed evaluation
is carried out.
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As per assessment, a total adult dose of 0.0288 mSv/y is computed, 0.0288
mSv/y coming from the atmospheric route and 8.11x10-6 mSv/y from the
water route. The corresponding total dose for an infant is calculated as 0.0675
mSv/y, with 0.0675 mSv/y being derived from the air route and 1.85 x 10-5
mSv/y from the water route.
Since an infant is considered to be a critical member of the population, it is
recommended that a dose of 0.41 mSv/y may be apportioned for a six-unit
AP-1000 nuclear power plant (6 x 1000 MWe) at Mithivirdi, Gujarat for
atmospheric and aquatic releases.
9.0 EMERGENCY PLANNING
Emergency planning is a part of the concept of defense in depth. Emergency measures
to be adopted NPP at Mithivirdi site is a mandatory requirement as per Atomic Energy
Regulatory Board. This emergency plan and the implementation methodology have to be
demonstrated before making the reactor critical with the close coordination of National
Disaster Management Authorities (NDMA), State District Authorities, DAE (crisis
management group), Environmental Survey Laboratory, BARC and NPCIL. The conduct
of mock exercise is a mandatory requirement prior to making the reactor critical.
Accordingly, a documented emergency planning and preparedness program as per the
guidelines/ code of AERB is to be prepared by project management and obtain approval
of District Authority.
9.1 EMERGENCY PLANNING ZONES
The area around the plant site is divided into various zones as described below for
effective handling of the emergency situations:
As per AERB requirements, the exclusion zone covers a distance of about 1 km around
the plant site within which no habitation is permitted and is protected by security
personal from state /central government agency/Central Industrial Security Force (CISF).
The sterilized zone covers a distance upto 5 km radius around the plant site within which
natural growth of population is permitted and industrial development is controlled by
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state administration through administrative measures. The zone of 0 -16 km is termed as
emergency planning zone (EPZ).
9.2 FREQUENCY /PERIODICITY OF EMERGENCY EXERCISES The following exercises will be followed in NPP.
Plant emergency Exercise – Quarterly
Site emergency Exercise – Annually
Off-Site emergency Exercise – Bi-annually
9.3 STANDARD OF QUALITY IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
High standards of quality are enforced in all activities related to designing, manufacturing
of equipment, construction, commissioning and operation of NPP. Elaborate step-by-
step quality assurance programs are formulated prior to undertaking of any activity. The
quality assurance control functions are performed by a third party, i.e. the party not
associated with the activity.
Activities at different stages of the project such as, site selection, designing,
manufacturing of equipment, construction, erection, commissioning, operation and
maintenance are governed by Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) codes.
Continuous improvements in various areas of Quality Assurances were achieved by
NPCIL in its existing NPPs in line with policy and commitment included in ISO 9001
Document. Response times on various activities were improved with large success.
10.0 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT & ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
The various activities involved in both construction and operation of proposed project are
identified first, and then the likely impacts are identified.
The impact assessment has been carried out with respect to various environmental
components, taking into account, the existing status of environment and the changes
likely to occur due to the project activities. M/s Pragathi Labs and Consultant Private
Limited, Secunderabad which is MoEF and Quality Council of India (QCI) approved, was
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entrusted the task of establishment of environmental data collection for three season
starting from December 2010 to December 2011 excluding the monsoon season. M/s
Salim Ali centre for Ornithology & Natural History (SACON), Coimbatore, an
autonomous organization under the MoEF did the intensive study on the flora and fauna
of the region and the project impact on the biological environment. Marine Impact
Assessment and CRZ mapping was carried out by INDOMER Coastal Hydraulics Private
Limited, Chennai and Institute of Remote Sensing, Anna University, Chennai
respectively. The environmental impacts for all components are described below.
10.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx were monitored on 24
hourly basis as per Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) standards while Ozone was
monitored on 8 hourly basis. There are 8 air quality monitoring stations spread across
north, north west and south west direction of the plant. The average SPM level is
ranging between 135-176 µg/m3 followed by PM10 (51-67 µg/m3), PM2.5 (11.7-20.6
µg/m3), SO2 (13-19.3 µg/m3) and NOx (15.8-24.6 µg/m3). 98 percentile values at
monitoring stations for parameters listed in National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS) were recorded well within the limits.
The impact on air quality during the construction phase of the proposed project shall be
in terms of increased dust (SPM) concentration locally. There shall be minimal impact
due to SPM levels and shall be limited to construction phase only. As such, there will not
be any direct emissions of conventional pollutants from the project processes except
during construction phase. However, with the development of the project, associated
roads, and landscape lawns, the level of particulate matters will come down to normal
level and much below the permissible limits specified by CPCB/MoEF. Hence, the
impacts of the proposed nuclear power plant on ambient air quality due to conventional
air pollutants will be insignificant. There will be marginal increase in conventional air
pollutants levels due to increase in vehicular traffic and urbanization. However, these
concentrations shall be within the prescribed limits of CPCB / GPCB.
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10.2 WATER ENVIRONMENT
For water quality assessment, water samples from 8 stations (3 surface water locations
and 5 sub-surface water locations) were collected and analysed for a period of one year.
The water from Mahi river pipeline will be used only for construction phase. The surface
water quality satisfies the Class C of surface water (Drinking water source with
conventional treatment followed by disinfection) (IS10500: 1991). The levels of total
coliform are present in some samples and faecal coliform are absent in the sampled
ground water.
The Condenser Cooling Water requirement for the proposed nuclear power project is
being planned to be met from Arabian Sea and fresh water requirement from
desalination plant proposed to be set up at the site of nuclear power project.
A packaged sewage treatment plant will be set up for treatment of sewage water
generated within the plant premises. The treated sewage is proposed to be reused for
development of greenbelt and plantations in and around the units of nuclear power plant.
Therefore, the impact of domestic effluents on water resources of the region would be
insignificant.
10.3 LAND ENVIRONMENT
The impact on land environment during construction phase shall be due to generation of
debris/construction material, which shall be properly collected and disposed off. There
will be no accumulation of drainage on the higher elevation side as the site will be
graded. A garland drain network is developed to collect and route the drain water
towards sea. No impact is envisaged due to the same.
All wastes generated are segregated as solid and hazardous wastes and collected
together for disposal. All such wastes will be transported to authorized disposal agency.
Accordingly, there shall be no additional load on land environment during operation
phase of the project.
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For establishing soil characteristics within the study area, soil samples from 10 locations
were collected and analysed for relevant parameters. The soil of the proposed site is
silty loam type. At present, most of the land is under cultivated and sparse scrub
vegetation also exists in the study area. However, with the introduction of the project, the
land use pattern of the area will improve with neat and clean project buildings, lawns and
gardens. The area in the exclusion zone around the project will be developed into a
green belt as per the requirements of AERB and Gujarat Pollution Control Board
(GPCB). This will further improve the aesthetic and land use environment at the
proposed project site.
10.4 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
The marginal increase in the local gaseous pollutant levels due to the operation of
vehicle and equipment is short-term during construction phase and it is not expected to
have any notable impact on the faunal and floral components.
There is no discharge of conventional pollutants in the aquatic environment; so marine
fauna and flora would not be affected. The thermal discharges of condenser cooling
water would not exceed the stipulated standards and thus would not create stress on
aquatic flora and fauna.
The effluents shall be suitably treated and there shall be no significant impact on fresh
water ecology. There is no sanctuary/national park/ ecologically sensitive area within 10
kms radius of the proposed project. The biodiversity of the region would be enhanced
due to green belt programme of proposed NPP.
10.5 NOISE ENVIRONMENT
Noise levels were monitored at twenty locations in and around the proposed project site,
surrounding villages, commercial and sensitive places. Among twenty, ten locations for
noise and ten for traffic quality monitoring stations. Both daytime and night time noise
levels were observed closer to the respective ambient noise level standards.
The impact on noise environment during the construction phase of the project shall be
localized and marginal.
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However it is to be noted that due to project activities there will be limited increase in
vehicles during peak construction time of present project. All proper traffic management
measures will be adopted towards reduction in movement of vehicles.
As regards the impacts of vibrations generated due to the equipments in the proposed
power plant, there will be negligible impact on nearby human settlements and the effects
would be relatively local in nature. As new equipment and machinery to be installed will
be based on modern technologies, these will produce minimum noise and vibrations.
10.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
Effect of employment generation and additional transport requirements on local
infrastructural facilities are adequately addressed for the project construction activities.
Operational phase of the plant covers the entire life span of the plant. Hence the impacts
of the operational phase extend over a long period of time. The policy of NPCIL towards
social welfare & community development aims at strengthening the bond between
Project Authorities and local population in the vicinity of nuclear power plant. In line with
this policy, the positive impacts include opportunities for employment, improvement of
transport facilities, enhancement of basic facilities in the areas of education, health, and
infrastructure facilities.
In addition to the compensation for acquired property, NPCIL proposes R & R Package
for the Project Affected Families (PAFs) of NPP at Mithivirdi in line with the best of the
provisions of National Rehabilitation & Resettlement Policy 2007.
11.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
Based on the baseline data collected for three seasons for various environmental
components viz. air, noise, water, land, biological and socio-economic and prediction
and evaluation of impacts are carried out. Strategies and control measures have been
formulated for minimizing the potential adverse impacts due to proposed nuclear power
project. The component wise project activities, impacts and EMP measures are
delineated as follows.
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The EMP lists out all these measures not only for both the construction and but also
operational phases of the proposed project. However, during construction phase, the
engine exhausts from construction vehicles and machines, dust and other sources of
emission can affect air quality. In order to keep a check on the emissions of NOx, SPM
and SO2 from all the point sources, the emissions will be monitored as per statutory
regulations.
The impact to the aquatic environment due to discharge of condenser cooling water into
the Arabian Sea will be minimized by constructing discharging through under sea bed
tunnels of length of 2.5 Km to 3.5 Km. Accordingly, the condensers will be designed in
such a way that the resultant temperature rise of the receiving water body will not be
more than 7 ºC in line with MoEF notification on CCW discharge temperature limits.
However, this would also be monitored on regular basis by NPCIL.
After the construction is over, landscaping and horticulture activities would be taken-up
and the area will be developed aesthetically. NPCIL has continually endeavored towards
Sustainable Development in their corporate philosophy. Green belt development
programme will be taken up to cover most of the area of exclusion zone suitably. Local
suitable species are to be planted to enhance the biodiversity. General awareness about
various ecological issues connected with the construction as well as operation of the
plant would be increased gradually. This will help the habitants to grow more ecologically
conscious as far as protection of the surrounding environment is concerned.
Major equipment and machineries, which are prone to generate high noise levels, will be
provided with enclosures / mufflers for low noise generation. The operators cabin would
be acoustically insulated with special doors and observation windows. The operators
working in high noise area would be provided with protective devices such as ear
muffs/ear plugs and they would be trained to use these devices.
Efforts will be made to promote harmony with the local population and further
consolidate their positive perceptions of industrialization by engaging in socially-friendly
activities such as maintaining roads, water conservation programmes, safety
management programs and supporting infrastructures in nearby schools in due course
of time. Sanitation facilities in labour colonies would be provided to ensure better
hygiene and health. Regular environmental awareness programs would be organised by
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NPCIL to impress upon the surrounding population about the beneficial impacts of the
project and also about the measures being undertaken for environmental safety.
12.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME
NPCIL will establish an Environmental Survey Laboratory (ESL) headed by a well
qualified and experienced technical person from the relevant field. The laboratory will
carry out number of activities related to analysis of ambient air quality, stack emissions,
and water quality. This laboratory will continue to monitor radioactivity in samples of
water, vegetation and food products in the entire area within a radius of 30 km around
the site, throughout the life of the NPPs to check for any variations and to check that the
environment is safe. The ESL will be set-up and managed by Health Physics Division,
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). Its findings will be reported to Atomic Energy
Regulatory Board (AERB) and other authorities.
13.0 ADDITIONAL STUDIES
In Addition, following special studies have been carried out by independent institutes /
agencies, organized by EIL and NPCIL for generation of important baseline data /
specific information required for the subject EIA study.
(i) Marine Impact Assessment (MIA) and study of thermal dispersion of condenser
cooling seawater discharges from proposed nuclear power project at Mithivirdi,
Gujarat by INDOMER Coastal Hydraulics Pvt. Ltd, Chennai.
(ii) High Tide Line/Low Tide Line and Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) demarcation
of Mithivirdi coast by Institute of Remote Sensing (IRS), Anna University,
Chennai.
(iii) Baseline environmental data collection for flora and fauna for NPP at Mithivirdi,
Gujarat by Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology & Natural History (SACON),
Coimbatore
(iv) Pre-operational radiological survey for Mithivirdi site by Health Physics
Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai.
(v) Provisional Public Dose apportionment study for Mithivirdi site by Health
Physics Division, BARC, Mumbai.
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14.0 BENEFITS OF NPP AT MITHIVIRDI
The foregoing analysis and discussion indicates that the proposed project at Mithivirdi
for establishment of “Nuclear Power Plant” is environmentally benign and sustainable.
14.1 ECONOMICS OF NUCLEAR POWER
The important factors affecting the operating economics of power generating
technologies are capital cost, debt equity pattern, and interest during construction,
discount rate and fuel choice. The analysis of economics of the technologies as on date
reveals that nuclear power, in the long term, is an economical option. Considering the
component of fuel cost is lower in case of nuclear power, the escalation impact on tariff
is also lower. Nuclear power in India has been established as safe, reliable, clean &
environment friendly and economically compatible with other sources of power
generation units in India. Therefore, establishment of NPP in the western coast of the
country assumes importance, as it will provide much needed electricity with minimal
environmental impact and with comparable cost of electricity generation.
14.2 ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABILITY OF THE PROJECT
Nuclear power plants emit fewer pollutants as compared to any other power plants. The
emissions of conventional pollutants like NOx, SO2 and SPM from nuclear power plant
are insignificant. The radiological emissions from a nuclear power plants are controlled
through a comprehensive radiological waste management and radiological protection
system and mechanism, which meets the requirement of AERB. Therefore, the radiation
dose to the environment due to operation of nuclear power plants in India is within the
limits specified by AERB.
14.3 SOCIAL UP-LIFTMENT OF THE REGION
NPCIL will contribute towards uplifting of the surrounding areas. Further, setting-up of
this project will be a boom to this region and will improve the living conditions of the
society.
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CONTENTS OF VOLUME - I
SL.NO CONTENTS PAGE
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………………………………………………….…………..............I - XXV
CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION
1.0 INTRODUCTION 3
1.1 PURPOSE OF EIA REPORT 3
1.2 IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT AND PROJECT PROPONENT 3
1.2.1 INDIAN NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAM 3
1.2.2 PROJECT PROPONENT 8
1.3 NPCIL MISSION 9
1.3.1 NPCIL CORPORATE ENVIRONMENT POLICY 9
1.4 PROJECT SETTING AND DESCRIPTION 9
1.4.1 FEATURES OF ZONES AROUND THE NPPS 11
1.5 IMPORTANCE OF NPP TO THE REGION/COUNTRY 11
1.6 SCOPE OF THE EIA STUDY 11
1.6.1
MOEF APPROVED TOR FOR EIA 12
1.6.2 ADDITIONAL TOR FOR TOWNSHIP 17
1.7 STRUCTURE OF EIA REPORT 18
1.8 ADDITIONAL STUDIES 18
1.9 FRAME WORK OF IMPACT ASSESSMENT 18
1.9.1 METHODOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 19
1.9.2 IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS 19
1.9.3 BASELINE DATA COLLECTION 19
1.9.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND EVALUATION 20
1.9.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) 21
1.10 DETAILS OF LITIGATION 21
CHAPTER – 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.0 GENERAL INFORMATION 23
2.1 NEED FOR THE PROJECT 23
2.2 PROJECT LOCATION AND AREA 23
2.2.1 TOPOGRAPHY 25
2.2.2 GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA 25
2.2.3 GEOHYDROLOGY 26
2.2.4 SEISMOTECTONICS 26
2.2.5 FLOOD ANALYSIS 26
2.2.6 AVAILABLE SOURCE OF WATER 27
2.2.7 POWER EVACUATION 27
2.2.8 POPULATION 27
2.2.9 ACCESS TO THE SITE 27
2.2.10 GENERAL ENVIRONMENT NEIGHBOURING NPP SITE 28
2.2.11 CONSTRUCTION FACILITIES 28
2.2.12 PROPOSED SCHEDULE OF THE PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 28
2.3 PLANT DESCRIPTION 28
2.3.1 SAFETY OBJECTIVES & PRINCIPLES 28
2.3.2 PRINCIPLES & GUIDELINES 29
2.4 CLASSIFICATION 32
2.4.1 SAFETY CLASSIFICATION 32
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2.4.2 SEISMIC CLASSIFICATION 37
2.5 IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES 38
2.6 REACTOR SYSTEM 42
2.6.1 REACTOR PRESSURE VESSEL (RPV) AND INTERNALS 43
2.6.2 REACTOR FUEL 45
2.6.3 REACTOR COOLANT SYSTEM (RCS) AND EQUIPMENT 47
2.6.4 REACTOR COOLANT PUMP (RCP) SET 48
2.6.5 PRESSURISER 49
2.6.6 STEAM GENERATORS 49
2.7 REACTOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION SYSTEM 50
2.8 SPECIAL FEATURES OF NPP 52
2.8.1 INHERENT SAFETY FEATURES 52
2.8.2 ENGINEERED SAFETY FEATURES 52
2.8.2.1 PASSIVE CORE COOLING SYSTEM 52
2.8.2.2 IN-CONTAINMENT REFUELING WATER STORAGE TANK 54
2.8.2.3 PASSIVE RESIDUAL HEAT REMOVAL SYSTEM 55
2.8.2.4 REACTOR CONTAINMENT SYSTEM 55
2.8.2.5 CONTAINMENT ISOLATION SYSTEM 56
2.8.2.6 PASSIVE CONTAINMENT COOLING SYSTEM 56
2.8.2.7 CONTAINMENT HYDROGEN CONTROL SYSTEM 57
2.8.2.8 CONTAINMENT LEAK RATE TEST SYSTEM 58
2.9 REACTOR AUXILIARY SYSTEM 58
2.9.1 CHEMICAL AND VOLUME CONTROL SYSTEM 58
2.9.2 SPENT FUEL POOL COOLING SYSTEM 59
2.9.3 COMPONENT COOLING WATER SYSTEM 60
2.9.4 CONTAINMENT RECIRCULATION COOLING SYSTEM 60
2.10 SECONDARY SIDE: STEAM AND POWER CONVERSION 60
2.11 COOLING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS 61
2.11.1 MAIN COOLING WATER SYSTEM 61
2.11.2 SEA WATER COOLING SYSTEM FOR NON-ESSENTIAL LOAD 61
2.12 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 62
2.13 INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL (I&C) 64
2.14 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 65
2.14.1 ONSITE POWER SYSTEM 65
2.14.2 OFFSITE POWER SYSTEM 66
2.14.3 FUEL HANDLING SYSTEM 66
2.14.4 VENTILATION SYSTEM 67
2.15 RADIATION PROTECTION 68
2.15.1 DESIGN OBJECTIVE 68
2.15.2 DOSE LIMITS 68
2.15.3 CONTAMINATION CONTROL 69
2.16 RADIOACTIVE WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM 69
2.16.1 SOLID RADIOACTIVE WASTE SYSTEM 69
2.16.2 LIQUID RADIOACTIVE WASTE SYSTEM 71
2.16.3 GASEOUS RADIOACTIVE WASTE SYSTEM 73
2.17 RADIATION MONITORING SYSTEM 73
2.17.1 ULTIMATE HEAT SINK (UHS) 75
2.18 DESIGN LIFE 75
2.19 AWAY FROM THE REACTOR (AFR) FACILITY 75
2.20 SHUT DOWN PERIOD FOR RE-FUELING 75
2.21 MITIGATION ASPECTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS OF NPP AT MITHIVIRDI
75
2.21.1 SAFETY ANALYSIS 75
2.21.2 THE CONCEPT OF DEFENSE IN DEPTH 76
2.21.3 BARRIERS TO RADIOACTIVE RELEASE 78
2.22 EMISSION SUMMARY 81
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2.22.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT (GENERAL) 81 2.22.2 AIR ENVIRONMENT (RADIOACTIVE) 81 2.22.2.1 GASEOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 81 2.22.2.2 ANNUAL AVERAGE RELEASE OF AIRBORNE RADIONUCLIDES 81 2.22.2.3 ESTIMATED DOSE 81 2.23 WATER ENVIRONMENT 81 2.23.1 WATER REQUIREMENT & WATER BALANCE 81 2.23.2 CONDENSER COOLING SEA WATER DISCHARGE 85
2.24 LIQUID RADIOACTIVE WASTE SYSTEM 86
2.25. RADIOACTIVE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 87
2.25.1 INCINERATION OF LOW LEVEL COMBUSTIBLE SOLID WASTE 87
2.26 RAINWATER HARVESTING 87
CHAPTER – 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
3.0 INTRODUCTION 91
3.1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE STUDY AREA 91
3.2 METHODOLOGY OF EIA 91
3.3 IDENTIFICATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS 91
3.3.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT 92
3.3.2 WATER ENVIRONMENT 92
3.3.3 LAND ENVIRONMENT 92
3.3.4 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 92
3.3.5 NOISE ENVIRONMENT 92
3.3.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 92
3.3.7 MARINE ENVIRONMENT 92
3.4 METHODOLOGY FOR BASELINE DATA COLLECTION 93
3.5 BASELINE STATUS 94
3.5.1 METEOROLOGY 94
3.5.1.1 METEOROLOGY (HISTORICAL DATA) 94
3.5.1.2 MICRO-METEOROLOGY IN THE STUDY AREA 96
3.5.2 AIR ENVIRONMENT 99
3.5.2.1 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY 101
3.5.3 WATER ENVIRONMENT 108
3.5.3.1 BASELINE DATA COLLECTION FOR WATER ENVIRONMENT 108
3.5.3.2 SURFACE WATER QUALITY 110
3.5.3.3 SUB-SURFACE WATER QUALITY 118
3.5.3.3 HEAVY METAL CONTENT 120
3.5.4 LAND ENVIRONMENT 120
3.5.4.1 GEOLOGY 120
3.5.4.2 SEISMOTECTONICS 120
3.5.4.3 DRAINAGE 120
3.5.5 NOISE ENVIRONMENT 120
3.5.5.1 NOISE LEVEL & TRAFFIC MONITORING 123
3.5.5.2 NOISE LEVEL AT VARIOUS MONITORING STATIONS 123
3.5.6 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 133
3.5.7 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 139
3.5.7.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 141
3.5.7.2 METHODOLOGY 142
3.5.7.2.1 VEGETATION SAMPLING 143
3.5.7.2.2 FAUNAL SAMPLING 145
3.5.7.3 OBSERVATIONS 146
3.5.7.4 FAMILIAL COMPOSITION 147
3.5.7.5 DOMINANT GENERA 178
3.5.7.6 HABITAT WISE REPRESENTATION OF PLANTS RECORDED FROM THE STUDY AREA
179
3.5.7.7 PHYTOSOCIOLOGY 179
3.5.7.7.1 TREE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 179
3.5.7.7.2 SHRUB SPECIES COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 182
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3.5.7.7.3 HERBACEOUS PLANT COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 183
3.5.7.7.4 MAMMALS 186
3.5.7.7.5 REPTILES 187
3.5.7.7.6 FISHES 188
3.5.7.8 SENSITIVE AREAS 188
3.5.8 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 188
3.5.8.1 BASELINE DATA COLLECTION 189
3.5.9 CRZ MAPPING OF MITHIVIRDI COAST 189
3.5.10 MARINE IMPACT ASSESSMENT 189
3.5.11 MARINE ENVIRONMENT 190
3.5.11.1 OCEANOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS 192
3.5.11.2 MARINE WATER QUALITY 198
3.5.11.3 SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS 203
3.5.11.4 MARINE BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS 205
3.5.11.5 MARINE MICROBILOGICAL PARAMETERS 217
3.5.11.6 ECOLOGICAL STATUS 220
3.5.11.7 MANGROVES 221
3.5.11.8 CORAL REEFS 221
3.5.11.9 SEA GRASS BEDS AND ALGAL COMMUNITIES 221
3.5.11.10 OTHER IMPORTANT FLORA & FAUNA 222
3.5.11.11 TURTLE NESTING 222
3.5.11.12 TIDAL FLATS 222
3.5.12 PRE-OPERATIONAL RADIOLOGICAL SURVEY 223
3.5.12.1 DIRECT RADIATION EXPOSURE MEASUREMENTS 223
3.5.12.2 TRITIUM IN WATER SAMPLES 225
3.5.12.3 RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS IN WATER SAMPLES 226
3.5.12.4 RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS IN AQUATIC ORGANISMS 226
3.5.12.5 RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS IN SOIL AND SAND SAMPLES 227
3.5.12.6 RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS IN VEGETABLES AND FRUIT SAMPLES 228
3.5.12.7 RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS IN EREALS AND PULSES 228
3.5.12.8 RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS IN LEAF AND GRASS SAMPLES 229
CHAPTER – 4 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES
4.0 INTRODUCTION 190
4.1 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION 231
4.1.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE 231
4.1.2 OPERATIONAL PHASE & DECOMMISSIONING PHASE 231
4.2 SOURCE AND REQUIREMENT OF WATER AND POWER 232
4.3 IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS BEARING IMPACTS 232
4.3.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT 233
4.3.1.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE 233
4.3.1.2 OPERATION PHASE 233
4.3.1.3 DG SET MODELING 234
4.3.1.4 GASEOUS RADIOACTIVE DISCHARGE THROUGH AIR ROUTE 241
4.3.1.5 RADIOACTIVE SOLID WASTE 242
4.3.2 WATER ENVIRONMENT 243
4.3.2.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE 243
4.3.2.2 OPERATION PHASE 244
4.3.2.3 IMPACT DUE TO DESALINISATION PLANT 244
4.3.2.4 IMPACT DUE TO WASTEWATER 245
4.3.2.5 SEWAGE WATER TREATMENT 245
4.3.2.6 STORM WATER MANAGEMENT 247
4.3.2.7 AREA DRAINAGE AND SURROUNDING 248
4.3.3 NOISE ENVIRONMENT 248
4.3.3.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE 248
4.3.3.2 OPERATION PHASE 249
4.3.4 LAND ENVIRONMENT 253
4.3.4.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE 253
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4.3.5.2 OPERATION PHASE 253
4.3.5 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 254
4.3.5.1 ECOLOGICAL IMPACT DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE 254
4.3.5.2 CLEARING OF VEGETATIVE COVER 254
4.3.5.3 MOVEMENT AND MATERIALS TRANSPORTATION 256
4.3.5.4 DISPOSAL OF WASTE MATERIALS 256
4.3.5.5 ECOLOGICAL IMPACT DURING OPERATION PHASE 256
4.3.5.6 IMPACT ON NEAR-THREATENED BIRD SPECIES 256
4.3.5.7 IMPACTS OF PROPOSED PROJECT ON VEGETATION AND CROPS (KESAR MANGO VARIETY)
256
4.3.6 MARINE ENVIRONMENT 257
4.3.6.1 IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS 257
4.3.6.2 PREDICTION OF IMPACT 257
4.3.7 CRZ IMPACT 260
4.3.7.1 ON COASTAL LINE 260
4.3.7.2 IMPACT OF COASTAL ZONE BEYOND HTL 261
4.3.7.3 IMPACT ON SENSITIVE ECOSYSTEM 261
4.3.8 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 261
4.3.8.1 IMPACT DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE 261
4.3.8.2 IMPACT DURING OPERATION PHASE 262
4.3.8.3 IMPACT ON OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 262
4.3.8.4 IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION 263
4.3.8.5 IMPROVEMENT OF COMMUNICATION FACILITIES 263
4.3.9 TRASPORTATION 263
4.3.9.1 IMPACT DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE 263
4.3.9.2 IMPACT DURING OPERATION PHASE 264
4.3.9.3 MITIGATION MEASURES 265
4.10 IMPACTS DURING COMMISSIONING PHASE 265
4.10.1 DESIGN FEATURES FOR DECOMMISSIONING 265
4.10.2 APPROACH FOR DECOMMISSIONING 266
4.10.3 DECOMMISSIONING COST 267
CHAPTER – 5 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES (TECHNOLOGY & SITE)
5.0 TECHNOLOGY 269
5.1 GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 269
5.2 SITE SELECTION 271
CHAPTER – 6 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM
6.0 INTRODUCTION 274
6.1 IMPLEMENTION ARRANGEMENT 274
6.1.1 DURING CONSTRUCTION STAGE 274
6.1.2 DURING OPERATION STAGE 274
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS TO BE MONITORED 276
6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME: 277
6.3.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE 277
6.3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME: OPERATION PHASE 279
6.4 RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING 279
6.4.1 MONITORING AT WORK PLACE 279
6.4.2 RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING ON SITE 281
6.4.3 RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN 282
6.5.1 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MONITORING 284
6.5.2 MONITORING FOR CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS 284
6.5.2.1 WORK ZONE NOISE LEVELS 285
6.5.2.2 STACK MONITORING FOR DIESEL GENERATOR 285
6.5.2.3 FLUE GAS MONITORING 285
6.5.2.4 EFFLUENT MONITORING FOR STP 285
6.5.3 METEOROLOGY 286
6.5.4 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY 286
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6.5.5 MAINTENANCE OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM 287
6.5.6 WASTE WATER DISCHARGE FROM PROJECT SITE 287
6.5.7 AMBIENT NOISE 287
6.5.8 GROUND WATER MONITORING 287
6.5.9 SOIL QUALITY MONITORING 288
6.5.10 SOLID/HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL 288
6.5.11 GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT 288
6.5.12 HOUSE KEEPING 288
6.5.13 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 289
6.6 MONITORING PLAN 289
6.6.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME 289
6.6.2 PROGRESS MONITORING AND REPORTING ARRANGEMENTS 297
6.6.3 EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN 289
6.7 ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY LABORATORY 300
6.8 STAFF REQUIREMENT FOR ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT 300
6.9 BUDGETARY PROVISIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MEASURES 301
6.10 OVERALL SCHEDULE 302
6.10.1 OVERALL PROJECT SCHEDULE OF NPP AT MITHIVIRDI 302
6.10.2 CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE OF ESL AT MITHIVIRDI 303
6.11 SUBMISSION OF MONITORING REPORTS TO MOEF 303
CHAPTER – 7 ADDITIONAL STUDIES
7.1 ADDITIONAL STUDIES 305
7.2 PUBLIC CONSULTATION 305
7.3 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 305
7.3.1 NATURAL EVENTS 306
7.3.2 MANMADE EVENTS 310
7.3.3 EVENTS WITHIN THE PLANT 311
7.4 RADIATION EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM IN INDIAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
311
7.4.1 EMERGENCY STANDBY 313
7.4.2 PERSONNEL EMERGENCY 313
7.4.3 PLANT EMERGENCY 314
7.4.4 SITE EMERGENCY 314
7.4.5 OFF-SITE EMERGENCY 314
7.4.6 EXERCISES 316
7.4.7 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS SYSTEM FOR MITHIVIRDI NPP 317
7.4.8 PLANT/SITE EMERGENCY PROCEDURE 317
7.4.8.1 EMERGENCY ORGANIZATION AND RESPONSIBILITY 317
7.4.8.2 COMMUNICATION 319
7.4.8.3 RESOURCES AND FACILITIES 319
7.4.8.4 ACTION PLAN FOR RESPONDING TO EMERGENCY 319
7.4.9 VOLUME-II: PROCEDURE FOR OFF-SITE EMERGENCY 319
7.4.9.1 EMERGENCY PLANNING ZONES 319
7.4.9.2 FREQUENCY /PERIODICITY OF EMERGENCY EXERCISES 320
7.4.10 HABITABILITY OF CONTROL ROOMS UNDER ACCIDENT CONDITIONS 320
7.4.10.1 MODE I – NORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS 321
7.4.10.2 MODE II – FILTERING/VENTILATION MODE 321
7.4.10.3 MODE III – MODE OF TOTAL ISOLATION OF THE MCR ROOMS 321
7.5 SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 322
7.5.1 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLDS 323
7.5.2 SAMPLE SIZE AND STUDY DESIGN 324
7.5.3 MAJOR FINDINGS FROM STUDY AREA 326
7.5.3.1 DEMOGRAPHICS 326
7.5.3.2 HOUSEHOLD AMENITIES 326
7.5.3.3 VILLAGE INFRASTRUCTURE & PERCEPTION 330
7.5.4 PROJECT PERCEPTION 335
7.6 REHABILITATION & RESETTLEMENT ISSUES 337
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7.6.1 SUPPORT FOR THE PROJECT 337
7.6.2 LAND COMPENSATION 337
7.6.3 EMPLOYMENT 337
7.6.4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR R & R POLICY 337
7.7 ADDITIONAL STUDIES 339
CHAPTER – 8 PROJECT BENEFITS
8.0 ECONOMIC BENEFITS 341
8.1 ENERGY SECURITY 341
8.2 EMISSIONS 341
8.3 ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABILITY 342
8.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 342
8.4.1 SOCIAL UPLIFTMENT OF THE REGION 342
8.4.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS 343
8.4.3 POTENTIAL FOR EMPLOYMENT 343
8.4.4 ASSISTANCE IN TRAINING AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT 343
8.4.5 INDIRECT BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES 343
8.5 TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY 344
CHAPTER – 9 ENVIRONMENTAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
9.0 ENVIRONMENTAL COST BENIFIT ANALYSIS 346
CHAPTER – 10 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
10.1 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT 348
10.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE 348
10.2.1 SITE PREPARATION 348
10.2.2 AIR ENVIRONMENT 349
10.2.3 WATER ENVIRONMENT 358
10.2.4 NOISE ENVIRONMENT 358
10.2.5 LAND ENVIRONMENT 369
10.2.6 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 359
10.2.7 SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 359
10.2.8 SANITATION 360
10.2.9 INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AT PLANT 360
10.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN DURING OPERATION PHASE 361
10.3.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT 362
10.3.2 WATER ENVIRONMENT 363
10.3.2.1 WATER QUALITY MONITORING 363
10.3.2.2 COMPLIANCE TO THERMAL REGULATIONS 363
10.3.2.3 DOMESTIC WASTEWATER 364
10.3.2.4 RAINWATER HARVESTING 364
10.3.2.5 WATER QUALITY MONITORING 364
10.3.3 LAND ENVIRONMENT 364
10.3.3.1 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT 365
10.3.4 NOISE ENVIRONMENT 371
10.3.5 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 371
10.3.5.1 AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT 371
10.3.5.2 RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES AND THEIR HABITAT 372
10.3.5.3 MITIGATION MEASURES 372
10.3.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 373
10.3.6.1 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY 373
10.3.7 EMP FOR CRZ 377
10.3.8 EMP FOR MARINE ENVIRONMENT 377
10.3.9 TRAINING 378
10.3.10 HEALTH AND SAFETY 379
10.3.11 ENVIRONMENT MONITORING 380
CHAPTER – 11 SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
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11.0 SUMMARY 382
11.1 CONCLUSIONS 382
11.1.1 SUITABILITY OF PROPOSED SITE 382
11.1.2 IMPACT ON CRZ 383
11.1.3 MONITORING RADIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AROUND MITHIVIRDI 383
11.1.4 MANAGEMENT OF CONVENTIONAL AND NON-CONVENTIONAL RELEASES OF POLLUTANTS
383
11.1.5 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT 384
11.1.6 WATER REQUIREMENT AND WATER BALANCE 384
11.1.7 RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION PLAN 384
11.1.8 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF NPCIL 385
11.1.9 RADIOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM 385
11.1.10 REMARKS 385
CHAPTER – 12 DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS
12.0 DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS 387
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TABLE CONTENT
Sl No
Item Description Page No.
1 Table 1.1 Operating nuclear power stations in India 5
2 Table 1.2 Reactors under construction in India 6
3 Table 1.3 Coordinates of the proposed Nuclear Power Plant 10
4 Table 1.4 Compliance of TOR comments from MoEF from the EIA report 12
5 Table 1.5 Baseline data collection agencies 20
6 Table 2.1 Land use statistics of the NPP at Mithivirdi, Gujarat 24
7 Table 2.2 Break-up of Land in different villages – to be acquired 24
8 Table 2.3 Classification of land in the proposed site at Mithivirdi, Bhavnagar district
24
9 Table 2.4 Geology of the study area at various depths 22
10 Table 2.5 Classification of building structure 40
11 Table 2.6 Sea water requirement estimate (per Unit) 81
12 Table 2.7 Fresh water consumption (Per Unit) 82
13 Table 2.8 Requirement of water for Mithivirdi NPP Plant and Township area
82
14 Table 2.9 The outfall distance and coordinates of six nuclear reactors 86
15 Table 3.1 Methodology, parameters, sampling frequency of baseline data collection
93
16 Table 3.2 Monthly mean values of meteorological data for one year (Dec. 2009 to Nov. 2010)
94
17 Table 3.3 Meteorological data from 10th December 2010 to 09th December 2011
96
18 Table 3.4 Direction and aerial distance of ambient air quality monitoring stations
99
19 Table 3.5 Standard Methods of monitoring ambient air quality 101
20 Table 3.6 Statistical analysis of SPM for all ambient air quality locations (December 2010 to November 2011)
101
21 Table 3.7 Statistical analysis of PM10 for all AAQ locations (Dec 2010 to Nov 2011)
102
22 Table 3.8 Statistical analysis of PM2.5 for all AAQ locations (Dec 2010 to Nov 2011)
102
23 Table 3.9 Statistical analysis of SO2 for all AAQ locations (Dec 2010 to Nov 2011)
102
24 Table 3.10 Statistical analysis of NOx for all AAQ locations (Dec 2010 to Nov 2011)
103
25 Table 3.11 Statistical analysis of O3 for all AAQ locations (Dec 2010 to Nov 2011)
103
26 Table 3.12 98th Percentile values for all AAQ locations (Dec 2010 to Nov 2011)
103
27 Table 3.13 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (As gazetted on 18th Nov, 2009 at New Delhi)
105
28 Table 3.14 List of Sampling Stations for water quality 110
29 Table 3.15 Parameters and methodologies adopted in assessing quality of water
111
30 Table 3.16 Surface water quality at Mahi river (WS1) 112
31 Table 3.17 Surface water quality at Jaspara river (WS2) 112
32 Table 3.18 Surface water quality at Mithivirdi river (WS3) 113
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33 Table 3.19 Sub-surface water quality at Thalsar (WSS1) 114
34 Table 3.20 Sub-surface water quality at Navagam (WSS2) 115
35 Table 3.21 Sub-surface water quality at Sosiya (WSS3) 116
36 Table 3.22 Sub-surface water quality at Morchand (WSS4) 117
37 Table 3.23 Sub-surface water quality at Odarka (WSS5) 117
38 Table 3.24 Location and depth of ground water collection stations 119
39 Table 3.25 Maximum, minimum and average noise levels at Thalsar (N1) 123
40 Table 3.26 M Maximum, minimum and average noise levels at Sosiya-Alang ( (N2)
124
41 Table 3.27 Maximum, minimum and average noise levels at Khadarpar (N3)
125
42 Table 3.28 M Maximum, minimum and average noise levels at Navagam (N4) 126
43 Table 3.29 M Maximum, minimum and average noise levels at Morchand (N5) 126
44 Table 3.30 Maximum, minimum and average noise levels at Odarka (N6) 127
45 Table 3.31 Maximum, minimum and average noise levels at Garibpura (N7) 127
46 Table 3.32 Maximum, minimum and average noise levels at Alang (N8) 128
47 Table 3.33 Maximum, minimum and average noise levels at Manar (N9) 128
48 Table 3.34 M Maximum, minimum and average noise levels at Pithalpur (N10) 128
49 Table 3.35 Traffic load and survey for four monitoring stations (first quarter) 129
50 Table 3.36 Traffic load and survey for four monitoring stations (second quarter)
130
51 Table 3.37 Traffic load and survey for ten monitoring stations (third quarter) 131
52 Table 3.38 Standard classification of soil sampling analysis 134
53 Table 3.39 Analysis of soil data collected from Kukad area 136
54 Table 3.40 Analysis of soil data collected from Navagam area 136
55 Table 3.41 Analysis of soil data collected from Corner A & B of NPP at Mithivirdi, Gujarat
137
56 Table 3.42 Analysis of soil data collected from Corner C & D of NPP at Mithivirdi, Gujarat
137
57 Table 3.43 Analysis of soil data collected from Morchand area 138
58 Table 3.44 Analysis of soil data collected from Odarka area 138
59 Table 3.45 Analysis of soil data collected from Garibpura area 139
60 Table 3.46 Analysis of soil data collected from Manar area 139
61 Table 3.47 Formulas for calculating the quantitative structure and composition of plant communities
144
62 Table 3.48 Sampling techniques used for the faunal study 145
63 Table 3.49 List of birds documented during the study period 149
64 Table 3.50 List of butterflies in and around the study area 155
65 Table 3.51 List of plant species recorded in the study area 157
66 Table 3.52 Tree community parameters of the study area 179
67 Table 3.53 Shrub community parameters of the study area 182
68 Table 3.54 Herbaceous plant community parameters of the study area 184
69 Table 3.55 List of mammals recorded in the study area 187
70 Table 3.56 List of reptiles recorded in the study area 187
71 Table 3.57 List of fishes recorded in the study area 188
72 Table 3.58 Measurement locations and details of marine study 190
73 Table 3.59 Water quality parameters 199
74 Table 3.60 Biochemical Oxygen Demand in seawater 201
75 Table 3.61 Chemical Oxygen Demand in seawater 202
76 Table 3.62 Concentration of Heavy Metals, Phenol and Petroleum Hydrocarbons in sea water
202
77 Table 3.63 Sediment size distribution 203
78 Table 3.64 Seabed sediment quality parameters 204
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79 Table 3.65 Primary productivity in coastal waters 205
80 Table 3.66 Comparative Statement of Primary Production along the West Coast of India
206
81 Table 3.67 Phytoplankton biomass in different sampling stations 206
82 Table 3.68 Zooplankton biomass in different sampling stations 209
83 Table 3.69 Sub tidal and Inter tidal benthic population 212
84 Table 3.70 Phytoplankton diversity indices in the study area 213
85 Table 3.71 Zooplankton diversity indices in the study area 213
86 Table 3.72 Benthic community diversity indices in the study area 213
87 Table 3.73 Bray – Curtis similarity for Phytoplankton in the study area 215
88 Table 3.74 Bray – Curtis similarity for Zooplankton collection from different stations
216
89 Table 3.75 Bray – Curtis similarity for Benthos collection from different stations
216
90 Table 3.76 Bacterial population in coastal waters (nos x 103/ml) 218
91 Table 3.77 Bacterial population in seabed sediments (x104 nos./g) 219
92 Table 3.78 Shannon - Weiner diversity Index of phytoplankton and zooplankton
221
93 Table 3.79 Latitude, longitude & Gamma dose rate level in and around Mithivirdi NPP site
223
94 Table 3.80 Tritium activity (Bq/l) in water sample 226
95 Table 3.81 Radioactivity levels in water samples collected in and around Mithivirdi NPP site
226
96 Table 3.82 Radioactivity in aquatic organism 227
97 Table 3.83 Radioactivity levels (Bq/kg dry wt.) in soil samples collected in and around Mithivirdi NPP site
227
98 Table 3.84 Radioactivity in vegetable and fruits 228
99 Table 3.85 Radioactivity in cereals and pulses 228
100 Table 3.86 Radioactivity in Leaf and grass 229
101 Table 4.1 Source and requirement of water and power 232
102 Table 4.2 Prediction of pollutants (SOx, NOx & CO) for one hour when DG sets are running one hour per week
238
103 Table 4.3 Location of predicted GLCs for pollutants 238
104 Table 4.4 Source of noise generating equipment and distance from noise source
250
105 Table 4.5 List of trees species to be removed from the proposed project site alone
255
106 Table 4.6 Average vehicular movement during construction phase 263
107 Table 5.1 Comparative CO2 (GHG) Emissions from various energy
sources
271
108 Table 6.1 Environmental Monitoring Programme – Construction Stage (5 Years)
278
109 Table 6.2 Noise Level to be monitored 285
110 Table 6.3 Monitoring of Effluent Inlet & Outlet of STP 286
111 Table 6.4 Ambient air to be monitored 287
112 Table 6.5 Environmental Monitoring Plan 290
113 Table 6.6 Reporting System for Environmental Monitoring Plan 297
114 Table 6.7 List of Equipments as Required for Monitoring of Conventional Pollutants
299
115 Table 6.8 List of Equipments as Required for Monitoring of Radiation / Radioactivity
299
116 Table 6.9 Staff requirement for environmental management at Mithivirdi NPP
300
117 Table 6.10 Cost of Environmental Protection Measures for 6 X 1000 MWe 301
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at Mithivirdi
118 Table 7.1 Agency responsible for carrying out remedial measures during emergency
313
119 Table 7.2 Village-wise details of households and population in the study area
323
120 Table 7.3 Distribution of population and households 324
121 Table 7.4 Demographic Profile of Population in the Area 327
122 Table 7.5 Zone-wise age profiles of the respondents of the study area 328
123 Table 7.6 Health Facilities in Bhavnagar District 329
124 Table 7.7 Bhavnagar District Outdoor & Indoor Patients, 2010-11 329
125 Table 7.8 Bhavnagar Disease affected people in 2010 330
126 Table 7.9 Approximate cost for construction of houses in the study area 331
127 Table 7.10 Snapshot of socio-economic profile 333
128 Table 10.1 Summary of impacts and environmental management plan for NPP at Mithivirdi, Gujarat during construction phase
350
129 Table 10.2 Summary of impacts and environmental management plan for NPP at Mithivirdi, Gujarat during operation phase
353
130 Table 10.3 List of tree species suggested for green belt development 366
131 Table 10.4 List of Bird and Insect attracting plants suggested for planting 368
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FIGURE CONTENT
Sl No
Item Description
Page No.
1 Figure 1.1 Three stages of Indian Nuclear Power Programme 4
2 Figure 1.2 Nuclear Power Plants in India (operation, construction & proposed)
7
3 Figure 2.1 Satellite map showing location of the project area and township area
24
4 Figure 2.2 Layout of the project site 25
5 Figure 2.3 Major building structure of plant 39
6 Figure 2.4 General Arrangement of Steel Containment 41
7 Figure 2.5 Reactor pressure vessel and internals 44
8 Figure 2.6 Fuel Rod schematic diagram 45
9 Figure 2.7 Fuel Rod assembly cross section 46
10 Figure 2.8 Schematic diagram of Reactor Coolant System (RCS) 48
11 Figure 2.9 Schematic diagram of Steam Generator 50
12 Figure 2.10 Diagram of Passive Core Cooling System 54
13 Figure 2.11 Schematic diagram of Passive containment cooling system 57
14 Figure 2.12 Schematic diagram of Solid Radwaste processing system 71
15 Figure 2.13 Schematic diagram of Liquid Radwaste System 72
16 Figure 2.14 Barriers to Radioactive Release 80
17 Figure 2.15 Schematic diagram of water balance for NPP at Mithivirdi, Gujarat
83
18 Figure 2.16 Mechanical Vapour Compression Desalinization process 84
19 Figure 2.17 Proposed intake and outfall structure of NPP, Mithivirdi site 86
20 Figure 2.18 Schematic diagram of rainwater harvesting structure 89
21 Figure 3.1 Monthwise Temperature (°C) (Dec.2009 to Nov.2010) 94
22 Figure 3.2 Monthwise Humidity values (%) (Dec.2009 to Nov.2010) 94
23 Figure 3.3 Ombrothermic diagram (Dec.2009 to Nov.2010) 95
24 Figure 3.4 Meteorological Scenario – Wind Roses, IMD Station at Bhavnagar (December 2009 to November 2010)
97
25 Figure 3.5 Meteorological Scenario – Annual Wind Roses (10th December 2009 to 9th December 2010)
98
26 Figure 3.6 Map showing Ambient Air (AA1 to AA8) quality monitoring stations
100
27 Figure 3.7 Ambient Air Quality Status of SPM, PM10 & PM2.5 104
28 Figure 3.8 Ambient Air Quality Status of SO2, NOx & O3 104
29 Figure 3.9 Map showing surface (WS1 to WS3) and sub-surface water quality monitoring stations
109
30 Figure 3.10 Map showing Noise quality monitoring stations 121
31 Figure 3.11 Map showing Traffic quality monitoring stations 122
32 Figure 3.12 Map showing Soil quality monitoring stations 133
33 Figure 3.13 Soil texture diagram of the study area 135
34 Figure 3.14 Sampling locations for plant and bird around the NPCIL study site
143
35 Figure 3.15 Dominant plant families of the study area 178
36 Figure 3.16 Dominant genera of the study area 178
37 Figure 3.17 Habitat wise representation of plants recorded in the study area 179
38 Figure 3.18 Sampling locations for marine study 191
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39 Figure 3.19 Details of measurement location - Tide 193
40 Figure 3.20 Details of measurement location - Current 194
41 Figure 3.21 Details of measurement location – Salinity and Temperature 195
42 Figure 3.22 Variation of current speed and direction at stations 196
43 Figure 3.23 Dominance curve for phytoplankton 208
44 Figure 3.24 Dominance curve for zooplankton 210
45 Figure 3.25 Dominance curve for Benthos 214
46 Figure 3.26 Dendrogram of Benthic species recorded in various stations 214
47 Figure 3.27 MDS plot for benthic animals recorded in various stations 214
48 Figure 3.28 Distribution of dominant fish species in the study area 220
49 Figure 4.1 Isopleths for SO2 concentration due to proposed nuclear power plant at Mithivirdi
239
50 Figure 4.2 Isopleths for NOx concentration due to proposed nuclear power plant at Mithivirdi
240
51 Figure 4.3 Isopleths for CO concentration due to proposed nuclear power plant at Mithivirdi
241
52 Figure 4.4 Diagrammatic representation of noise generating equipments after noise modeling
252
53 Flow diagram of sewage treatment plant 246
54 Figure 5.1 Comparison of waste production in nuclear and thermal power stations
176
55 Figure 7.1 Seismic zone map of India (Source IS 1893:2002) 307
56 Figure 7.2 Gujarat Cyclone hazard risk zonation map 308
57 Figure 7.3 Gujarat storm surge hazard risk zonation map 309
58 Figure 7.4 Gujarat tsunami hazard risk zonation map 309
59 Figure 7.5 Action flow diagram for site/ Off site emergencies 318
60 Figure 7.6 Road network of the study area 336
61 Figure 10.1 Green belt area marked on plant layout 365
62 Figure 13.1 Certificate of Accreditation to Engineers India Limited from NABET
389
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CONTENTS OF VOLUME – II
ANNEXURE
Sl No Item Description
1 Annexure-I TOR given by MoEF
2 Annexure-II Government of India letter for setting up new nuclear power plants
3 Annexure-III Organizational Chart of NPCIL
4 Annexure-IV Corporate Environmental Policy of NPCIL
5 Annexure-V Schematic diagram of nuclear power plant at Mithivirdi, Gujarat on toposheets
6 Annexure-VI All remote sensing/GIS maps of the NPP at Mithivirdi, Gujarat
7 Annexure-VII Storage and handling of hazardous process chemicals
8 Annexure-VIII Pre-operational radiological survey and dose apportionment study for Mithivirdi site
9 Annexure-IX Marine Impact Assessment and study of thermal dispersion of condenser cooling seawater discharges from proposed nuclear power plant at Mithivirdi, Gujarat
10 Annexure-X Indian Standards and specifications for drinking water
11 Annexure-XI Indian standards for Noise
12 Annexure-XII Report on baseline status of biological environment around the proposed Nuclear Power Plant at Mithivirdi, Bhavnagar, Gujarat
13 Annexure-XIII Demarcation of HTL/LTL/CRZ zonation and land use mapping for nuclear power plant at Mithivirdi, Bhavnagar, Gujarat
14 Annexure-XIV An application for seeking no objection certificate from irrigation department, Government of Gujarat
15 Annexure-XV Request letter to Gujarat Water Infrastructure Limited (GWIL), Barwala
16 Annexure-XVI An application for diversion of forest land to forest department
17 Annexure-XVII
Letter from Divisional Forest Officer mentioning no wildlife sanctuary, national park and bird sanctuary
18 Annexure-XVIII
Questionnaire for socio-economic impact assessment
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ABBREVIATION
AAQ Ambient air quality
ADS Automatic Depressurization System
AERB Atomic Energy Regulatory Board
AFR Away from the Reactor
ALARA As low as Reasonably Achievable
AMCA Air Movement and Control Association
AOO Anticipated Operational Occurrence
API American Petroleum Institute
ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
AWWA American Water Works Association
BARC Bhava Atomic Research Centre
BDL Below Detection Level
BHAVINI Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Limited
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
BWR Boiling Water Reactor
CCW Condenser Cooling Water
CD Community Development
CEA Central Electricity Authority
CMD Chairman and Managing Director
CMT Core Makeup Tank
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
CRZ Coastal Regulation Zone
CS Chief Superintend
CVCS Chemical and Volume Control System
CWS Circulating Water System
DAE Department of Atomic Energy
DG Diesel Generator
EC Environment Clearance
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EIL Engineers India Limited
EMARC Environmental Management Apex Review Committee
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EMP Environmental Monitoring Programme
EPZ Emergency Planning Zone
ESF Engineered Safety Features
ESL Environmental Survey Laboratory
FA Fuel Assemblies
FBR Fast Breeder Reactor
FPS Fire Protection Systems
GBH Girth at Breast Height
GoI Government of India
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GPCB Gujarat Pollution Control Board
GPCL Gujarat Power Corporation Limited
GRC Grievance Redressal Committee
GSDMA Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority
GWIL Gujarat Water Infrastructure Limited
HPD Health Physics Division
HPU Health Physics Unit
HSE Health, Safety and Environment
HTL High Tide Line
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
IRS Institute of Remote Sensing
IRWST In-containment Water Storage Tank
KAPS Kakrapara Atomic Power Station
KGS Kaiga Generating Station
LOCA Loss of Coolant Accident
LTL Low Tide Line
LWR Light Water Reactor
MAPS Madras Atomic Power Station
MCR Main Control Room
MIA Marine Impact Assessment
MoEF Ministry of Environment & Forests
MSL Mean Sea Level
MSLB Main Steam Line Break
MVC Mechanical Vapour Compression
NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NABET National Accrediation Board for Education and Training
NAPS Narora Atomic Power Station
NDMA National Disaster Management Authority
NIO National Institute of Oceanography
NPB Nuclear Power Board
NPCIL Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
NPP Nuclear Power Plant
OBE Operating Basis Earthquake
OED Off-site Emergency Director
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Association
PAFs Project Affected Families
PAPs Project Affected Persons
PCS Passive Containment Cooling System
PD Project Director
PDSC Project Design Safety Committee
PECC Plant Emergency Control Centre
PFBR Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor
PFR Pre-Feasibility report
PGCIL Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
PGVCL Paschim Gujarat Vij Company Limited
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PHWR Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor
PM Particulate Matter
PPED Power Projects Engineering Division
PRHRS Passive Residual Heat Removal System
QCI Quality Council of India
R & R Rehabilitation & Resettlement
RAPS Rajasthan Atomic Power Station
RCCA Rod Cluster Control Assemblies
RCP Reactor Coolant Pump
RCS Reactor Coolant System
RMS Radiation Monitoring System
ROW Right of Way
RPV Reactor Pressure Vessel
RQD Rock Quality Design
SACON Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology & Natural History
SARCOP Safety Review Committee for Operating Plant
SCE Shift Charge- Engineer
SCR Supplementary Control Room
SD Station Director
SDV Screening distance value
SEC Site Emergency Committee
SED Site Emergency Director
SFIB Spent Fuel Inspection Bay
SFS Spent Fuel Pool Cooling System
SFSB Spent Fuel Storage Bay
SG Steam Generator
SIA Socioeconomic Impact Assessment
SMACNA Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association
SPCB State Pollution Control Board
SPM Suspended Particulate Matter
SPT Standard Penetration Test
SSC Site Selection Committee
SSE Safe Shutdown Earthquake
TAPS Tarapur Atomic Power Station
TEDE Total Effective Dose Equivalent
TLD Thermo-luminescence Dosimeter
TOR Terms of Reference
TSS Total Suspended Solid
TSU Technical Services Unit
UHS Ultimate Heat Sink
UL Underwriters Laboratories
UO2 Uranium dioxide
WMP Waste Management Plant
WSS Waste Management System
iathd`r dk;kZy; % bathfu;lZ bafM;k Hkou] 1] Hkhdk,th dkek Iysl] ubZ fnYyh&110066
Regd. Office : Engineers India Bhawan, 1, Bhikaiji Cama Place , New Delhi – 110066
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EIA REPORT
F 03.01.2013 ISSUED AS FINAL REPORT CP RSP JKJ
E 23.08.2012 ISSUED FOR COMMENTS CP RSP BBL
D 17.07.2012 ISSUED FOR COMMENTS CP RSP BBL
C 11.04.2012 ISSUED FOR COMMENTS CP RSP BBL
B 14.03.2012 ISSUED FOR COMMENTS CP RSP BBL
A 13.02.2012 ISSUED AS DRAFT CP RSP BBL
Rev. No Date Purpose Prepared by Reviewed by Approved by
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CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE OF EIA REPORT
The Government of India accorded In-principle approval to establish 6 X 1000 MWe
capacity Light Water Reactor (LWR) type Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) at Mithivirdi in
Talaja taluka of Bhavnagar district, Gujarat state. The ultimate capacity of the plant will
be around 6 X 1000 MWe. Thus the present Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
study has been carried out by taking into account the inputs and impact due to NPP for
obtaining environmental clearance from Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF).
Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NCPIL) intends to carry out
Environmental Impact Assessment study for the proposed nuclear power plant as
per approved Terms of Reference (TOR) and has entrusted the task to Engineers
India Limited (EIL) for the same. Accordingly an EIA study is carried out as per
approved TOR and is detailed in subsequent sections. An application as per Form - I
and Form - IA along with Pre-Feasibility report (PFR), Terms of Reference (TOR) was
submitted and Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) approved the same vide
Letter No. J-14011/7/2010-IA.II (N) dated 14/03/2011. A copy of the same is attached
as Annexure-I (Volume – II of this report).
1.2 IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT AND PROJECT PROPONENT 1.2.1 INDIAN NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAM
India is pursuing Indigenous three stage, closed fuel and sequential nuclear power
programme, and Light Water Reactors (LWRs) as additionalities by setting up of Light
Water Reactors based on international cooperation essentially to achieve faster capacity
addition. The indigenous three stage program for generation of nuclear power was
propounded, envisaged and has been adopted for execution by the Government of India
(GoI). The first stage of the three stages envisaged utilization of available modest
resources of natural Uranium in the country for generation of nuclear power by the
indigenous Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) technology. Accordingly, in the
last four decades, the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) through the Project
Proponent, NPCIL has installed and been operating successfully and safely 18 PHWRs
and 2 BWRs. Having acquired proficiency in all the frontiers of technology, viz. design,
construction, commissioning and operation of the NPPs, NPCIL built power reactor units
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that have logged more than 360 (as on November 2012) reactor years of successful
and safe operation so far.
The Second Stage of the three stage program comprise of the application of Fast
Breeder Reactor (FBR) technology using plutonium extracted from the reprocessed
spent fuel obtained from first stage PHWR units and converting Thorium (held as
blankets) into Uranium (U-233), a fissile material. Thorium is available in abundance in
India.
The Third Stage of the programme involves use of uranium (U-233) obtained from
second stage of FBRs and thorium as blanket thereby producing uranium for long term
energy generation. The three stage Indian nuclear power programme is shown in Figure
1.1.
Fig.1.1 Three stages of Indian Nuclear Power Programme
In the year 1967, the DAE formed Power Projects Engineering Division (PPED) and
entrusted it with the responsibilities of design, construction and operation of the nuclear
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power plants. PPED was then converted into Nuclear Power Board (NPB), a unit of
DAE, in 1984. In September 1987, with a view to shift nuclear power generation to
commercial domain, NPB was converted under the Companies Act – 1956 into Nuclear
Power Corporation of India Ltd. as a Public Limited Company, under the administrative
control of DAE, with the objective of undertaking the activities of design, construction,
operation and maintenance of nuclear power stations for generation of electricity in
pursuance of the schemes and programme of Government of India under the provisions
of Atomic Energy Act, 1962.
Currently, NPCIL has an installed capacity of 4780 MWe with 20 nuclear power reactors
(as on December 2012) at 6 operating plant sites across the nation (Table 1.1).
Table 1.1 Operating nuclear power stations in India
OPERATING REACTOR (TOTAL 4780 MWe)
Operating
Reactors
Type of
Reactor
Rated
Capacity
MWe
Location Commercial
Operation
TAPS-1
TAPS-2
TAPS-3
TAPS-4
BWR
BWR
PHWR
PHWR
160
160
540
540
Tarapur
(Maharashtra)
28/10/1969
28/10/1969
18/08/2006
12/09/2005
RAPS-1
RAPS-2
RAPS-3
RAPS-4
RAPS-5
RAPS-6
PHWR
PHWR
PHWR
PHWR
PHWR
PHWR
100
200
220
220
220
220
Rawatbhata
(Rajasthan)
16/12/1973
01/04/1981
01/06/2000
23/12/2000
04/02/2010
31/03/2010
MAPS-1 PHWR 220 Kalpakkam (Tamil
Nadu)
27/01/1984
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MAPS-2 PHWR 220 21/03/1986
NAPS-1
NAPS-2
PHWR
PHWR
220
220
Narora (UP)
01/01/1991
01/07/1992
KAPS-1
KAPS-2
PHWR
PHWR
220
220
Kakrapar (Gujarat)
06/05/1993
01/09/1995
KGS-1
KGS-2
KGS-3
KGS-4
PHWR
PHWR
PHWR
PHWR
220
220
220
220
Kaiga (Karnataka)
16/11/2000
16/03/2000
16/04/2007
20/01/2011
Currently, 4 nuclear power reactors, each of 700 MW PHWR type, are under
construction two each at Kakrapar and Rawatbhata site respectively. In addition to this,
2 Light Water Reactors (LWRs) at Kudankulam site being implemented in technical
cooperation with Russian Federation are in advanced stage of commissioning. On
progressive completion, these will add 4800 MWe of electrical power, raising the current
installed capacity of NPCIL to 9580 MW by the year 2017. In addition, a 500 MWe
Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR), of second stage, is also in advanced stage of
construction and being constructed at Kalpakkam in Tamilnadu state by Bharatiya
Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Limited (BHAVINI), another Government of India Company
under the administrative control of DAE. Thus, a total of 5300 MWe from 7 reactors
under construction is expected to raise the nuclear power capacity in the country to
10080 MWe on progressive completion of the reactors under construction by 2017. The
details are presented in Table 1.2.
Table 1.2 Reactors under construction in India
REACTORS UNDER CONSTRUCTION (TOTAL 5300 MWe)
Project Type of Reactor Rated Capacity MWe Location
Kudankulam-1
Kudankulam-2
LWR
LWR
1000
1000
Kudankulam (Tamil Nadu)
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Fast Breeder* PFBR 500 Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu)
KAPP-3
KAPP-4
PHWR
PHWR
700
700
Kakrapar (Gujarat)
RAPP-7
RAPP-8
PHWR
PHWR
700
700
Rawatbhata (Rajasthan)
*Being implemented by BHAVINI
In October 2009, Government of India accorded “In Principle approval” for five more new
sites, two for indigenous 700 MW PHWRs and three for imported 1000 MW or larger
capacity LWRs planned to be set up with international cooperation. The Government
also accorded in-principle approval for expansion of existing sites at Kudankulam in
Tamilnadu and Jaitapur in Maharashtra for exploiting full potential. A copy of the same is
attached as Annexure –II (Volume – II of this report).
The locations of various nuclear power plants under operation, under construction and
the new approved projects are shown in Fig 1.2.
Fig.1.2 Nuclear Power Plants in India (operation, construction & proposed)
Rawatbhata (Rajasthan )
Jaitapur
(Maharashtra)
2x 220 MW
2x 700 MW
2x 160 MW
2 x 540 MW
2x 1000 MW
4x 1000 MW
2x 220 MWe
500 MWe (PFBR)
2x 220 MW
1x 100 MW
1x 200 MW
4x 220 MW
2x 700 MW
Narora (U. P.)
Kakarapar (Gujarat )
Tarapur(Maharashtra)
Kudankulam (T. N.)
Kalpakkam (T. N.)
4x700 MW
Gorakhapur (Haryana)
Chutka M. P. 2x 700 MW
Mithivirdi (Gujarat )
6x1000 MW
Haripur W.B.6x1000 MW
Kovvada, A. P. Kaiga (Kar.)
6x1650 MW
In Operation - 4780 MW
Under construction - 5300 MW
Future Projects - 36100 MW
6x1000 MW4x 220 MW
(Tentative)
(Tentative)
(Tentative)
(Tentative)
(Tentative)
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1.2.2 PROJECT PROPONENT
1. Address of the project proponent
The Registered Address of the Project Proponent is
Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited,
16th Floor, Centre-1, World Trade Centre,
Cuffe Parade, Colaba, Mumbai-400 005
Maharashtra
Website: www.npcil.co.in
The address for correspondence is
Shri K R Anilkumar
Associate Director (Future LWR)
Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited, Entrance Block, 2nd Floor
Nabhikiya Urja Bhavan (NUB),
Anushaktinagar, Mumbai- 400094
Maharashtra
Email: [email protected]
Telephone number: 022-25993204
Fax number: 022-25558491
2. Organization Chart of the Project Proponent
The organizational chart of NPCIL is attached as Annexure – III (Volume – II of
this report).
3. Particulars of EIA Consultant
The EIA consultant is Engineers India Limited. The complete address for
correspondence is given below.
Head, Environment Division
Engineers India Limited
Research & Development Complex, Sector-16, On NH-8
Gurgaon – 122001, Haryana
Email: [email protected]
Telephone number : 0124-4794303
Fax number : 0124-2391413
Website: www.engineersindia.com
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1.3 NPCIL MISSION
To develop nuclear power technology and produce nuclear power as a safe,
environmentally benign and an economically viable source of electrical energy to meet
the increasing electricity needs of the country.
1.3.1 NPCIL CORPORATE ENVIRONMENT POLICY
NPCIL gives prime importance to environmental protection and upgradation at all its
sites. Accordingly the corporate environmental policy approved by Chairman and
Managing Director (CMD), NPCIL is in place which is followed at all its operating and
construction sites. A copy of the same is attached as Annexure – IV (Volume – II of this
report).
1. 4 PROJECT SETTING AND DESCRIPTION
The Secretary of Government of India, DAE constituted a Site Selection Committee
(SSC) for future nuclear power stations in 2005 to recommend a panel of costal sites.
The Government of Gujarat appointed Gujarat Power Corporation Limited (GPCL) as the
nodal agency for interaction with the Site Selection Committee.
The Committee recommended the site following the codes of practice for selection of
site published by Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB), guidelines of the Ministry of
Environment and Forests and other related engineering/technical considerations.
Some of the important aspects considered in evaluation of the site are as follows.
a) General environment and screening distance value (SDV).
b) Seismotectonic environment
c) Soil/rock strata
d) Flooding hazard and grade elevation
e) Population
f) Sea bed/intake structure
g) Connectivity and
h) Availability of construction facilities
i) Electrical power demand and supply of the region
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After reviewing and examining, SSC (2005) recommended that site at Mithivirdi village
adjacent to sea coast, District Bhavnagar, Gujarat has the potential for setting up 6 units,
each of 1000 MWe or more.
The coordinates of the proposed site are as follows.
Table 1.3 Coordinates of the proposed Nuclear Power Plant
Corner Points Longitude Latitude
A 72o14’43” E 21o28’55”N
B 72o13’51” E 21o29’19”N
C 72o12’49” E 21o27’23”N
D 72o13’45” E 21o26’57”N
The site is on the shore of Gulf of Khambhat. The nearest railway station is Bhavnagar
about 40 kms away. The nearest National Highway 8E (NH-8E), which is connected
from Bhavnagar to Dwarka, is about 10 kms away. The nearest airport at Bhavnagar is
about 35 km away. The major commercial port Pipavav is about 80 km. The famous ship
breaking yard Alang is at aerial distance of 6 kms on the SW side of the plant site.
There are no minor and major airports, military airfields and installations in the site
vicinity. There are no major industries handling inflammable, toxic, corrosive or explosive
material in and around the site.
The site lies in seismic zone III of seismic zoning map of India (IS 1893-2002). There is
no capable fault within a distance of 5 km.
Plant site ground level elevation is 15 m (average) and 40 m (highest) above Mean Sea
Level (msl).
All the construction materials like stone, metal etc. can be sourced from nearby villages
like Nana Khokhra, Sodvadara, Budhel, Bhadi, and Kardej. The source of sand would be
either from Umrala (Kalubhar River), Talaja (Shetrunji River), or Dhandhuka (Kalubhar
River).The cement and steel will have to be carted by rail/road transport from the places
of manufacture / the storage yard nearby.
The schematic diagram of nuclear power plant at Mithivirdi, Gujarat on toposheets is
given in Annexure – V (Volume – II of this report).
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1.4.1 FEATURES OF ZONES AROUND THE NPPS
The area around the NPP is divided into following zones. These Zones are:
Exclusion Zone: A radius of 1 km from the centers of extreme reactors is called the
Exclusion Zone. It is a fenced area and is under the total control of the plant. No
member of public is allowed to enter the Exclusion Zone without permission.
Sterilized Zone: 5.0 km around the plant is a restricted area and is called the
Sterilized Zone. Existing activities, people, structures continue to remain and any
change in the existing setup needs specific approval from local authorities. However
natural growth is allowed.
Emergency Planning Zone: A radius of 16 km is called the Emergency Planning Zone.
Radiological emergency preparedness plan covers upto this zone.
Impact Assessment Zone: 30 km radius zone around the plant site is called the
Impact Assessment Zone. This zone comes under survey/sampling activities of
Environmental Survey Laboratory (ESL) located at the site.
1.5 IMPORTANCE OF NPP TO THE REGION/COUNTRY
The important factors affecting the operating economics of power generating
technologies are capital cost, debt equity pattern, and interest during construction,
discount rate and fuel choice. The analysis of economics of the technologies as on date
reveals that nuclear power, in the long term, is an economical option. Considering the
component of fuel cost is lower in case of nuclear power, the escalation impact on tariff
is also lower. Nuclear power in India has been established as safe, reliable, clean &
environment friendly and economically compatible with other sources of power
generation units in India. Therefore, establishment of NPP in the western coast of the
country assumes importance, as it will provide much needed electricity with minimal
environmental impact and with comparable cost of electricity generation.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE EIA STUDY
The general scope of the EIA study for the proposed NPP covers: a) Assessment of the present status of Air, Noise, Water, Land, Biological, Marine and
Socio-economic components of environment including biodiversity up to 10 km radius
from the project site.
b) Identification of potential impacts due to proposed Nuclear Power Plant on various
environmental components including biodiversity due to activities envisaged during
construction and operational phases of the proposed project.
c) Prediction of significant impacts due to proposed nuclear power plant.
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d) Evaluation and preparation of environmental impact statements based on the
identification, prediction of impacts.
e) Delineation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) outlining preventive and
control strategies for minimizing adverse impacts during construction and operational
stages of the proposed project.
f) Formulation of environmental quality monitoring programs for construction and
operational phases to be undertaken by the project proponent as per the requirements of
the statutory authorities.
g) Radiological Risk assessment and emergency preparedness.
1.6.1 MOEF APPROVED TOR FOR EIA
The Expert Appraisal Committee for appraisal of Nuclear Power Projects considered the
NPCIL proposal for approval of TOR for EIA study for the proposed project during its
meeting held on 14th February, 2011. Based on the review of the documents submitted
and the presentation made by the NPCIL, the Committee recommended the following
Terms of Reference (TOR) vide letter no. J-14011/7/2010-IA.II (N) dated 14th March,
2011 for incorporating the same in the EIA report.
The compliance of the TOR in the EIA report for illustration purpose is presented below.
Table 1.4 Compliance of TOR comments from MoEF in the EIA report
Sl No. Items TOR Compliance
1 A note on site selection should be given in the EIA report
A note on site selection is provided in Section 5.2 of Chapter – 5.
2 The data contained in the EIA report should be for the ultimate capacity of the plant.
It is given in Section 1.1 of Chapter – 1.
3 All the corner coordinates of the plant site as well as the township with toposheets should be given.
All coordinates of plant site is mentioned in Section 1.4 of Chapter – 1 of EIA report & with reference to township please refer Section 1.6.2 of Chapter - 1.
4 A CRZ map showing the LTL, HTL and the setback lines duly demarcated by one of the authorized agencies, super imposing thereon the various activities to be undertaken in the CRZ area including the route of the pipeline should be furnished. The recommendations of the State Coastal Zone Management Authority for undertaking the activities in CRZ should be furnished.
Study on CRZ of this site was done by Institute of Remote Sensing, Anna University, Chennai. Details are given in Section 3.5.9 of Chapter-3 of EIA report.
5 The EIA report should also includes the impacts of Impact on foreshore activity is
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the foreshore activities including the jetty, although a separate clearance is proposed to be obtained for such activities.
described in MIA report and attached in Section 3.5.10 of Chapter – 3.
6 The impact of the project should include both terrestrial as well as aquatic components.
The study on biological environment elaborates the impact on terrestrial and aquatic components. The same has been given in Section 3.5.7 of Chapter – 3.
7 The study area should cover an area of 10 km radius around the proposed site for conventional pollutants and 30 km radius for radiological parameters.
Study on conventional pollutants covered in Section 3.4 of Chapter – 3 & Study on radiological parameters covered in Section 3.5.11 of Chapter – 3 of EIA report.
8 Land use of the study area as well as the project area shall be given separately.
Land use of the study area as well as the project area is mentioned in Section 2.2 of Chapter – 2.
9 Location of any National Park, Sanctuary, Elephant/Tiger Reserve, migratory routes, if any, 10 km of the project site shall be specified and marked on the map duly authenticated by the Chief Wildlife Warden.
The same has been mentioned in Section 3.5.7.8 of Chapter – 3.
10 Forestry Clearance for the forestland involved in the project should be obtained and a copy furnished
An application letter for forestry clearance has been sent to Forest Department and the same is attached in Annexure – XVI (Volume – 2 of this report).
11 Land requirement for the project along with usage for different purposes should be given. It should also give (ROW), if any required for pipeline etc. as well as details of township.
The same has been given in Section 2.2 of Chapter – 2 & with reference to township please refer Section 1.6.2 of Chapter - 1.
12 Location of intake and outfall points (with coordinate) should be given.
Location of intake and outfall points are mentioned in Section 2.23.2 of Chapter – 2.
13 Topography of the area should be given clearly indicating whether the site requires any filling. If so, details of filling, quantity of fill material required, its source, transportation etc. should be given.
The excavated material will be used for back filling as mentioned in Section 2.2.1 & 2.2.11 of Chapter – 2 and 4.3.5.1 of Chapter- 4.
14 Impact on drainage of the area and the surroundings should be given.
It is explained in Section 4.3.3.1 of Chapter – 4.
15 Information regarding surface hydrology and water regime and impact of the same, if any due to the project should be given.
It is explained in Section 4.3.3.1 & 4.3.3.2 of Chapter – 4.
16 One season site specific meteorological data shall be provided.
The same has been provided in Chapter – 3.
17 One complete season AAQ data (except monsoon) to be given along with the dates of monitoring for the purpose of the EIA report for obtaining environment clearance. However, data
Baseline data for one complete season have been provided in Chapter – 3.
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collection should continue for the entire one year (three seasons). The parameters to be covered shall include PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx. Besides, conventional pollutants information on long lived radio nuclides and background natural radio activity, gross alpha and beta levels should be given. The location of the monitoring stations should be so decided so as to take into consideration the pre-dominant downwind direction, population zone and sensitive receptors including reserved forests. There should be at least one monitoring station in the upwind direction. There should be at least one monitoring station in the pre dominant downwind direction at a location where maximum ground level concentration is likely to occur. Baseline data on noise levels may also be generated.
18 Detailed biological study covering both terrestrial and aquatic environment should be carried out and details furnished in the EIA report
Detailed biological study has been elucidated in Section 3.5.7 & 3.5.10 of Chapter – 3.
19 Impact of the project on the AAQ of the area. Details of model used and the input data used for modeling should be provided. The air quality contours may be plotted on a location map showing the location of the project site, habitation nearby, sensitive receptors, if any. The wind roses should be shown on the map. Levels due to radioactive releases should also be predicted and radiation dose there from at the fence post should also be worked out.
Impact of AAQ has been described in Section 4.3.1 of Chapter – 4 and the wind rose diagram is given in Section 3.5.1.2 of Chapter – 3.
20 Source of water and its availability. Commitment regarding availability of requisite quantity of water from the competent authority. It may clearly stated that whether any groundwater is to be used in the project or township. If so, detailed hydro-geological study should be carried out.
No ground water is used in the project. Source of water for construction is from Mahi river and in operation phase it is from sea water. It is given in Section 2.2.6 of Chapter – 2.
21 Details of desalinization plant proposed in the project. It should also include information regarding disposal of brine, point of discharge and its impact on aquatic life.
Details of desalinization plant are mentioned in Section 2.23 of Chapter – 2.
22 Details of rainwater harvesting and how it will be used in the plant.
Details of rainwater harvesting are given in Section 2.26 of Chapter – 2.
23 Impact of the thermal discharge on the aquatic life should be studied in detail. In this regard, information from some existing operating units should also be given in terms of the thermal range which is normally achieved in such power plants.
Impact of thermal discharge has been studied and mentioned in MIA report and attached in Section 4.3.7 of Chapter - 4.
24 Modeling study should be carried out to determine the impact zone due to thermal discharge.
Detailed modeling study is explained in MIA report and attached in Section 4.3.7 of Chapter - 4.
25 Impact of the project on the fishermen, if any, should be clearly brought out in the EIA report along with necessary mitigation/safeguard
A detailed study on fishing activity of the project region is given in Section 4.3.7 of
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measures. Chapter – 4 and the study
indicates no much fishing activity in the region.
26 Details of water balance taking into account reuse and re-circulation of effluents
Details of water balance are mentioned in Section 2.23 of Chapter – 2.
27 Details of dredging involved, if any, and disposal / management of dredged material should be given in the report
A detailed study on dredging activity of the project region is given in Section 4.3.7 of Chapter – 4.
28 Details of greenbelt i.e. land with not less than 1500 trees per ha giving details of species, width of plantation, planning schedule etc.
Greenbelt programme is described in Section 10.4.3.1 of Chapter – 10.
29 Detailed R&R plan/compensation package in consonance with National / State policy for the project affected people including that due to fuel transportation system/pipeline taking into account the socio-economic status of the area, homestead outsees, land outsees, landless labourers.
Detailed R & R plan is explained in Section 7.6.5 of Chapter – 7 of EIA report.
30 Details of flora and fauna duly authenticated should be provided. In case of any scheduled fauna, conservation plan should be provided.
The details of flora and fauna in the study area are presented in Section 3.5.7 & 4.3.6.6 of Chapter – 3.
31 Details regarding waste management, liquid and solid waste (conventional and radioactive) should be given in the EIA report.
Details of radioactive waste (liquid/solid) management are given in Section 2.24 & 2.25 of Chapter – 2 of EIA report. The conventional wastes are given in Section 4.3.3.1, 4.3.3.4, 4.3.3.5 and 4.3.5.2 of Chapter – 4.
32 Details regarding storage and management of spent fuel should be given.
Details regarding storage and management of spent fuel are mentioned in Annexure – VII (Volume – II of this report).
33 Details regarding storage of hazardous chemical including maximum inventory to be stored at any point of time should be given.
Details regarding hazardous chemicals are described in Annexure – VII (Volume – II of this report).
34 Detailed risk assessment and disaster management plan should be given. The risk contours may be plotted on location map. The impact of the highest high tide on the proposed facilities should also be discussed in the EIA report.
Detailed risk assessment and disaster management plan is mentioned in Chapter – 7.
35 Issues relating to de-commissioning of the plant and the related environmental issues should be discussed.
De-commissioning of the plant is explained in Section 4.3.11 of Chapter – 4.
36 Demographic data of the study area as well as pre-project health survey of the population in the study area around the project site should be collected.
Demographic data of the study are described in Social Impact Assessment report and provided in Section 7.5.1 of Chapter – 7.
37 Detailed environmental management plan to mitigate the adverse environmental impacts due to
Detailed environmental management plan is provided
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the project should be given. It should also include possibility of use of solar energy for the project including measures for energy conservation.
in Chapter – 10.
38 Details of post project monitoring should also include in the EIA report.
Details of monitoring are enumerated in Chapter – 6.
39 Details regarding infrastructure facilities such as sanitation, fuel, restroom, medical facilities, safety during construction phase etc. to be provided to the labour force during construction as well as to the casual workers including truck drivers during operational phase.
It is explained in Section 4.3.9.4 of Chapter – 4 of EIA report.
40 Public hearing points raised and commitment of the project proponent on the same. An action plan to address the issues raised during public hearing and the necessary allocation of funds for the same should be provided.
Will be provided after the completion of public hearing.
41 Measures of socio-economic influence to the local community proposed to be provided by project proponent. As far as possible, quantitative dimension to be given.
This is included in Chapter – 7.
42 Impact of the project on local infrastructure of the area such as road network and whether any additional infrastructure would need to be constructed and the agency responsible for the same with time frame particularly keeping in view the transportation of over sized consignments should be given.
No additional infrastructure is required. Existing roads will be used for the same.
43 EMP to mitigate the adverse impacts due to the project along with item wise cost of its implementation.
EMP and its implementation are given in Chapter – 6.
44 Any litigation pending against the project and/ or any direction / order passed by any court of Law against the project, if so, details thereof.
This is given in Section 1.10 of Chapter – 1.
Compliance to the addendum issued from NPCIL for TOR to MoEF (same are to be added in EIA report)
Sl No.
Items TOR Compliance
1 A detailed bore hole survey of the proposed site on the
basis of the geotechnical investigation, soil testing, water
profile etc. will be provided in the draft EIA report.
This is included in Chapter-2.
2 Baseline data of flora in terms of trees with details will be
provided in the draft EIA report.
Flora and fauna study is mentioned in Section 3.5.7 & 4.3.6.6 of Chapter – 3.
3 A detailed marine impact assessment study
encompassing the description of environmental setting of
intertidal zone will be provided in the draft EIA report.
A brief of Marine Impact Assessment report is provided in the Section 4.3.7 of Chapter – 4 and the report on the same is attached in Annexure – IX (Volume – II).
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4 The effect of historical Tsunamis viz. 2004 Tsunami,
(Makran earth quake induced Tsunami) will be considered in deciding the safe grade elevation of the project
A detailed study is under progress and the safe grade level will be worked out taking into consideration the maximum wave, tide, wind induced surge and tsunami. The details are provided in the Section 2.2.5 of Chapter – 2.
1.6.2 Additional TOR for township
In view of the recent communication received from State Government of Gujarat, giving
the reference of recent Supreme Court ruling for not utilizing the gochar land (grazing
land) for any other purpose. This ruling has come after the approval of TOR by MoEF.
NPCIL is considering the alternative site for the residential complex for the proposed
project. Hence, the additional TOR specified by MoEF vide Letter No. J-14011/7/2010-
IA.II (N) dated 14/03/2011 for township EIA are not addressed in the present EIA report.
1.7 STRUCTURE OF EIA REPORT
The structure of the EIA report has been made as per Appendix- III, of Environmental
Clearance Notification -2006 (S. O. 1533). Accordingly, the EIA report has been
organized in two volumes viz. Volume-I, which consists of main contents of the EIA
studies, whereas the Volume-II contains the Appendices of the additional studies carried
out by various independent institutes / agencies as mentioned in the preceding section,
including other supporting documents.
The Environmental Impact Assessment report prepared for the project covers the
environmental components such as air, water, land, noise, biological, socio-economic
within a radius of 10 km and radiological aspects within a radius of 30 km from the
project location. The EIA report (Volume-I) consists of the following chapters:
Summary of EIA
Chapter -1 Introduction
Chapter -2 Project Description
Chapter -3 Description of the Environment
Chapter -4 Anticipated Environmental and Mitigation Measures
Chapter -5 Analysis of Alternatives (Technology & Site)
Chapter -6 Environmental Monitoring Programme
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Chapter -7 Additional Studies
Chapter -8 Project Benefits
Chapter -9 Environmental Cost Benefit Analysis
Chapter -10 Environmental Management Plan
Chapter -11 Summary & Conclusions
Chapter -12 Disclosure of Consultants engaged
The EIA (Volume –II) contains additional study reports from the institutes / Agencies
including supporting documents / Annexure of the main EIA study report as presented
below.
1.8 ADDITIONAL STUDIES
In Addition, following special studies have been carried out by independent institutes /
agencies, organized by EIL and NPCIL for generation of important baseline data /
specific information required for the EIA study.
(i) Marine Impact Assessment (MIA) and study of thermal dispersion of condenser
cooling seawater discharges from proposed nuclear power project at Mithivirdi,
Gujarat by INDOMER Coastal Hydraulics Pvt. Ltd, Chennai.
(ii) High Tide Line/Low Tide Line and Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) demarcation
of Mithivirdi coast by Institute of Remote Sensing (IRS), Anna University,
Chennai.
(iii) Baseline environmental data collection for flora and fauna for NPP at Mithivirdi,
Gujarat by Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology & Natural History (SACON),
Coimbatore
(iv) Pre-operational radiological survey for Mithivirdi site by Health Physics
Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai.
(v) Provisional Public Dose apportionment study for Mithivirdi site by Health
Physics Division, BARC, Mumbai.
1.9 FRAME WORK OF IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Based on the scope of work, guidelines generally followed for EIA studies and past
experience of EIL on such industrial projects and as per provisions of section of
Environment Act a corridor encompassing of area within 10 km radius for conventional &
30 Km for radiology of proposed project location is considered as spatial frame for the
impact assessment.
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Temporal frame of assessment has been chosen to reflect the impacts in two phases of
the project as:
a) Construction phase
b) Operation Phase
1.9.1 METHODOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
The methodology adopted for carrying out the EIA for the proposed project has been
based on the guidelines issued by Ministry of Environment and Forests and EIL's past
experience of EIA jobs and approved TOR by MoEF. An effective environmental
assessment calls for establishing sufficient background data on various environmental
components through reconnaissance survey, sampling and available literature survey
etc.
The methodology adopted in preparing this EIA report is outlined in the following
sections.
1.9.2 IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS
The impact identification of each of the environmental parameters is the first step of
assessment. In order to identify the impacts comprehensively, all the activities
associated with the proposed project during the construction as well as operational
phase are identified and listed. A careful examination of each of these activities with
respect to the environmental components establishes a relationship between the activity
and environmental parameters.
1.9.3 BASELINE DATA COLLECTION
Once the affected environmental parameters are identified, various environmental
parameters of concern are identified to establish its background quality. The following
specialist agencies as approved under the supervision of respective EIA coordinators
are entrusted for establishment of environmental baseline data (Table 1.5).
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Table 1.5 Baseline data collection agencies
Component of
Environment
Name of the
Agency
Functional Area
Expert (QCI)
Area
Meteorology, Air,
Water, Noise,
Traffic, Socio-
economic
Pragathi Labs &
Consultant Pvt. Ltd.
J K Joshi
R S Prasad
P K Goel
V R Sripada
Subramanyam
Sudhir Saksena
Air Pollution
Land use, hydrology
Water pollution
Noise/Vibration
Socio-economic
Flora & Fauna Salim Ali Centre for
Ornithology and
Natural History
Engineers India
Limited
P A Azeez
Chiranjibi Pattanaik
Ecology &
Biodiversity
Ecology &
Biodiversity
Marine INDOMER Coastal
Hydraulics Pvt. Ltd.
-- --
CRZ mapping Institute of Remote
Sensing, Anna
University
-- --
The environmental data for various parameters is established in a study area of 10 km
radius around the project site for a period of one year i.e. December 2010 to November
2011. This collected data has been utilized here to establish baseline quality of various
environmental parameters.
1.9.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND EVALUATION
In this part of the report the sources of emissions (gaseous, liquid, solid, noise) due to
the proposed project activities will be identified and based on their emission loads their
impacts are to be predicted. Such predictions are then superimposed on baseline quality
(wherever there is an additional impact) and quantitative/qualitative assessments have
been made for the impacts and synergistic impact is evaluated using the relationship
matrix. The resultant matrix attempts to give an objective assessment to help the
Assessment Agency in the decision making process.
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1.9.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
In order to mitigate or minimise the negative impacts of the proposed project, an
effective EMP is called for. Therefore, in the final part of the report the planning and
implementation of various pollution abatement strategies including the proposed
monitoring/surveillance network has been described.
1.10 DETAILS OF LITIGATION
To the best of our knowledge, as on date there are no litigations against the project.
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CHAPTER – 2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
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2.0 GENERAL INFORMATION
This chapter presents a detailed description of the project and the processes involved in a
nuclear power plant for generating electricity.
2.1 NEED FOR THE PROJECT
At present, the electricity demand in India is largely met by Thermal power plants, which are
associated with emissions of green house gases leading to global warming. In view of this,
Nuclear power is a clean source of energy, which can complement the electricity production
in the country. A large gap exists between peak demand of power and the total available
power in the country. Power is the major input for sustaining the growth in the core,
industrial and agricultural sectors.
At present, the share of nuclear power in total generation of electricity in India is about three
(3%) percent. Govt. of India through the Department of Atomic Energy has an ongoing
program for the development of nuclear power. It aims at increasing the production of
nuclear energy from the present 4780 MWe to 10080 MWe by the year 2017.
It is therefore planned to generate nuclear power by importing proven Light Water Reactor
(LWR) technologies from other countries to augment the power requirement in the country,
while also accelerating and up rating the indigenous and homegrown Pressurized Heavy
Water Reactor (PHWR) technology program.
The generation of energy from proposed NPP at Mithivirdi, Bhavnagar Gujarat will meet the
energy demand of western states with possibility of inter regional transfer.
2.2 PROJECT LOCATION AND AREA
The proposed NPP at Mithivirdi will be set up in Talaja Taluka, Bhavnagar district, Gujarat
which is 40 km from Bhavnagar. The site is located on sea coast on west side of the Gulf of
Khambhat. The satellite map showing location of the project area is shown in Fig. 2.1. All
other maps indicating land use - land cover, Khasra map, cropping pattern (both Rabi and
Khariff), waste land, ground water prospect, drainage, airport, port, road and rail network
etc. are attached in Annexure-VI (of Volume – II of this report). The total project area is 777
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ha. The layout of the project is given in Fig. 2.2. The land use land cover statistics of the
study area is given in Table 2.1.
The brief details of present land use of the proposed plant site to be acquired are presented
in Table 2.2. The land use in terms of agricultural and non-agricultural land for the proposed
site is given in Table 2.3. The landuse maps of the study area and the project site are
attached in Annexure – VI (of Volume – II of this report).
Table 2.1 Land use statistics of the NPP at Mithivirdi, Gujarat
Land use % of distribution
(Project area = 777
ha)
% of distribution
(10 km)
% of distribution
(30 km)
Agriculture 78.05 69.24 71.97
Built-up - 1.74 2.80
Forest 2.70 2.43 3.34
Waste land 19.25 23.89 16.60
Water body - 0.99 0.84
Wetland - 0.01 1.07
Others - 1.70 3.38
Table 2.2 Break-up of Land in different villages – to be acquired
Sr. No Village Land (Hectares)
Private Government Total
1 Jaspara 584.94 164.73 749.67
2 Mandva 10.59 -- 10.59
3 Khadadpar 12.79 4.75 17.54
Total 608.32 169.48 777.80
Source: District Administration Bhavnagar
Table 2.3 Classification of land in the proposed site at Mithivirdi, Bhavnagar district
Sr.No Village Agriculture Land
Non-Agriculture
Land
Total Land
No. of Khatedars
R&R Issues
1 Jaspara 583.18 166.49 749.67 310 Land to be acquired through Government of
2 Mandva 10.55 0.04 10.59 19
3 Khadadpar 12.68 4.85 17.54 11
Total 606.41 171.39 777.80 340
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Gujarat taking in to account the R&R policy of the State.
Source: District Administration Bhavnagar
2.2.1 TOPOGRAPHY
The topography of the site is undulating with an average grade level of 15 m and maximum
of 40 m elevation. The project site is surrounded by Gulf of Khambhat in the east and
agricultural fields in all other sides. There are two small non-perennial rivers namely
Mithivirdi and Jaspara. The Mithivirdi river touches the north east boundary and the Jaspara
river touches the south west corner of the proposed project site.
2.2.2 GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA
The Bhavnagar district is located in the southeastern part of Saurashtra peninsula of
Gujarat. It falls in the seismic zone-III as per IS 1893 (part -1) 2003.The soil type is a
mixture of sand & gravel with intermediate golden color laterites with clay as binder.
Geology
The preliminary investigation in the plant area included drilling of 6 boreholes of depth 100
m. in addition to the drilling of these boreholes, various laboratory tests of the soil and rock
samples were carried out. Various field tests, such as plate load tests, pressure meter test,
permeability tests. Geophysical tests such as seismic refraction test were also done.
Soil/Rock Strata
The subsoil strata of the site consists of a mixture of sandy gravel with intermediate golden
color Laterite with clay as binder in the top 10m. Thereafter the strata of about 50 m is a
thick layer of Grayish-blue clay having very hard to stiff consistency tending to rock like
formation. The soil also appears to be good in bearing as Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
value ranges between 30 to 70 in this zone. Beyond 60m below G.L., all the bore holes
exhibits highly fractured Basalt rock with Rock Quality Designation (RQD) varying from 35
to 50.
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Foundation
The sub-soil characteristics of the soil site required for setting up of a nuclear power plant
are,
1. The soil must possess adequate strength such that the safety related building and
structures can be founded safely, and
2. The potential of liquefaction related phenomena on the foundation soil such as flow
liquefaction and cyclic mobility should be as low as possible. In this case as the pre-
dominant soil is stiff clayey the liquefaction possibility is ruled out.
Results of the preliminary geo-technical investigation, Pressure meter test and seismic
Refraction test suggest that the foundation of safety related buildings can be engineered
suitably. Further the soil characteristics are adequate for designing Pile foundation or Raft
foundation for safety related buildings and structures of an NPP. The shear wave velocity is
of the order of 1288m/sec at 20m depth which indicates a rock like strata.
2.2.3 GEOHYDROLOGY
As per bore hole data at site, the water table varies from 2.5 to 6 m.
2.2.4 SEISMOTECTONICS
The site lies in Zone III of the seismic zoning map of India (IS 1893 - 2002). The site
satisfies the requirement of screening distance value of 5 km from a capable fault.
2.2.5 FLOOD ANALYSIS
Site is highly undulating with ridges and valleys with elevation varying from 40 m (highest)
and 5 m (lowest) above M.S.L. The site appears to have a lower risk due to external
flooding. Both inland and coastal flood analysis are being carried out to determine the safe
grade elevation of the site. The coastal flood analysis will take into account the maximum
wave, tide, wind induced surge and tsunami. The plant level shall be located above the safe
grade level so determined.
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2.2.6 AVAILABLE SOURCE OF WATER
The water requirement for the power plant will be met from a desalination plant by drawing
water from sea. The fresh water requirement for construction purpose will be met from Mahi
river pipeline which is 12 km (approx.) to the west of the project location.
2.2.7 POWER EVACUATION
Power evacuation from the proposed six units of 1000 MWe each is feasible. NPCIL will be
submitting a proposal to Central Electricity Authority (CEA), New Delhi, requesting to
undertake power system studies and develop an appropriate power evacuation system with
associated transmission scheme for implementation for NPP site. Based on this study, the
required transmission line will be constructed through Power Grid Corporation of India
Limited (PGCIL), to evacuate power generated from NPP to western region grid and
transmitted to respective beneficiaries based on allocation of power by Government of India.
2.2.8 POPULATION
As per the census data of 2001, the average population for 22 villages within 10 km of
radius is 57582. The decadal growth rate of population for Bhavnagar district is 16.53% as
per 2011 provisional census report. Considering this provisional growth rate, the projected
population for 22 villages within 10 km of radius in 2011 is 67102.
2.2.9 ACCESS TO THE SITE
The nearest National Highway is at Rajpara junction NH-8E at a distance of 12 km from site.
The State Highway SH-37 is running inside the NPP site which connects from Bhavnagar to
Trapaj. The nearest railway station is Bhavnagar which is approximate 40 km from the site.
The Bhavnagar airport is also 35 km from the site area. The nearest seaport is Pipavav.
Due to overall accessibility of all major port, airport, road and rail, the present site is more
suitable for NPP.
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2.2.10 GENERAL ENVIRONMENT NEIGHBOURING NPP SITE
There are no civil or military airports with 10 km around the site. No industries handling toxic
chemicals or explosives are reported to exist within 5 km. There are no places of
archeological/historical importance within a distance of 5 km radius from the plant.
2.2.11 CONSTRUCTION FACILITIES
All the construction materials like stone, metal etc. can be sourced from nearby villages like
Nana Khokhra, Sodvadara, Budhel, Bhadi, Kardej. The Source of sand would be either
from Umrala (Kalubhar River), Talaja (Shetrunji River), or Dhandhuka (Kalubhar River). The
cement and steel will have to be carted by rail/road transport from the places of
manufacture / the storage yard nearby.
2.2.12 PROPOSED SCHEDULE OF THE PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
The proposed nuclear power plant at Mithivirdi will be implemented in a twin unit in phased
manner within a span of 10 years. The first twin units of NPP are scheduled to be completed
by the year 2019-20. The stage-II and stage-III will be completed by the year 2021-22 and
2023-24 respectively.
2.3 PLANT DESCRIPTION
2.3.1 SAFETY OBJECTIVES & PRINCIPLES
The basic objective of nuclear power plants safety is to ensure protection of individuals,
society and the environment from undue radiological hazard. Accordingly, the design,
construction and operation of nuclear power plants are aimed at achieving the following
safety goals:
1. During routine operation, to minimize the radiation doses to plant personnel and to
members of the public in accordance with the principle of `As low as Reasonably
Achievable' (ALARA), and in any case not in excess of the prescribed limits,
specified by AERB.
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2. To minimize the risk to public from accidental release of radioactivity, if any under
abnormal/postulated accident conditions for scenarios within the design basis, the
calculated releases shall be within specified release limits. This requirement is met
by ensuring that plant conditions associated with high radiological consequences
have low likelihood of occurrence, and plant condition with a high likelihood of
occurrence have only small or no radiological consequences.
3. Incorporate emergency preparedness measures to deal with situations arising out of
highly unlikely „Beyond Design Basis Accidents‟.
4. To meet nuclear security requirements as specified in AERB manual on security
2.3.2 PRINCIPLES & GUIDELINES
The safety goal of protection of public from accidental release of radioactivity is achieved by
adherence to the following well-established principles and guidelines:
a) Application of defense-in-depth approach, incorporating several echelons of defense
viz.
1. Sound design, construction and operation to prevent failures and deviation
from normal operation.
2. To detect and intercept incipient failures and deviation from normal operation
conditions, in order to prevent these from escalating into accidents.
3. To limit the consequences of accident conditions.
4. In addition to the above, for more severe events, protection of the public by
making use of ultimate safety capability of the plant, and provision of
appropriate plans for on-site and off-site emergency response.
b) Application of defense-in-depth concept to containment of radioactive material, by a
series of physical barriers, each backing the others.
c) Provision of more than one means / systems for performance of each of the three
safety functions viz. shutdown of reactor, core cooling, and containment of
radioactivity.
d) Provision of redundancy in systems important to safety having mitigation function,
including safety systems, such that at least minimum safety function can be
performed even in the event of failure of a single active component in the system.
e) Specifying unavailability targets for safety systems.
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f) Provision of physical and functional separation, and independence to the extent
practicable, among/between following systems including their services (including
cabling etc.) to prevent common cause failures:
1. Between process systems and related safety systems.
2. Among systems performing same safety function.
3. Among redundant components within a system.
g) Consideration given at all stages of design for logics and instrumentation to fail in
the safe direction.
h) Provision of periodic testability of active components in systems important to safety
having mitigation function, preferably on-power.
i) Provision of periodic in-service inspection of components important to safety.
j) Application of appropriate Quality Assurance measures during design, construction,
commissioning and operation of the plant to ensure a high standard of safety and
availability.
k) The plant is designed to be fabricated, erected, and operated in such a manner that
the release of radioactive materials to the environment does not exceed the limits
and guideline values of applicable government regulations pertaining to the release
of radioactive materials for normal operations and for design basis transients and
accidents.
l) Gaseous and liquid waste disposal facilities are designed so that the discharge of
radioactive effluents can be made in accordance with applicable regulations.
m) The reactor core is designed so its nuclear characteristics do not contribute to a
divergent power transient.
n) Sufficient indications are provided to allow determination that the reactor is operating
within the envelope of conditions considered by plant safety analysis.
o) Nuclear safety systems and engineered safety features functions are designed so
that no damage to the reactor coolant pressure boundary results from internal
pressures caused by design basis operational transients and accidents.
p) The design of nuclear safety systems and engineered safety features includes
allowances for natural environmental disturbances such as earthquakes, floods, and
storms at the station site.
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q) Standby electrical power sources have sufficient capacity to power the nuclear
safety systems and engineered safety features requiring electrical power. Safety-
related electrical power requirements needed during a loss of offsite power are
supplied via Class 1E DC power.
r) Standby electrical power sources are provided to allow prompt reactor shutdown and
removal of decay heat under circumstances where normal auxiliary power is not
available.
s) The containment is designed to allow periodic integrity and leak tightness testing.
t) The containment, in conjunction with other engineered safety features, limits the
release of radioactivity from inside the containment, in the event of a design basis
accident. This has the effect of limiting radiological consequences of a design basis
accident to within an appropriate fraction of regulatory guidelines.
u) Piping that penetrates the containment and could serve as a path for the
uncontrolled release of radioactive material to the environs is automatically isolated
whenever such uncontrolled radioactive material release is threatened. Such
isolation is effected in time to limit radiological effects to less than the specified
acceptable limits.
v) Provisions are made for passively removing energy from the containment to
maintain the integrity of the containment system following accidents that release
energy to the containment.
w) The passive core cooling system provides for core cooling over the complete range
of postulated break sizes in the reactor coolant pressure boundary.
x) Actuation of the passive core cooling system occurs automatically when required,
regardless of the availability of offsite power supplies and the normal generating
system.
y) The control room is shielded against radiation so that continued occupancy under
accident conditions is possible.
z) In the event that the control room becomes uninhabitable, it is possible to bring the
reactor from power range operation to safe shutdown conditions by utilizing the
remote shutdown workstation located outside the control room.
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2.4 CLASSIFICATION
2.4.1 SAFETY CLASSIFICATION
To ensure adequate safety to the public and plant site personnel, the plant design meets
following general safety requirements.
1. The capability for safe shutdown of the reactor and maintaining it in the safe shut
down condition during and after all operational states and postulated accident
conditions.
2. The capability to remove residual heat from the core after reactor shut down, and
during and after all operational states and postulated accident conditions and
maintain a coolable geometry.
3. The capability to reduce the potential for the release of radioactive materials and
ensure that releases are within the prescribed limits during and after all
operational states and, postulated accident conditions.
Based on the above methodology, the following safety classes are generally considered
appropriate in view of the design codes and standards in vogue.
CLASS A:
Class A is a safety-related class equivalent to ANS Safety Class 1. It applies to the reactor
coolant system pressure boundary, including the required isolation valves and mechanical
supports. This class has the highest integrity, and the lowest probability of leakage. ASME
Code, Section III, Class 1 applies to pressure retaining components.
CLASS B:
Class B is a safety-related class equivalent to ANS Safety Class 2. It limits the leakage of
radioactive material from the containment following a design basis accident. This class is
designed to accomplish the following:
Provides fission product barrier or primary containment radioactive material
holdup or isolation.
Provides the containment boundary including penetrations and isolation valves
which also includes piping that functions as the containment boundary. For
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example, the steam and feed water system inside containment and the
secondary shell of the steam generator (SG) are Class B by this criterion.
Circulates a non-containment/non-reactor coolant fluid to provide a post-accident
safety related function into and out of the containment. These lines have a Class
B pressure boundary inside the containment. The outside containment lines in
this circulation loop can be Class C or a no- safety related class if suitable
containment isolation valves are provided.
Introduces emergency negative reactivity to make the reactor subcritical (for
example, control rods).
This class also applies to structures, systems, and components where leakage
could cause a loss of adequate core cooling. In isolating leaks, credit can be
taken for automatic safety-related isolation and for appropriate operator action.
As a minimum, operator action needs redundant safety-related indication and
alarm followed by 30 minutes for operator action.
ASME Code, Section III, Class 2 or Class MC applies to pressure retaining components.
ASME Code, Section III, Subsection NE applies to the containment vessel and guard pipes.
CLASS C:
Class C is a safety-related class equivalent to ANS Safety Class 3. It applies to other safety-
related functions required to mitigate design basis accidents and other design basis events.
Minor leakage will not prevent Class C structures, systems, and components from meeting
the safety-related function, either from the regard of radiation dose or system functioning.
Class C applies to structures, systems, and components not included in Class A or Class B
that are designed and relied upon to accomplish one or more of the following safety-related
functions:
Provide safety injection or maintain sufficient reactor coolant inventory to allow for
core cooling
Provide core cooling.
Provide containment cooling.
Provide for removal of radiation from the containment atmosphere as necessary to
meet the offsite dose limits.
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Limit the buildup of radioactive material in the atmosphere of rooms and areas
outside containment as necessary to meet the offsite dose limits.
Introduce negative reactivity control measures to achieve or maintain safe shutdown
conditions (for example, boron addition).
Maintain geometry of structures inside the reactor vessel so that the control rods can
be inserted (when required) and the fuel remains in a coolable geometry.
Provide load-bearing structures and supports for Class A, B, and C SSCs. This
applies to structures and supports that are not part of the pressure boundary.
Provide structures and buildings to protect Class A, B, and C SSCs from events such
as internal/external missiles, seismic, and flooding. Structures protecting equipment
from non-seismic events are not required to be seismic Category I.
Provide permanent radiation shielding to allow operator access to the main control
room (MCR) and to limit the exposure to Class A, B and C SSCs.
Provide safety support functions to Class A, B and C SSCs, such as, heat removal,
room cooling, and electrical power.
Provide instrumentation and controls for automatic or manual actuation of Class A, B,
and C SSCs necessary to perform the safety-related functions of the Class A, B, or C
SSCs. This includes the processing of signals and interlock functions required for
proper safety performance of these SSCs.
Maintain spent fuel integrity, the failure of which could result in fuel damage such that
significant quantities of radioactive material could be released from the fuel and results
in offsite doses greater than normal limits, for example, spent fuel pool, fuel transfer
tube isolation valve.
Maintain spent fuel sub-critical.
Monitor radioactive effluent to confirm that release rates or total releases are within
limits established for normal operations and transient operation.
Monitor variables to indicate status of Class A, B or C SSCs required for post-
accident mitigation.
Provide for functions defined in Class B where SSCs, or portions thereof, are not
within the scope of the ASME Code, Section III, Class 2.
Provide provisions for connecting temporary equipment to extend the use of safety
related systems.
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CLASS D:
Class D is non-safety related with some additional requirements on procurement, inspection
or monitoring. For Class D structures, systems, and components (SSC) containing
radioactivity, it is demonstrated by conservative analysis that the potential for failure due to
a design basis event does not result in exceeding the normal offsite dose.
Class D applies to SSCs not included in Class A, B, or C that provide the following
functions:
* Provide core or containment cooling, which prevents challenges to the passive core
cooling system and the passive containment cooling system.
* Process, extract, encase, store, or reuse radioactive fluid or waste.
* Verify that plant operating conditions are within technical specification limits.
* Provide permanent shielding for post accident access to Class A, B, or C SSCs or of
offsite personnel.
* Handle spent fuel, the failure of which could result in fuel damage such that limited
quantities of radioactive material could be released from the fuel (for example, fuel
handling machine, spent fuel handling tool, new and spent fuel racks).
* Protect Class B or C SSCs necessary to attain or maintain safe shutdown following fire.
* Indicate the status of protection system bypasses that are not automatically removed as
a part of the protection system operation.
* Aid in determining the cause or consequences of an event for post-accident
investigation.
* Prevent interaction that could result in preventing Class A, B or C SSCs from
performing required safety-related functions.
* Limit the buildup of hydrogen in the containment atmosphere to acceptable values.
OTHER CLASSES:
Equipment classes E, F, G, L, P, R, and W are non-safety related. They apply to structures,
systems, and components not covered in the above classes. They have no safety-related
function to perform. They do not contain sufficient radioactive material that a release could
exceed applicable limits.
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SSCs that do not normally contain radioactive fluids, gases, or solids but have the potential
to become radioactively contaminated are classified as one of these non-safety-related
classes if all of the following criteria are satisfied:
* The system is only potentially radioactive and does not normally contain radioactive
material.
* The system has shown in plant operations that the operation with the system containing
radioactive material meets or can meet unrestricted area release limits.
* An evaluation of the system confirms that the system contains features and
components that keep the consequences of a system failure as low as reasonably
achievable.
* The system has no other regulatory guidance requiring its inclusion in Classes A,
B, C or D.
This review of the system features and components includes the following as a minimum:
* Features and components that control and limit the radioactive contamination in the
system
* Features that facilitate an expeditious cleanup should the system become contaminated
* Features and components that limit and control the radiological consequences of a
potential system failure
* The means by which the system prevents propagation to an event of greater
consequence
* The following provides examples of industry standards that may be used for these
classes:
Class E – This class is used for non-safety-related SSCs that do not have a specialized
industry standard or classification, as noted in the following classes.
Class F and G – These classes are used for Fire Protection Systems (FPS). They comply
with National Fire Protection Association Codes which invoke ANSI B31.1, American Water
Works Association (AWWA), American Petroleum Institute (API), Underwriters Laboratories
(UL), and other codes, depending on service. Portions of FPS that protect safety-related
SSCs are designated as AP1000 equipment Class F, which meets the requirements of
ANSI B31-1 and requires seismic analysis.
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Class L – This class is used in HVAC systems. It complies with Sheet Metal and Air
Conditioning Contractors' National Association (SMACNA). Components may also be
procured to Air Movement and Control Association (AMCA) and American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) standards.
Class P – This class is used for plumbing equipment. It complies with the National
Plumbing Code.
Class R – This class is for air cleaning units and components that may be required to
contain, clean, or exclude radioactively contaminated air. It complies with ASME 509.
Class W – This class complies with AWWA guidelines with no specific QA requirements.
2.4.2 SEISMIC CLASSIFICATION
To meet the requirement given in the previous section, a three tier (or level) system has
been adopted for the seismic classification of systems, components, instruments and
structures. Seismic design of the plant seismic Categories I and II structures, systems,
equipment, and components are based on the safe shutdown earthquake (SSE). The
operating basis earthquake (OBE) has been eliminated as a design requirement for the
plant. The peak ground acceleration of the safe shutdown earthquake has been established
as 0.30g for the plant design. The vertical peak ground acceleration is conservatively
assumed to equal the horizontal value of 0.30g. Seismic Category I apply to both
functionality and integrity, and seismic Category II applies only to integrity. Non-seismic
items located in the proximity of safety-related items, the failure of which during a safe
shutdown earthquake could result in loss of function of safety-related items, are designated
as seismic Category II.
Seismic Category I: Seismic Category I apply to safety-related structures, systems, and
components. Seismic Category I also apply to those structures, systems, and components
required to support or protect safety-related structures, systems, and components.
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Seismic Category II: Seismic Category II applies to plant structures, systems, and
components which perform no safety related function, and the continued function of which is
not required. Seismic Category II applies to structures, systems, and components designed
to prevent their collapse under the safe shutdown earthquake. Structures, systems and
components are classified as seismic Category II to preclude their structural failure during a
safe shutdown earthquake or interaction with seismic Category I items which could degrade
the functioning of a safety-related structure, system, or component to an unacceptable level,
or could result in incapacitating injury to occupants of the main control room.
Non-Seismic: Non-seismic (NS) structures, systems, and components are those that are
not classified seismic Category I or Category II. The non-seismic lines and associated
equipment are routed, to the extent practicable, outside of safety-related buildings and
rooms to avoid adverse system interactions. In cases where these lines are routed in safety-
related areas, the non-seismic item is evaluated for the safe shutdown earthquake and is
upgraded to seismic Category II if a credible failure could cause an unacceptable
interaction.
2.5 IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
The nuclear island structures include the containment (the steel containment vessel and the
containment internal structure), and the shield and auxiliary buildings (Fig. 2.3). The
containment, shield and auxiliary buildings are structurally integrated on a common
basement which is embedded below the finished plant grade level.
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Fig. 2.3 Major building structure of plant
The containment vessel is a cylindrical welded steel vessel with elliptical upper and lower
heads, supported by embedding a lower segment between the containment internal
structures concrete and the basement concrete. The containment internal structure is
reinforced concrete with structural modules used for some walls and floors. The shield
building is reinforced concrete and, in conjunction with the internal structures of the
containment building, provides shielding for the reactor coolant system and the other
radioactive systems and components housed in the containment. The shield building roof is
a reinforced concrete structure containing an integral, steel lined passive containment
cooling water storage tank. The auxiliary building is reinforced concrete and houses the
safety-related mechanical and electrical equipment located outside the containment and
shield buildings.
The portion of the annex building adjacent to the nuclear island is a structural steel and
reinforced concrete seismic Category II structure and houses the control support area, non-
1E electrical equipment, and hot machine shop (Table 2.5).
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Table 2.5 Classification of building structure
STRUCTURE SEISMIC
CATEGORY
Nuclear Island – Basement, Containment Interior, Shield Bldg, Air baffle
Category-I
Containment vessel Category-I
Plant Vent & Stair Structure, Annex Bldg Column A-D Category-II
TB, RWB, DGB, CWPH, Annex Bldg Column E-I Non Seismic
The radio waste building is a steel framed structure and houses the low level waste
processing and storage.
The turbine building is a non-safety related structure that houses the main turbine generator
and the power conversion cycle equipment and auxiliaries. The turbine building is located
on a separate foundation. The turbine building structure is adjacent to the nuclear island
structures.
The diesel generator building is a non-safety related structure that houses the two standby
diesel engines powered generators and the power conversion cycle equipment and
auxiliaries. The diesel generator building is located on a separate foundation at a distance
from the nuclear island structures.
Steel Containment: The steel containment vessel is an integral part of the containment
system (Fig.2.4). The containment building is a freestanding, cylindrical, steel containment
vessel with elliptical upper and lower heads. It is surrounded by a seismic Category I
reinforced concrete shield building. The containment vessel is an integral part of the passive
containment cooling system. The vessel provides the safety-related interface with the
ultimate heat sink, which is the surrounding atmosphere. The containment vessel is an
ASME metal containment. The containment vessel includes the shell, hoop stiffeners and
crane girder, equipment hatches, personnel airlocks, penetration assemblies, and
miscellaneous appurtenances and attachments.
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Fig. 2.4 General Arrangement of Steel Containment
The bottom head is embedded in concrete, with concrete up to elevation 100′ on the outside
and to the maintenance floor at elevation 107′-2″ on the inside. The containment vessel is
assumed as an independent, free-standing structure above elevation 100′. The thickness of
the lower head is the same as that of the upper head. There is no reduction in shell thickness
even though credit could be taken for the concrete encasement of the lower head. Vertical
and lateral loads on the containment vessel and internal structures are transferred to the
basement below the vessel by shear studs, friction, and bearing. The shear studs are not
required for design basis loads. They provide additional margin for earthquakes beyond the
safe shutdown earthquake. Seals are provided at the top of the concrete on the inside and
outside of the vessel to prevent moisture between the vessel and concrete.
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Shield Building: The shield building is the shield building structure and annulus area that
surrounds the containment building. It shares a common basement with the containment
building and the auxiliary building. The shield building is a reinforced concrete structure. The
cylindrical section of the shield building provides a radiation shielding function, a missile
barrier function, and a passive containment cooling function. Additionally, the cylindrical
section structurally supports the roof with the passive containment cooling system water
storage tank and serves as a major structural member for the nuclear island. The floor slabs
and structural walls of the auxiliary building are structurally connected to the cylindrical
section of the shield building. The shield building roof is a reinforced concrete shell
supporting the passive containment cooling system tank and air diffuser. Air intakes are
located at the top of the cylindrical portion of the shield building.
Auxiliary Building: The auxiliary building is a reinforced concrete and structural steel
structure. Three floors are above grade and two are located below grade. It is one of the
three buildings that make up the nuclear island and shares a common basement with the
containment building and the shield building. The auxiliary building is a C-shaped section of
the nuclear island that wraps around approximately 50 percent of the circumference of the
shield building. The floor slabs and the structural walls of the auxiliary building are
structurally connected to the cylindrical section of the shield building.
Containment Air Baffle: The containment air baffle is located within the upper annulus of
the shield building, providing an air flow path for the passive containment cooling system.
The air baffle separates the downward air flow entering at the air inlets from the upward air
flow that cools the containment vessel and flows out of the discharge stack. The upper
portion is supported from the shield building roof and the remainder is supported from the
containment vessel. The air baffle is a seismic Category I structure designed to withstand the
wind and tornado loads.
2.6 REACTOR SYSTEM
The Advance Passive Reactor Plant (pressurized water reactor) consists of two heat
transfer circuits, each with a steam generator, two reactor coolant pumps, a single hot leg
and two cold legs, for circulating reactor coolant. In addition the system includes a
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pressurizer, interconnecting piping, valves and instrumentation necessary for operational
control and safeguards actuation. All system equipment is located in the reactor
containment. The Fuel Assemblies (FA) is arranged in a lattice in the Reactor. The In/Out
movements of the CRDM control the nuclear fission energy generated in the Reactor. The
forced circulation of Primary Coolant by Reactor Coolant Pump (RCP) transfers the heat
energy in the reactor to the Steam Generator (SG). The Primary coolant flows through the
tube side of the SG and after transferring the heat energy to the Secondary side water on
the shell side of the SG, returns to the RCP suction.
The water in the shell side of the SG, called Secondary side is evaporated and the steam is
fed to the Turbo-Generator to generate electricity. Thermal Power Output of 3415 Mwth and
the nominal net electrical output of 1000 MWe will be produced. The Steam works on the
blades of the turbine, thereby rotating the Turbo-Generator shaft, expands and enters the
Condenser. Condenser cooling water system condenses the low enthalpy Steam that
enters the condenser to water.
2.6.1 REACTOR PRESSURE VESSEL (RPV) AND INTERNALS
The reactor vessel is a cylindrical high-pressure vessel manufactured of high-strength heat-
resistant alloy steel. The vessel internal surface is clad with corrosion-resistant austenitic
steel. A schematic sketch of reactor pressure vessels along with internals is shown in Fig.
2.5.
The reactor vessel is designed to contain the vessel internals and fuel assemblies of the
core. The reactor unit has overall height of 14 meters and outside diameter of 4.5 meters.
The reactor vessel houses core barrel, which in-turn houses all the core components
including the fuel assembly. The core barrel directs the coolant flow from the reactor vessel
inlet nozzles, through the down comer annulus, and into the lower plenum below the lower
core support plate. The flow then turns and passes through the lower support plate and into
the core region.
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Fig. 2.5 Reactor pressure vessel and internals
After leaving the core, it passes through the upper core plate; then bypasses through and
around the control rod guide tubes and the support columns to reach the outlet nozzles.
During operation, a small amount of inlet coolant is diverted from the core to cool the core
shroud and the vessel head area. All core components are made of austenitic stainless
steel.
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The reactor pressure vessel with the top cover is kept in a concrete pit inside the
containment. On the top of the Reactor vessel, the head assembly, containing the control
rod drive mechanisms, is mounted.
2.6.2 REACTOR FUEL
There are 157 nos. of Fuel Assemblies arranged in a lattice pattern within the reactor core
with the help of stainless steel supporting structure. A schematic arrangement of fuel rod
and its supporting structures is shown in Figs. 2.6 & 2.7.
Fig. 2.6 Fuel Rod schematic diagram
The fuel is uranium-di-oxide enriched less than 5.0%. Spring-loaded upper block assembly
keeps the fuel assemblies in their position. Loading and unloading of fuel is achieved with
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the help of specially designed fuelling machine positioned above the reactor. The Fuel and
Fuel Clad forms the primary barrier against the release of radioactivity, generated in the
reactor and is designed to ensure a high degree of integrity throughout the life of the plant.
Fig. 2.7 Fuel Rod assembly cross section
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2.6.3 REACTOR COOLANT SYSTEM (RCS) AND EQUIPMENT
The reactor coolant system consists of two heat transfer circuits, each with a steam
generator, two reactor coolant pumps, and a single hot leg and two cold legs for circulating
reactor coolant. The core barrel directs the coolant flow from the reactor vessel inlet
nozzles, through the down comer annulus, and into the lower plenum below the lower core
support plate. The flow then turns and passes through the lower support plate and into the
core region. When passing through FA the coolant is heated due to nuclear fission reaction
inside the fuel.
The primary purpose of reactor coolant system (RCS) is to transfer the heat generated in
the reactor core to the steam generators where steam is produced to drive turbine-
generator. The borated demineralized water coolant of RCS also acts as a neutron
moderator, absorber and reflector and is a means for variation of reactor power. The RCS
pressure boundary provides a secondary barrier against the release of radioactivity,
generated in the reactor and is designed to ensure a high degree of integrity throughout the
life of the plant.
The coolant in the primary circuit is kept under pressure to keep it sub-cooled during plant
operation. The thermal hydraulic design of the RCS rules out coolant boiling in the fuel
assemblies and guarantees optimum selection of steam generator size and reactor coolant
pump power (Fig. 2.8).
The reactor coolant system includes the following:
The reactor vessel, including control rod drive mechanism housings.
The reactor coolant pumps, consisting of four seal less pumps that pump fluid
through the entire reactor coolant and reactor systems. Two pumps are coupled with
each steam generator.
The portion of the steam generators containing reactor coolant, including the
channel head, tube sheet, and tubes.
The pressurizer which is attached by the surge line to one of the reactor coolant hot
legs. With a combined steam and water volume, the pressurizer maintains the
reactor system within a narrow pressure range.
The safety and automatic depressurization system valves.
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The reactor vessel head vent isolation valves.
The interconnecting piping and fittings between the preceding principal components.
The piping, fittings, and valves leading to connecting auxiliary or support
systems.
Fig. 2.8 Schematic diagram of Reactor Coolant System (RCS)
2.6.4 REACTOR COOLANT PUMP (RCP) SET
The reactor coolant pumps are high-inertia, high-reliability, low-maintenance, and seal less
pumps of canned motor design that circulate the reactor coolant through the reactor vessel,
loop piping, and steam generators. The pumps are integrated into the steam generator
channel head.
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The integration of the pump suction into the bottom of the steam generator channel head
eliminates the cross-over leg of coolant loop piping; reduces the loop pressure drop;
simplifies the foundation and support system for the steam generator, pumps, and piping;
and reduces the potential for uncovering of the core by eliminating the need to clear the
loop seal during a small loss of coolant accident. A flywheel on the shaft above the motor
provides additional inertia to give suitable coast-down characteristic.
2.6.5 PRESSURISER
The Pressuriser serves to build up and maintain the necessary pressure in the reactor
coolant system. The Pressuriser is the vertical vessel with electric heaters located in the
vessel bottom part; it is designed for building up of pressure in the primary circuit during the
reactor plant heat-up and restriction of pressure deviations during the reactor power
operation. The Pressuriser casing is made of low alloy steel with corrosion resistant coating
of internal surfaces by austenitic layer.
RCS pressure is controlled by the use of the Pressuriser, where water and steam are
maintained in equilibrium saturated conditions by operation of electrical heaters and water
sprays. The bottom head of the Pressurizer contains the nozzle for attaching the surge line.
This line connects the Pressurizer to a hot leg, and provides for the flow of reactor coolant
into and out of the Pressurizer during reactor coolant system thermal expansions and
contractions.
2.6.6 STEAM GENERATORS
The Steam generator (SG) is a vertical shell and U-tube evaporator with integral moisture
separating equipment. An indicative sketch of steam generator is provided in Fig. 2.9.
The basic function of the steam generator is to transfer heat from the single-phase reactor
coolant water through the U-shaped heat exchanger tubes to the boiling, two-phase steam
mixture in the secondary side of the steam generator. The steam generator separates dry,
saturated steam from the boiling mixture, and delivers the steam to a nozzle from which it is
delivered to the turbine. Water from the feed water system replenishes the steam generator
water inventory by entering the steam generator through a feed water inlet nozzle.
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In addition to its steady-state performance function, the steam generator secondary side
provides a water inventory which is continuously available as a heat sink to absorb primary
side high temperature transients.
Fig. 2.9 Schematic diagram of Steam Generator
2.7 REACTOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION SYSTEM
Core reactivity is controlled by means of a chemical poison dissolved in the coolant, rod
cluster, control assemblies, gray rod cluster assemblies and burnable absorbers. Boron in
solution as boric acid is used to control relatively slow reactivity changes. The most effective
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reactivity control components are the rod cluster control assemblies and the corresponding
drive rod assemblies, which along with the gray rod cluster assemblies, are the only kinetic
parts in the reactor. The arrangement for the gray rod cluster assemblies is the same.
The absorber material used in the control rods is silver-indium-cadmium alloy, which is
essentially “black” to thermal neutrons and has sufficient additional resonance absorption to
significantly increase worth. The control rods have bottom plugs with bullet-like tips to
reduce the hydraulic drag during reactor trip and to guide smoothly into the dashpot section
of the fuel assembly guide thimbles. The maximum temperatures of the silver-indium-
cadmium control rod absorber material are calculated and found to be significantly less than
the material melting point.
Total number control rod cluster assemblies are 69 will be used. These are divided in three
banks.
First Bank –Shutdown bank: Primary function of Shutdown Bank is to provide rapid
shutdown capability. It consists of 32 Rod Cluster Control Assemblies (RCCA). RCCAs of
this bank are all Black (Ag-In-Cd) and divided in to 4 groups S1-S4.
Second bank consisting of 9 Black RCCAs of rods is utilized specifically for axial power
distribution control called AO-Bank.
Third bank includes both gray and black rods whose primary function is to provide
reactivity control associated with temperature, power level and transient Xenon changes.
Reactor protection i.e. fast termination of nuclear reaction in the reactor core is achieved by
dropping all CRD into the reactor by gravity. Long-term reactivity changes are
accomplished by varying the boron concentration of the primary coolant water.
Control rod drive mechanism for movement of the CRDM is mounted on the reactor cover.
CRDM movement for control of reactor power is done in pre-determined stepped sequence
with the help of electro-magnetic step drive units.
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In case of occurrence of reactor protection signal or loss of power supply, these electro-
magnetic coils are de-energized and absorber rods fall freely into the reactor core under
gravity, thereby bringing the Reactor to a safe shutdown state.
2.8 SPECIAL FEATURES OF NPP
2.8.1 INHERENT SAFETY FEATURES
Reactivity coefficients characterizing the reactor core reactivity change in response to
variations in parameters of the fuel, coolant and boron concentration are negative under
normal operation, anticipated operational occurrence and design basis accidents. Thus,
any fast changes in power are self-terminating.
2.8.2 ENGINEERED SAFETY FEATURES
Engineered safety features (ESF) protect the public in the event of an accidental release of
radioactive fission products from the reactor coolant system. The engineered safety features
function to localize, control, mitigate, and terminate such accidents and to maintain radiation
exposure levels to the public below applicable limits and guidelines. The task is
accomplished by quickly shutting down the reactor and making it sub-critical, fast cooling
and maintaining level in core, continued heat removal from core to limit rise of fuel
temperature, containing radioactivity release from the core and safeguarding various
systems from over pressure. Reactor incorporates most advanced passive engineered
safety features, which are as follows.
2.8.2.1 Passive core cooling system
The primary function of the passive core cooling system is to provide emergency core
cooling following postulated design-basis events. The passive core cooling system provides
reactor coolant system makeup and boration during transients or accidents where the
normal reactor coolant system makeup supply from the chemical and volume control system
is lost or is insufficient. The passive core cooling system provides safety injection to the
reactor coolant system to provide adequate core cooling for the complete range of loss of
coolant accident events up to, and including, the double ended rupture of the largest
primary loop reactor coolant system piping. The passive core cooling system provides core
decay heat removal during transients, accidents, or whenever the normal heat removal
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paths are lost. The passive core cooling system is designed to operate without the use of
active equipment such as pumps and AC power sources. The passive core cooling system
depends on reliable passive components and processes such as gravity injection and
expansion of compressed gases.
This is accomplished with following system.
Core Makeup Tank (CMT)
Accumulators
Automatic Depressurization System(ADS)
In-containment Water Storage Tank (IRWST)
Containment Recirculation system
Passive Residual Heat Removal System (PRHRS)
PH Adjustment Basket
The reactor passive core cooling system design includes safety-related equipment that is
sufficient to automatically establish and maintain safe shutdown conditions for the plant
following design basis events. The passive core cooling system can maintain safe shutdown
conditions for 72 hours after an event without operator action and without both non-safety
related onsite and offsite power. The need for makeup to containment is directly related to
the leakrate from the containment. With the maximum allowable containment leak rate,
makeup to containment is not needed for about one month. A safety-related connection is
available in the normal residual heat removal system to align a temporary makeup source to
containment.
A schematic diagram of passive core cooling system is given in Fig. 2.10.
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Fig. 2.10 Diagram of Passive Core Cooling System
2.8.2.2 In-containment refueling water storage tank
The in-containment refueling water storage tank is a large, stainless-steel lined tank located
underneath the operating deck inside the containment. The tank is constructed as an
integral part of the containment internal structures, and is isolated from the steel
containment vessel. The bottom of the in-containment refueling water storage tank is above
the reactor coolant system loop elevation so that the borated refueling water can drain by
gravity into the reactor coolant system after it is sufficiently depressurized. The in-
containment refueling water storage tank is connected to the reactor coolant system through
both direct vessel injection lines. The in-containment refueling water storage tank contains
borated water, at the existing temperature and pressure in containment. The in-containment
refueling water storage tank contains one passive residual heat removal heat exchanger
and two depressurization spargers.
The top of the passive residual heat removal heat exchanger tubes are located underwater
and extend down into the in-containment refueling water storage tank. The spargers are
also submerged in the in-containment refueling water storage tank, with the spargers mid
arms located below the normal water level. The in-containment refueling water storage tank
is sized to provide the flooding of the refueling cavity for normal refueling, the post-loss of
coolant accident flooding of the containment for reactor coolant system long-term cooling
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mode, and to support the passive residual heat removal heat exchanger operation. The in-
containment refueling water storage tank can provide sufficient injection until the
containment sump floods up high enough to initiate recirculation flow.
2.8.2.3 Passive residual heat removal system (PRHRS)
The passive residual heat removal heat exchanger automatically actuates to provide reactor
coolant system cooling and to prevent water relief through the pressurizer safety valves.
The passive residual heat removal heat exchanger is capable of automatically removing
core decay heat following such an event, assuming the steam generated in the in-
containment refueling water storage tank is condensed on the containment vessel and
returned by gravity via the in-containment refueling water storage tank condensate return
gutter. The passive residual heat removal heat exchanger, in conjunction with the passive
containment cooling system, is designed to remove decay heat for an indefinite time in a
closed-loop mode of operation. During a steam generator tube rupture event, the passive
residual heat removal heat exchanger removes core decay heat and reduces reactor
coolant system temperature and pressure, equalizing with steam generator pressure and
terminating break flow, without overfilling the steam generator. For events not involving a
loss of coolant, the emergency core decay heat removal is provided by the passive core
cooling system via the passive residual heat removal heat exchanger. The passive residual
heat removal heat exchanger connects to the reactor coolant system through an inlet line
from one reactor coolant system hot leg (through a tee from one of the fourth stage
automatic depressurization lines) and an outlet line to the associated steam generator cold
leg plenum (reactor coolant pump suction). The passive residual heat removal heat
exchanger is used to maintain a safe shutdown condition. It removes decay heat and
sensible heat from the reactor coolant system to the in-containment refueling water storage
tank, the containment atmosphere, the containment vessel, and finally to the ultimate heat
sink–the atmosphere outside of containment. This occurs after in-containment refueling
water storage tank saturation is reached and steaming to containment initiates.
2.8.2.4 Reactor containment system
The containment vessel is a free standing cylindrical steel vessel with ellipsoidal upper and
lower heads. It is surrounded by a reinforced concrete shield building. The function of the
containment vessel, as part of the overall containment system, is to contain the release of
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radioactivity following postulated design basis accidents. The containment vessel also
functions as the safety-related ultimate heat sink by transferring the heat associated with
accident sources to the surrounding environment. The containment system is designed
such that for all break sizes, up to and including the double-ended severance of a reactor
coolant pipe or secondary side pipe, the containment peak pressure is below the design
pressure. Containment and sub-compartment atmospheres are maintained during normal
operation within prescribed pressure, temperature, and humidity limits by means of the
containment air recirculation system, and the central chilled water system. The filtration
supply and exhaust subsystem can be utilized to purge the containment air for pressure
control.
2.8.2.5 Containment isolation system
The major function of the containment isolation system of the reactor is to provide
containment isolation to allow the normal or emergency passage of fluids through the
containment boundary while preserving the integrity of the containment boundary, if
required. This prevents or limits the escape of fission products that may result from
postulated accidents. Containment isolation provisions are designed so that fluid lines which
penetrate the primary containment boundary are isolated in the event of an accident. This
minimizes the release of radioactivity to the environment.
2.8.2.6 Passive containment cooling system The passive containment cooling system (PCS) is an engineered safety features
system (Fig.2.11). Its functional objective is to reduce the containment temperature and
pressure following a loss of coolant accident (LOCA) or main steam line break (MSLB)
accident inside the containment by removing thermal energy from the containment
atmosphere. The passive containment cooling system also serves as the safety-related
ultimate heat sink for other design basis events and shutdowns. The passive
containment cooling system limits the release of radioactive material to the environment
by reducing the pressure differential between the containment atmosphere and the
external environment. This diminishes the driving force for leakage of fission products
from the containment to the atmosphere. The passive containment cooling system also
provides a source of makeup water to the spent fuel pool in the event of a prolonged
loss of normal spent fuel pool cooling.
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Fig. 2.11 Schematic diagram of Passive containment cooling system
2.8.2.7 Containment hydrogen control system
The containment hydrogen control system is provided to limit the hydrogen concentration in
the containment so that containment integrity is not endangered. Following a severe
accident, it is assumed that 100 percent of the fuel cladding reacts with water.
Although hydrogen production due to radiolysis and corrosion occurs, the cladding reaction
with water dominates the production of hydrogen for this case. The hydrogen generation
from the zirconium-steam reaction could be sufficiently rapid that it may not be possible to
prevent the hydrogen concentration in the containment from exceeding the lower
flammability limit. The function of the containment hydrogen control system for this case is
to promote hydrogen burning soon after the lower flammability limit is reached in the
containment. Initiation of hydrogen burning at the lower level of hydrogen flammability
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prevents accidental hydrogen burn initiation at high hydrogen concentration levels and thus
provides confidence that containment integrity can be maintained during hydrogen burns
and that safety-related equipment can continue to operate during and after the burns.
2.8.2.8 Containment leak rate test system
The containment leak rate test system is designed to verify the leak tightness of the reactor
containment. The specified maximum allowable containment leak rate is 0.10 weight
percent of the containment air mass per day at the calculated peak accident pressure. The
containment leak rate test system serves no safety-related function other than containment
isolation, and therefore has no nuclear safety design basis except for containment isolation.
2.9 REACTOR AUXILIARY SYSTEM
The reactor auxiliary systems support reactor coolant system. The main auxiliary
systems are as follows.
a) Chemical and Volume Control System
b) Spent Fuel Pool Cooling System
c) Component Cooling Water System
d) Containment Recirculation Cooling System
2.9.1 CHEMICAL AND VOLUME CONTROL SYSTEM
The chemical and volume control system is designed to perform the following major
functions:
Purification - maintain reactor coolant system fluid purity and activity level
within acceptable limits.
Reactor coolant system inventory control and makeup - maintain the required
coolant inventory in the reactor coolant system; maintain the programmed
pressurizer water level during normal plant operations.
Chemical shim and chemical control - maintain the reactor coolant chemistry
conditions by controlling the concentration of boron in the coolant for plant
startups, normal dilution to compensate for fuel depletion and shutdown
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boration, and provide the means for controlling the reactor coolant system pH
by maintaining the proper level of lithium hydroxide.
Oxygen control - provide the means for maintaining the proper level of
dissolved hydrogen in the reactor coolant during power operation and for
achieving the proper oxygen level prior to startup after each shutdown.
Filling and pressure testing the reactor coolant system - provide the means
for filling and pressure testing the reactor coolant system. The chemical and
volume control system does not perform hydrostatic testing of the reactor
coolant system, which is only required prior to initial startup and after major,
non-routine maintenance, but provides connections for a temporary
hydrostatic test pump.
Borated makeup to auxiliary equipment - provide makeup water to the
primary side systems that require borated reactor grade water.
Pressurizer Auxiliary Spray - provide pressurizer auxiliary spray water for
depressurization.
The safety functions provided by the chemical and volume control system are limited to
containment isolation of chemical and volume control system lines penetrating containment,
termination of inadvertent reactor coolant system boron dilution, isolation of makeup on a
steam generator or pressurizer high level signal, and preservation of the reactor coolant
system pressure boundary, including isolation of normal chemical and volume control
system letdown from the reactor coolant system.
2.9.2 SPENT FUEL POOL COOLING SYSTEM
The spent fuel pool cooling system (SFS) is designed to remove decay heat which is
generated by stored fuel assemblies from the water in the spent fuel pool. This is done by
pumping the high temperature water from within the fuel pool through a heat exchanger,
and then returning the water to the pool. A secondary function of the spent fuel pool cooling
system is clarification and purification of the water in the spent fuel pool, the transfer canal,
and the refueling water. Major functions of this system are spent fuel pool cooling and
purification, refueling cavity purification, water transfer and IRWST purification.
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2.9.3 COMPONENT COOLING WATER SYSTEM
The component cooling water system is a non-safety-related, closed loop cooling system
that transfers heat from various plant components to the service water system during
normal phases of operation. It removes heat from various components needed for plant
operation and removes core decay heat and sensible heat for normal reactor shutdown and
cools down. The reactor component cooling water system provides a barrier to the release
of radioactivity between the plant components being cooled that handle radioactive fluid and
the environment. The component cooling water system also provides a barrier against
leakage of service water into primary containment and reactor systems.
2.9.4 CONTAINMENT RECIRCULATION COOLING SYSTEM
The containment recirculation cooling system controls building air temperature and humidity
to provide a suitable environment for equipment operability during normal operation and
shutdown.
The containment recirculation cooling system serves no safety-related function and
therefore has no nuclear safety design basis. The containment recirculation system is not
required to mitigate the consequences of a design basis accident or loss of coolant
accident. System equipment and ductwork whose failure could affect the operability of
safety-related systems or components are designed to seismic Category II requirements.
The remaining portion of the system is non-seismic.
2.10 SECONDARY SIDE: STEAM AND POWER CONVERSION
The steam and power conversion system is designed to remove heat energy from the
reactor coolant system via the two steam generators and to convert it to electrical power in
the turbine-generator. The main condenser deaerated the condensate and transfers heat
that is unusable in the cycle to the circulating water system. The regenerative turbine cycle
heats the feedwater, and the main feedwater system returns it to the steam generators.
The steam generated in the two steam generators is supplied to the high-pressure turbine
by the main steam system. After expansion through the high-pressure turbine, the steam
passes through the two moisture separator/ reheaters (MSRs) and is then admitted to the
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three low-pressure turbines. A portion of the steam is extracted from the high and low
pressure turbines for seven stages of feed water heating. Exhaust steam from the low
pressure turbines is condensed and deaerated in the main condenser.
The heat rejected in the main condenser is removed by the circulating water system (CWS).
The condensate pumps take suction from the condenser hotwell and deliver the condensate
through four stages of low-pressure closed feedwater heaters to the fifth stage, open
deaerating heater.
Condensate then flows to the suction of the steam generator feedwater booster pump and is
discharged to the suction of the main feedwater pump. The steam generator feedwater
pumps discharge the feedwater through two stages of high-pressure feedwater heating to
the two steam generators.
2.11 COOLING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
Sea water cooling systems are meant for following purpose:
Main condenser cooling water system
Seawater cooling system for essential services
Seawater cooling system for non-essential loads
All seawater-cooling systems are once-through systems. The cooling water source and
the ultimate heat sink is sea. Seawater is fed to the unit pump stations through an
intake structure. Pumps supply water to consumers from which the water goes back to
the sea via the discharge line.
2.11.1 MAIN COOLING WATER SYSTEM
The system is intended for heat removal from the turbine condensers and is part of a
non-safety related normal operation system. The system performs its functions during
and after an operation-basis earthquake.
2.11.2 SEA WATER COOLING SYSTEM FOR NON-ESSENTIAL LOADS
The system is intended for removal of heat from intermediate circuits of non-essential
loads and belongs to a non-safety related normal operation system. Seawater is
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supplied to the heat exchangers of intermediate circuits by pumps installed in main
pump house via pipelines. Water goes back to the sea through the discharge line.
2.12 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
The fire protection system is designed to perform the following functions:
Detect and locate fires and provide operator indication of the location
Provide the capability to extinguish fires in any plant area, to protect site
personnel, limit fire damage, and enhance safe shutdown capabilities
Supply fire suppression water at a flow rate and pressure sufficient to satisfy
the demand of any automatic sprinkler system plus 500 gpm for fire hoses, for
a minimum of 2 hours
Maintain 100 percent of fire pump design capacity, assuming failure of the
largest fire pump or the loss of offsite power
Following a safe shutdown earthquake, provide water to hose stations for
manual firefighting in areas containing safe shutdown equipment
Satisfy the requirements of the passive containment cooling system as an
alternate source of water to wet the containment dome or to refill the passive
containment cooling water storage tank after a loss-of-coolant accident, if the
fire protection system is available
Provide an alternate supply of cooling water to the normal residual heat
removal system heat exchanger after a loss of normal component cooling
water system function.
Provide non-safety-related containment spray capability for severe accident
management.
To achieve the required high degree of fire safety, and to satisfy fire protection objectives,
the reactor is designed to:
Prevent fire initiation by controlling, separating, and limiting the quantities of
combustibles and sources of ignition
Isolate combustible materials and limit the spread of fire by subdividing plant
buildings into fire areas separated by fire barriers
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Separate redundant safe shutdown components and associated electrical
divisions to preserve the capability to safely shut down the plant following a fire
Provide the capability to safely shut down the plant using controls external to
the main control room, should a fire require evacuation of the control room or
damage the control room circuitry for safe shutdown systems
Separate redundant trains of safety-related equipment used to mitigate the
consequences of a design basis accident (but not required for safe shutdown
following a fire) so that a fire within one train will not damage the redundant
train
Prevent smoke, hot gases, or fire suppressants from migrating from one fire
area to another to the extent that they could adversely affect safe shutdown
capabilities, including operator actions
Provide confidence that failure or inadvertent operation of the fire protection
system cannot prevent plant safety functions from being performed
Preclude the loss of structural support, due to warping or distortion of building
structural members caused by the heat from a fire, to the extent that such a
failure could adversely affect safe shutdown capabilities
Provide floor drains sized to remove expected firefighting water flow without
flooding safety-related equipment
Provide firefighting personnel access and life safety escape routes for each fire
area
Provide emergency lighting and communications to facilitate safe shutdown
following a fire
Minimize exposure to personnel and releases to the environment of
radioactivity or hazardous chemicals as a result of a fire
The fire protection system is classified as a non-safety-related, non-seismic system. Special
seismic design requirements are applied to portions of the standpipe system located in
areas containing equipment required for safe shutdown following a safe shutdown
earthquake.
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2.13 INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL (I&C)
The Instrumentation & Control (I&C) systems in NPP include a variety of equipment
intended to perform display, monitoring, control, protection & safety functions. General
guidelines followed are:
1. Electrical transmission of signals is preferred to pneumatic, because of
better amenability to further processing in addition to inherent fast response
etc.
2. Equipment free from ageing, wear and not needing routine and preventive
maintenance are preferred. Microprocessor-based systems, solid-state semi-
conductor devices are preferred over mechanical systems having moving
parts.
3. Principles of redundancy, diversity, fail-safe, testability and maintainability
are extensively employed to maximize availability while ensuring safety.
Physical separation of redundant channels is provided.
4. For all safety systems Triplicate sensors and logic based on majority
coincidence (2 out of 3) principles is used. On line testing facility for
protection channel is provided.
5. Independence between control & data communication is maintained for
safety systems.
6. The sensors and associated electronics for each channel are physically
separated and follow diversified cable routing.
7. A high degree of automation is aimed at to eliminate human error affecting
availability/reliability.
8. Simplicity in design, operator acceptance, obsolescence, current trend in
technology are given due consideration.
9. The ESF coincidence logic performs system-level logic calculations, such as
initiation of the passive residual heat removal system. It receives inputs from
the plant protection subsystem bi-stables and the main control room. The
ESF actuation subsystems provide the capability for on-off control of
individual safety-related plant loads. They receive inputs from the ESF
coincidence logic, remote shutdown workstation and the main control room.
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10. The plant control system performs non-safety-related instrumentation and
control functions using both discrete (on/off) and modulating (analog) type
actuation devices.
11. If temporary evacuation of the main control room is required because of
some abnormal main control room condition, the operators can establish and
maintain safe shutdown conditions for the plant from outside the main control
room through the use of controls and monitoring located at the remote
shutdown workstation. Safe shutdown is a stable plant condition that can be
maintained for an extended period of time.
2.14 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
The electrical system of NPP consists of onsite power system and offsite power system.
2.14.1 ONSITE POWER SYSTEM
The onsite power system is comprised of the main AC power system and the DC power
system. The main AC power system is a non-Class 1E system. The DC power system
consists of two independent systems: Class 1E DC system and non-Class 1E DC system.
The normal ac power supply to the main ac power system is provided from the station main
generator. When the main generator is not available, plant auxiliary power is provided from
the switchyard by back feeding through the main step up and unit auxiliary transformers.
This is the preferred power supply. When neither the normal nor the preferred power supply
is available due to an electrical fault at either the main step up transformer, unit auxiliary
transformer, iso-phase bus, or 6.9kv non-segregated bus duct, fast bus transfer will be
initiated to transfer the loads to the reserve auxiliary transformers powered by maintenance
sources of power. In addition, two non-Class 1E onsite standby diesel generators supply
power to selected loads in the event of loss of the normal, preferred, and maintenance
power sources. The reserve auxiliary transformers also serve as a source of maintenance
power. The onsite standby power system, powered by the two onsite standby diesel
generators, supplies power to selected loads in the event of loss of other ac power sources.
Loads that are priority loads for investment protection due to their specific functions
(permanent non-safety loads) are selected for access to the onsite standby power supply.
Availability of the standby power source is not required to accomplish any safety function.
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Safety-related loads are powered from the Class 1E 250 VDC batteries and the associated
Class 1E 120 VAC instrument buses.
2.14.2 OFFSITE POWER SYSTEM
Offsite power has no safety-related function due to the passive design of the reactor.
Therefore, redundant offsite power supplies are not required. The design provides a reliable
offsite power system that minimizes challenges to the passive safety system. The main
generator is connected to the offsite power system via three single-phase main step-up
transformers. The normal power source for the plant auxiliary ac loads is provided from the
iso-phase generator bus through the two unit auxiliary transformers of identical ratings. In
the event of a loss of the main generator, the power is maintained without interruption from
the preferred power supply by an auto-trip of the main generator breaker. Power then flows
from the transformer area to the auxiliary loads through the main and unit auxiliary
transformers. The transmission system is site-specific.
2.14.3 FUEL HANDLING SYSTEM
Refueling Machines is provided to carry out off-power refueling i.e. after shutting down the
reactor. Fresh fuel assemblies are placed in the reactor and the spent fuel assemblies are
removed from the reactor and kept in fuel pool. All the operation is carried out in under
water.
New fuel is stored in a high density rack which includes integral neutron absorbing material
to maintain the required degree of sub criticality. The rack is designed to store fuel of the
maximum design basis enrichment. The rack in the new fuel pit consists of an array of cells
interconnected to each other at several elevations and to a thick base plate at the bottom
elevation. This rack module is not anchored to the pit floor. The new fuel rack includes
storage locations for 72 fuel assemblies.
Spent fuel is stored in high density racks which include integral neutron absorbing material
to maintain the required degree of sub-criticality. The racks are designed to store fuel of the
maximum design basis enrichment. Each rack in the spent fuel pool consists of an array of
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cells interconnected to each other at several elevations and to a thick base plate at the
bottom elevation.
These rack modules are free-standing, neither anchored to the pool floor nor braced to the
pool wall. The spent fuel storage racks include storage locations for 884 fuel assemblies
and five defective fuel assemblies. The design of the racks is such that a fuel assembly
cannot be inserted into a location other than a location designed to receive an assembly.
The facility is designed to maintain its structural integrity following a safe shutdown
earthquake and to perform its intended function following a postulated event such as a fire.
2.14.4 VENTILATION SYSTEM
Ventilation of the NPP is designed based on technical approaches aimed at raising the
reliability of ventilation systems operation, electrical power consumption, improving working
environment and equipment operation condition.
The rooms of NPP‟s main and plant buildings and structures are divided into
Controlled access area where the effect of radiation on personnel is probable.
Free access area where the effect of radiation on personnel is not anticipated
and permanently occupied by personnel.
The radiologically controlled area ventilation system provides the following functions:
Provides ventilation to maintain the equipment rooms within their design
temperature range.
Provides ventilation to maintain airborne radioactivity in the access areas at safe
levels for plant personnel.
Maintains the overall airflow direction within the areas it serves from areas of
lower potential airborne contamination to areas of higher potential contamination
Maintains each building area at a slightly negative pressure to prevent the
uncontrolled release of airborne radioactivity to the atmosphere or adjacent
clean plant areas.
Automatically isolates selected building areas from the outside environment by
closing the supply and exhaust duct isolation dampers and starting the
containment air filtration system when high airborne radioactivity in the exhaust
air duct or high ambient pressure differential is detected.
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The ventilation exhaust is adequately filtered and monitored before sending to the stack.
2.15 RADIATION PROTECTION
2.15.1 DESIGN OBJECTIVE
1. During normal operation, to minimize the radiation dose to plant personnel and
members of the public in accordance with the principle of 'As low as Reasonably
Achievable' (ALARA) and in any case not exceeding the prescribed limits specified
by the Regulatory Body. (Refer Radiation Protection Manual, AERB 2005 Rev 4).
2. To minimize the risk to the public from the release of radioactivity, if any, under
abnormal/postulated accident conditions. For scenarios within the design basis, the
calculated releases shall be within the specified release limits given in Technical
Specifications.
This objective is met by ensuring that plant conditions associated with high radiological
consequences have low likelihood of occurrence and plant conditions with a high likelihood
of occurrence have only small or no radiological consequences.
2.15.2 DOSE LIMITS
Normal Operating Condition
The annual average effective dose to a member of the public at the exclusion zone
boundary shall not exceed 1 mSv/yr from all sources under normal operating conditions, in
accordance with AERB siting code AERB/SC/S.
The annual effective dose limit, annual equivalent limit etc. shall be as per Table-4 of AERB
safety manual AERB/NF/SM/O-2 for radiation worker, apprentice/trainee, temporary worker
and member of public.
Acceptable Levels (Design Target) for Accident Conditions
Under Design Basis Accident conditions, a member of the public shall not receive an
effective dose equivalent to more than 0.1 Sv for whole body and an equivalent dose of 0.5
Sv for thyroid of children.
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2.15.3 CONTAMINATION CONTROL
To control the radiation exposure and to prevent the spread of radioactive
contamination, the plant premises are divided into free access areas and controlled
access areas.
Free access areas do not contain any sources of radiation and is accessible to all
without any radiological control measures. All radioactive systems are housed in
controlled access areas, where radiological control measures are strictly enforced.
Controlled access area is further divided into Attended areas, Periodically Attended
Areas and non-attended areas based on their potential for radiation exposure and
contamination spread.
In attended areas continuous stay of radiation workers is permitted as
prevailing radiological conditions are very low.
In periodically attended areas personnel occupancy is controlled based on
the existing radiological conditions.
In un-attended areas personnel entry is not permitted during reactor operation
as these areas encloses equipment and systems of relatively high
radioactivity.
Engineering and administrative measures are enforced in order to prevent spread of
contamination beyond controlled access areas.
2.16 RADIOACTIVE WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM
The project envisages collection and processing of liquid and gaseous radioactive
wastes and also collection, processing and storage of solid radioactive wastes
generated during operation of NPP.
2.16.1 SOLID RADIOACTIVE WASTE SYSTEM
The solid waste management system (WSS) is designed to collect and accumulate spent
ion exchange resins and deep bed filtration media, spent filter cartridges, dry active wastes,
and mixed wastes generated as a result of normal plant operation, including anticipated
operational occurrences.
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The solid waste management system is designed to collect and accumulate spent ion
exchange resins and deep bed filtration media, spent filter cartridges, dry active wastes, and
mixed wastes generated as a result of normal plant operation, including anticipated
operational occurrences. The system is located in the auxiliary and radwaste buildings. The
processing and packaging of wastes are done by mobile systems in the auxiliary building
and in the mobile systems facility, part of the radwaste building. The packaged waste is
stored in the auxiliary and radwaste buildings until it is shipped to the disposal facility.
The solid waste management system includes the spent resin system. The flows of wastes
through the solid waste management system are shown on Fig. 2.12. The radioactivity of
influents to the system are dependent on reactor coolant activities and the decontamination
factors of the processes in the chemical and volume control system, spent fuel cooling
system, and the liquid waste processing system.
The wet radioactive wastes primarily comprising of spent resins and activated carbon are
initially stored in the spent resin storage tanks located in the auxiliary building. When a
sufficient quantity has accumulated, the resin is sluiced into high-integrity containers for the
disposal to the disposal facility. Liquid chemical wastes are reduced in volume and
packaged into drums and stored in the radwaste building.
The dry solid radwaste comprising of compactable and non-compactable waste are packed
into boxes and drums. Drums are used for higher activity compactable and non-
compactable wastes.
The radioactivity of the dry active waste is expected to normally range from 0.1 curies per
year to 8 curies per year with a maximum of about 16 curies per year. This waste includes
spent HVAC filters, compressible trash, non-compressible components, mixed wastes and
solidified chemical wastes.
The waste management system in the auxiliary and radwaste building is designed to
provide the means to store packaged wastes for at least 6 months.
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Fig. 2.12 Schematic diagram of Solid Radwaste processing system
2.16.2 LIQUID RADIOACTIVE WASTE SYSTEM
The liquid radwaste system is designed to control, collect, process, handle, store, and
dispose of liquid radioactive waste generated as the result of normal operation, including
anticipated operational occurrences.
The major categories of liquid radioactive wastes includes borated, reactor-grade, waste
water through the chemical and volume control system (CVCS), primary sampling system
41
Chem Waste
HA Filter Catridge
Solid Radwaste Processing System (Schematic)
Spent IX Resin
Mod active
Filter Catridge
HVAC Filter
Dry Active Waste
(Yellow Bags)
Clean Trash
(Green Bags)
Mixed Waste
HI Filter Transfer Filter
Casks & Carts
Mod Activity Filter
Casks & Carts
Spent Resin Tk
High Act, Filter Storage
Casks
Temporary Storage in
Drums &
Casks
Temporary Storage
Temporary Storage
Temporary Storage
Accumulation
Chem Waste Tk
De-watering &
Solidification
Packaging &
Encapsulation
Shredding &
Compacting
Compactible,
Sorting & Decont.
Sorting &
Verification
On-Site Storage
On-Site
Storage
Packaging
On-Site Storage
Cask
On-Site Storage
Cask
Package Waste
Storage
Concentration &
Solidification
On-Site Storage
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sink drains and equipment leak offs and drains, Floor drains and other wastes with a
potentially high suspended solids content, collected from various building floor drains and
sumps, Detergent wastes with very low concentrations of radioactivity from the plant hot
sinks and showers, and some cleanup and decontamination processes and Chemical waste
comes from the laboratory and other relatively small volume sources.
The liquid radwaste are collected in various collection and storage tanks prior to their
processing and disposal. These include Reactor Coolant Drain tank, Containment Sump,
Effluent hold up tanks, Waste Hold up tanks, Chemical Waste tank and Monitor Tanks.
The liquid radwaste system processes waste with an upstream filter followed by ion
exchange resin vessels in series (Fig. 2.13). The top of the first vessel is normally charged
Fig. 2.13 Schematic diagram of Liquid Radwaste System
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with activated carbon, to act as a deep-bed filter and remove oil from floor drain wastes.
Moderate amounts of other wastes can also be routed through this vessel. After
deionization, the water passes through an after-filter where radioactive particulates and
resin fines are removed. The processed water then enters one of three monitor tanks. When
one of the monitor tanks is full, the system is automatically realigned to route processed
water to another tank. The contents of the monitor tank are re-circulated and sampled. In
the unlikely event of high radioactivity, the tank contents are returned to a waste holdup tank
for additional processing.
Normally, however, the radioactivity will be well below the discharge limits. Detection of high
radiation in the discharge stream stops the discharge flow and operator action is required to
re-establish discharge. The condenser cooling water is used as the source for diluting the
processed waste water, so as to maintain the radioactive level well below the discharged
limit as stipulated by the Atomic energy regulatory board (AERB).
2.16.3 GASEOUS RADIOACTIVE WASTE SYSTEM
Details of gaseous radioactive waste system are described in subsequent sections.
2.17 RADIATION MONITORING SYSTEM
The radiation monitoring system (RMS) provides plant effluent monitoring, process fluid
monitoring, airborne monitoring, and continuous indication of the radiation environment in
plant areas where such information is needed. Radiation monitors that have a safety-related
function are qualified environmentally, seismically, or both. The radiation monitoring system
is installed permanently and operates in conjunction with regular and special radiation
survey programs to assist in meeting applicable regulatory requirements.
The radiation monitoring system is divided functionally into two subsystems:
Process, airborne, and effluent radiological monitoring and sampling
Area radiation monitoring
The design objectives of the radiation monitoring system during postulated accidents are:
Initiate containment air filtration isolation in the event of abnormally high radiation
inside the containment (High-1)
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Initiate normal residual heat removal system suction line containment isolation in
the event of abnormally high radiation inside the containment (High-2)
Initiate main control room supplemental filtration in the event of abnormally high
gaseous radioactivity in the main control room supply air
Initiate main control room ventilation isolation and actuate the main control room
emergency habitability system in the event of abnormally high particulate or
iodine radioactivity in the main control room supply air
Provide long-term post-accident monitoring (using both safety-related and non-
safety-related monitors)
Spent Fuel
Spent fuel is removed from the reactor core and transferred to spent fuel inspection bay
(SFIB) where it is inspected for leaks / pin holes / damage. It is then stored in spent fuel
storage bay (SFSB) which is under continuous radiological surveillance. The spent fuel is
stored in SFSB till it cools down to dry storage level (about 5 years). Subsequent action on
the spent fuel is dictated by the policy of the Department of Atomic Energy / Government of
India.
Size of Spent Fuel Storage Bay
The size of one SFSB can accommodate 10 years of spent fuel discharge and one core
load.
Design / Technology
The spent fuel storage and management system‟s design will be such that the radiation
dose to the members of public from all the routes is restricted to 1000 μSv/y.
At present no reprocessing facility is envisaged for NPP at Mithivirdi Site. The
establishment and management of reprocessing facility of spent fuel falls within the purview
of DAE and the same will be addressed suitably. Moreover, the requirement of reprocessing
of the spent fuel will arise only after 12 years from now, as the reactor will be under
construction for 5 - 6 years followed by another 5 -10 years for the cooling of spent fuel. The
technology to be adopted at that time is difficult to propose at the movement, as technology
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undergoes continuous improvements and up-gradation. However, the latest and safest
technology available at that time will be applied.
2.17.1 ULTIMATE HEAT SINK (UHS)
Both sea water body and atmosphere are used as ultimate heat sink for residual heat
absorbing during normal operation, anticipated operational occurrences or accident
condition.
2.18 DESIGN LIFE
Design life of the plant is 60 years.
2.19 AWAY FROM THE REACTOR (AFR) FACILITY
Design of AFR facilities will be carried out during detail design of project.
2.20 SHUT DOWN PERIOD FOR RE-FUELING
Shut down period for re-fueling will be 16 days in Normal condition.
2.21 MITIGATION ASPECTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS OF NPP AT MITHIVIRDI
The design as a whole complies with the requirements and trends in the requirements of the
safety regulations, accepted worldwide and by AERB in developing the nuclear power
installations.
2.21.1 SAFETY ANALYSIS
To demonstrate that the safety objective of protection of the public from accidental releases
is met, safety analysis is performed to evaluate the consequences of postulated initiating
events, and event sequences considered as part of the design basis.
The various postulated accident scenarios considered are identified in terms of failures in,
or of, individual systems. These failures may themselves be the initiating events, or the
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result of some other initiating events, including external events. The influence of external
events on system safety is taken care of by proper site selection and design basis.
The results of the safety analysis for various postulated accidents, in terms of radiological
consequences to the public, are checked to ensure that limits specified by AERB are not
exceeded.
2.21.2 THE CONCEPT OF DEFENSE IN DEPTH
The safety of the NPP is ensured due to consecutive implementation of the defense-in-
depth concept. This concept implies a system of physical barriers on the way by which the
ionizing radiation and radioactive substances can release into the environment. This system
is used together with a complex of engineering and managerial measures for protecting
these barriers and maintaining their effectiveness and measures for protecting the
personnel, population and the environment.
The complex of engineering and managerial measures forms the following five levels of
defense in depth.
Level 1: Conditions of siting the NPP and prevention of anticipated operational
occurrences:
Assessing and selecting a site suitable for placing the NPP
Establishing a sanitary protection zone (exclusion zone) and an observation
zone around the NPP in which the protective measures are planned
Developing the design using a conservative approach with a mature internal
self-protection feature of the reactor plant
Ensuring the required quality of the systems (components) at the NPP and
works being accomplished
Operating the NPP in accordance with the requirements of the relevant
normative documents, process stipulations and operating manuals
Maintaining the proper condition of the systems (components) essential for
safety by timely detecting flaws, taking preventive measures, replacing the
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equipment that have worked out its operating resource and establishing an
efficient system for documenting the results of work and checks
Selecting the personnel for the NPP and maintaining their required qualification
level to ensure their properly acting under normal and violation of normal
operating conditions including pre-emergency situations, accidents and
creation of safety culture
Level 2: Preventing design-basis accidents by the systems of normal operation
Revealing deviations from normal operation and removing them
Control under conditions of Anticipated Operational Occurrence (AOO)
Level 3: Preventing beyond the design basis accidents by safety system
Preventing initiating events from their developing into design basis accidents
and employing the safety systems
Mitigating the consequences of the accidents whose prevention was not met
with success by localizing the releasing radioactive substances
Level 4: Control of beyond the design basis accidents
Preventing beyond the design basis accidents from their developing and
mitigating their consequences
Protecting the hermetic enclosure from destruction under beyond the design
basis accidents and maintaining its service operability
Returning the NPP into a controllable condition, in which the chain fission
reaction is stopped, the nuclear fuel is continuously cooled and the radioactive
substances are kept in the preset boundaries
Level 5: Emergency planning
Preparing and implementing when necessary, plans of emergency measures
at the NPP site and beyond its boundaries
The concept of defense-in-depth is conveyed at all phases or activities related to ensuring
the NPP safety. Here, the strategy for preventing unfavorable initiating events, especially for
the 1st and 2nd level is of primary importance.
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In normal operating conditions, all of the physical barriers must be capable of functioning,
whereas the measures on protecting them must be available. On detecting any problems in
any of the barriers envisaged by the design or unavailability of measures for protecting it,
the reactor plant must be shut down and measures for bringing the nuclear power unit in a
safe state must be taken.
The engineering measures and managerial decisions meant for ensuring safety of NPP
must be proven by the previous experience or tests, studies or operating experience with
prototypes. Such an approach should be applied not only when developing the equipment
and designing the NPP, but when manufacturing the equipment, constructing and operating
the NPP and upgrading its systems (components) as well.
The design and the reliability of the systems (components) essential for safety, the
documents and activities that have an effect on ensuring the safety of the NPP, all there
must be subject of activities aimed at quality assurance.
Storage and handling of hazardous process chemicals are given in Annexure-VII.
2.21.3 BARRIERS TO RADIOACTIVE RELEASE
Several barriers against the release of radioactivity to the environment exist. These
are:-
1. Fuel matrix
2. Fuel sheath
3. Reactor coolant system boundary
4. Containment
5. Exclusion zone
Fuel Matrix
The uranium dioxide (UO2) fuel is a ceramic material with high melting point and chemically
inert. As the ceramic material is porous, the fission products remain entrapped in its matrix.
During normal operation virtually all the fission products are permanently retained in UO2
matrix and only a fraction of noble gases and volatile products diffuse into the inter-space
between fuel and cladding.
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Fuel Sheath
Fuel Sheath also called fuel cladding is made of ZIRLO, which is an advanced zirconium
based alloy and encapsulates the fuel pellets. This forms the second barrier and is
designed to withstand stresses resulting from UO2 expansion, fission gas pressure,
external hydraulic pressure and mechanical loads imposed by fuel handling.
Reactor coolant System
The fuel and coolant are contained in the reactor coolant system. This is a closed system
and forms the third barrier to fission product release.
Containment
The fourth barrier is the containment building, which houses the reactor and associated
nuclear systems. The containment building is a freestanding cylindrical steel containment
vessel with elliptical upper and lower heads. It is surrounded by a shield building (reinforced
concrete). The containment building is the containment vessel and the structures contained
within the containment vessel. The containment building is an integral part of the overall
containment system with the functions of containing the release of airborne radioactivity
following postulated design basis accidents and providing shielding for the reactor core and
the reactor coolant system during normal operations.
The containment vessel is an integral part of the passive containment cooling system. The
containment vessel and the passive containment cooling system are designed to remove
sufficient energy from the containment to prevent the containment from exceeding its design
pressure following postulated design basis accidents. The containment building is designed
to house the reactor coolant system and other related systems and provides a high degree
of leak tightness.
The shield building is the structure that surrounds the containment vessel. During normal
operations, a primary function of the shield building is to provide shielding for the
containment vessel and the radioactive systems and components located in the
containment building. The shield building, in conjunction with the internal structures of the
containment building, provides the required shielding for the reactor coolant system and the
other radioactive systems and components housed in the containment.
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Another function of the shield building is to protect the containment building from external
events. The shield building protects the containment vessel and the reactor coolant system
from the effects of tornadoes and tornado produced missiles. During accident conditions,
the shield building provides the required shielding for radioactive airborne materials that
may be dispersed in the containment as well as radioactive particles in the water distributed
throughout the containment.
The shield building is an integral part of the passive containment cooling system.
Containment system performs its functions in association with the related engineered
safety features (ESFs).
Exclusion Zone
The site boundary extends upto 1 km from the plant. This is called exclusion zone. This
measure gives an added safety. The barriers are illustrated in Fig 2.14.
Fig. 2.14 Barriers to Radioactive Release
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2.22 EMISSION SUMMARY
2.22.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT (General)
Dust may be generated during activities of excavation/back filling of foundation. The
excavation will be done in a minimum time by mechanized way. The vehicles carrying
construction material such as sand etc. will be covered from top and made wet before
movement so that no dust is generated. The construction activity shall be segregated in
phases to avoid any significant generation of dust.
Two DGs of 4 MW each per unit will be installed to meet the emergency power requirement
during power grid failure. Each DG set is tested for one hour weekly. However emissions
during this process will be only for short duration.
2.22.2 AIR ENVIRONMENT (RADIOACTIVE)
2.22.2.1 Annual Average Release of Airborne Radionuclides
The expected annual Average releases of airborne radionuclides is 1.1391 X 104 Ci/year.
2.23 WATER ENVIRONMENT
2.23.1 WATER REQUIREMENT & WATER BALANCE
Water requirement of the project for condenser cooling system would be met from sea water
(Table 2.6). Special measures would be taken in designing the sea water based condenser
cooling system. The fresh water for plant site & residential town ship are proposed to be met
from Desalination Plant of appropriate capacity to be installed at Plant Site (Table 2.7).
Table 2.6 Sea Water Requirement Estimate
System Parameter
Required Value
Condenser System(CDS)
Circulating water to/from main condenser
282,960 M3/hr (approx.) per unit
Turbine Close Loop Cooling System (TCS)
Circulating water to/from three (3) TCS heat exchangers
7,040 M3/hr (approx.) per unit
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Total 290,000 M3/hr (approx.) per unit
Total (for six units) 17,40,000 M3/hr (approx.) ~ 18,00,000 M3/hr
43200 MLD
The condenser cooling seawater would get heated up while passing through condenser and
then would be discharged in the sea. Rise in temperature at the discharge point in the sea
shall not exceed 7oC, which meets the statutory requirement notified by MoEF.
Table 2.7 Fresh Water Consumption
System Monthly average M3/hr
Potable Water 7.95
Fire Protection System 1.14
Demineralized Water System 5.68
Service Water System 79.5
Total (per unit) 100 (approx.)
Total (6 units) Approximately 15 MLD
The total water balance for the plant is shown in Fig 2.15 and a summary is tabulated in
Table 2.5. A desalination plant of capacity 45 MLD will be setup to cater the needs of the
project and the requirement for plant and township if given in Table 2.8.
Table 2.8 Requirement of water for Plant and Township area
Sl No
DEMAND TOTAL QUANTITY OF SEA WATER
1 Water for plant requirements 15 MLD 40 MLD
2 Township 3 MLD 5 MLD
Total 18 MLD 45 MLD
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Fig. 2.15 Schematic diagram of water balance for NPP at Mithivirdi, Gujarat
The total water requirement for plant and township purposes is estimated as 18 MLD.
Electric power based distillation technology called as “Mechanical Vapour Compression
(MVC)” process has been adopted. The layout of mechanical vapour compression
desalinization process has given in Fig. 2.16. The incoming sea water is pre-heated with
minute dose of scale inhibiting additive and passed through a heat exchanger, where the
heat in the discharged brine and product water is recovered. The sea water is then re-
circulated and sprayed on the outside of a bundle of horizontal heat transfer tubes at a rate
just sufficient to create thin continuous liquid films.
Product water generated by this technology is very close to DM water quality, and requires
minimum further treatment to be used for plant DM water make up requirement. The
schematic flow chart of the desalination process is shown in figure below. Brine generated
by this technology (MVC) has temperature only about 2 to 30C higher than intake sea water
temperature. Very small quantities of chemicals are used to protect equipment from scaling
and bio-fouling. The brine will discharge into the Condenser cooling water Discharge bay of
Unit 1. The present Marine Impact Assessment study indicates the marine water having less
Nuclear Power Plant
Sea
43200 MLD Condensate Cooling water
43227 MLD
Desalination Plant
27 MLD Desalination Brine
15 MLD
Township
3 MLD
45 MLD
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diversity in terms of flora and marine fauna. Hence, there will be no damage to the marine
life due to discharge of brine.
Fig. 2.16 Mechanical Vapour Compression Desalinization process
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The residual concentration of these chemicals will be within the allowable regulatory limits
and are not harmful & bio-degradable. Salt concentration in brine typically shall be 2 to 3
times that of intake sea water. To dilute the salt concentration, the brine shall be mixed with
condenser cooling sea water before discharging into sea. Because of this the salinity level
will be comparable to intake sea water levels.
2.23.2 CONDENSER COOLING WATER
For the cooling water intake and cooling water discharge alternative arrangements and
design solutions have been reviewed, based on scientific and research studies.
Mathematical modeling has been done for scientific validation of the optimum layout and
structural design of water intake/discharge structures.
The tasks of the study have been formulated as follows:
a. Assessment of the effect of various natural factors on water intake conditions
b. Prediction of alteration of hydro, thermal and lithodynamic processes
c. Analysis of layout and design alternatives of water intake for selection of the
optimum alternative
d. Detailed analysis of hydrothermal and lithodynamic regimes of the proposed
optimum solutions.
Many inputs have been considered for the study of sea water intake and discharge
structures. The important inputs are given below:
i) Bathymetry Survey of the sea coast
ii) Tidal levels and currents
iii) Waves
iv) Wind
v) Water Temperature
vi) Salinity
vii) Mixing Characteristics
viii) Sediments
ix) Littoral Drift
x) Various codes, guides and standards
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Sea water for various cooling purposes shall be drawn from the Jaspara - Mithivirdi sea
coast and discharged at the following combination of outfall distances during three stages of
the project through underground tunnels as per the following stage wise plan for CCW
outfall distances (Table 2.9). The latitude and longitude of intake channel and outfall
structures are given in Table 2.9.
Table 2.9 The outfall distance and coordinates of six nuclear reactors
Stage Operating units Outfall distance from shore
Latitude, N Longitude, E
I Unit-1 3.5 km 21º 27 30.03˝ 72º 16 15.06˝
I Unit-2 3.5 km 21º 27 22.25˝ 72º 16 11.59˝
II Unit-3 3 km 21º 27 18.16˝ 72º 15 50.38˝
II Unit-4 3 km 21º 27 10.04˝ 72º 15 46.36˝
III Unit-5 2.5 km 21º 27 05.8˝ 72º 15 25.23˝
III Unit-6 2.5 km 21º 26 57.7˝ 72º 15 21.22˝
I Intake channel - 21º 28 20.24˝ 72º 15 40.32˝
The figure showing the layout of proposed intake / outfall structure is presented as Fig. 2.17.
2.24 LIQUID RADIOACTIVE WASTE SYSTEM
As per the AERB Safety Directive 2/91, the effective dose to the members of the critical
group through various pathways like water route, air route and terrestrial route shall not
exceed 1 mSv/yr (100 m rem/year). This limit is considered applicable at the 'Fence Post' of
the nuclear installation site, the radius of which is the exclusion radius Details of liquid
radioactive waste system are described in section 2.16.2. The expected generation of liquid
radwaste will be 87.29 M3/year/unit (approx.)
2.24.1 Annual average release of Radioactive Liquid
The expected annual average of radioactive liquid effluents is given as below.
Radioisotopes Activity Release rate (Ci/Yr)
Radioisotopes (other than tritium) 0.25623
Tritium Release 1010.0
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2.25 RADIOACTIVE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Details of solid radioactive waste system are described in section 2.16.1.
The dry solid radwaste comprising of compactable and non-compactable waste are packed
into boxes and drums. Drums are used for higher activity compactable and non-
compactable wastes. The radioactivity of the dry active waste is expected to normally range
from 0.1 curies per year to 8 curies per year with a maximum of about 16 curies per year.
This waste includes spent HVAC filters, compressible trash, non-compressible components,
mixed wastes and solidified chemical wastes. The schematic of Solid radwaste processing
system is given in Fig. 2.12.
The expected generation of Wet and Dry radwaste are 21.66 M3/year/unit (approx.) and
141.40 M3/year/unit (approx.) respectively.
2.25.1 INCINERATION OF LOW LEVEL COMBUSTIBLE SOLID WASTE
Most of the solid wastes generated at NPP are of low level category. An incinerator will be
provided to incinerate low level combustible solid waste (up to 20 mR/hr.) and organic liquid
waste. The main objective of the incinerator is to achieve volume reduction of low level
combustible waste by which reduction in disposal space and cost reduction in engineered
barriers can be achieved.
Incineration process will be provided with two stage scrubbing system due to which all
particulates, fly ash and any other suspended particles will be trapped and retained within the
system and only small amount of activity will be released through chimney which will be
accounted in stack release.
Plastic waste will not be incinerated, but fused at low temperature to obtain a solid block of
reduced volume.
2.26 RAINWATER HARVESTING
Rainwater harvesting is normally practiced for recharging ground water levels and provide
water for human consumption, by collecting the rainwater from the roofs of the buildings and
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storm water drains into artificially constructed rainwater tanks. The average ground water
level is varying from 18-22 m in Kukkad and Navagam area. Accordingly, a suitable
rainwater harvesting schemes will be worked out in consultation with a suitable agency. A
schematic diagram of rainwater harvesting is provided below (Fig. 2.18)
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Fig 2.18 A schematic diagram of rainwater harvesting structure
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR NUCLEAR
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CHAPTER – 3
DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR NUCLEAR
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3.0 INTRODUCTION
The Government of India accorded In-principle approval to establish 6 X 1000 MWe
capacity LWR type Nuclear Power Plant at Mithivirdi in Talaja taluka of Bhavnagar
district, Gujarat state. The ultimate capacity of the plant will be approximately 6 X
1000 MWe. Development of these facilities shall be phased manner, and initially two
units will be constructed.
3.1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE STUDY AREA
The proposed Mithivirdi site is a coastal site on the shores of Gulf of Khambhat and
is located in the western part of India. It is located in Talaja taluka of Bhavnagar
district, Gujarat state. The proposed site is at about 40 km from the major city
Bhavnagar.
3.2 METHODOLOGY OF EIA
Environmental impact can be defined as any alteration of environmental conditions,
which could be either adverse or beneficial, caused or induced by the set of project
activities. In the process of identification of impacts, the existing status of
environmental quality with respect to various identified parameters and those
components of project activities, which have an effect, are characterized. The EIA of
proposed NPP site has been carried out through reconnaissance survey and
assessment of baseline status of three seasons by identification, prediction and
evaluation of impacts under each environmental component viz. air, noise, water,
land, biological and socio-economic environment.
The present chapter highlights the various aspects of baseline data collection for all
the seasons (10th December 2010 to 9th December 2011) and its analysis in the light
of proposed plant facilities. The baseline data for various environmental components
were surveyed and collected in an area of 10 km radius from the plant site.
3.3 IDENTIFICATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS
The various environmental parameters, which are likely to be affected by the project
activities, are identified as follows:
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3.3.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT
The pollutants like Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx and
ozone for the existing land are to be monitored. The background radiation levels
have been monitored and presented in detail in Annexure-VIII (Volume – II of this
report).
3.3.2 WATER ENVIRONMENT
The liquid effluent discharges from the proposed project will involve conventional as
well as radioactive liquid releases. The liquid radioactive levels have been monitored
and presented in detail in Annexure-VIII (Volume – II of this report).
3.3.3 LAND ENVIRONMENT
The existing land use pattern and soil characteristics will change due to the project
activities.
3.3.4 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
For biological environment, baseline data on flora and fauna, rare or endangered
species, their migratory path if any, along with information and availability of common
animals at various places around the project site have been considered.
3.3.5 NOISE ENVIRONMENT
Noise is often defined as unwanted sound which interferes with various human
activities and disturbs physical and mental activities. Noise will be monitored for the
existing land before the construction phase. Similarly, the traffic study will be
monitored for the existing highways and roads.
3.3.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
Demographic pattern, educational facilities, agriculture, income, fuel, medical
facilities, health status, transport and entertainment centers and information related
to health are required to determine the quality of life indices in the region.
3.3.7 MARINE ENVIRONMENT
The baseline data on marine biodiversity in the study area have been collected and
the details of the same are presented in the report entitled Marine Impact
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Assessment report. The copy of the same is attached in Annexure-IX (Volume – II of
this report).
3.4 METHODOLOGY FOR BASELINE DATA COLLECTION
The conventional parameters in air, water, land were monitored in the study zone as
per the approved TOR vide No. J-14011/7/2010-IA.II(N) dated 14th March 2011 and
guidelines of CPCB / MoEF.
The work involved environmental baseline data collection of one year data (10th
December 2010 to 09th December 2011) with in the 10 km radius around the project
site. Details of environmental baseline data monitoring work for the project, showing
different activities to covered under these studies, activity wise samples, parameters
to be monitored, sampling period and frequency, are in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Methodology, parameters, sampling frequency of baseline data collection
Activity Parameters to be
Monitored Sampling frequency
No. of Stations & Samples
Methodology
Met. data
Wind speed & direction,
Temperature, RH, Rainfall
& Solar radiation
Hourly observation
During 365 day
study period
1 station Automatic Weather
Station
Ambient air
quality
monitoring
in core and
buffer zone
Suspended Particulate
Matter
PM10,
PM2.5
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
Ozone (O3)
SPM,PM10, PM2.5,
SO2, NOx 24 Hour
sampling, twice in a
week during the
sampling period
8 hour sampling,
twice in a week
during the sampling
period
8 stations and 576 samples
(192 samples in a season x 3
season)
8 stations & 1728 samples
(576 samples in a season x 3
season)
SPM-Gravimetric
(Respirable dust sampler)
PM10-Gravimetric
(Respirable dust sampler,
multi cyclone)
PM2.5-Gravimetric (Fine
dust Sampler)
SO2- Improved West &
Gaeke Method
NOx- Modified Jacob-
Hochheiser Method
Spectrophotometric
Method
Water
quality
comprising
Surface and
Subsurface
Physico-Chemical &
biological, Bacteriological
parameters.
One sample per
season per location
8 sites and total 24 samples (8 samples in one
season x 3 season)
Standard method used
for Testing water and
wastewater analysis
published by APHA
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Noise Levels
& Traffic
Study
Hourly equivalent noise
level measured in dB(A)
units & Traffic data
Thrice in one
season every hour
for 24 hrs at each
location
10 stations and 90 sampling
days (30 samples in one
season x 3 season)
Sound level meter (Lday,
Lnight and Ldeq)
Soil quality
survey
Type of soil, Soil Texture,
pH, Sand (%), Silt(%) and
Clay(%), Organic
Matter(%), Sodium
Absorption Ratio,
Electrical conductivity,
Specific Gravity, Bulk
Density, Porosity and NPK
value.
Frequency:
One sample per
station per season
10 sites 30 samples
Collected and analyzed as
per soil analysis as per
analysis reference book
by M. I. Jackson & C A
Black and ISO: Soil
Compendium
Note: One season is of three months and monsoon season excluded for monitoring
3.5 BASELINE STATUS
Following subsections provide the summary of baseline data collected for micro-
meteorology and Ambient Air Quality (AAQ). This data was continuously collected for
one year i.e., 10th December 2010 to 9th December 2011.
3.5.1 METEOROLOGY 3.5.1.1 Meteorology (Historical data)
The meteorological data in terms of wind speed, wind direction, ambient temperature,
humidity, and rainfall data collected from nearest meteorological station at Bhavnagar
(Gujarat) for the period of one year 2009 – 2010 (Table 3.2 and Figs. 3.1 to 3.3).
Table 3.2 Monthly mean values of meteorological data for one year (Dec. 2009 to Nov.
2010)
Month
Air Temperature oC Humidity % Monthly Rainfall Total, mm
Mean Wind Speed
Highest in
month
Lowest in
month
Highest in
month
Lowest in
month kmph m/s
December-2009
31.5 21.2 86.0 27.0 0
7.1 1.99
January-2010 31.8 18.4 87.0 20.0 0.8 9.8 2.74
February-2010 35.8 21.8 80.0 11.0 0 9.2 2.8
March-2010 41.8 24.0 79.0 9.0 0 15.3 4.28
April-2010 43.2 28.2 79.0 9.0 0 16.7 4.68
May-2010 45.2 30.2 71.0 10.0 0 16.6 4.65
June-2010 42.5 29.6 87.0 28.0 106.5 18.0 5.04
July-2010 39.9 28.4 97.0 47.0 220.6 12.8 3.58
August-2010 34.8 26.0 97.0 51.0 124.8 11.9 3.33
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September-2010
36.1 26.2 98.0 37.0 288
8.2 2.29
October-2010 37.8 26.8 82.0 29.0 0 7.7 2.17
November-2010
35.0 24.6 96.0 28.0 38.2
7.1 2.16
Annual 45.2 18.4 98.0 9.0 778.9 11.7 3.30
Source: As per IMD, Bhavnagar, one year data
Source:
As per IMD, Bhavnagar, 1 year data
Fig. 3.1 Monthwise Temperature (°C) (Dec.2009 to Nov.2010)
Source: As per IMD, Bhavnagar, one year data
Fig. 3.2 Monthwise Humidity values (%) (Dec.2009 to Nov.2010)
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Source: As per IMD, Bhavnagar, 1 year data
Fig. 3.3 Ombrothermic diagram (Dec.2009 to Nov.2010)
3.5.1.2 Micro-meteorology in the study area
Meteorology of the study zones plays an important role in the study of air pollution.
Micrometeorological conditions at the proposed project site regulate the dispersion
and dilution of air pollutants in the atmosphere. For this purpose a weather station
was installed near the plant site for one year (10th December 2010 to 9th December
2011) and recorded hourly observations for the parameters like Maximum and
minimum Temperatures (ºC), Relative Humidity (%), Wind Speed (km/hr), Wind
direction, Solar radiation (Wat/m2) and Rainfall (mm) (Table 3.3). Automatic weather
station was installed in Sosiya at a height of 10 m from the ground level.
Table 3.3 Meteorological data from 10th December 2010 to 09th December 2011
Month
Wind Speed
Temperature (0C)
Relative Humidity
(%)
Rain fall (mm)
Solar Radiation
Wat/m2
(Kmph)
Avg.
Mean
Max. Min. Mea
n Max. Min.
No. of rainy days
24-hours
Highest Total Mean
Max.
December (10th to 31st) 7.5
21.7 31.3 13.1 52.3 99.5 12.9 1 4.5 4.5 193.0 834
January 11.5 21.4 31.7 12.9 44.0 93.1 9.4 -- -- -- 214.2 874
February 11 24.1 35.1 16.8 46.3 95.4 12.0 3 3.8 11.4 224.3 1008
March 12.1 27.8 35.6 17.0 35.7 98.7 7.7 1 15.0 43.8 303.7 1090
April 11 29.7 38.2 21.7 44.5 96.9 7.7 1 0.2 0.2 304.0 1092
May 11.1 30.0 39.9 22.9 67.8 95.3 7.2 2 23.0 30.8 300.6 1087
June 11.5 30.8 37.4 25.3 68.4 97.6 34.0 5 49.2 129.0 226.6 1088
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov
Rai
nfa
ll in
mm
Tem
per
atu
re. o
C
RH
%
Temp Humidity Rainfall
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July 5.8
28.0 33.3 23.7 83.7 100.
0 50.4 20 43.4 263.6 174.9 1086
August 4.1
27.3 33.3 23.8 88.5 100.
0 57.5 27 47.7 332.8 148.4 1003
September 5
27.5 32.4 22.9 82.9 100.
0 46.7 13 15.4 98.6 212.8 1102
October 7.4 29.3 38.4 21.7 55.9 95.7 17.3 -- -- -- 244.5 1018
November 7.7 27.7 36.4 19.9 46.0 80.2 13.8 -- -- -- 199.3 873
December (1-9th) 5.9
26.4 33.9 19.7 48.9 79.5 16.4 2 2 2.5 187.9 781
Annual 8.8 29.3 -- -- 63.7 -- -- -- -- 917.2 244.5 --
The hourly-recorded observations (wind velocity and wind directions) during one year
study period are used for the preparation of seasonal and annual wind roses as
shown in Figs. 3.4 & 3.5. The Predominant direction wind for the period (10th
December 2010 to 09th December 2011) was observed to be SSE with an average
wind speed of 8.8 kmph.
Fig.3.4 Meteorological Scenario – Seasonal Wind Roses Station: Sosiya Season: 10th December 2010 to 09th December 2011
December 2010 to February 2011 March to May 2011
June to August 2011 September to December 2011
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Fig.3.5 Meteorological Scenario – Annual Wind Roses Station: Sosiya Season: 10th December 2010 to 09th December 2011
(a) Climate
The climate of the area is hot and humid. The annual average temperature is
27.1 0C. The annual average ambient maximum temperature in the area is
35.2 0C and minimum temperature is 20.1 0C. May is the hottest month and
January is the coldest month of the year. The monsoon season varies from
July to September/October. Annual rainfall of the area has been observed as
914 mm during the study period.
(b) Cloud cover During monsoon season, the skies are moderately to heavily covered with
clouds. In the rest part of the year, the skies are generally clear or lightly
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clouded. Cloudy spells prevail for brief period for a day or two in association
with passing western disturbance in the cold season.
(c) Humidity
Relative humidity in the morning is generally high during the monsoon season
and during the period July to September, usually being about 100 percent or
more. Humidity is generally less during the rest of the year. The driest part is
summer with a relative humidity of about 7% in the afternoon.
3.5.2 AIR ENVIRONMENT
A systematically designed air quality surveillance programme forms the basis for
impact assessment on air environment due to proposed project activities. The basic
consideration for designing such a programme includes representative selection of
sampling locations, adequate sampling frequency, duration of monitoring and
monitoring of all relevant and important pollution parameters (NAAQS, 2009). The
parameters selected for air quality are SPM, PM10, PM2.5, Sulphur Dioxide (SO2),
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) and Ozone (O3).
The locations and bearing of all eight AAQ monitoring stations are projected in Fig.
3.6 and listed in Table 3.4. Among the monitoring locations, two in upwind direction
and six in downwind direction were selected during reconnaissance survey (Table
3.4).
Table 3.4 Direction and aerial distance of Ambient Air Quality monitoring stations
S.
No.
Name of the
Station
Location
Code
Direction
of the Station
w.r.t site
Category of wind
direction (upwind/downwind)
Approximate
Aerial Distance from site (Km)
1 Sosiya AA1 SSW
D/W 4.0
2 Navagam AA2 W
D/W 6.5
3 Mandava AA3 WSW
D/W 1.0
4 Thalsar AA4 NNE
U/W 7.5
5 Morchand AA5 N
U/W 8.5
6 Odarka AA6 NNW
D/W 8.0
7 Garibpura AA7 SSW
D/W 7.0
8 Alang/Manar AA8 SW
D/W 6.0
Note: The predominant wind direction is SE, SSE & NNE.
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Fig 3.6 Map showing Ambient Air (AA1 to AA8) quality monitoring stations
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3.5.2.1 Ambient air quality
As mentioned earlier, in order to obtain baseline air quality status, total eight air
quality monitoring stations were established for three seasons (10th December, 2010
to 09th December, 2011). These were spread within a radius of about 10 km from the
proposed site. Data on Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX
and O3 were collected and analysed. The standard methods used for quantification of
pollutants are summarised in Table 3.5.
Table 3.5 Standard Methods of monitoring ambient air quality
Sl. No.
Parameter
Technique
I.S. No.
Min. Detection Level
1. SPM Gravimetric
IS-5182 (Part IV), 1999
2.0 µg/m3
2.
PM10,
Gravimetric
IS-5182 (Part IV),
1999
2.0 µg/m
3
3. PM2.5 Gravimetric -- 2.0 µg/m
3
4.
SO2 Improved West and Gaekee
IS-5182 (Part II),
2001
5 µg/m
3
5.
NOX
Modified Jacob &
Hochheiser (Na-Arsenite)
IS-5182 (Part VI),
2006
9 µg/m
3
6.
O3
Spectrophotometric
Method
--
19.6 µg/m
3
The ambient air quality data as monitoring at site given in Tables 3.6 to 3.12.
A brief statistical analysis of all recorded parameters is given in the following
subsections. AAQ measured in terms of various parameters as mentioned above are
presented in Figs. 3.7 & 3.8 and are detailed in Tables 3.6 to 3.12. National Air
Quality Standards are given in Table 3.13.
Table 3.6 Statistical analysis of SPM for all ambient air quality locations (December 2010 to November 2011)
Location
SPM, µg/m
3
98 Percentile
Maximum
Minimum
Average
Sosiya 166 173 99 137
Navagam 137 145 81 107
Mandava 160 165 105 131
Thalsar 152 158 87 122
Morchand 151 153 100 125
Odarka 135 138 90 111
Garibpura 145 147 95 118
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Manar 176 181 131 155
Standard limits 200 -- -- --
Table 3.7 Statistical analysis of PM10 for all ambient air quality locations
(December 2010 to November 2011)
Location
PM10, Particulate Matter, µg/m
3
98 Percentile
Maximum
Minimum
Average
Sosiya 63 65 40 53
Navagam 52 55 28 41
Mandava 63 63 40 50
Thalsar 59 60 35 48
Morchand 56 59 39 48
Odarka 51 51 35 42
Garibpura 54 56 37 46
Manar 67 69 51 60
Standard limits 100 -- -- 60
Table 3.8 Statistical analysis of PM2.5 for all ambient air quality locations
(December 2010 to November 2011)
Location
PM2.5, Particulate Matter, µg/m
3
98 Percentile
Maximum
Minimum
Average
Sosiya 16.0 17.4 8.6 12.5
Navagam 13.4 14.1 6.2 9.3
Mandava 15.3 15.7 8.3 11.7
Thalsar 15.2 15.6 7.3 11.1
Morchand 13.8 14.4 8.5 11.0
Odarka 11.7 12.0 8.0 9.8
Garibpura 12.9 13.2 8.5 10.5
Manar 20.6 21.0 12.6 15.9
Standard limits 60 -- -- 40
Table 3.9 Statistical analysis of SO2 for all ambient air quality locations (December 2010 to November 2011)
Location
Sulphur dioxide, µg/m
3
98 Percentile
Maximum
Minimum
Average
Sosiya 18.7 19.6 5.0 9.4
Navagam 15.3 16.5 5.1 7.4
Mandava 17.2 17.9 5.1 8.6
Thalsar 17.3 19.9 5.1 7.7
Morchand 17.1 17.3 5.2 10.0
Odarka 13.0 13.2 5.5 8.7
Garibpura 15.1 15.3 5.8 9.7
Manar 19.3 20.2 7.2 13.6
Standard limits 80 -- -- 50
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Table 3.10 Statistical analysis of NOx for all ambient air quality locations
(December 2010 to November 2011)
Location
Oxides of Nitrogen, µg/m
3
98 Percentile
Maximum
Minimum
Average
Sosiya 21.9 27.3 9.1 13.4
Navagam 19.0 20.2 9.0 12.0
Mandava 20.2 21.8 9.0 13.0
Thalsar 19.3 20.5 8.5 12.3
Morchand 18.9 19.1 8.9 13.0
Odarka 15.3 15.8 9.0 13.0
Garibpura 16.6 16.7 9.0 13.6
Manar 24.6 25.2 13.9 19.8
Standard limits 80 -- -- 40
Table 3.11 Statistical analysis of O3 for all ambient air quality locations
(December 2010 to November 2011)
Location
Ozone, µg/m
3
98 Percentile
Maximum
Minimum
Average
Sosiya 56 59 24 41.3
Navagam 54 59 20 38.3
Mandava 58 59 19 39.5
Thalsar 57 58 22 39.4
Morchand 46 49 20 33.3
Odarka 43 45 19 30.1
Garibpura 48 51 19 33.9
Manar 58 61 28 43.5
Standard limits 100 -- -- --
Table 3.12 98th
Percentile values for all ambient air quality locations Period: (December 2010 to November 2011)
location Codes Pollutants, µg/m
3
SPM PM10 PM 2.5 SO2 NOx Ozone
Sosiya AA1 166 63 16.0 18.7 21.9 56
Navagam AA2 137 52 13.4 15.3 19.0 54
Mandava AA3 160 63 15.3 17.2 20.2 58
Thalsar AA4 152 59 15.2 17.3 19.3 57
Morchand AA5 151 56 13.8 17.3 18.9 46
Odarka AA6 135 51 11.7 13.0 15.8 43
Garibpura AA7 145 56 12.9 15.1 16.6 48
Manar AA8 176 67 20.6 19.3 24.6 58
Standard Limits* -- 200 100 60 80 80 100
*National Ambient Air Quality Standards (As gazetted on 18th Nov, 2009 – CPCB)
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Fig. 3.7 Ambient Air Quality Status of SPM, PM10 & PM2.5
Fig. 3.8 Ambient Air Quality Status of SO2, NOx & O3
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Table 3.13 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (As gazetted on 18th Nov, 2009 at New Delhi)
Sl. No.
Pollutant Time Weighted Average
Concentration in Ambient
Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other Area
Ecologically Sensitive
Area (notified by Central
Government)
Method of Measurement
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
1. Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), μg/m
3
Annual* 24 hourly**
50 80
20 80
-Improved West & Gaeke - Ultraviolet fluorescence
2. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), μg/m
3
Annual* 24 hourly**
40 80
30 80
- Modified Jacob & Hochheiser (Na-Arsenite) Chemiluminescence
3. Particulate Matter (size less than 10 μg) or PM10 μg/m
3
Annual* 24 hourly**
60 100
60 100
-Gravimetric -TOEM -Beta attenuation
4. Particulate Matter (size less than 2.5 μg) or PM2.5 μg/m
3
Annual* 24 hourly**
40 60
40 60
-Gravimetric -TOEM -Beta attenuation
5. Ozone (O3) μg/m
3
8 hourly** 1 hourly**
100 180
100 180
- UV Photometric - Chemiluminescence - Chemical method
6. Lead (Pb) μg/m
3
Annual* 24 hourly**
0.50 1.0
0.50 1.0
AAS/ICP method after sampling on EMP 2000 or equivalent filter paper
7. Carbon Monoxide(CO) μg/m
3
8 hourly** 1 hourly**
02 04
02 04
- Non Dispersive Infra red (NDIR) spectroscopy
8. Ammonia (NH3) μg/m
3
Annual* 24 hourly**
100 400
100 400
- Chemiluminescence - Indophenol blue method
9. Benzene (C6 H6) μg/m
3
Annual*
05 05 - Gas Chromatography based continuous analyzer - Adsorption & Desorption followed by GC analysis.
10. Benzo (O)Pyrine (BaP) – particulate phase only, μg/m
3
Annual*
01 01 Solvent extraction followed by HPLC/GC analysis
11. Arsenic (As), μg/m
3
Annual*
06 06 AAS/ICP method after sampling on EMP 2000 or equivalent filter paper
12. Nickel (Ni), μg/m
3
Annual*
20 20 AAS/ICP method after sampling on EMP 2000 or equivalent filter paper
* Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular site taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform intervals.
** 24 Hourly or 08 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year, 2% of the time, they may exceed the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.
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Note – Whenever and wherever monitoring results on two consecutive days of monitoring exceed the limits specified above for the respective category, it shall be considered adequate reason to institute regular or continuous monitoring and further
investigations.
A) SPM (Suspended Particulate Matter)
During the monitoring period, it has been observed that the average values of
SPM for all the monitoring stations ranged from 107 to 155 µg/m3, as
mentioned in Table 3.6. The lowest and highest values of 81 and 181 µg/m3
were recorded at Navagam and Manar respectively. The prime sources of
SPM contribution are only due to local domestic activities associated with
residential areas, traffic or local construction. The annual average value of
SPM is varies from 135 µg/m3 to 176 µg/m3.
B) PM10 (Particulate Matter)
During the monitoring period, it has been observed that the average values of
PM10 for all the monitoring stations ranged from 41 to 60 µg/m3, as mentioned
in Table 3.7. The lowest and highest values of 28 and 69 µg/m3 were
recorded at Navagam and Manar respectively. The annual average value of
PM10 varies from 51 µg/m3 to 67 µg/m3. The prime sources of PM10
contribution are only due to local domestic activities associated with
residential areas, traffic or local construction, which are temporary. From the
Table 3.7 it can be observed that the 98th percentile values which are
recorded are found to be below the prescribed limits of National Ambient Air
Quality standards for residential/rural area as given in Table 3.13.
C) PM2.5 (Particulate Matter)
During the monitoring period, it has been observed that the average values of
PM2.5 for all the monitoring stations ranged from 9.3 to 15.9 µg/m3, as
mentioned in Table 3.8. The lowest and highest values of 6.2 and 21.0 µg/m3
were recorded at Navagam and Manar respectively. The annual average
value of PM2.5 varies from 11.7 µg/m3 to 20.6 µg/m3. The prime sources of
PM2.5 contribution are only due to local domestic activities associated with
residential areas, traffic or local construction. From the Table 3.8, it can be
observed that the 98th percentile values which are recorded are within the
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prescribed limits of National Ambient Air Quality standards for residential/rural
area as given in Table 3.13.
D) Sulphur Dioxide
During the monitoring period, the average concentration of SO2 ranged from
7.4 to 13.6 µg/m3 as mentioned in Table 3.9. The lowest value recorded
was 5.0 µg/m3 at Sosiya and the highest value was 20.2 µg/m3 at Manar as
mentioned in Table 3.9. The annual average value of SO2 varies from 13
µg/m3 to 19.3 µg/m3. The 98th percentile values were found well below the
standard of 80 µg/m3 for residential/rural areas.
E) Oxides of Nitrogen
The daily variations of ambient air quality in terms of NOx at various
monitoring stations are given in Table 3.10. During the monitoring period,
the average NOx concentration was within the range of 12.0 to 19.8 µg/m3.
The lowest and highest values were recorded as 8.5 µg/m3 at Thalsar and
25.2 µg/m3 at Manar as mentioned in Table 3.10, which indicate the local
fluctuations in the vicinity. The annual average value of NOx varies from
15.8 µg/m3 to 24.6 µg/m3. The 98th percentile values at various stations
were found within the prescribed limits of National Ambient Air Quality
Standards for residential/rural area as given in Table 3.13.
F) Ozone
The daily variations of ambient air quality in terms of O3 at various
monitoring stations are given in Table 3.11. During the monitoring period,
the average O3 concentration was within the range of 30.1 µg/m3 to 43.5
µg/m3. The lowest and highest values were recorded as 19.0 µg/m3 at
Mandava, Odarka & Garibpura and 61.0 µg/m3 at Manar as mentioned in
Table 3.11, which indicate the local fluctuations in the vicinity. The annual
average value of O3 is varies from 43 µg/m3 to 58 µg/m3. The 98th percentile
values at various stations were found within the prescribed limits of National
Ambient Air Quality standards for residential/rural area as given in Table
3.13.
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Summary
98th percentile values at various monitoring stations were found below the prescribed
limits. The SPM level in winter season varies from 112 µg/m3 to 164 µg/m3, whereas
in summer season the value varies from 141 µg/m3 to 179 µg/m3. Because of dust
particles in air are more in summer season, the SPM value is higher. In post
monsoon season, the value ranges from 113 µg/m3 to 164 µg/m3. Similarly, the PM10
value ranges between 43-63 µg/m3 (winter), 51-68 µg/m3 (summer) and 43-63 µg/m3
(post monsoon) respectively. The value of PM2.5 is higher in summer season (13.1-
20.9 µg/m3). The SO2 level is low in post monsoon period (7.2-8.7 µg/m3), but
relatively high in winter season (13.1-19.8 µg/m3). The NOx value is high in winter
season (15.8-25.4 µg/m3) as compared to summer (10.8 - 22.1 µg/m3) and post
monsoon season (11.5-15.9 µg/m3). The ozone is more in post monsoon season
rather than winter and summer season.
3.5.3 WATER ENVIRONMENT
The hydrological environment is composed of two interrelated phases: ground water
and surface water. Impacts initiated in one phase eventually affect the other. For
example, the ground water system may charge and recharge surface water system.
The complete assessment of an impact dictates consideration of both ground water
and surface water. Thus, pollution at one point in the system can be passed
throughout, and consideration of only one phase does not characterize the entire
problem.
3.5.3.1 Baseline data collection for water environment
To assess the water quality in the study area, the quality of some of the water
bodies available in the study area have been examined. The location of such
selected water bodies as sampling stations in the study area are shown in Fig. 3.9
and listed in Table 3.14. A total 8 number (surface and subsurface) of water
samples analysed is at various sampling locations. The Indian standards and
specifications for drinking water is given in Annexure – X (Volume –II of this
report).
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Fig 3.9 Map showing surface (WS1 to WS3) and sub-surface water quality
monitoring stations
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Table 3.14 List of Sampling Stations for water quality
S.
No.
Sampling Stations
Location
Code
Type of water body
Direction of the station w.r.t. Site
Approximate distance
from Site in KM.
1. Mahi river
pipeline WS1 Surface NW 10
2. Jaspara river WS2 Surface S 2.0
3. Mithivirdi river WS3 Surface NE 1.0
4. Thalsar WSS1
Sub Surface
N 7.5
5. Navagam WSS2 Sub
Surface W 6.5
6. Sosiya WSS3
Sub Surface
S 4.0
7. Morchand WSS4 Sub
Surface N 8.5
8. Odarka WSS5
Sub Surface
NNW 8.0
3.5.3.2 Surface water quality Three monitoring stations were selected to monitor the surface water quality from
the nearby surface sources as listed in Table 3.14, within the study area.
Collected samples were analysed for various parameters to assess Physico-
chemical, Biological and Bacteriological qualities of water. The parameters
assessed and the methodology adopted is given in Table 3.15.
(a) Physico-chemical Quality
The pH values found to be ranging from 6.94 to 8.51. Water quality in terms
of various parameters is listed in Tables 3.16 to 3.23. From the tables it can
be observed that water quality at Mahi and Mithivirdi samples in terms of
various physico-chemical parameters are found well within limits. In case of
sample collected at Jaspara river parameters such as total dissolved solids
and chlorides are found to be exceeding the limits when compared with
CPCB standards.
(b) Biological Quality
Biological quality of water has been assessed in terms of dissolved oxygen,
BOD3 at 27°C and COD, which is given in Table 3.16. From the tables 3.16
and 3.18, it can be observed that BOD values are ranging between 2.0 to 8.0
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mg/l in case of Mahi and Mithivirdi respectively. Biological quality at Jaspara
in terms of BOD and COD found to be high which are found to be exceeding
the IS 2296 limits (BOD limit is 3 mg/l).
(c) Bacteriological Quality
Tests indicated that total coliform, were present at all the samples throughout
the study area. However, they are found to be well within the prescribed limits.
Table 3.15 Parameters & methodologies adopted in assessing quality of water
Quality
Parameter
Method Physico-chemical
pH
By pH meter
Temperature, ºC
Thermometer
Turbidity (NTU)
Nephelometric method
Total Dissolved solids, mg/l
Evaporation method
Total Suspended Solids, mg/l
Filtration &Evaporation method
Alkalinity mg/l Titration Method Total Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l
EDTA Titrimetric method
Calcium Hardness mg/l EDTA Titrimetric method
Chloride as Cl, mg/l
Argentometric method
Sulphates as SO4, mg/l
Turbidometric method
Sodium as Na, mg/l
Flame photometric method
Potassium as K, mg/l Flame photometric method Nitrates as NO3, mg/l
U.V.Spectrophotometric method
Phosphorus as PO4, mg/l
ANSA method
Nickel as Ni, mg/l AAS
Cadmium as Cd, mg/l AAS
Chromium as Cr, mg/l AAS
Copper as Cu, mg/l AAS
Lead as Pb, mg/l AAS
Iron as Fe, mg/l AAS
Manganese as Mn, mg/l AAS
Zinc as Zn, mg/l AAS Biological
Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l
Azide modification
COD, mg/l
Open reflux method
BOD3, mg/l
Dilution & DO by Winkler's method
Bacteriological
Total Coliform, MPN/100ml
Multiple tube MPN test
Reference: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater by APHA Methods (American Public Health Association).
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Table 3.16 Surface water quality at Mahi river pipeline (WS1)
Quality Parameters Winter Summer Monsoon Post Monsoon Limits
(C)
Physico-chemical
pH 8.51 7.98 8.02 7.88 6.5-8.5 Temperature,
OC 22.5 27.3 21.6 24.8 --
Turbidity (NTU) 3.9 4.6 2.5 3.1 --
Total Suspended Solids, mg/l
16 24 31 28 --
Total Dissolved solids, mg/l
143 235 111 169 1500 Total Alkalinity, mg/l 60 125 44 75 -- Total Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l
85 130 65 95 -- Ca Hardness, mg/l 40 45 25 36 -- Chloride as Cl, mg/l 35 35 28 34 600 Sulphates as SO4, mg/l 5 6 2 5 400 Sodium as Na, mg/l 12 22 9 15 -- Potassium as K, mg/l 1 1 0.8 1.1 -- Nitrates as NO3, mg/l 3.2 4 2.6 3.5 50
Total Phosphates, mg/l 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.4 --
Nickel as Ni, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL --
Cadmium as Cd, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.01
Chromium as Cr, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05
Copper as Cu, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 1.5
Lead as Pb, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.1
Iron as Fe, mg/l 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 50
Manganese as Mn, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 --
Zinc as Zn, mg/l 1.4 2 1.6 1.9 15 Biological
Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l 6.4 5.8 6.1 5.5 4 COD, mg/l 4 8 4 8 -- BOD3 days at 27
0C, mg/l 2 4 2 3 3
Bacteriological
Total Coliform, MPN/100ml 5 11 8 6 5000
Faecal Coliforms, MPN/100ml
Absent Absent Absent Absent --
Phytoplankton SWI NA NA NA NA --
Zooplankton SWI NA NA NA NA --
Note: C’ Drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfection BDL: Below Detectable Limit
Table 3.17 Surface water quality at Jaspara river (WS2)
Quality Parameters Winter Monsoon Post Monsoon Limits (C)
pH 7.72 6.94 7.39 6.5-8.5 Temperature,
OC 21.5 23.8 25 --
Turbidity (NTU) 38 4.4 32 --
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Physico-chemical
Total Suspended Solids, mg/l
72 96 80 --
Total Dissolved solids, mg/l
16770 8945 9143 1500 Total Alkalinity, mg/l 410 345 396 -- Total Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l
6500 3525 4100 -- Ca Hardness, mg/l 850 625 692 -- Chloride as Cl, mg/l 8652 4472 4531 600 Sulphates as SO4, mg/l 258 196 238 400 Sodium as Na, mg/l 2946 1532 1349 -- Potassium as K, mg/l 8 5.0 6 -- Nitrates as NO3, mg/l 6.8 5.3 6.1 50
Total Phosphates, mg/l 1.3 1.1 1.0 --
Nickel as Ni, mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 --
Cadmium as Cd, mg/l BDL BDL BDL 0.01
Chromium as Cr, mg/l BDL BDL BDL 0.05
Copper as Cu, mg/l BDL BDL BDL 1.5
Lead as Pb, mg/l BDL BDL BDL 0.1
Iron as Fe, mg/l 1.4 1.1 1.2 50
Manganese as Mn, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 --
Zinc as Zn, mg/l 1.6 1.2 1.5 15 Biological
Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l Nil Nil Nil 4 COD, mg/l 656 482 512 -- BOD3 days at 27
0C, mg/l 215 160 184 3
Bacteriological
Total Coliform, MPN/100ml 156 294 208 5000
Faecal Coliforms, MPN/100ml
Absent 15 Absent --
Phytoplankton SWI 3 5 3 --
Zooplankton SWI 1 2 2 --
Note: C’ Drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfection BDL: Below Detectable Limit
Table 3.18 Surface water quality at Mithivirdi river (WS3)
Quality Parameters Winter Summer Monsoon Post Monsoon Limits (C)
pH 7.85 7.24 7.66 7.81 6.5-8.5 Temperature,
OC 23 26.8 22.2 24 --
Turbidity (NTU) 4.5 5.8 5.2 5.5 --
Total Suspended Solids, mg/l
24 32 40 36 --
Total Dissolved solids, mg/l
858 1208 726 811 1500 Total Alkalinity, mg/l 294 330 210 244 -- Total Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l
500 540 345 390 -- Ca Hardness, mg/l 195 170 135 155 --
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Physico-chemical
Chloride as Cl, mg/l 202 340 192 210 600 Sulphates as SO4, mg/l 70 116 72 80 400 Sodium as Na, mg/l 74 178 96 107 -- Potassium as K, mg/l 2 3.5 2.8 3.1 -- Nitrates as NO3, mg/l 4.5 5.6 3.1 4.4 50
Total Phosphates, mg/l 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.9 --
Nickel as Ni, mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 --
Cadmium as Cd, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.01
Chromium as Cr, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05
Copper as Cu, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 1.5
Lead as Pb, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.1
Iron as Fe, mg/l 0.6 1.1 0.9 1 50
Manganese as Mn, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 --
Zinc as Zn, mg/l 1.8 3.2 2.1 2.7 15 Biological
Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l 5.2 4.6 5.3 4.9 4 COD, mg/l 16 20 12 16 -- BOD3 days at 27
0C, mg/l 4 8 4 3 3
Bacteriological
Total Coliform, MPN/100ml 216 322 504 388 5000
Faecal Coliforms, MPN/100ml
Absent Absent Absent Absent --
Phytoplankton SWI 7 9 11 8 --
Zooplankton SWI 5 6 4 5 --
Note: C’ Drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfection BDL: Below Detectable Limit
Table 3.19 Sub-surface water quality at Thalsar (WSS1)
Quality Parameters Winter Summer Monsoon Post
Monsoon
IS: 10500
Desirable Permissibl
e
Physico-chemical
pH 7.12 6.88 7.27 7.04 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 Temperature,
OC 21.0 26.6 22.0 23.8 NS NS
Turbidity (NTU) 1.6 1.2 1.8 1.5 5 10
Total Suspended Solids, mg/l
2 5 8 6 NS NS
Total Dissolved solids, mg/l
734 841 711 780 500 2000 Total Alkalinity, mg/l 190 205 165 190 200 600 Total Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l
310 345 284 305 300 600 Ca Hardness, mg/l 155 180 130 155 NS NS Chloride as Cl, mg/l 260 282 245 262 250 1000 Sulphates as SO4, mg/l 38 44 34 40 200 400 Sodium as Na, mg/l 132 138 120 136 NS NS Potassium as K, mg/l 5 8 6 5 NS NS Nitrates as NO3, mg/l 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.9 45 100
Total Phosphates, mg/l 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 NS NS
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Nickel as Ni, mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 NS NS
Cadmium as Cd, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.01 0.01
Chromium as Cr, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05 0.05
Copper as Cu, mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 NS NS
Lead as Pb, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05 0.05
Iron as Fe, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.3 1.0
Manganese as Mn, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 NS NS
Zinc as Zn, mg/l 1.3 1.1 0.9 1.0 5 15 Biological
Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l 5.1 4.4 5.0 4.8 NS NS COD, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil NS NS BOD3 days at 27
0C, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil NS NS
Bacteriological
Total Coliform, MPN/100ml 5 11 8 6 Nil* Nil
Faecal Coliforms, MPN/100ml
Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
Phytoplankton SWI NA NA NA NA NS NS
Zooplankton SWI NA NA NA NA NS NS
* IS-10500 indicates that 95% of samples should not contain any coliform count
NS: Not specified; BDL: Below Detectable Limit
Table 3.20 Sub-surface water quality at Navagam (WSS2)
Quality Parameters Winter Summer Monsoon Post
Monsoon
IS: 10500
Desirable Permissi
ble
Physico-chemical
pH 7.84 7.02 7.51 7.36 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 Temperature,
OC 22.0 24.6 22.5 24.2 NS NS
Turbidity (NTU) 1.8 2.3 1.5 1.9 5 10
Total Suspended Solids, mg/l
10 14 21 15 NS NS
Total Dissolved solids, mg/l
620 682 541 592 500 2000 Total Alkalinity, mg/l 205 228 170 196 200 600 Total Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l
345 375 290 320 300 600 Ca Hardness, mg/l 130 145 165 150 NS NS Chloride as Cl, mg/l 182 194 160 171 250 1000 Sulphates as SO4, mg/l 20 24 16 18 200 400 Sodium as Na, mg/l 62 68 56 62 NS NS Potassium as K, mg/l 1 0.8 0.6 0.9 NS NS Nitrates as NO3, mg/l 1 1.3 0.9 1.1 45 100
Total Phosphates, mg/l 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.6 NS NS
Nickel as Ni, mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 NS NS
Cadmium as Cd, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.01 0.01
Chromium as Cr, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05 0.05
Copper as Cu, mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 NS NS
Lead as Pb, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05 0.05
Iron as Fe, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.3 1.0
Manganese as Mn, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 NS NS
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Zinc as Zn, mg/l 1.1 0.6 0.9 1.1 5 15 Biological
Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l 4.5 3.8 4.2 3.6 NS NS COD, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil NS NS BOD3 days at 27
0C, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil NS NS
Bacteriological
Total Coliform, MPN/100ml 3 8 5 8 Nil* Nil
Faecal Coliforms, MPN/100ml
Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
Phytoplankton SWI NA NA NA NA NS NS
Zooplankton SWI NA NA NA NA NS NS
* IS-10500 indicates that 95% of samples should not contain any coliform count
NS: Not specified; BDL: Below Detectable Limit
Table 3.21 Sub-surface water quality at Sosiya (WSS3)
Quality Parameters Winter Summer Monsoo
n Post
Monsoon
IS: 10500
Desirable Permissibl
e
Physico-chemical
pH 8.23 8.1 7.82 7.66 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 Temperature,
OC 22.5 27.0 23.4 24.5 NS NS
Turbidity (NTU) 1.1 3.4 2.3 2.9 5 10
Total Suspended Solids, mg/l
6 11 9 8 NS NS
Total Dissolved solids, mg/l
577 721 534 610 500 2000 Total Alkalinity, mg/l 160 210 155 185 200 600 Total Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l
175 265 230 256 300 600 Ca Hardness, mg/l 80 116 105 112 NS NS Chloride as Cl, mg/l 175 205 160 186 250 1000 Sulphates as SO4, mg/l 34 52 30 23 200 400 Sodium as Na, mg/l 120 132 84 98 NS NS Potassium as K, mg/l 2 4 1.0 1.6 NS NS Nitrates as NO3, mg/l 1.3 1.8 1.5 1.8 45 100
Total Phosphates, mg/l 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 NS NS
Nickel as Ni, mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 NS NS
Cadmium as Cd, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.01 0.01
Chromium as Cr, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05 0.05
Copper as Cu, mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 NS NS
Lead as Pb, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05 0.05
Iron as Fe, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.3 1.0
Manganese as Mn, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.02 NS NS
Zinc as Zn, mg/l 1.1 0.6 0.8 0.8 5 15 Biological
Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l 4.8 3.6 4.1 4.0 NS NS COD, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil NS NS BOD3 days at 27
0C, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil NS NS
Bacteriological
Total Coliform, MPN/100ml 1 3 6 4 Nil* Nil
Faecal Coliforms, MPN/100ml
Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
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Phytoplankton SWI NA NA NA NA NS NS
Zooplankton SWI NA NA NA NA NS NS
* IS-10500 indicates that 95% of samples should not contain any coliform count
NS: Not specified; BDL: Below Detectable Limit
Table 3.22 Sub-surface water quality at Morchand (WSS4)
Quality Parameters Winter Summer Monsoo
n
Post Monsoo
n
IS: 10500
Desirable
Permissible
Physico-chemical
pH 6.92 7.01 6.74 6.99 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 Temperature,
OC 23.9 24.5 24.2 24.6 NS NS
Turbidity (NTU) 1.1 2.0 1.6 1.4 5 10
Total Suspended Solids, mg/l
5 6 8 6 NS NS
Total Dissolved solids, mg/l
452 484 529 504 500 2000 Total Alkalinity, mg/l 245 255 272 260 200 600 Total Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l
316 328 352 336 300 600 Ca Hardness, mg/l 105 130 176 155 NS NS Chloride as Cl, mg/l 52 59 68 63 250 1000 Sulphates as SO4, mg/l 26 31 40 35 200 400 Sodium as Na, mg/l 13 18 25 22 NS NS Potassium as K, mg/l 0.9 0.6 1.1 0.8 NS NS Nitrates as NO3, mg/l 1.1 1.3 1.8 1.5 45 100
Total Phosphates, mg/l 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 NS NS
Nickel as Ni, mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 NS NS
Cadmium as Cd, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.01 0.01
Chromium as Cr, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05 0.05
Copper as Cu, mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 NS NS
Lead as Pb, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05 0.05
Iron as Fe, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.3 1.0
Manganese as Mn, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 NS NS
Zinc as Zn, mg/l 0.8 0.6 1.1 0.8 5 15 Biological
Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l 5.1 4.8 4.5 5.3 NS NS COD, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil NS NS BOD3 days at 27
0C, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil NS NS
Bacteriological
Total Coliform, MPN/100ml 4 6 4 3 Nil* Nil
Faecal Coliforms, MPN/100ml
Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
Phytoplankton SWI NA NA NA NA NS NS
Zooplankton SWI NA NA NA NA NS NS
* IS-10500 indicates that 95% of samples should not contain any coliform count
NS: Not specified; BDL: Below Detectable Limit
Table 3.23 Sub-surface water quality at Odarka (WSS5)
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Quality Parameters Winter Summer Monsoon Post
Monsoon
IS: 10500
Desirable Permissible
Physico-chemical
pH 7.64 7.28 7.51 7.83 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 Temperature,
OC 24.0 23.6 24.4 25 NS NS
Turbidity (NTU) 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.4 5 10
Total Suspended Solids, mg/l
2 Nil Nil 2 NS NS
Total Dissolved solids, mg/l
193 166 180 206 500 2000 Total Alkalinity, mg/l 120 108 115 125 200 600 Total Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l
138 120 130 144 300 600 Ca Hardness, mg/l 90 75 95 105 NS NS Chloride as Cl, mg/l 19 14 18 22 250 1000 Sulphates as SO4, mg/l 3 Nil 2 4 200 400 Sodium as Na, mg/l 5 3 5 7 NS NS Potassium as K, mg/l 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 NS NS Nitrates as NO3, mg/l 0.9 0.6 0.8 1.0 45 100
Total Phosphates, mg/l 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 NS NS
Nickel as Ni, mg/l <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 NS NS
Cadmium as Cd, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.01 0.01
Chromium as Cr, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05 0.05
Copper as Cu, mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 NS NS
Lead as Pb, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05 0.05
Iron as Fe, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.3 1.0
Manganese as Mn, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 NS NS
Zinc as Zn, mg/l 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.8 5 15 Biological
Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l 4.8 5.1 4.4 5.0 NS NS COD, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil NS NS BOD3 days at 27
0C, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil NS NS
Bacteriological
Total Coliform, MPN/100ml Absent Absent Absent Absent Nil* Nil
Faecal Coliforms, MPN/100ml
Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
Phytoplankton SWI NA NA NA NA NS NS
Zooplankton SWI NA NA NA NA NS NS
* IS-10500 indicates that 95% of samples should not contain any coliform count
NS: Not specified; BDL: Below Detectable Limit
3.5.3.3 SUB-SURFACE WATER QUALITY
Ground water being the main source of water in the study area five sampling
stations in the surrounding residential areas and inside the Bhavnagar, Gujarat
complex were selected and are shown in Fig. 3.9 for assessing ground water
quality. Values of various physicochemical, biological and bacteriological
parameters over the study period are tabulated in Table. 3.19 to 3.23. Depth of
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subsurface water samples collection is ranging from 18 m to 27 m for six locations
(Table 3.24).
Table 3.24 Location and depth of ground water collection stations
Location Codes Locations Names Depth of Ground water (m)
WSS1 Bore well at Thalsar 20
WSS2 Bore well at Navagam 22
WSS3 Bore well at Sosiya 18
WSS4 Bore well at Morchand 27
WSS5 Bore well at Odarka 24
Values of various physicochemical, biological and bacteriological parameters
over the study period are tabulated in Table. 3.19 to 3.23.
(a) Physico-chemical quality
From the tables (3.19 to 3.23) it is observed that all other parameters
pertaining to chemical quality viz., chlorides, suspended solids, sulphates,
fluorides, total phosphates, nitrates and heavy metals are within the limits
specified by IS 10500:1991, at surrounding villages.
As a whole Physico chemical quality of Ground water, is found compatible
with drinking water standards.
(b) Biological Quality
From Table 3.19, it can be observed that biological quality in terms of COD
and BOD3 at all the locations monitored was found absent.
(c) Bacteriological Quality
Tests indicated that total coliform, were present in almost all the samples
collected throughout the study period.
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3.5.3.4 Heavy metal content
The heavy metal content in surface water and sub-surface water was below detection level
and below the stipulated limits for drinking water at most of the places during all the three
seasons.
3.5.4 LAND ENVIRONMENT 3.5.4.1 Geology
The preliminary investigation in the plant area included drilling of 6 boreholes of depth
100m. In addition to the drilling of the boreholes, various laboratory tests on the soil and
rock samples collected were carried out. Various field tests, such as plate load tests,
pressure meter test, permeability tests, were also carried out. Geophysical tests such as
seismic refraction test were also done. The study showed upto 2 m from ground, the soil
is silty sand, from 2 m to 60 m, it is clay with high plasticity and from below 60 m – it is
grayish black coloured high fractured basalt with secondary minerals.
3.5.4.2 Seismotectonics
The site lies in Zone III of the seismic zoning map of India (IS 1893 - 2002). The site
satisfies the requirement of screening distance value of 5 km from a capable fault.
3.5.4.3 Drainage
The project area is undulated with well drainage channels leading to sea. The existing
drainage pattern will be protected by developing suitable garland drains with zero
accumulation of water.
3.5.5 NOISE ENVIRONMENT
To assess the impact that will be created by the proposed additional project on noise
environment, noise levels at key points in the study zone (10 km around proposed project)
needs to be collected. Noise monitoring is carried out at ten locations among which 8
locations falls under residential area and remaining two locations falls under Commercial
area.
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The location and names of noise and traffic stations are shown in Figs. 3.10 and 3.11. The
noise levels were recorded continuously for 24 hours. Noise monitoring at each location
was carried out three times in one month.
Fig 3.10 Map showing Noise quality monitoring stations
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Fig 3.11 Map showing Traffic quality monitoring stations
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3.5.5.1 Noise level & Traffic monitoring
The baseline data or noise and traffic were surveyed and data are collected as
follows:
Reconnaissance survey
Identification and communication of expected noise sources
Measurement of baseline noise levels in the study area
Measurement of prevailing noise levels due to vehicular movements at
traffic junctions
Maximum, minimum and average noise levels over the study periods at various
monitoring stations are calculated and presented in Tables 3.25 to 3.37 for day
time (6 A.M. to 10 P.M.) and night time (10 P.M. to 6 A.M.) along with the National
Standards for Noise.
From Tables 3.25 to 3.37, it can be observed that average day time noise levels
recorded at all the stations i.e., Thalsar, Sosiya-Alang, Khadarpar, Navagam,
Morchand, Odarka, Garibpura, Alang, Manar and Pithalpur are within the
prescribed limits during day time and found to be slightly exceeding during night
time at Thalsar, Navagam, Odarka, Garibpura, Alang, Manar and Pithalpur. It is to
be noted that Sosiya-Alang is a receptor for transporting the ship breaking goods
(Shipping Yard). All the locations fall under residential areas where as Sosiya-
Alang falls under commercial area. To assess the impact created by proposed
project on noise environment and Traffic Volume in the study area needs to be
measured and for this purpose ten traffic monitoring stations were selected i.e.
Thalsar, Sosiya-Alang, Khadarpar, Navagam, Morchand, Odarka, Garibpura,
Alang, Manar and Pithalpur.
3.5.5.2 Noise Level at Various Monitoring Stations
From Tables 3.25 to 3.34, it can be observed that day time noise levels at all the
four areas are within the limit.
Table 3.25 Maximum, minimum and average noise levels at Thalsar (N1)
S.No Date *Day Time [dB (A)] **Night Time [dB (A)]
Maximum Minimu
m Average
Maximum
Minimum Average
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1 14.12.2010 53.6 42.8 49.4 51.5 38.7 45.9
2 27.12.2010 52.7 42.1 49.1 47.8 39.2 41.8
3 06.01.2011 53.4 40.8 48.5 43.2 39.8 41.6
4 14.01.2011 52.8 41.5 48.9 44.1 40.7 42.5
5 21.01.2011 53.1 41.2 48.4 44.0 39.4 41.8
6 04.02.2011 54.6 41.1 49.8 45.3 42.4 43.3
7 11.02.2011 56.2 42.6 50.9 46.7 41.8 43.4
8 25.02.2011 55.9 41.7 50.4 45.7 41.0 42.5
9 02.03.2011 52.2 41.3 49.7 45.4 41.5 42.8
10 11.03.2011 52.6 41.7 49.6 46.2 41.6 43.4
11 25.03.2011 53.1 40.8 49.9 45.1 41.5 42.7
12 09.04.2011 53.1 40.4 50.5 44.3 40.2 42.0
13 18.04.2011 52.6 40.8 50.5 43.6 40.5 42.0
14 23.04.2011 52.7 41.2 50.3 46.1 40.1 42.4
15 09.05.2011 52.3 41.5 49.9 45.6 41.3 43.2
16 16.05.2011 52.7 41.2 50.2 44.6 40.5 42.6
17 27.05.2011 52.4 41.7 50.3 43.4 41.0 42.1
18 05.09.2011 54.2 46.7 52.0 47.5 42.1 44.5
19 17.09.2011 54.5 47.3 52.1 48.3 41.4 44.6
20 26.09.2011 54.5 46.4 51.9 50.2 42.1 45.5
21 09.10.2011 52.6 41.8 50.1 44.2 40.1 41.7
22 13.10.2011 52.3 42.3 50.0 43.7 41.0 41.9
23 22.10.2011 52.4 41.3 50.3 45.2 40.3 42.1
24 02.11.2011 52.5 41.6 49.5 42.2 40.6 41.4
25 12.11.2011 52.1 40.7 49.3 42.5 40.1 41.2
26 24.11.2011 52.4 40.2 48.9 42.4 40.1 41.0
Standards [dB (A)] 55 45
*Day time: (6 AM to 10 PM) ** Night time: (10 PM to 6 AM)
Table 3.26 Maximum, minimum and average noise levels at Sosiya-Alang (N2)
S.No Date
*Day Time [dB (A)] **Night Time [dB (A)]
Maximum Minimu
m Average
Maximum
Minimum Average
1 15.12.2010 58.3 48.6 53.7 47.3 41.7 43.8
2 29.12.2010 57.6 48.2 54.1 46.5 40.5 43.2
3 08.01.2011 59.6 43.5 52.5 49.3 41.4 44.7
4 16.01.2011 54.5 41.7 49.1 47.4 41.7 44.1
5 23.01.2011 54.5 40.5 49.6 48.7 41.5 44.2
6 05.02.2011 57.5 42.8 52.0 50.2 42.4 44.9
7 12.02.2011 57.5 43.4 51.5 50.5 42.5 45.3
8 26.02.2011 56.4 43.8 51.5 49.6 43.2 45.7
9 03.03.2011 56.1 43.6 53.0 49.6 43.7 45.6
10 12.03.2011 56.4 42.1 52.7 48.7 43.4 45.5
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11 28.03.2011 56.2 43.0 52.6 48.7 43.5 45.4
12 08.04.2011 56.4 43.2 52.4 48.7 41.6 45.1
13 16.04.2011 55.8 43.8 52.4 47.8 42.7 44.6
14 29.04.2011 62.4 42.8 54.5 47.4 42.4 44.7
15 07.05.2011 55.2 42.5 52.1 47.3 42.3 44.3
16 14.05.2011 54.6 43.2 52.1 48.5 41.9 44.7
17 28.05.2011 55.2 42.3 51.8 48.6 42.3 45.4
18 04.09.2011 57.3 51.4 54.5 51.4 46.5 48.6
19 21.09.2011 56.2 50.5 54.0 50.5 45.5 47.6
20 27.09.2011 56.7 50.8 54.1 51.7 46.0 48.6
21 06.10.2011 56.2 44.5 53.9 50.3 43.6 46.8
22 14.10.2011 56.6 43.8 53.8 47.5 42.3 44.2
23 21.10.2011 55.7 44.1 53.6 46.5 42.2 43.8
24 01.11.2011 56.4 46.4 53.7 48.7 45.1 46.5
25 11.11.2011 55.8 45.8 53.3 46.5 44.1 45.0
26 23.11.2011 55.8 45.2 53.0 47.5 44.2 45.7
Standards [dB (A)] 65 55
*Day time: (6 AM to 10 PM) ** Night time: (10 PM to 6 AM)
Table 3.27 Maximum, minimum and average noise levels at Khadarpar (N3)
S.No Date
*Day Time [dB (A)] **Night Time [dB (A)]
Maximum Minimu
m Average
Maximum
Minimum Average
1 03.02.2011 54.8 40.7 50.4 46.4 42.0 43.6
2 18.02.2011 55.3 41.8 50.9 45.4 41.5 42.8
3 28.02.2011 56.7 42.3 50.8 46.2 41.0 42.5
4 05.03.2011 53.4 40.5 50.0 44.2 42.1 43.1
5 18.03.2011 52.8 40.9 49.8 43.2 41.3 42.4
6 26.03.2011 52.5 41.3 49.8 44.4 41.4 42.7
7 07.04.2011 52.3 40.1 49.7 45.3 41.4 42.7
8 15.04.2011 51.9 40.4 49.6 44.8 41.0 42.6
9 22.04.2011 52.7 40.8 50.2 45.7 41.4 42.9
10 06.05.2011 53.1 41.2 49.7 44.2 40.8 42.3
11 13.05.2011 52.1 40.9 49.5 44.0 40.5 42.1
12 20.05.2011 52.7 41.5 49.7 44.3 40.3 42.3
13 07.09.2011 54.4 47.1 51.7 47.3 41.4 44.0
14 19.09.2011 53.8 46.7 51.6 47.1 41.8 44.0
15 29.09.2011 53.9 47.4 51.5 46.3 41.1 43.1
16 10.10.2011 52.4 40.7 50.1 42.7 39.2 40.5
17 15.10.2011 52.3 40.3 49.9 43.1 39.3 40.7
18 29.10.2011 52.1 41.2 50.4 44.5 40.2 41.5
19 04.11.2011 52.7 41.2 50.0 42.6 40.3 41.3
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20 17.11.2011 52.3 40.6 49.6 43.7 40.2 41.5
21 26.11.2011 52.5 40.3 49.6 42.6 40.1 41.1
Standards [dB (A)] 55 45
*Day time: (6 AM to 10 PM) ** Night time: (10 PM to 6 AM)
Table 3.28 Maximum, minimum and average noise levels at Navagam (N4)
S.No Date
*Day Time [dB (A)] **Night Time [dB (A)]
Maximum Minimu
m Average
Maximum
Minimum Average
1 30.12.2010 51.7 40.9 47.7 43.8 39.6 41.1
2 07.01.2011 52.4 42.3 48.7 46.4 41.4 43.6
3 15.01.2011 53.1 41.8 48.7 43.2 39.2 41.4
4 22.01.2011 52.9 40.7 48.9 45.2 41.2 42.5
5 06.02.2011 56.7 41.5 50.4 45.8 42.4 43.6
6 19.02.2011 55.8 42.1 50.4 46.5 41.6 43.1
7 27.02.2011 55.6 41.2 50.2 45.2 40.5 42.0
8 06.03.2011 53.1 40.7 49.5 44.6 41.4 43.0
9 19.03.2011 52.8 41.6 49.9 43.9 41.2 42.6
10 27.03.2011 53.1 40.9 49.7 43.7 41.4 42.5
11 10.04.2011 52.5 40.2 50.0 44.4 41.2 42.7
12 17.04.2011 52.9 40.6 50.2 45.6 41.0 42.6
13 24.04.2011 52.9 41.3 50.2 44.3 41.2 42.6
14 08.05.2011 51.9 40.8 49.1 43.5 40.3 41.8
15 15.05.2011 51.6 41.3 49.5 43.2 40.6 41.7
16 21.05.2011 51.8 40.6 48.8 43.5 40.5 41.9
17 06.09.2011 53.4 46.5 51.5 48.6 41.3 44.4
18 16.09.2011 53.6 45.4 51.3 47.6 42.2 44.2
19 23.09.2011 53.4 46.2 51.4 48.8 41.4 45.2
20 07.10.2011 52.2 41.6 49.6 42.8 40.1 41.1
21 12.10.2011 52.4 40.8 49.7 43.0 39.4 40.6
22 28.10.2011 55.2 41.2 52.2 54.2 39.4 48.5
23 03.11.2011 52.6 41.9 50.2 43.2 41.2 41.9
24 16.11.2011 52.8 41.4 50.1 42.8 40.8 41.6
25 25.11.2011 52.3 40.5 49.7 43.1 40.2 41.5
Standards [dB (A)] 55 45
*Day time: (6 AM to 10 PM) ** Night time: (10 PM to 6 AM)
Table 3.29 Maximum, minimum and average noise levels at Morchand (N5)
S.No Date
*Day Time [dB (A)] **Night Time [dB (A)]
Maximum Minimu
m Average
Maximum
Minimum Average
1 10.09.2011 54.7 47.2 51.5 45.3 43.5 44.3
2 14.09.2011 55.2 47.7 52.2 45.8 43.8 44.6
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3 24.09.2011 55.5 48.3 52.3 46.3 43.8 44.9
4 01.10.2011 52.8 41.8 50.6 47.1 41.1 43.4
5 11.10.2011 53.4 42.7 51.0 47.5 42.1 44.0
6 23.10.2011 53.3 42.1 51.1 46.5 41.4 43.3
7 05.11.2011 53.2 42.4 50.8 44.2 41.7 42.7
8 13.11.2011 52.9 41.6 50.4 45.4 40.5 42.4
9 21.11.2011 52.7 40.8 50.2 44.2 40.2 42.2
Standards [dB (A)] 55 45
*Day time: (6 AM to 10 PM) ** Night time: (10 PM to 6 AM)
Table 3.30 Maximum, minimum and average noise levels at Odarka (N6)
S.No Date
*Day Time [dB (A)] **Night Time [dB (A)]
Maximum Minimu
m Average
Maximum
Minimum Average
1 08.09.2011 54.6 48.6 52.2 48.3 43.8 45.6
2 15.09.2011 55.3 48.6 52.7 47.5 44.4 45.8
3 28.09.2011 55.1 48.9 52.6 47.1 43.2 44.5
4 04.10.2011 52.8 40.3 50.5 43.8 39.4 41.1
5 16.10.2011 53.1 41.2 50.7 44.2 40.3 41.6
6 24.10.2011 52.7 40.8 50.7 45.1 40.2 42.0
7 06.11.2011 53.1 42.1 50.9 44.3 41.2 42.5
8 14.11.2011 52.8 41.5 50.3 43.8 40.6 42.1
9 22.11.2011 52.6 40.2 50.1 43.2 40.1 41.3
Standards [dB (A)] 55 45
*Day time: (6 AM to 10 PM) ** Night time: (10 PM to 6 AM)
Table 3.31 Maximum, minimum and average noise levels at Garibpura (N7)
S.No Date
*Day Time [dB (A)] **Night Time [dB (A)]
Maximum Minimu
m Average
Maximum
Minimum Average
1 13.09.2011 54.2 47.3 52.2 49.4 44.1 46.7
2 16.09.2011 53.9 47.8 51.8 48.7 42.5 45.0
3 23.09.2011 53.9 47.5 51.6 47.3 42.3 44.4
4 02.10.2011 52.7 40.8 50.1 44.1 40.2 41.9
5 20.10.2011 52.9 41.3 50.8 45.3 40.9 42.6
6 27.10.2011 54.5 40.5 51.7 54.2 39.8 48.9
7 09.11.2011 52.9 41.6 50.5 44.1 41.1 42.3
8 18.11.2011 52.6 41.2 49.9 43.2 40.1 41.7
9 28.11.2011 52.4 40.5 49.7 42.8 40.1 41.3
Standards [dB (A)] 55 45
*Day time: (6 AM to 10 PM) ** Night time: (10 PM to 6 AM)
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Table 3.32 Maximum, minimum and average noise levels at Alang (N8)
S.No Date
*Day Time [dB (A)] **Night Time [dB (A)]
Maximum Minimu
m Average
Maximum
Minimum Average
1 09.09.2011 57.5 51.7 54.9 51.4 46.2 48.8
2 18.09.2011 57.2 51.6 54.7 50.3 46.8 48.5
3 25.09.2011 56.2 50.8 53.8 50.2 47.3 48.5
4 05.10.2011 55.7 43.6 53.6 51.8 43.0 47.1
5 18.10.2011 55.9 44.8 53.6 51.1 43.4 46.4
6 30.10.2011 54.6 43.4 52.2 48.7 42.5 44.8
7 10.11.2011 56.3 46.2 53.6 47.3 45.1 46.1
8 19.11.2011 55.9 45.8 53.1 45.6 43.7 44.5
9 30.11.2011 55.7 45.2 52.7 45.2 43.2 43.8
Standards [dB (A)] 65 55
*Day time: (6 AM to 10 PM) ** Night time: (10 PM to 6 AM)
Table 3.33 Maximum, minimum and average noise levels at Manar (N9)
S.No Date
*Day Time [dB (A)] **Night Time [dB (A)]
Maximum Minimu
m Average
Maximum
Minimum Average
1 11.09.2011 54.6 49.6 52.5 49.5 44.4 46.1
2 21.09.2011 54.8 48.8 52.2 48.6 44.1 46.1
3 27.09.2011 54.8 49.6 52.6 50.3 44.8 47.0
4 03.10.2011 54.6 43.8 51.9 46.4 42.7 44.4
5 19.10.2011 54.8 42.9 51.8 46.2 42.4 43.6
6 26.10.2011 56.8 43.2 53.9 55.2 42.0 48.6
7 08.11.2011 55.2 45.3 52.5 45.2 43.2 44.1
8 20.11.2011 53.2 42.5 50.3 43.8 41.4 42.5
9 29.11.2011 54.6 44.7 52.1 45.4 43.2 44.2
Standards [dB (A)] 55 45
*Day time: (6 AM to 10 PM) ** Night time: (10 PM to 6 AM)
Table 3.34 Maximum, minimum and average noise levels at Pithalpur (N10)
S.No Date
*Day Time [dB (A)] **Night Time [dB (A)]
Maximum Minimu
m Average
Maximum
Minimum Average
1 12.09.2011 53.6 45.8 51.4 48.3 41.8 44.5
2 20.09.2011 53.7 45.2 51.4 49.4 41.5 45.3
3 22.09.2011 54.1 46.3 51.8 48.8 41.2 44.9
4 08.10.2011 52.1 40.6 49.6 43.2 39.1 40.5
5 17.10.2011 51.9 40.1 49.4 42.8 38.0 40.2
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6 25.10.2011 52.3 40.3 49.7 42.2 38.3 40.2
7 07.11.2011 52.8 41.2 50.6 46.3 40.2 43.3
8 15.11.2011 52.3 40.5 50.1 44.1 39.7 41.8
9 27.11.2011 52.4 40.7 49.8 42.6 40.1 41.1
Standards [dB (A)] 55 45
*Day time: (6 AM to 10 PM) ** Night time: (10 PM to 6 AM)
Average Traffic levels over the study period at ten stations are calculated and
presented in Tables 3.35 to 3.37. It has been observed that traffic volume is higher at
Sosiya-Along (T2) followed by Thalsar (T1), Navagam (T4) and Khadarpar (T3).
Table 3.35 Traffic load and survey for four monitoring stations (first quarter)
Sl
No.
Location
code
Monitoring
Stations
Direction of
the station
w.r.t. to
Site
Approxima
te distance
from Site in
KM.
Date of
monitoring HMV LMV
TWO
Wheeler PCU/hr Average
PCU/hr
1. T1 Thalsar N 7.5
14.12.10 234 322 434 83
74
27.12.10 240 354 430 85
06.01.11 159 196 436 66
14.01.11 192 184 418 66
21.01.11 156 208 438 67
04.02.11 192 190 501 74
11.02.11 267 174 506 79
24.02.11 249 239 379 72
2. T2 Sosiya -
Along S 4.0
15.12.10 3342 747 2061 513
434
29.12.10 3522 728 2046 525
08.01.11 3438 700 2017 513
16.01.11 498 740 1300 212
23.01.11 426 739 1199 197
05.02.11 3267 688 2116 506
12.02.11 3186 699 2034 493
26.02.11 3372 673 2089 511
3. T3 Khadarpar NW 2.0
03.02.11 210 120 344 56
53 18.02.11 159 145 343 54
28.02.11 192 102 310 50
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4. T4 Navagam W 6.5
30.12.10 84 194 296 48
61
07.01.11 114 247 353 60
15.01.11 99 202 349 54
22.01.11 105 198 310 51
06.02.11 156 245 454 71
19.02.11 222 249 420 74
27.02.11 180 299 384 72
Table 3.36 Traffic load and survey for four monitoring stations (second quarter)
Sl
No.
Location
code
Monitoring
Stations
Direction of
the station
w.r.t. to
Site
Approxima
te distance
from Site in
KM.
Date of
monitoring HMV LMV
TWO
Wheeler PCU/hr Average
PCU/hr
1. T1 Thalsar N 7.5
14.12.10 234 322 434 83
74
27.12.10 240 354 430 85
06.01.11 159 196 436 66
14.01.11 192 184 418 66
21.01.11 156 208 438 67
04.02.11 192 190 501 74
11.02.11 267 174 506 79
24.02.11 249 239 379 72
2. T2 Sosiya -
Along S 4.0
15.12.10 3342 747 2061 513
434
29.12.10 3522 728 2046 525
08.01.11 3438 700 2017 513
16.01.11 498 740 1300 212
23.01.11 426 739 1199 197
05.02.11 3267 688 2116 506
12.02.11 3186 699 2034 493
26.02.11 3372 673 2089 511
3. T3 Khadarpar NW 2.0
03.02.11 210 120 344 56
53 18.02.11 159 145 343 54
28.02.11 192 102 310 50
4. T4 Navagam W 6.5 30.12.10 84 194 296 48
61 07.01.11 114 247 353 60
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15.01.11 99 202 349 54
22.01.11 105 198 310 51
06.02.11 156 245 454 71
19.02.11 222 249 420 74
27.02.11 180 299 384 72
Table 3.37 Traffic load and survey for ten monitoring stations (third quarter)
Sl No.
Location code
Monitoring Stations
Direction of the
station w.r.t. to
Site
Approximate
distance from Site
in KM.
Date of monitoring
HMV LMV TWO
Wheeler PCU/hr Average
PCU/hr
1. T1 Thalsar N 7.5
05.09.2011 66 38 255 30
36
17.09.2011 81 38 290 34
26.09.2011 69 41 300 34
09.10.2011 84 51 296 36
13.10.2011 102 51 317 39
22.10.2011 90 45 300 36
02.11.2011 69 51 341 38
12.11.2011 84 52 331 39
24.11.2011 102 53 350 42
2. T2 Sosiya -Alang
S 4.0
04.09.2011 657 524 1729 243
454
21.09.2011 3324 603 1967 491
27.09.2011 3588 634 2000 519
06.10.2011 3102 538 1957 466
14.10.2011 3036 507 1892 453
21.10.2011 2961 441 1905 442
01.11.2011 3468 592 1965 502
11.11.2011 3252 582 1999 486
23.11.2011 3171 588 1996 480
3.
T3
Khadarpar
NW
2.0
07.09.2011 63 36 258 30
32
19.09.2011 72 30 286 32
29.09.2011 57 34 275 31
10.10.2011 60 29 308 33
15.10.2011 39 31 303 31
29.10.2011 60 30 313 34
04.11.2011 57 30 257 29
17.11.2011 78 42 270 33
26.11.2011 69 32 292 33
4. T4 Navagam W 6.5
06.09.2011 51 38 279 31
34
16.09.2011 57 42 280 32
23.09.2011 63 42 295 33
17.10.2011 51 40 300 33
12.10.2011 45 27 332 34
28.10.2011 51 34 337 35
03.11.2011 87 43 274 34
16.11.2011 69 41 329 37
25.11.2011 60 28 345 36
5. T5 Morchand N 8.5
10.09.2011 495 247 583 110
81
14.09.2011 435 212 455 92
24.09.2011 459 198 404 88
01.10.2011 279 135 484 75
11.10.2011 318 130 481 77
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23.10.2011 333 123 480 78
05.11.2011 270 115 495 73
13.11.2011 240 114 452 67
21.11.2011 267 114 424 67
6. T6 Odarka NNW 8.0
08.09.2011 357 192 367 76
63
15.09.2011 531 248 368 96
28.09.2011 429 225 370 85
04.10.2011 123 60 383 47
16.10.2011 141 62 366 47
24.10.2011 147 68 387 50
06.11.2011 165 72 393 53
14.11.2011 189 85 418 58
22.11.2011 210 90 404 59
Sl No.
Location code
Monitoring Stations
Direction of the
station w.r.t. to
Site
Approximate
distance from Site
in KM.
Date of monitoring
HMV LMV TWO
Wheeler PCU/hr Average
PCU/hr
7. T7 Garibpura SSW 7.0
13.09.2011 81 71 307 38
41
16.09.2011 81 53 317 38
23.09.2011 78 49 280 34
02.10.2011 69 40 338 37
20.10.2011 51 40 350 37
27.10.2011 84 63 360 42
09.11.2011 114 51 370 45
18.11.2011 120 52 414 49
28.11.2011 108 44 393 45
8. T8 Alang SW 6.0
09.09.2011 3186 593 1796 465
374
18.09.2011 438 305 1396 178
25.09.2011 438 276 1330 170
05.10.2011 3351 522 1998 489
18.10.2011 3237 488 1921 471
30.10.2011 234 456 1168 155
10.11.2011 3369 639 1791 483
19.11.2011 3237 640 1819 475
30.11.2011 3261 637 1911 484
9. T9 Manar SW 6.2
11.09.2011 84 92 165 28
52
21.09.2011 213 98 255 47
27.09.2011 246 92 282 52
03.10.2011 183 71 433 57
19.10.2011 186 75 490 63
26.10.2011 84 43 332 38
08.11.2011 276 81 430 66
20.11.2011 189 77 420 57
29.11.2011 174 78 418 56
10. T10 Pithalpur NW 6.0
12.09.2011 99 54 225 32
36
20.09.2011 99 41 253 33
22.09.2011 84 43 274 33
08.10.2011 87 49 368 42
17.10.2011 75 39 368 40
25.10.2011 69 37 365 39
07.11.2011 60 29 299 32
15.11.2011 78 37 312 36
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27.11.2011 60 38 320 35
3.5.6 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS
For establishing the baseline status of soil within the probable impact zone, Soil
Samples were collected at ten locations of the study area. Location of the soil
sampling sites is shown in Fig. 3.12.
Fig 3.12 Map showing Soil quality monitoring stations
Based on observation the soil classification is given in Table 3.38. The
characteristics of samples at ten different locations at each site in terms of different
parameters are given in Tables 3.39 to 3.46.
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Table 3.38 Standard classification of soil sampling analysis
S. No Soil Test Classification
1 pH <4.5 Extremely acidic 4.51-5.00 Very Strongly acidic 5.51-6.0 moderately acidic 6.01-6.50 slightly acidic 6.51-7.30 Neutral 7.31-7.80 slightly alkaline 7.81-8.50 moderately alkaline 8.51-9.0 Strongly alkaline 9.01 very strongly alkaline
2 Salinity Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm) (1mmho/cm = 640 ppm)
Up to 1.00 Average 1.00-2.00 Harmful to germination 2.01-3.00 Harmful to Crops (Sensitive to salts)
3 Organic Carbon Upto 0.2: Very less 0.21-0.4: less 0.41-0.5 medium 0.51-0.8: On an average sufficient 0.81-1.00: Sufficient >1.0 more than sufficient
4 Nitrogen (Kg/ha) Upto 50 very less 51-100 less 101-150 good 151-300 Better >300 sufficient
5 Phosphorus (Kg/ha) Upto 15 very less 16-30 less 31-50 medium 51-65 on an average sufficient 66-80 sufficient >80 more than sufficient
6 Potassium (Kg/ha) 0-120 very less 120-180 less 181-240 medium 241-300 average 301-360 better >360 more than sufficient
Source: As per ISO: Soil Compendium
From the Table 3.38, it can be observed that the soil samples collected at all the
locations are found to be Silt Loam. Nitrogen values range between 76 to 146
kg/ha. Distribution of available nitrogen in soils is found to be in low to good levels.
The Phosphorus levels range between 9 to 49 kg/ha indicating its presence from
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very less to medium. Soil potassium varied from 136 to 212 kg/ha indicating less to
medium range. The soil texture diagram of the study area is given in Fig. 3.13.
Fig. 3.13 Soil texture diagram of the study area
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Table 3.39 Analysis of soil data collected from Kukad area
S. No Parameters Units Kukad
1. Type of Soil -- Alluvial Soil Alluvial Soil Alluvial Soil 2. pH -- 6.72 6.96 7.04 3. Bulk Density gm/cc 1.4 1.39 1.36 4. Porosity (%) 38 42 40 5. Soil Texture -- Sandy loam loam Loam 6. Sand (%) 42.5 40 44.0 7. Silt (%) 32.5 38.0 32.5 8. Clay (%) 25.0 22.0 23.5 9. Organic Matter (%) 0.70 1.20 0.94 10. Sodium Adsorption
Ratio meq/100g 1.2 0.4 0.36
11. Specific Gravity g/cm3 2.1 2.3 2.1 12. Conductivity µmhos/cm 64.8 166 128.0 13. N Kg/ha. 102 98 94.0 14. P Kg/ha. 16 20 12.0 15. K Kg/ha. 170 162 156.0
Table 3.40 Analysis of soil data collected from Navagam area
S. No Parameters Units Navagam
1. Type of Soil -- Alluvial Soil Alluvial Soil Alluvial Soil
2. pH -- 6.99 7.61 7.54
3. Bulk Density gm/cc 1.51 1.38 1.41
4. Porosity (%) 41 46 44
5. Soil Texture -- Sandy loam loam Loam
6. Sand (%) 45.0 42.0 40.5
7. Silt (%) 27.5 34.0 37.5
8. Clay (%) 27.5 24.0 22.0
9. Organic Matter (%) 0.73 0.9 0.81
10. Sodium Adsorption Ratio
meq/100g 1.22 0.3 0.27
11. Specific Gravity g/cm3 2.2 2.2 2.3
12. Conductivity µmhos/cm 69.8 120 101.0
13. N Kg/ha. 110 116 122.0
14. P Kg/ha. 20 18 23.0
15. K Kg/ha. 180 178 191.0
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Table 3.41 Analysis of soil data collected from Corner A & B of NPP at Mithivirdi, Gujarat
S. No Parameters Units Corner A Corner B
1. Type of Soil Alluvial
Soil Alluvial
Soil Alluvial
Soil Alluvial
Soil Alluvial
Soil Alluvial
Soil
2. pH -- 7.39 7.61 7.32 7.2 7.13 6.98
3. Bulk Density gm/cc 1.44 1.41 1.42 1.38 1.36 1.38
4. Porosity (%) 41 38 40 34 32 34
5. Soil Texture -- Silt
Loam Silt Loam
Silt Loam
Sandy Clay Loam
Sandy Clay Loam
Sandy Clay Loam
6. Sand (%) 32.0 30.0 27.0 53.5 50 52.75
7. Silt (%) 54.0 52.5 54.0 15.0 17.5 13.25
8. Clay (%) 14.0 17.5 19.0 31.5 32.5 34.0
9. Organic Matter (%) 0.31 0.27 0.34 0.82 0.79 0.87
10. Sodium Adsorption Ratio
meq/100g 0.20 0.22 0.19 0.41 0.38 0.42
11. Specific Gravity g/cm3 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.8 2.8
12. Conductivity µmhos/cm 309 335 294.0 258 272 246.0
13. N Kg/ha. 138 146 132.0 109 122 116.0
14. P Kg/ha. 45 48 43.0 34 36 31.0
15. K Kg/ha. 204 212 196.0 181 194 185.0
Table 3.42 Analysis of soil data collected from Corner C & D of NPP at Mithivirdi, Gujarat
S. No
Parameters Units Corner C Corner D
1. Type of Soil Alluvial
Soil Alluvial
Soil Alluvial
Soil Alluvial
Soil Alluvial
Soil Alluvial Soil
2. pH -- 7.04 7.3 7.26 6.88 7 6.74
3. Bulk Density gm/cc 1.43 1.46 1.41 1.39 1.37 1.39
4. Porosity (%) 39 36 38 43 48 45
5. Soil Texture -- Silt Loam
Silt Loam
Silt Loam Loam Loam Loam
6. Sand (%) 30.5 32.5 28.8 41.0 45.0 42.5
7. Silt (%) 51.0 55 53.75 28.5 27.5 25.5
8. Clay (%) 18.5 12.5 17.5 30.5 27.5 32.0
9. Organic Matter (%) 0.53 0.41 0.59 0.87 0.93 0.82
10. Sodium Adsorption Ratio
meq/100g 0.22 0.26 0.23 0.3 0.28 0.31
11. Specific Gravity g/cm3 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.5
12. Conductivity µmhos/cm 244 263 229.0 136 120 151.0
13. N Kg/ha. 121 110 124.0 80 84 76.0
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14. P Kg/ha. 20 25 22.0 10 12 9.0
15. K Kg/ha. 169 186 191.0 141 154 138.0
Table 3.43 Analysis of soil data collected from Morchand area
S. No Parameters Units Morchand
1. Type of Soil Alluvial Soil Alluvial Soil Alluvial Soil
2. pH -- 6.23 6.01 6.09
3. Bulk Density gm/cc 1.39 1.42 1.44
4. Porosity (%) 41 38 43
5. Soil Texture -- Silt Loam Silt Loam Silt Loam
6. Sand (%) 21.5 25.0 23.75
7. Silt (%) 67.5 61.0 63.75
8. Clay (%) 11.0 14.0 12.5
9. Organic Matter (%) 0.32 0.35 0.36
10. Sodium Adsorption Ratio meq/100g 0.21 0.24 0.25
11. Specific Gravity g/cm3 2.5 2.8 2.7
12. Conductivity µmhos/cm 104.0 131.0 117.0
13. N Kg/ha. 94.0 111.0 103.0
14. P Kg/ha. 32.0 36.0 35.0
15. K Kg/ha. 156.0 182.0 170.0
Table 3.44 Analysis of soil data collected from Odarka area
S. No Parameters Units Odarka
1. Type of Soil Alluvial Soil Alluvial Soil Alluvial Soil
2. pH -- 6.57 6.78 6.83
3. Bulk Density gm/cc 1.41 1.38 1.46
4. Porosity (%) 35 39 38
5. Soil Texture -- Silt Loam Silt Loam Silt Loam
6. Sand (%) 27.0 24.5 22.5
7. Silt (%) 59.5 64.0 66.3
8. Clay (%) 13.5 11.5 11.3
9. Organic Matter (%) 0.38 0.45 0.41
10. Sodium Adsorption Ratio
meq/100g 0.26 0.31 0.30
11. Specific Gravity g/cm3 2.0 1.7 2.2
12. Conductivity µmhos/cm 114.0 98.0 106.0
13. N Kg/ha. 94.0 85.0 88.0
14. P Kg/ha. 30.0 24.0 27.0
15. K Kg/ha. 151.0 136.0 144.0
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Table 3.45 Analysis of soil data collected from Garibpura area
S. No Parameters Units Garibpura
1. Type of Soil Alluvial Soil Alluvial Soil Alluvial Soil
2. pH -- 6.02 5.87 5.76
3. Bulk Density gm/cc 1.39 1.46 1.43
4. Porosity (%) 44 39 41
5. Soil Texture -- Silt Loam Silt Loam Silt Loam
6. Sand (%) 27.5 29.0 30.0
7. Silt (%) 53.0 54.5 55.0
8. Clay (%) 19.5 16.5 15.0
9. Organic Matter (%) 0.62 0.69 0.74
10. Sodium Adsorption Ratio
meq/100g 0.22 0.18 0.16
11. Specific Gravity g/cm3 1.6 2.0 1.8
12. Conductivity µmhos/cm 102.0 98.4 91.8
13. N Kg/ha. 84.0 79.0 90.0
14. P Kg/ha. 21.0 16.0 18.0
15. K Kg/ha. 166.0 140.0 159.0
Table 3.46 Analysis of soil data collected from Manar area
S. No Parameters Units Manar
1. Type of Soil Alluvial Soil Alluvial Soil Alluvial Soil 2. pH -- 7.63 7.91 7.88 3. Bulk Density gm/cc 1.33 1.32 1.35 4. Porosity (%) 43 45 45 5. Soil Texture -- Clay Loam Clay Loam Clay Loam 6. Sand (%) 38.5 40.0 42.5 7. Silt (%) 29.5 31.0 27.5 8. Clay (%) 32.0 29.0 30.0 9. Organic Matter (%) 0.86 0.97 1.04 10. Sodium Adsorption
Ratio meq/100g 0.31 0.35 0.34
11. Specific Gravity g/cm3 2.8 3.1 3.0 12. Conductivity µmhos/cm 351.0 380.0 372.0 13. N Kg/ha. 127.0 133.0 140.0 14. P Kg/ha. 41.0 45.0 49.0 15. K Kg/ha. 189.0 196.0 208.0
3.5.7 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
Study of biological environment is one of the important aspects for Environmental
Impact Assessment, in view of the need for conservation of environmental quality
and biodiversity. Ecological systems show complex interrelationships between biotic
and abiotic components including dependence, competition and mutualism. Biotic
components comprises of both plant and animal communities which interact not only
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within and between themselves but also with the abiotic components viz. Physical
and chemical components of the environment.
Generally, biological communities are the good indicators of climatic and edaphic
factors. Studies on biological aspects of ecosystems are important in Environmental
Impact Assessment for safety of natural flora and fauna. Information on the impact of
environmental stress on the community structure serves as an inexpensive and
efficient early warning system to check the damage to a particular ecosystem. The
biological environment includes mainly terrestrial ecosystem and aquatic ecosystem.
Biological communities are dependent on the environmental conditions and
resources of its location. It may change, if there is any change in the environment. A
number of variables like temperature, humidity, rainfall, soils characteristic,
topography, etc. are responsible for maintaining the homeostasis of the environment.
A change in any one of these variables may lead to stress on the ecosystem. The
animal and plant communities exist in their natural habitats in well organized manner.
Their natural settings can be disturbed by any externally induced anthropological
activities or by naturally induced calamities or disaster. So, once this setting is
disturbed, it becomes practically impossible or takes a longer time to come to its
original state. Plants and animals are more susceptible to environmental stress. A
change in the composition of biotic communities is reflected by a change in the
distribution pattern, density, diversity, frequency, dominance and abundance of
natural species of flora and fauna existing in the ecosystem. These changes over a
span of time can be quantified and related to the existing environmental factors. The
field observations on vegetation characteristics were made by using random
observation method. The sensitivity of animal and plant species to the changes
occurring in their existing ecosystem can therefore, be used for monitoring
Environmental Impact Assessment studies of any project.
The assessment of fauna have been done on the basis of secondary data collected
from different government departments like forest department, wildlife department,
fisheries, etc.
The study on terrestrial biodiversity was outsourced to Salim Ali Centre for
Ornithology & Natural History (SACON), Coimbatore and study on marine coastal
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biodiversity was outsourced to Indomer Coastal Hydraulics Private Limited
(INDOMER), Chennai.
3.5.7.1 Description of the study area
This document reports the Baseline Environmental Data (BED) on the Flora and
Fauna of the study area of 10 km radial distance around the proposed site as part of
the EIA study.
The study area is mainly comprised of agricultural land. Pearl Millet (Bajra) is the
(Pennisetum americanum) major and widely cultivated crop species in and around
the study area followed by Cumin plant (Jeera) (Cuminum cyminum) Cotton
(Gossypium herbaceum), Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), Castor (Ricinus communis),
Ground nut (Arachis hypogaea), Banana (Musa paradisiaca), Mango (Mangifera
indica), Maize (Zea mays) Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan) Sapota (Achras sapota),
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinale), Wheat (Triticum vulgare) Onion (Allium cepa),
Garlic (Allium sativum), Chilly (Capsicum annum), Mustard (Brassica juncea),
Sunflower (Helianthus annus), Sesam (Sesamum indicum), Black gram (Vigna
mungo), Green gram (Vigna radiata), Castor seed (Ricinus communis)etc. Apart from
these, the most of the study site is predominantly covered by three major exotic
weeds viz., Prosopis juliflora, Parthenium hysterophorus and Lantana camara. Apart
from these, another exotic weed, Argemone mexicana also very commonly seen in
and around the study area. The immediate surroundings of the proposed project site
consist of Mango and Sapota orchards.
The trees such as Acacia nilotica, A. leucophloa, A. senegal, A. tortilis, Aegle
marmelos, Ailanthes excels, Annona squamosa, Azadirachta indica, Balanites
aegyptiaca, Cassia fistula, C. siamea, Cordia myxa, Cordia dichotoma, Dalbergia
sissoo, Delonix elata, Grewia tillifolia, Phoenix sylvestris, Sterculia foetida,
Phyllanthus emblica, Pongamia pinnata, Prosopis juliflora, P. cineraria, Thespesia
populnea, Tectona grandis, Ziziphus mauritiana etc are very commonly seen in and
around the study site.
The following plant species such as Azima tetracantha, Calotropis procera,
Dichrostachys cinerea, Euphorbia neriifolia, Grewia villosa, Caesalpinia bonduc,
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Capparis sepiaria, C. zeylanica, Fluggea leucopyros, F. virosa, Hemedesmus
indicus, Hibiscus vitifolius, Ipomoea staphylina, Justicia adhatoda, J. betonica,
Lantana camara, Lawsonia inermis, Rivea hypocrateriformis, Senna auriculata,
Ziziphus nummularia are the major shrubs and stragglers encountered during the
present study period.
Plants such as Alysicarpus spp. Biophytum reinwardii, Cleome viscosa, Echinops
echinatus, Euphorbia hirta, Goniogyna hirta, Rhynchosia minima, Crotalaria obovata.
Indigofera spp. Bulbostylis barbata, Cyperus spp. Fimbristylis spp. Phyllanthus
amarus, P. maderaspatansis, Polygala sp., Senna occidentalis, S. tora etc. are the
common herbaceous species recorded in the study area.
The grasses like, Aristida spp. Bothriochloa pertusa, Andropogon pumilus, Brachiaria
spp. Eremopogon foveolatus, Sehima nervosum, Cenchrus ciliaris, C. barbatus, C.
setigera, Chloris barbata, C. tenella, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Dicanthium
annulatum, Digitaria bicornis, Eragrostis spp., Paspalum scrobiculatum, Paspalidium
flavidum, Phragmites karka, Setaria verticillata, Typha angustifolia, Themeda
triandra, T. quadrivalis, etc. are commonly seen in and around the study site.
Aquatic plant species such as Ipomoea carnea, Pistia stratiotes, Lemna minor,
Eichhornia crassipes and Typha angustifolia and were observed in the ponds and
other small water reservoirs, which are located around the human habitations.
3.5.7.2 Methodology
Extensive filed survey was conducted in two seasons, one from 12th September 2011
to 15th September 2011 and another one from 29th December 2011 to 3rd January
2012 by adopting standard methods to document the floral elements occurring in the
study area. For enumerating the overall plant species occurring in the area, an
intensive and extensive pilot survey was made in the area falling within the 10 km
radial distance from the proposed study site covering different habitats such as water
bodies, human habitation agricultural lands etc. To quantify the flora stratified random
sampling was adopted.
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3.5.7.2.1 Vegetation Sampling
Vegetation is one of the best indicators of the ecological health of any given area
by reflecting changes in their structure and distributional pattern. It is universally
recognized as an integral component of ecosystems that indicates the effects of
changing environmental conditions in an obvious and easily measurable manner
and is important in site evaluation and classification. Hence, careful analysis of
vegetation is very important to know the distribution and types of floral components
in an ecosystem. For phytosociological analysis, quadrat method was used in the
present study since it is the most widely used technique for plant census.
A total of 40 quadrats of 10 x 10 m size, by representing all the vegetation types,
were laid to find out the quantitative plant community structure of the study area.
The representation of quadrats is given in Fig. 3.14.
Fig. 3.14 Sampling locations for plant and bird around the NPCIL study site
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In the middle of each 10 x 10 m quadrat, a quadrat of 3 x 3 m was laid for shrub
density estimation. Similarly, a quadrat of 1 x 1 m was laid within the 3 x 3 m
quadrat to document the herbaceous species. All the plants species within the
quadrat were counted and recorded.
Taxonomic identification of the species encountered in the field was done referring
to the flora of Hooker (1872-97), Gamble (1957) and Matthew (1996, 1999).
Unidentified plant specimens were preserved in 10% formaldehyde for
identification by experts at the Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore.
Nomenclature used in this report is based on the Flora of Tamil Nadu Series 1:
Analysis vols. 1-3 (1983-1989).
The vegetation data were analyzed to obtain the quantitative structure and
composition of plant communities. For understanding the synthetic characters of
the forest vegetation, the species richness and diversity of species in the stands
were calculated (Table 3.54). The vegetation data were tabulated for frequency,
density, abundance, relative frequency, relative density, relative abundance,
relative dominance, IVI and composition of plant communities, following Curtis and
MC Intosh (1950), Philips (1959), Ludwig and Reynolds (1988) and Lande (1996).
The Shannon-Wiener‟s index of diversity (H‟) was calculated using the software
„Species diversity and richness (version 2.65, Colwell, 1994-2004) (Table 3.47).
Table 3.47 Formulas for calculating the quantitative structure and composition of plant communities
Parameters Formula adopted
Frequency (%) (No. of quadrats in which a species occurred/ Total no. of quadrats studied) × 100
Abundance Total number of individuals of the species/ No. of quadrats in which the species occurred
Density Total no. of individuals of a given species/ Total no. of quadrats examined
Relative density No. of individuals/ No. of individuals of all species
Relative abundance
(Abundance of species x 100) / Sum of all abundances
Relative frequency
Number of quadrats occurring/ Total no. of quadrats
IVI Relative density + Relative dominance + Relative frequency
Simpson Index D= Σ (n/N)
Fisher's Alpha S = a*ln (1+n/a)
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3.5.7.2.2 Faunal sampling
Various groups of animals found in the study area were recorded by both direct and
indirect methods during the present study period. Different sampling techniques were
applied to record different faunal groups in the study area. Animals documented in
the present study include butterflies, birds and mammals. The following major
sampling techniques were used for recording the faunal groups during the present
study (Table 3.48).
Table 3.48 Sampling techniques used for the faunal study
Taxa Sampling Methods
Butterflies Random walk, opportunistic observations
Birds Random walk, opportunistic observations
Mammals Tracks and signs, and visual encounter survey
Reptiles Random walk, opportunistic observations
Butterflies
The butterflies in and around the wetland were documented by direct observations,
random walk and opportunistic observations, during morning (06:00 to 10:00 hrs) and
evening (17:00 to 19:00 hrs) hours, by using a pair of binoculars. Butterfly survey
was carried out by looking at 5 m distance on either side of the transect. The
identification of butterflies was done following Gunathilagaraj et al. (1998), Kunte
(2000) Kehimkar (2008) and Larson (1987-88).
Avifauna
Random walk and opportunistic observations were used for documenting the birds
during the present study, during morning (06:00 to 10:00 hrs) and evening (17:00 to
19:00 hrs) hours by using a pair of binoculars. Based on the visibility, the search was
done on both sides of the transect with the help of 10x50 mm field binoculars. The
bird survey was done following Herzog et al. (2002). Direct sightings as well as calls
were used for recording the birds. Ali and Ripley (1987) and Grimmet et al. (1998;
2001) were referred for the identification of birds. Grimmet et al. (1998; 2001) were
followed for nomenclature.
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Mammals
During the present study period, both direct and indirect methods (tracks & signs and
visual encounter survey) were used to document the mammals occurring in the area.
Indirect evidences such as pugmarks, calls, signs and scats were identified by
following Bang et al. (1972), Burnham et al. (1980) and Heyer et al. (1994).
Nomenclature by Menon (2003) is followed in this report.
3.5.7.3 Observations
Avifauna
A total of 138 species of birds were observed during the present survey in the 10 km
radial distance from the proposed project site (Table 3.49). The habitat types of the
area include agriculture land, scrub jungle, plantiation, costal area, salt pans,
wetlands, marshlands and fallow grasslands. The common wetland or wetland
associated species of the area include Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia),
Fulvous Whistling-duck (Dendrocygna bicolor), Painted Stork (Mycteria
leucocephala), Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger), Black Ibis (Pseudibis
papillosa) and Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus). The common
terrestrial species of the area include Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark (Eremopterix
griseus), Rosy starling (Sturnus roseus) and Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus).
Among them, species such as Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark (Eremopterix griseus),
Rosy starling (Sturnus roseus), Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia), Fulvous
Whistling-duck (Dendrocygna bicolor), Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala), Little
Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger), Black Ibis (Pseudibis papillosa) and Black-headed
Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus) were fairly common in most of the study area.
Among the 133 species of birds, Black-headed Ibis, Lesser Flamingo, European
Roller, Eurasian Curlew, Painted Stork are coming under threatened category as per
IUCN. Apart from these, according to Indian Wildlife Protection Act (1972), the
following birds viz., Pavo cristatus (Indian Peafowl), Platalea leucorodia (Eurasian
Spoonbill), Milvus migrans (Black Kite) and Elanus caeruleus (Black-shouldered Kite)
are falling under Schedule-I (IWLPA 1972).
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Butterflies
A total of 45 butterfly species belonging to 5 families were recorded during the
present study period (Table 3.50). At family level, the family Nymphalidae is the
dominant one with 18 species followed by Pieridae with 13 species and Hesperiidae
& Papilinidae with 5 species. Species such as Chocolate pansy, Common Castor,
Common Jezebel, Plain Tiger, Common Crow, Lime Butterfly, Common Grass
Yellow and Small Orange Tip were commonly seen in and around the proposed
project site. Of the 45 species recorded, the following butterflies fall under
rare/threatened and endemic category. Crimson Rose, Danaid Eggfly and Common
Pierrot are protected under schedule - I of Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972.
Common Gull is included under scheduled – II and Common Crow under schedule -
IV of the Act. Blue Mormon and Crimson rose are endemic species found occurring
in the present study area, the distributions of which are restricted to the Peninsular
India and Srilanka (Kunte, 2000).
Floral diversity
The area falling under the 10 km radial distance is surrounded by both aquatic and
terrestrial ecosystems. Diverse systems such as marine, cultivated lands, wetlands
and human habitation were present in the study area that supported diverse floral
species.
A total of 426 species of plants (including wild, ornamental and cultivated plants)
belonging to 281 genera and spreading over 80 plant families were documented and
identified in the 10 km radial distance from the proposed project site of the study area
(Table 3.51). Among them, 331 species are belonging to dicotyledons and 95
species are coming under monocots.
3.5.7.4 Familial composition
Among the 80 families reported in the study area, the family Poaceae is the dominant
one and is represented with 60 species. The other notable dominant plant families
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recorded in the study area include Fabaceae 33 species, Euphorbiaceae 27 species,
Asteraceae 21 species and Cyperaceae with 20 species (Fig. 3.15).
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Table 3.49 List of birds documented during the study period
Sl. No. Local Name Scientific Name Distribution Status
1 Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria R O 2 Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus W R 3 Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis R C 4 Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark Ermopterix grisea R C 5 Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea R O 6 Asian Openbill Anastomus Oscitans R A 7 Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus R A 8 Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica W R 9 Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus R C 10 Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus R C 11 Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus R A 12 Black Ibis Pseudibis papillosa R A 13 Black Kite Milvus migrans R C 14 Black-crowned Night-heron Nycticorax nycticorax R R 15 Black-headed Cuckooshrike Coracina melanoptera R R 16 Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus W R 17 Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus R C 18 Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus R C 19 Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus R C 20 Blue-eared Kingfisher Alcedo meninting R R 21 Blue-faced Malkoha Phaenicophaeus viridirostris R R 22 Blue-tailed Bee-eater Merops philippinus W C 23 Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus R O 24 Brahminy Starling Sturnusa pagodarum R C 25 Bronze-winged Jacana Metopidius indicus R C 26 Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus IR O 27 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis R A 28 Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Merops leschenaulti IR O
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Sl. No. Local Name Scientific Name Distribution Status
29 Cinnamon Bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus W R 30 Comb Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos R R 31 Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus R A 32 Common Coot Fulica atra R C 33 Common Hoopoe Upupa epops W C 34 Common Iora Aegithinia tiphia R O 35 Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis R C 36 Common Moorhen Gallinula Chloropus R C 37 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis R A 38 Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos W C 39 Common Shelduck Tadorna tadorna E C 40 Common Stonechat Saxicola torquatus W R 41 Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius R C 42 Common Woodshrike Tephrodornis pondicerianus R C 43 Coppersmith Barbet Megalaima haemacephala R O 44 Cotton Pygmy-goose Nettapus coromandelianus R O 45 Crested Lark Galerida cristata R O 46 Desert Wheater Oenanthe xanthoprymna W R 47 Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto R A 48 Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata R O 49 Eurasian Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus R O 50 Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia R C 51 Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope W C 52 European Roller Coracias garrulus P C 53 Forest Wagtail Dendronanthus indicus IR C 54 Fulvous Whistling-duck Dendrocygna bicolor R C 55 Garganey Anas querquedula W O 56 Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus R C 57 Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo R O 58 Great Egret Casmerodius albus R O 59 Great Thick-knee Esacus recurvirostris R R
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Sl. No. Local Name Scientific Name Distribution Status
60 Great White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus W R 61 Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis R C 62 Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber W O 63 Greater Hoopoe Lark Alaemon alaudipes R R 64 Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis R C 65 Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus W R 66 Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus R C 67 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea R C 68 Grey-breasted Prinia Prinia hodgsonii R O 69 House Crow Corvus splendens R A 70 House Sparrow Passer domesticus R A 71 House Swift Apus affinis R A 72 Indian Cormorant Phalacrocorax fuscicollis R R 73 Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus R C 74 Indian Pond-heron Ardeola grayii R A 75 Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata R A 76 Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis R C 77 Indian Silverbill Lonchura malabarica R A 78 Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia R O 79 Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus R O 80 Large Grey Babbler Turdoides malcolmi R A 81 Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos R A 82 Laughing Dove Streptopelia tranquebarica R A 83 Lesser Coucal Centropus bengalensis R R 84 Lesser Flamingo Phoenicopterus minor W O 85 Lesser Whistling-duck Dendrocygna javanica R C 86 Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca W R 87 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger R A 88 Little Egret Egretta garzetta R A 89 Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis R C 90 Little Stint Calidris minuta W C
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Sl. No. Local Name Scientific Name Distribution Status
91 Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach R O 92 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos W O 93 Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis W C 94 Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata W C 95 Northern Pintail Anas acuta W C 96 Oriental Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis R O 97 Oriental Skylark Alauda gulgula R O 98 Paddyfield Pipit Anthus rufulus R A 99 Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala R A
100 Pale-billed Flowerpecker Dicaeum erythrorhynchos R O 101 Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis R C 102 Plain Prinia Prinia inornata R A 103 Plum-headed Prakeet Psittacula cyanocephala R O 104 Purple Heron Ardea purpurea R C 105 Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica R O 106 Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio R C 107 Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio IPV O 108 Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica R O 109 Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer R A 110 Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus R A 111 River Tern Sterna aurantia R C 112 Rock Pigeon Columba livia R A 113 Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri R A 114 Rosy Starling Sturnus roseus W A 115 Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea W O 116 Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda R C 117 Rufous-fronted Prinia Prinia buchanani R O 118 Shikra Accipitter badius R O 119 Sirkeer Malkoha Phaenicophaeus leschenaultii R R 120 Small Buttonquail Turnix sylvatica S C 121 Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha R A
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Sl. No. Local Name Scientific Name Distribution Status
122 Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis R A 123 Syke's (Crested) Lark Galerida deva R O 124 Thick-billed Flowerpecker Dicaeum agile R O 125 Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis W O 126 Twany Pipit Anthus campestris W O 127 Western Reef-egret Egretta gularis R C 128 White Wagtail Motacilla alba W C 129 White-bellied Drongo Dicrurus caerulescens R O 130 White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus R C 131 White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis R C 132 White-cheeked Barbet Megalaima viridis R O 133 White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis R C 134 Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii R O 135 Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava W C 136 Yellow-crowned Woodpecker Dendrocopos maharattensis R O 137 Yellow-eyed Babbler Chrysomma sinense R O 138 Yellow-footed Green Pigeon Treron curvirostra R R 139 Yellow-wattled Lapwing Vanellus malabaricus R C
R: Resident; W: Winter visitor; S: Summer visitor; IPV: Isolated record Passage visitor; IR: Isolated records; E; erratic (Kazmierczak and Van Perlo, 2000); A: Abundant; C: Common; O:
Occasional; R: Rare.
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Table 3.50 List of butterflies in and around the study area
No. Common name Scientific name Family Status
Family I. Papilionidae
1 Blue Mormon Papilio polymnestor Papilionidae Endemic
2 Common Mormon Papilio polytes Papilionidae
3 Common Rose Pachliopta aristolochiae Papilionidae
4 Crimson Rose Pachliopta hector Papilionidae Schedule I & Endemic
5 Lime Butterfly Papilio demoleus Papilionidae
Family II. Pieridae
6 Common Emigrant Catopsilia pomona Pieridae
7 Common Jezebel Delias eucharis Pieridae
8 Common Grass yellow Eurema hecabe Pieridae
9 Common Gull Cepora nerissa Pieridae Schedule II
10 Common Wanderer Pareronia valeria Pieridae
11 Crimson Tip Colotis danae Pieridae
12 Great Orange Tip Hebomoea glaucippe Pieridae
13 Mottled Emigrant Catopsilia pyranthe Pieridae
14 Psyche Leptosia nina Pieridae
15 Small Grass Yellow Eurema brigitta Pieridae
16 Small Orange Tip Colotis etrida Pieridae
17 White Orange Tip Ixias marianne Pieridae
18 Yellow Orange Tip Ixias pyrene Pieridae
Family III. Nymphalidae
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No. Common name Scientific name Family Status
19 Angled Castor Ariadne ariadne Nymphalidae
20 Chocolate Pansy Precis iphita Nymphalidae
21 Common Bush Brown Mycalesis perseus Nymphalidae
22 Common Castor Ariadne merione Nymphalidae
23 Common Crow Euploea core Nymphalidae Schedule IV
24 Common Evening Brown Melanitis leda Nymphalidae
25 Common Leopard Phalanta phalantha Nymphalidae
26 Danaid Eggfly Hypolimnas misippus Nymphalidae Schedule II
27 Dark Blue Tiger Tirumala septentrionis Nymphalidae
28 Double-branded Crow Euploea sylvester Nymphalidae Endemic
29 Glassy Tiger Parantica aglea Nymphalidae
30 Joker Byblia ilithyia Nymphalidae
31 Lemon Pansy Junonia lemonias Nymphalidae
32 Peacock Pansy Junonia almana Nymphalidae
33 Plain Tiger Danaus chrysippus Nymphalidae
34 Striped Tiger Danaus genutia Nymphalidae
35 Tawny Coster Acraea violae Nymphalidae
36 Yellow Pansy Junonia hierta Nymphalidae
Family IV. Lycaenidae 37 Common Cerulean Jamides celeno Lycaenidae
38 Common Pierrot Castalius rosimon Lycaenidae Schedule I
39 Rounded Pierrot Tarucus extricatus Lycaenidae
40 Tiny Grass Blue Zizula hylax Lycaenidae
41 Zebra Blue Lepotes plinius Lycaenidae
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No. Common name Scientific name Family Status
Family V. Hesperiidae
42 Brown Awl Badamia exclamationis Hesperiidae
43 Common Banded Owl Hasora chromus Hesperiidae
44 Common Grass Dart Taractrocera maevius Hesperiidae
45 Indian Skipper Spialia galba Hesperiidae
46 Rice Swift Borbo cinnara Hesperiidae
*Schedule of Wildlife Protection Act 1972
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Table 3.51 List of plant species recorded in the study area
Sl. No. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type
1. Abrus precatorius L. Fabaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild
2. Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) Sweet Malvaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
3. Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Malvaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
4. Abutilon palmeri A. Gray Malvaceae Shrub Terrestrial Exotic
5. Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn ex Benth. Mimosaceae Tree Terrestrial Exotic
6. Acacia caesia (L.) Willd. Mimosaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild
7. Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Mimosaceae Tree Terrestrial Exotic
8. Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. Mimosaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
9. Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del. Mimosaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
10. Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. Mimosaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
11. Acacia torta (Roxb.) Craib Mimosaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild
12. Acacia tortilis (Forsk.) Hayne. Mimosaceae Tree Terrestrial Exotic
13. Acalypha alnifolia Klein ex Willd. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
14. Acalypha brachystachya Hornem. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
15. Acalypha fruticosa Forssk. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
16. Acalypha indica L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
17. Acalypha paniculata Willd. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
18. Acanthospermum hispidum DC. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
19. Acanthus ilicifolius Linn. Acanthaceae Herb Semi-aquatic Wild
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Sl. No. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type
20. Achras sapota Linn. Sapotaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated
21. Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
22. Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Rutaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
23. Aeluropus lagopoides (Linn.) Trin. ex Thw. Poaceae Grass Semi-aquatic Wild
24. Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Simaroubaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
25. Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wang. Alangiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
26. Albizia lebbeck (L.) Willd. Mimosaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
27. Allium cepa L. Amaryllidaceae Herb Terrestrial Cultivated
28. Allium sativum L. Amaryllidaceae Herb Terrestrial Cultivated
29. Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Aloeaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
30. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. Apocynaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated
31. Alternanthera paronychioides A. St.-Hilaire Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
32. Alternanthera pungens Kunth Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
33. Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. Amaranthaceae Herb Aquatic Wild
34. Alternanthera tenella Colla. Amaranthaceae Herb Semi-aquatic Wild
35. Alysicarpus longifolius Wight & Arn. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
36. Alysicarpus monilifer (L.) DC. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
37. Alysicarpus rugosus DC. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
38. Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
39. Amaranthus viridis L. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
40. Ammannia baccifera Linn. Lythraceae Herb Semi-aquatic Wild
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Sl. No. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type
41. Andropogon pumilus Roxb. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
42. Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze Lamiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
43. Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R. Br. ex Sims. Lamiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
44. Annona squamosa L. Annonaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated
45. Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. Rubiaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated
46. Arachis hypogaea Linn. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Cultivated
47. Argemone mexicana L. Papaveraceae Herb Terrestrial Exotic
48. Aristida adscensionis L. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
49. Aristida funiculata Trin & Rupr. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
50. Aristida hystrix L. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
51. Aristida setacea Retz. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
52. Aristolochia indica L. Aristolochiaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild
53. Asparagus racemosus Willd. Asparagaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild
54. Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. Acanthaceae Tree Semi-aquatic Wild
55. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Meliaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
56. Azima tetracantha Lam. Salvadoraceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
57. Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell Scrophulariaceae Herb Aquatic Wild
58. Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. Balanitaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
59. Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
60. Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex Wendl. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Ornamental
61. Barleria buxifolia L. Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
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Sl. No. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type
62. Barleria prionitis L. Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
63. Bassia latifolia Roxb. Sapotaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
64. Bauhinia purpurea L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated
65. Bauhinia racemosa Lam. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
66. Bidens pilosa L. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
67. Biophytum reinwardtii (Zucc.) Klotzsch. Oxalidaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
68. Bixa orellana L. Bixaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental
69. Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
70. Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) Heyne ex Roth Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
71. Blepharis repens (Vahl) Roth Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
72. Blumea lacera (Burm.f) DC. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
73. Blumea mollis (D.Don) Merr. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
74. Boerhavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
75. Boerhavia erecta L. Nyctaginaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
76. Bombax ceiba L. Bombacaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
77. Borassus flabellifer L. Arecaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
78. Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
79. Bougainvillea spectabilis Comm. ex. Juss. Nyctaginaceae Straggler Terrestrial Ornamental
80. Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
81. Brachiaria remota (Retz.) Haines Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
82. Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. Brassicaceae Herb Terrestrial Cultivated
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Sl. No. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type
83. Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alston Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
84. Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) Fischer Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
85. Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) C.B. Clarke Cyperaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
86. Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
87. Cadaba fruticosa (L.) Druce Capparidaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild
88. Caesalipinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Terrestrial Exotic
89. Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. Caesalpiniaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild
90. Calophyllum inophyllum L. Clusiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
91. Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. Apocynaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
92. Canavalia cathartica Thouars Fabaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild
93. Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. Capparidaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
94. Capparis grandis L. Capparidaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
95. Capparis sepiaria L. Capparidaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild
96. Capparis zeylanica L. Capparidaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild
97. Capsicum annum L. Solanaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated
98. Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Sapindaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild
99. Carica papaya L. Caricaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated
100. Cassia fistula L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
101. Cassia javanica L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental
102. Cassia obtusa L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
103. Cassia siamea Lam. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR NUCLEAR
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Sl. No. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type
104. Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Bombacaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
105. Celosia argentea L. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
106. Celosia polygonoides Retz. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
107. Cenchrus barbatus Schumach. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
108. Cenchrus ciliaris L. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
109. Cenchrus setigera Vahl. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
110. Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Apiaceae Herb Semi-aquatic Wild
111. Chloris barbata Sw. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
112. Chloris dolichostachya Lagasca Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
113. Chloris tenella Koen. ex Roxb. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
114. Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robinson Asteraceae Shrub Terrestrial Exotic
115. Cissampelos pareira L. Menispermaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild
116. Cleome aspera Koen ex. DC. Capparidaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
117. Cleome monophylla L. Capparidaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
118. Cleome viscosa L. Capparidaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
119. Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f. Verbenaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
120. Clitoria ternatea L. Fabaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild
121. Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Cucurbitaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild
122. Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels Menispermaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild
123. Cocculus pendulus (Forst.) Diels Menispermaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild
124. Cocos nucifera L. Arecaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR NUCLEAR
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Sl. No. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type
125. Commelina benghalensis L. Commelinaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
126. Commelina clavata Clarke Commelinaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
127. Commelina longifolia Lam. Commelinaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
128. Commiphora mukul Engl. Bureseraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
129. Convolvulus arvensis L. Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild
130. Corchorus aestuans L. Tiliaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
131. Corchorus tridens L. Tiliaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
132. Corchorus trilocularis L. Tiliaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
133. Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. Boraginaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
134. Cordia myxa L. Boraginaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
135. Cordia sebestena L. Boraginaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental
136. Couroupita guianensis Aubl. Lecythidaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental
137. Cressa cretica L. Convolvulaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
138. Crotalaria pallida Dryand. var. obovata (G.Don) Polhill Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
139. Crotalaria pallida Dryand. var. pallida(G.Don) Polhill Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
140. Croton bonplandianum Baill. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
141. Cryptolepis buchananii Roem. & Schult. Asclepiadaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild
142. Cucumis melo L. Cucurbitaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild
143. Cuminum cyminum L. Apiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated
144. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild
145. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
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Sl. No. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type
146. Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Vahl ex Hornem.) Thunb. ex Lehm.
Boraginaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
147. Cyperus articulatus L. Cyperaceae Herb Aquatic Wild
148. Cyperus difformis L. Cyperaceae Herb Semi-aquatic Wild
149. Cyperus exaltatus Retz. Cyperaceae Herb Aquatic Wild
150. Cyperus halpan L. Cyperaceae Herb Semi-aquatic Wild
151. Cyperus iria L. Cyperaceae Herb Semi-aquatic Wild
152. Cyperus pangorei Rottb. Cyperaceae Herb Semi-aquatic Wild
153. Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
154. Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
155. Dactyloctenium aristatum Link. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
156. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted
157. Datura metal L. Solanaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
158. Delonix elata (L.) Gamble Caesalpiniaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
159. Delonix regia (Boj. ex Hook) Rafin. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
160. Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
161. Dicanthium annulatum (Forsk.) Stapf. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
162. Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. Mimosaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
163. Dicoma tomentosa Cass. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
164. Digera muricata (L.) Mart. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
165. Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roem. & Schult. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
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Sl. No. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type
166. Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl) Panzer Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
167. Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) Jeffrey Cucurbitaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild
168. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link Poaceae Grass Semi-aquatic Wild
169. Echinops echinatus Roxb. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
170. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Asteraceae Herb Semi-aquatic Wild
171. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laub. Pontederiaceae Herb Aquatic Wild
172. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
173. Elytraria acaulis (L.f.) Lindau. Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
174. Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
175. Enicostema axillare (Lam.) Raynal Gentianaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
176. Eragrostis maderaspatana Bor Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
177. Eragrostis minor Host Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
178. Eragrostis nigra Nees ex Steud. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
179. Eragrostis nutans (Retz.) Nees ex Steud. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
180. Eragrostis pilosa P. Beauv Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
181. Eragrostis sp. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
182. Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
183. Eragrostis viscosa (Retz.) Trin. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
184. Eremopogon foveolatus (Del.) Stapf. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
185. Erythrina crista-galli L. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental
186. Erythrina stricta Roxb. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted
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Sl. No. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type
187. Eucalyptus sp. Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted
188. Euphorbia cotinifolia L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Ornamental
189. Euphorbia geniculata Ortega Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
190. Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
191. Euphorbia nivulia L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
192. Euphorbia rosea Retz. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
193. Euphorbia thymifolia L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
194. Euphorbia tirucalli L. Euphorbiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
195. Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Convolvulaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
196. Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L. Convolvulaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
197. Ficus benghalensis L. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
198. Ficus microcarpa var. microcarpa L.f. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
199. Ficus microcarpa var. retusa L.f. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
200. Ficus racemosa L. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
201. Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
202. Filicium decipiens (Wight & Arn.) Thw. Sapindaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
203. Fimbristylis aestivalis (Retz.) Vahl. Cyperaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
204. Fimbristylis argentea (Rottb.) Vahl. Cyperaceae Herb Aquatic Wild
205. Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forssk.) Bubani Cyperaceae Herb Semi-aquatic Wild
206. Fimbristylis complanata (Retz.) Link. Cyperaceae Herb Semi-aquatic Wild
207. Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl. Cyperaceae Herb Semi-aquatic Wild
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR NUCLEAR
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Sl. No. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type
208. Fimbristylis falcata (Vahl.) Kunth. Cyperaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
209. Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl. Cyperaceae Herb Semi-aquatic Wild
210. Fimbristylis ovata (Burm. F.) Kern. Cyperaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
211. Fimbristylis sp.1 Cyperaceae Herb Aquatic Wild
212. Fimbristylis sp.2 Cyperaceae Herb Aquatic Wild
213. Fimbristylis tetragona R.Br. Cyperaceae Herb Semi-aquatic Wild
214. Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. Flacourtiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
215. Flueggea leucopyrus Willd. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
216. Flueggea virosa (Willd.) Baill. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
217. Glinus lotoides Linnaeus Aizoaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
218. Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Exotic
219. Gloriosa superba L. Colchicaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
220. Gmelina arborea Roxb. Verbenaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
221. Gomphrena serrata L. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
222. Goniogyna hirta (Willd.) Ali Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
223. Gossypium herbaceum L. Malvaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated
224. Grewia tiliifolia Vahl. Tiliaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
225. Grewia villosa Willd. Tiliaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
226. Hedyotis biflora (L.) Lam. Rubiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
227. Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam. Rubiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
228. Helianthus annuus L. Asteraceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated
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Sl. No. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type
229. Heliotropium curasavicumL. Boraginaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
230. Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. Asclepiadaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild
231. Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
232. Hibiscus micranthus L.f. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
233. Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Malvaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted
234. Hibiscus vitifolius L. Malvaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
235. Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Ulmaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted
236. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Lamiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
237. Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) R.Br. Asclepiadaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild
238. Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
239. Indigofera caerulea Roxb. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
240. Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
241. Indigofera linnaei Ali Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
242. Indigofera sp. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
243. Indoneesiella echioides (L) Nees. Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
244. Ipomoea alba L. Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild
245. Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Convolvulaceae Climber Aquatic Wild
246. Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Convolvulaceae Shrub Aquatic Wild
247. Ipomoea hederifolia L. Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild
248. Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild
249. Ipomoea quamoclit L. Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Ornamental
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Sl. No. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type
250. Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schultes Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild
251. Ischaemum indicum (Houtt.) Merr. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
252. Iseilema anthephoroides Hack. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
253. Iseilema laxum Hack. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
254. Ixora arborea Roxb. ex Sm. Rubiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
255. Jatropha curcas L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Planted
256. Jatropha gossypifolia L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
257. Justicia adhatoda L. Acanthaceae Shrub Terrestrial Ornamental
258. Justicia betonica Linn. Acanthaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
259. Lagascea mollis Cav. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
260. Lagerstroemia reginae Roxb. Lythraceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental
261. Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae Shrub Terrestrial Exotic
262. Lawsonia inermis L. Lythraceae Shrub Terrestrial Planted
263. Lemna minor L. Lemnaceae Herb Aquatic Wild
264. Leptadenia reticulata Wight & Arn. Asclepiadaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild
265. Leucaena leucocephala (L.) Gills Mimosaceae Tree Terrestrial Exotic
266. Limonia acidissima L. Rutaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted
267. Ludwigia perennis L. Onagraceae Herb Semi-aquatic Wild
268. Ludwigia peruviana (L.) Hara Onagraceae Herb Semi-aquatic Wild
269. Madhuca longifolia (J.Konig) J.F.Macbr. Sapotaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
270. Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
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Sl. No. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type
271. Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted
272. Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard Sapotaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
273. Markhamia stipulata Seem. Bignoniaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental
274. Martynia annua L. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
275. Maytenus emarginata (Willd.) Ding Hou Celastraceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
276. Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental
277. Merremia hastata (Hallier f.) Ooststr. Convolvulaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
278. Merremia tridentata (L.) Hall.f. Convolvulaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
279. Millingtonia hortensis L.f. Bignoniaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental
280. Mimosa hamata Willd. Mimosaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
281. Mimusops elengi L. Sapotaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental
282. Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth. Rubiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
283. Momordica dioica Roxb. ex. Willd. Cucurbitaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild
284. Morinda pubescens J.E. Smith. Rubiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
285. Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated
286. Morus alba L. Moraceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated
287. Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Fabaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
288. Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. Roem. Cucurbitaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild
289. Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Rutaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted
290. Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Rutaceae Shrub Terrestrial Ornamental
291. Musa paradisiaca L. Musaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated
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Sl. No. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type
292. Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. Solanaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
293. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Oleaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental
294. Ocimum canum Sims. Lamiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
295. Oldenlandia umbellata L. Rubiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
296. Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. Cactaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
297. Panicum trypheron Schult. Poaceae Grass Semi-aquatic Wild
298. Panium sp. Poaceae Grass Semi-aquatic Wild
299. Parkinsonia aculeata L. Fabaceae Tree Semi-aquatic Wild
300. Parthenium hysterophorus L. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Exotic
301. Paspalidium flavidum (Retz.) A. Camus. Poaceae Grass Semi-aquatic Wild
302. Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Poaceae Grass Semi-aquatic Wild
303. Pavonia odorata Willd. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
304. Pavonia procumbens (Wall ex Wight & Arn.) Walp. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
305. Pavonia zeylanica (L.) Cav. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
306. Pedalium murex L. Pedaliaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
307. Pedilanthus tithymaloides L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Planted
308. Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Caesalpiniaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted
309. Pennisetum americanum (L.) R.Br. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Cultivated
310. Pentatropis microphylla L. Asclepiadaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild
311. Pergularia daemia (Forrsk.) Chiov. Asclepiadaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild
312. Peristrophe bicalyculata (Forssk.) Brummitt. Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
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Sl. No. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type
313. Phoenix loureirii Kunth. Arecaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
314. Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Arecaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted
315. Phragmites karka Trin. ex Steud. Poaceae Grass Semi-aquatic Wild
316. Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
317. Phyllanthus emblica L. Euphorbiaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted
318. Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
319. Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
320. Physalis minima Linn. Solanaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
321. Pistia stratiotes L. Araceae Herb Aquatic Wild
322. Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Mimosaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted
323. Plumeria acuminata Ait. Apocynaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental
324. Plumeria alba L. Apocynaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental
325. Plumeria rubra L. Apocynaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental
326. Polyalthia longifolia (Sonner.) Thw. Annonaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental
327. Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Lam. Caryophyllaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
328. Polygala sp. Polygalaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
329. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
330. Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
331. Portulaca quadrifida L. Portulacaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
332. Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce Mimosaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
333. Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) Dc. Mimosaceae Tree Terrestrial Exotic
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Sl. No. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type
334. Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted
335. Psilotrichum elliotii Baker & Clarke Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
336. Pterolobium hexapetalum (Roth.) Sant. & Wagh Fabaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild
337. Pulicaria wightiana C.B. Clarke Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
338. Punica granatum L. Punicaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated
339. Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
340. Quisqualis indica L. Combretaceae Climber Terrestrial Ornamental
341. Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poiret. Rubiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
342. Randia parviflora (Thunb.) Lam. Rubiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
343. Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
344. Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated
345. Rivea hypocrateriformis (Desr.) Choisy Convolvulaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild
346. Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
347. Ruellia patula Jacq. Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
348. Ruellia tuberosa L. Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
349. Saccharum officinarum L. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Cultivated
350. Saccharum spontaneum L. Poaceae Grass Semi-aquatic Wild
351. Salicornia brachiata Miq. Chenopodiaceae Shrub Semi-aquatic Wild
352. Sapindus emarginatus Vahl. Sapindaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
353. Scirpus articulatus Linn. Cyperaceae Herb Aquatic Wild
354. Scoparia dulcis L. Scrophulariaceae Herb Semi-aquatic Wild
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Sl. No. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type
355. Sebastiania chamaelea (L.) Muell.-Arg. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
356. Sehima nervosum (Rottl.) Stapf. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
357. Sehima sulcatum (Hack.) A. Camus Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
358. Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Terrestrial Ornamental
359. Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
360. Senna italica Mill. Caesalpiniaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
361. Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Caesalpiniaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
362. Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Caesalpiniaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
363. Sesamum indicum L. Pedaliaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated
364. Sesbania sesban (Jacq.) W.Wight Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted
365. Sesbania sp. Fabaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
366. Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
367. Sida acuta Burm.f. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
368. Sida cordata (Burm. f.) Borss. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
369. Sida cordifolia L. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
370. Sida rhombifolia L. var. retusa (L.) Borss. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
371. Sida rhombifolia L. var. rhombifolia Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
372. Sida spinosa Linn. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
373. Solanum surattense Burm. f. Solanaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
374. Sonchus oleraceus L. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
375. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Cultivated
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Sl. No. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type
376. Spermacoce hispida L. Rubiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
377. Spermacoce ocymoides Burm.f. Rubiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
378. Sporobolus coromandelianus (Retz.) Kunth Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
379. Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
380. Sterculia foetida Linn. Sterculiaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental
381. Streblus asper Lour. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
382. Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze Scrophulariaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
383. Suaeda fruticosa Forssk. ex J.F. Gmelin Chenopodiaceae Herb Semi-aquatic Wild
384. Suaeda nudiflora (Willd) Moq. Chenopodiaceae Herb Semi-aquatic Wild
385. Synadenium grantii Hook.f. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Planted
386. Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
387. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted
388. Tamarindus indica L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted
389. Tamarix troupii Hole Tamaricaceae Shrub Semi-aquatic Wild
390. Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
391. Tecoma stans (L.) Kunth Bignoniaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental
392. Tectona grandis L.f. Verbenaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
393. Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
394. Tephrosia villosa (L.) Pers. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
395. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted
396. Terminalia catappa L. Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental
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Sl. No. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type
397. Themeda quadrivalvis (L.) Kuntze Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
398. Themeda triandra Forssk. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild
399. Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland ex Correa Malvaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
400. Thevetia peruviana K.Schum Apocynaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
401. Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb. Acanthaceae Straggler Terrestrial Ornamental
402. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. f. & Thoms. Menispermaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild
403. Tribulus lanuginosis L. Zygophyllaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
404. Tribulus terrestris L. Zygophyllaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
405. Trichodesma indicum (L.) R. Br. Boraginaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
406. Tridax procumbens L. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
407. Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Cultivated
408. Triticum vulgare L. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Cultivated
409. Triumfetta pentandra A. Rich Tiliaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
410. Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Tiliaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
411. Triumfetta rotundifolia Lam. Tiliaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
412. Typha angustifolia L. Poaceae Grass Aquatic Wild
413. Unknown sp. Salvadoraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
414. Urena lobata L. subsp. lobata Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
415. Urena lobata L. subsp. sinuata (L.) Borss. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
416. Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
417. Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdc. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
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Sl. No. Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type
418. Vigna mungo (L.) Wilczek Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Cultivated
419. Vigna radiata (L.) Verdc. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Cultivated
420. Waltheria indica L. Sterculiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
421. Xanthium indicum Koen. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
422. Zea mays L. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Cultivated
423. Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Rhamnaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild
424. Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. Rhamnaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild
425. Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. Rhamnaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild
426 Zornia gibbosa Span. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild
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3.5.7.5 Dominant Genera
Of the 281 genera recorded during the present study period, the genus Fimbristylis is
the dominant one represented with 11 species followed by Acacia and Eragrostis
with 8 species each, Cyperus and Euphorbia with 7 species each, Ipomoea and Sida
with 6 species each and Acalypha, Ficus and Senna with 5 species each (Fig. 3.16).
Fig. 3.15 Dominant plant families of the study area
Fig. 3.16 Dominant genera of the study area
Figure 1. Dominant plant families of the study area
Figure 1 Dominant genera of the study area
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3.5.7.6 Habitat wise representation of plants recorded from the study area
Based on habit type, among the 426 plant species, herbaceous plants are dominant
in the study area and is represented with 171 species, followed by trees 104 species,
shrubs with 51 species, grasses 60 species and climbers/stragglers 40 species (Fig.
3.17).
Fig. 3.17 Habitat wise representation of plants recorded in the study area
3.5.7.7 Phytosociology
3.5.7.7.1 Tree community structure
In order to find out the plant community structure in the present study area
phytosociological studies were carried out during the present study period in
different vegetation and landscapes of the study area. A total of 1227 individuals of
trees, belonging to 40 tree species, coming under 33 genera in 40 quadrats (10 x
10 m), have been recorded during the present study period from the different
landscapes. The tree community parameters were, calculated from the data and
presented in the Table 3.52.
Table 3.52 Tree community parameters of the study area
Name of the species Fre (%) Abu Den RF RA RD IVI
Acacia nilotica 30 1.92 0.58 2.49 2.15 1.87 6.52
Figure 1 Habit wise representation of plants recorded in the study area
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Acacia tortilis 47.5 4.11 1.95 3.95 4.61 6.36 14.92
Ziziphus mauritiana 32.5 1.46 0.48 2.70 1.64 1.55 5.89
Prosopis juliflora 60 4.75 2.85 4.99 5.34 9.29 19.62
Prosopis cineraria 45 4.06 1.83 3.74 4.56 5.95 14.25
Azadirachta indica 52.5 4.24 2.23 4.37 4.76 7.25 16.38
Acacia leucophloea 40 2.25 0.90 3.33 2.53 2.93 8.79
Albizia lebbeck 17.5 1.14 0.20 1.46 1.28 0.65 3.39
Butea monosperma 12.5 4.20 0.53 1.04 4.72 1.71 7.47
Commiphora mukul 30 3.50 1.05 2.49 3.93 3.42 9.85
Grewia tilifolia 12.5 1.60 0.20 1.04 1.80 0.65 3.49
Phyllanthus emblica 10 1.00 0.10 0.83 1.12 0.33 2.28
Balanites aegyptiaca 52.5 3.76 1.98 4.37 4.23 6.44 15.03
Salvadora persica 40 3.81 1.53 3.33 4.28 4.97 12.58
Alangium salviifolium 47.5 1.95 0.93 3.95 2.19 3.02 9.15
Manilkara hexandra 22.5 1.33 0.30 1.87 1.50 0.98 4.35
Flacourtia indica 20 3.00 0.60 1.66 3.37 1.96 6.99
Morinda pubescens 42.5 2.71 1.15 3.53 3.04 3.75 10.32
Bombax malabarica 7.5 1.00 0.08 0.62 1.12 0.24 1.99
Giliricidia sepium 22.5 1.56 0.35 1.87 1.75 1.14 4.76
Cordia myxa 45 2.00 0.90 3.74 2.25 2.93 8.92
Ailanthes excelsa 32.5 1.23 0.40 2.70 1.38 1.30 5.39
Delonix elata 37.5 2.27 0.85 3.12 2.55 2.77 8.44
Borassus flabellifer 47.5 3.53 1.68 3.95 3.96 5.46 13.37
Cassia siamea 25 2.10 0.53 2.08 2.36 1.71 6.15
Cordia dichotoma 42.5 2.71 1.15 3.53 3.04 3.75 10.32
Erythrina stricta 22.5 1.67 0.38 1.87 1.87 1.22 4.97
Ficus racemosa 27.5 1.55 0.43 2.29 1.74 1.39 5.41
Ficus benghalensis 37.5 1.27 0.48 3.12 1.42 1.55 6.09
Ficus microcarpa 15 1.33 0.20 1.25 1.50 0.65 3.40
Gmelina arborea 20 1.13 0.23 1.66 1.26 0.73 3.66
Hibiscus tiliaceous 17.5 1.57 0.28 1.46 1.77 0.90 4.12
Mangifera indica 10 1.00 0.10 0.83 1.12 0.33 2.28
Millingtonia hortensis 12.5 1.20 0.15 1.04 1.35 0.49 2.88
Parkinsonia aculeata 25 1.40 0.35 2.08 1.57 1.14 4.79
Sapindus emarginatus 20 2.38 0.48 1.66 2.67 1.55 5.88
Terminalia catappa 15 1.00 0.15 1.25 1.12 0.49 2.86
Tamarindus indica 40 1.25 0.50 3.33 1.40 1.63 6.36
Avicennia marina 5 2.50 0.13 0.42 2.81 0.41 3.63
Unknown sp. 60 2.63 1.58 4.99 2.95 5.13 13.07
Where: Fre (%)-Frequency in percentage; Abu-Abundance; Den-Density; RF-Relative Frequency; RA-Relative Abundance; RD-Relative Density; IVI-Important value Index
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Among the 40 species, the exotic tree species, Prosopis juliflora was represented
by maximum number of individuals (n=114) followed by Azadirachta indica (n=89),
Balanites aegyptiaca (n=79), Acacia tortilis (n=78) and Prosopis cineraria with 73
individuals. Likewise, the species such as Bombax malabarica (n=3) Phyllanthus
emblica and Mangifera indica (n=5) each, were represented with least number of
individuals, recorded during the present study period.
The maximum density value recorded for Prosopis juliflora (2.85) followed by
Azadirachta indica (2.23), Balanites aegyptiaca (1.98), Acacia tortilis (1.95) and
Prosopis cineraria (1.83). The highest Relative density value recorded for Prosopis
juliflora (9.29) followed by Azadirachta indica (7.25), Balanites aegyptiaca (6.44),
Acacia tortilis (6.36) and Prosopis cineraria (5.95).
The maximum abundance value recorded for Prosopis juliflora (4.75) followed by
Azadirachta indica (4.24), Butea monosperma (4.20), Acacia tortilis (4.11) and
Prosopis cineraria (4.06). The highest relative abundance value recorded for
Prosopis juliflora (5.34) followed by Azadirachta indica (4.76), Butea monosperma
(4.72), Acacia tortilis (4.61) and Prosopis cineraria (4.56).
The highest Important Value Index (IVI) was recorded for Prosopis juliflora (19.62)
followed by Azadirachta indica (16.38), Balanites aegyptiaca (15.03), Acacia tortilis
(14.92) and Prosopis cineraria (14.25).
Based on the present study Prosopis juliflora, an exotic species, showed the
highest importance value index among the trees. Broadly IVI followed the pattern
similar to that of density and basal area. Thus, the present study shows that
though there are many species of trees growing in this area, Prosopis juliflora is
the dominant component and other species are still need to be established.
However, though Prosopis juliflora showed the highest IVI value, some other
native species such as Azadirachta indica and Balanites aegyptiaca also more or
less have similar value as that of P. juliflora.
The Shannon-Weiner index of diversity for tree species community in the study
area is 3.3367. The Simpson index of diversity is 0.96. The Fishers Alpha
diversity is 7.9299.
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3.5.7.7.2 Shrub species community structure
A total of 2282 individuals of shrubs, belonging to 36 species, falling under 32
genera in 40 quadrats (10 x 10 m), have been recorded during the present study
period from the different landscapes. The shrub community parameters were,
calculated from the data and presented in the Table 3.53.
Table 3.53 Shrub community parameters of the study area
Name of the species Fre (%) Abu Den RF RA RD IVI
Capparis sepiaria 40.00 2.25 0.90 2.81 1.70 1.58 6.09 Ziziphus oenoplia 32.50 3.15 1.03 2.28 2.38 1.80 6.46 Cissus trifoliata 42.50 2.18 0.93 2.99 1.64 1.62 6.25 Pentatropis microphylla 27.50 3.55 0.98 1.93 2.68 1.71 6.32 Rivea hypocrateriformis 45.00 2.28 1.03 3.16 1.72 1.80 6.68 Grewia villosa 15.00 4.50 0.68 1.05 3.40 1.18 5.64 Abutilon hirtum 60.00 3.54 2.13 4.22 2.67 3.72 10.62 Cressa cretica 7.50 4.67 0.35 0.53 3.52 0.61 4.66 Ziziphus nummularia 52.50 6.95 3.65 3.69 5.25 6.40 15.34 Euphorbia neriifolia 47.50 4.84 2.30 3.34 3.66 4.03 11.03 Fluggea leucopyros 55.00 3.55 1.95 3.87 2.68 3.42 9.96 Fluggea virosa 25.00 2.10 0.53 1.76 1.59 0.92 4.26 Phoenix laurierii 30.00 1.58 0.48 2.11 1.20 0.83 4.14 Abutilon indicum 70.00 4.04 2.83 4.92 3.05 4.95 12.92 Jatropha gossypifolia 40.00 1.69 0.68 2.81 1.27 1.18 5.27 Hibiscus vitifolius 57.50 4.48 2.58 4.04 3.38 4.51 11.94 Acacia caesia 40.00 2.25 0.90 2.81 1.70 1.58 6.09 Acacia torta 17.50 1.57 0.28 1.23 1.19 0.48 2.90 Acalypha fruticosa 25.00 3.40 0.85 1.76 2.57 1.49 5.81 Azima tetracantha 35.00 1.86 0.65 2.46 1.40 1.14 5.00 Calotropis procera 67.50 4.89 3.30 4.75 3.69 5.78 14.22 Caesalpinia bonduc 47.50 1.53 0.73 3.34 1.15 1.27 5.76 Clerodendrum phlomidis 65.00 2.96 1.93 4.57 2.24 3.37 10.18 Chromolaena odorata 72.50 5.79 4.20 5.10 4.37 7.36 16.83 Cadaba fruticosa 30.00 1.33 0.40 2.11 1.01 0.70 3.82 Datura metal 47.50 1.79 0.85 3.34 1.35 1.49 6.18 Lawsonia inermis 32.50 2.92 0.95 2.28 2.21 1.67 6.16 Lantana camara 40.00 5.13 2.05 2.81 3.87 3.59 10.27 Leptadenia reticulata 7.50 1.33 0.10 0.53 1.01 0.18 1.71 Justicia adhatoda 20.00 2.00 0.40 1.41 1.51 0.70 3.62 Maytenus emarginata 25.00 2.80 0.70 1.76 2.11 1.23 5.10 Mimosa hamata 55.00 7.09 3.90 3.87 5.35 6.84 16.06 Phyllanthus reticulatus 27.50 2.82 0.78 1.93 2.13 1.36 5.42 Randia parviflora 22.50 2.78 0.63 1.58 2.10 1.10 4.77 Senna auriculata 52.50 2.81 1.48 3.69 2.12 2.59 8.40 Typha angustifolia 45.00 20.06 9.03 3.16 15.14 15.82 34.13
Where: Fre (%)-Frequency in percentage; Abu-Abundance; Den-Density;
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RF-Relative Frequency; RA-Relative Abundance; RD-Relative Density; IVI-Important value Index
Among the 36 species, Typha angustifolia was the dominant one represented by
maximum number of individuals (n=361) followed by Chromolaena odorata
(n=168), Mimosa hamata (n=156), Ziziphus nummularia (n=146) and Calotropis
procera with 132 individuals. Likewise, the species such as Leptadenia reticulata
(n=4) and Acacia torta (n=11), were represented with least number of individuals.
The maximum density value recorded for Typha angustifolia (9.03) followed by
Chromolaena odorata (4.20), Mimosa hamata (3.90), Ziziphus nummularia (3.65)
and Calotropis procera (3.30). Likewise, the highest Relative density value
recorded for Typha angustifolia (15.82) followed by Chromolaena odorata (7.39),
Mimosa hamata (6.84), Ziziphus nummularia (6.40) and Calotropis procera (5.78).
The maximum abundance value recorded for Typha angustifolia (20.06) followed
by Mimosa hamata (7.09), Ziziphus nummularia (6.95), Chromolaena odorata
(5.79) and Lantana camara (5.13). Likewise, the highest relative abundance value
recorded for Typha angustifolia (15.82) followed by Chromolaena odorata (7.36),
Mimosa hamata (6.84), Ziziphus nummularia (6.40), and Calotropis procera (5.78).
The highest Important Value Index (IVI) was recorded for Typha angustifolia
(34.13) followed by Chromolaena odorata (16.83), Mimosa hamata (16.06),
Ziziphus nummularia (15.34) and Calotropis procera (14.22).
The Shannon-Weiner index of diversity for shrub community in the study area is
3.1916. The Simpson index of diversity is 0.94. The Fishers Alpha diversity is
6.0731.
3.5.7.7.3 Herbaceous plant community structure
A total of 5767 numbers herbaceous plants, belonging to 83 species, spreading
over 68 genera in 40 quadrats (10 x 10 m), were recorded during the present study
period from the study area. The herbaceous plant community parameters were,
calculated from the data and presented in the Table 3.54.
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Table 3.54 Herbaceous plant community parameters of the study area
Name of the species Fre (%) Abu Den RF RA RD IVI
Pedalium murex 45.00 2.17 0.98 1.15 0.77 0.68 2.59
Nicandra physalodes 35.00 3.43 1.20 0.89 1.22 0.83 2.94
Alysicarpus longifolia 67.50 6.89 4.65 1.72 2.45 3.23 7.40
Enicostemma axillare 40.00 3.50 1.40 1.02 1.24 0.97 3.24
Biophytum reinwardii 55.00 2.95 1.63 1.40 1.05 1.13 3.58
Pupalia lappacea 22.50 3.00 0.68 0.57 1.07 0.47 2.11
Trianthema portulacastrum 22.50 6.00 1.35 0.57 2.13 0.94 3.64
Brachiaria remota 77.50 8.35 6.48 1.98 2.97 4.49 9.44
Crotalaria obovata 52.50 4.67 2.45 1.34 1.66 1.70 4.70
Xanthium indicum 47.50 3.21 1.53 1.21 1.14 1.06 3.41
Echinops echinatus 60.00 3.25 1.95 1.53 1.16 1.35 4.04
Striga asiatica 30.00 3.08 0.93 0.76 1.10 0.64 2.50
Iseilema laxum 75.00 5.93 4.45 1.91 2.11 3.09 7.11
Chloris tenella 82.50 11.06 9.13 2.10 3.93 6.33 12.37
Dactyloctenium aegyptium 65.00 4.08 2.65 1.66 1.45 1.84 4.95
Desmostachya bipinnata 42.50 5.24 2.23 1.08 1.86 1.54 4.49
Alysicarpus rugosus 52.50 3.24 1.70 1.34 1.15 1.18 3.67
Goniogyna hirta 45.00 4.06 1.83 1.15 1.44 1.27 3.86
Tephrosia purpurea 50.00 5.15 2.58 1.27 1.83 1.79 4.89
Salichornia brachiata 7.50 6.33 0.48 0.19 2.25 0.33 2.77
Acanthus illicifolius 5.00 1.50 0.08 0.13 0.53 0.05 0.71
Apluda mutica 65.00 5.73 3.73 1.66 2.04 2.58 6.28
Dicanthium annulatum 80.00 6.75 5.40 2.04 2.40 3.75 8.19
Eremopogon foveolatus 25.00 3.40 0.85 0.64 1.21 0.59 2.44
Euphorbia hirta 45.00 4.22 1.90 1.15 1.50 1.32 3.97
Evolvulus alsinoides 32.50 4.54 1.48 0.83 1.61 1.02 3.47
Chloris barbata 65.00 3.19 2.08 1.66 1.14 1.44 4.23
Chloris dolichostachya 17.50 2.29 0.40 0.45 0.81 0.28 1.54
Euphorbia geniculata 45.00 2.89 1.30 1.15 1.03 0.90 3.08
Tribulus terrestris 52.50 2.19 1.15 1.34 0.78 0.80 2.92
Tribulus lanuginosus 20.00 1.50 0.30 0.51 0.53 0.21 1.25
Gloriosa superb 17.50 1.43 0.25 0.45 0.51 0.17 1.13
Indigofera linnaei 32.50 5.54 1.80 0.83 1.97 1.25 4.05
Plumbago zeylanica 40.00 1.94 0.78 1.02 0.69 0.54 2.25
Pulicaria wightiana 20.00 1.75 0.35 0.51 0.62 0.24 1.38
Taraxacum officianale 42.50 1.53 0.65 1.08 0.54 0.45 2.08
Zornia gibbosa 60.00 3.88 2.33 1.53 1.38 1.61 4.52
Waltheria indica 45.00 2.00 0.90 1.15 0.71 0.62 2.48
Triumfetta rhomboidea 27.50 1.36 0.38 0.70 0.49 0.26 1.45
Baccoba monnerii 22.50 5.33 1.20 0.57 1.90 0.83 3.30
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Sida acuta 57.50 2.74 1.58 1.47 0.97 1.09 3.53
Sida cordata 40.00 2.56 1.03 1.02 0.91 0.71 2.64
Sida cordifolia 47.50 1.47 0.70 1.21 0.52 0.49 2.22
Tridax procumbens 60.00 3.38 2.03 1.53 1.20 1.40 4.13
Urena lobata 42.50 2.00 0.85 1.08 0.71 0.59 2.38
Sonchus oleraceous 47.50 1.37 0.65 1.21 0.49 0.45 2.15
Senna tora 52.50 2.33 1.23 1.34 0.83 0.85 3.02
Senna occidentalis 60.00 2.17 1.30 1.53 0.77 0.90 3.20
Senna italic 25.00 1.30 0.33 0.64 0.46 0.23 1.33
Sehima nervosum 25.00 3.90 0.98 0.64 1.39 0.68 2.70
Sebastiania chamaelea 60.00 2.79 1.68 1.53 0.99 1.16 3.68
Ruellia patula 65.00 5.04 3.28 1.66 1.79 2.27 5.72
Polygala sp. 12.50 1.40 0.18 0.32 0.50 0.12 0.94
Parthenium hysterophorus 67.50 6.59 4.45 1.72 2.34 3.09 7.15
Ocimum canum 47.50 2.95 1.40 1.21 1.05 0.97 3.23
Oldenlandia umbellata 25.00 2.80 0.70 0.64 1.00 0.49 2.12
Pavonia odorata 60.00 1.29 0.78 1.53 0.46 0.54 2.53
Phyllanthus amarus 65.00 3.38 2.20 1.66 1.20 1.53 4.39
Phyllanthus maderaspatensis 72.50 3.52 2.55 1.85 1.25 1.77 4.87
Polycarpaea corymbosa 15.00 2.17 0.33 0.38 0.77 0.23 1.38
Martynia annua 47.50 4.32 2.05 1.21 1.53 1.42 4.17
Lagascea mollis 57.50 1.83 1.05 1.47 0.65 0.73 2.84
Malvastrum coromandelianum 65.00 2.81 1.83 1.66 1.00 1.27 3.92
Indoneesiella echioides 35.00 3.64 1.28 0.89 1.30 0.88 3.07
Hyptis suaveolens 67.50 2.93 1.98 1.72 1.04 1.37 4.13
Hedyotis corymbosa 47.50 2.89 1.38 1.21 1.03 0.95 3.19
Heteropogon contortus 90.00 8.86 7.98 2.29 3.15 5.53 10.98
Alternanthera tenella 42.50 4.00 1.70 1.08 1.42 1.18 3.69
Alternanthera sessilis 47.50 2.84 1.35 1.21 1.01 0.94 3.16
Amaranthus viridis 52.50 1.48 0.78 1.34 0.53 0.54 2.40
Amaranthus spinosus 60.00 3.25 1.95 1.53 1.16 1.35 4.04
Boerhaavia diffusa 65.00 1.31 0.85 1.66 0.47 0.59 2.71
Boerhaavia erecta 47.50 1.47 0.70 1.21 0.52 0.49 2.22
Cleome viscose 67.50 2.30 1.55 1.72 0.82 1.08 3.61
Centella asiatica 32.50 4.38 1.43 0.83 1.56 0.99 3.38
Croton bonplandianum 72.50 5.03 3.65 1.85 1.79 2.53 6.17
Celosia polygonoides 42.50 1.88 0.80 1.08 0.67 0.55 2.31
Corchorus tridens 52.50 1.81 0.95 1.34 0.64 0.66 2.64
Bothriochloa pertusa 45.00 2.00 0.90 1.15 0.71 0.62 2.48
Cleome monophylla 50.00 1.20 0.60 1.27 0.43 0.42 2.12
Commelina benghalensis 55.00 1.91 1.05 1.40 0.68 0.73 2.81
Anisomeles indica 40.00 1.94 0.78 1.02 0.69 0.54 2.25
Anisomeles malabarica 57.50 3.39 1.95 1.47 1.21 1.35 4.02
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Where: Fre (%)-Frequency in percentage; Abu-Abundance; Den-Density; RF-Relative Frequency; RA-Relative Abundance; RD-Relative Density; IVI-Important value Index
Of the 83 species recorded here, Chloris tenella was represented by maximum
number of individuals (n=365) followed by Heteropogon contortus (n=319), Brachiaria
remota (n=259), Dicanthium annulatum (n=216) and Alysicarpus longifolia with 186
species. Likewise, the species such as Acanthus illicifolius (n=3) and Polygala sp.
(n=7) each, were representing least number of individuals, recorded during the
present study period.
The maximum density value recorded for Chloris tenella (9.13) followed by
Heteropogon contortus (7.98), Brachiaria remota (6.48), Dicanthium annulatum
(5.40) and Alysicarpus longifolia (4.65). The highest Relative density value recorded
for Chloris tenella (6.33) followed by Heteropogon contortus (5.53), Brachiaria remota
(4.49), Dicanthium annulatum (3.75) and Alysicarpus longifolia (3.23).
The maximum abundance value recorded for Chloris tenella (11.06) followed by
Heteropogon contortus (8.86), Brachiaria remota (8.35), Alysicarpus longifolius (6.89)
and Dicanthium annulatum (6.75). The highest relative abundance value recorded for
Chloris tenella (3.93) followed by Heteropogon contortus (3.15), Brachiaria remota
(2.97), Alysicarpus longifolius (2.45) and Dicanthium annulatum (2.40).
The highest Important Value Index (IVI) was recorded for Chloris tenella (12.37)
followed by Heteropogon contortus (10.98), Brachiaria remota (9.44), Dicanthium
annulatum (8.19) and Alysicarpus longifolia (7.40).
The Shannon-Weiner index of diversity for herbaceous species community in the
study area was found to be 4.1054. The Simpson index of diversity was 0.98. The
Fishers Alpha diversity is 13.747.
3.5.7.7.4 Mammals
The present study area is a suitable habitat for Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus).
Several Nilgai sightings were recorded during the present study period in
throughout the study area (Table 3.55). Based on the direct sightings, secondary
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information and information gathered from local public a total of 15 species of
mammals were recorded in the present study area.
Table 3.55 List of mammals recorded in the study area
Sl. No. Common name Scientific name 1 Nilgai Boselaphus tragocamelus 2 Spotted deer Axis axis 3 Three-striped Palm Squirrel Funambulus palmarum 4 Jackal Canis aureas 5 Striped Hyaena Hyaena hyaena 6 Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra 7 Wild Boar Sus scrofa 8 Jungle Cat Felis chaus 9 Chinkara Gazella bennettii 10 Sambar Rusa unicolor 11 Bengal Fox Vulpes bengalensis 12 Honey badger Mellivora capensis 13 Indian Crested Procupine Hystrix indica 14 Indian Hedgehog Paraechinus micropus 15 Indian Wolf Canis lupus pallipes
3.5.7.7.5 Reptiles
A total of 9 species reptiles were recorded in and around the study area based on
both direct sightings and secondary information (Table 3.56). Species those are
included based on secondary information marked with single asterisk and species
included based the information gathered from local people marked with two
asterisk marks.
Table 3.56 List of reptiles recorded in the study area
Sl. No. Common name Scientific name
1 Small blind snake Typhlops sp.
2 Saw-Scaled Viper Echis carinatus
3 Russell‟s Viper Daboia russelii **
4 Sand Boa Eryx johnii
5 Wolf Snake Lycodon striatus
6 Common Rat Snake Ptyas mucosus
7 Indian Rock Python Phython molurus
8 Common Krait Bungarus caeruleus**
9 Spectacled Cobra Naja Naja **
10 Chequered Keel Back Xenochrophis piscator
** Gathered from local people
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3.5.7.7.6 Fishes
Based on the secondary information a total of 7 species of fishes were recorded in
the study area (Table 3.57).
Table 3.57 List of fishes recorded in the study area
Sl. No. Common name Scientific name
1 Bombay duck Horpodon neherius
2 Jew fish* Pseudoscioena sp.
3 Jew fish* Diacanthus sp.
4 Thread fin Polynemus indicus
5 Jew fish* Pristopomas spp.
7 Mud skipper Bolephthalmus
8 Shark Characarias spp.
List prepared from local observation* and literature
The detailed report entitled “Report on baseline status of biological environment around
the proposed Nuclear Power Plant at Mithivirdi, Bhavnagar, Gujarat” is attached as
Annexure – XII (Volume – II of this report).
3.5.7.8 Sensitive areas
There are no sensitive areas like national parks and wildlife sanctuaries coming
within the 10 km radial distance of the proposed project site. Blackbuck National Park
in Velavadar is almost 100 km away from the project site. A letter from Divisional
Forest Officer (DFO) mentioning no wildlife sanctuary, National Park and Bird
Sanctuary is attached as annexure – XVII (Volume – II of this report).
3.5.8 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
The study of socio-economic component of environment incorporates various facets
viz. demographic structure, availability of basic amenities such as housing,
educational, health and medical services, occupation, water supply, sanitation,
communication, power supply, prevailing diseases in the region. The study of these
parameters helps in identifying predicting and evaluating the likely impacts due to the
proposed project activity in the region.
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3.5.8.1 Baseline data collection
The survey has been carried out with the help of a pre-designed set of
questionnaires. Adult (males and females) representing various communities were
interviewed on judgmental or purposive basis. Data on following parameters has
been collected for the study region.
1. Demographic structure
2. Infrastructure
3. Economic attributes
4. Health status
5. Socio-economic status
6. Awareness and opinion of the people about project activity
The data is generated using secondary sources viz. Census records, district
statistical abstract, official document and primary sources viz. Field survey and field
observation. The baseline status of social environment is given in Chapter-7.
3.5.9 CRZ MAPPING OF MITHIVIRDI COAST
The high and low tide line demarcation in the Jaspara - Mithivirdi coast for the
proposed nuclear power project was carried out as per standard methodology. The
inputs of Survey of India (SOI) and Remote Sensing (RS) technologies were used
and the work was carried out by Institute of Remote Sensing (IRS), Anna University,
Chennai. The coverage of HTL/LTL at the proposed project site is demarcated and
the same is presented in CRZ report (Volume – II of this report). The complete
detailed report is given in Annexure-XIII (Volume – II of this report).
3.5.10 MARINE IMPACT ASSESSMENT
INDOMER Coastal Hydraulics (P) Limited, Chennai engaged by EIL, New Delhi
carried out the marine impact assessment study due to foreshore activities of the
project including jetty on coastal diversity and the proposed nuclear power plant at
Mithivirdi with respect to plankton, fish and diversity of flora and fauna along the
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shore line with physicochemical features of the coastal water during study period
from December 2011 to April 2012. INDOMER also carried out the job of
interpretation of thermal impact on coastal and marine flora and fauna on the basis of
information from secondary data. The Marine Impact Assessment report, prepared by
INDOMER is attached as Annexure –IX (Volume – II of this report).
3.5.11 Marine Environment
The baseline data for marine environment were collected during December 2011.
The chemical and biological samples were collected at ten locations in the open sea
covering 10 km radius. The study area approximately covers around 150 km2. The
details of the sampling locations are presented in Table 3.58 and also shown in Fig.
3.18 (Annexure –IX, Volume – II of this report).
Table 3.58 Measurement locations and details of marine study
Stn. No
Distance from shore (m)
UTM Coordinates (WGS 84)
Water depth (m)
Measurement depth from
surface (m)
X (m) Y (m)
WATER SAMPLING
S1 571 214633 2376852 8.0 S, M, B
S2 1017 214629 2375919 8.0 S, M, B
S3 505 213857 2375396 7.5 S, M, B
S4 2017 215511 2375449 17.0 S, M, B
S5 1775 216407 2377776 15.0 S, M, B
S6 1975 214079 2373408 15.0 S, M, B
S7 5035 218158 2374038 19.0 S, M, B
S8 10000 222571 2371686 25.0 S, M, B
S9 2318 218858 2383494 13.0 S, M, B
S10 3585 212156 2367788 12.0 S, M, B
INTERTIDAL BENTHOS
IB1 North 216625 2384136 -
IB2 Middle 213746 2376390 -
IB3 South 209390 2370139 -
S = Surface, M = Mid depth, B = Bottom
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Fig. 3.18 Sampling locations for marine study
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3.5.11.1 Oceanographical Parameters
The oceanographic parameters were collected from the available data with other
investigating agencies like NIO, Naval Hydrograph, NCEP etc. and measurements
were also carried out at locations as shown in Fig. 3.19 to Fig. 3.21 (Annexure –IX,
Volume – II of this report).
Storm: It is observed that totally 13 storms had occurred within 300 km of the
project region from 1877 to 1990, which occurred in this region in July, September,
October and November.
Waves: The measured wave data corresponding to 13.02.11 to 15.03.11, showed
that the average significant wave height varied upto 0.5 m and the predominant
wave direction prevailed predominantly between 30° and 180°.
Based on the NCEP data, the predominant wave heights vary between 0.5 - 2.5 m.
The wave heights remain very high during southwest monsoon period.
Tide: The tides in this region are characterized by predominantly semi-diurnal. The
various design tide levels with respect to chart datum for Alang region as presented
in Naval Hydrographic Chart (No. 208) are given below:
Mean High water Spring : 7.80 m
Mean High water Neap : 6.30 m
Mean Sea Level : 4.70 m
Mean Low water Neap : 3.00 m
Mean Low water Spring : 1.60 m
Fair weather (February – March 2011): The spring tidal range at all monitoring
locations was observed to be 8.6 m and the neap tide range was 2.4 m. SW
monsoon: (September – October 2011): The spring tide range prevailed around 9.3
m and the neap tide range prevailed around 2.2 m. NE monsoon: (December
2011– January 2012): The spring tide range showed 8.4 m and the neap tide
showed 2.4 m.
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Fig. 3.19 Details of measurement location - Tide
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Fig. 3.20 Details of measurement location - Current
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Fig. 3.21 Details of measurement location – Salinity and Temperature
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Currents: Fair weather (February – March 2011): The average currents at mid
depth were observed to be around 0.536 m/s and the maximum current reached
upto 2.04 m/s (Fig 3.22) (Annexure –IX, Volume – II of this report). The current
direction prevails around 0° to 30° during flood tide and 180° to 240° during the ebb
tide.
Fig 3.22 Variation of current speed and direction at stations
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Bathymetry: The seabed close to the shore is comparatively steeper than the
offshore. The depth contours are configured parallel to the coastline.
Southern part of survey area: The southern part of the survey area is rather steep
than the northern limit. The zone between 0 m and 10 m depth has a slope of 1:60,
whereas in the zone between 10 m and 23 m, the seabed falls with a slope of 1:100.
The maximum water depth of 23 m exists at the distance of 2.7 km from the shore
and further seaward, the seabed appears shallow thereafter uneven. The survey
stretch at offshore end ends up at a water depth of 19 m at the distance of 5 km
from the shore.
Northern part of survey area: The seabed exhibits gentle slope than the southern
part. The zone between 0 m and 10 m depth has a slope of 1:130, whereas in the
zone between 10 m and 23 m, the seabed falls with a slope of 1:230. The
maximum water depth of 23 m exists at the distance of 5 km from the shore.
Littoral Drift: The coastline is formed by rocks without much sand supply to the
littoral drift system. Since the coast is primarily composed of rocky shoreline and the
volume of sediment due to littoral system is quite insignificant and practically there
will be no littoral drift in this region.
Dispersion: Based on the dispersion of the dye patch, longitudinal and transverse
dispersion coefficients of the study region were estimated by National Institute of
Oceanography (NIO). The movement of the dye patch at different time on 16th
March 2011 and 4th & 5th January 2012 were estimated. Because of high tidal
current in this region, the dye dispersion is rapid which is observed by the rate of
change of concentration within 1 to 2 hrs. It is observed that the longitudinal
dispersion coefficient is greater than the lateral direction. The values of dispersion
coefficient along the coast range between 3.9 and 30.12 m2/s whereas dispersion
coefficient perpendicular to the coast ranges between 0.19 and 0.71 m2/s.
Tsunami: Occurrence of Tsunami along the Indian coast is extremely rare event.
The past history shows that there is a periodicity of occurrence ranging from 300 to
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500 years particularly along the East coast of India due to the movement of tectonic
plates against each other by Andaman plate and Indonesian plate.
On the other hand, there is no movement of tectonic plate in Arabian sea.
Therefore the occurrence of Tsunami along the west coast of India is extremely
rare.
3.5.11.2 Marine Water Quality
The estimated water quality parameters viz. temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen,
pH, nitrite-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, total nitrogen, inorganic phosphate, total
phosphorous, ammonia-nitrogen, total suspended solids, turbidity, biochemical
oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand are presented in Tables 3.59, 3.60
and 3.61. The levels of cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, oil and grease, phenols
and petroleum hydrocarbons are presented in Table 6.10.
Temperature: The temperature varied from 26.5° C to 28.5°C (Tables 3.59).The
minimum (26.5° C) was recorded in middle and bottom water. The maximum
(28.5°C) was recorded at surface water. No thermal stratification was noticed in the
area.
Salinity: The estimated salinity of the collected water samples varied between 28 to
30 ppt (Tables 3.59). In general, the salinity of the water column was around 29 ppt.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO): Dissolved oxygen content varied from 4.48 to 5.92 mg/l.
The minimum (4.48 mg/l) was recorded in bottom waters while the maximum (5.92
mg/l) was in surface water (Tables 3.59). These values indicate a normal condition
which shows normal productivity in the project region.
pH: pH of the water column did not show much variation and it varied between 8.0
and 8.2 (Tables 3.59).
Nutrients:
Values of various nutrient parameters analyzed at different stations are presented
below (Tables 3.59).
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Table 3.59 Water quality parameters
S = Surface, M=Middle, B = Bottom
Station Temp.
(°C) Salinity
(ppt) DO
(mg/l) pH
NH3-N
( mol/l)
NO2-N
( mol/l)
NO3-N
( mol/l)
Total Nitrogen
( mol/l)
PO4-P
( mol/l)
Total Phosphorus
( mol/l)
Total suspended
solid (mg/l)
Turbidity (NTU)
S1
S 28.0 29.0 5.92 8.0 0.26 0.88 4.84 11.6 1.28 2.46 208 55
M 28.0 29.0 5.60 8.1 0.29 1.45 4.62 12.2 0.92 2.41 364 133
B 27.5 29.0 4.96 8.1 0.37 1.45 6.83 17.5 1.76 3.03 556 186
S2
S 28.0 28.0 5.44 8.0 0.28 0.74 4.97 13.7 1.52 2.51 84 14.7
M 27.5 29.0 4.96 8.1 0.29 1.14 5.75 14.8 1.56 5.49 436 162
B 27.5 30.0 4.80 8.1 0.28 2.73 7.56 20.0 2.92 6.33 760 337
S3
S 28.0 28.0 5.28 8.0 0.24 0.65 5.66 14.5 0.08 1.78 116 38
M 27.5 29.0 5.12 8.0 0.30 1.25 5.66 14.9 1.76 2.41 364 128
B 27.0 29.0 4.64 8.0 0.35 1.59 5.83 16.0 1.12 2.51 504 175
S4
S 28.5 29.0 5.12 8.1 0.30 0.74 3.93 9.6 1.20 2.51 60 12
M 28.0 29.0 4.64 8.1 0.31 1.34 5.44 13.6 1.76 3.14 112 40.2
B 27.5 30.0 4.48 8.1 0.47 2.25 6.35 16.3 2.40 3.24 428 163
S5
S 28.5 29.0 5.28 8.1 0.30 0.71 4.75 11.9 1.00 2.56 100 36.4
M 28.0 29.0 4.64 8.0 0.32 1.39 4.84 12.2 1.52 2.62 440 166
B 27.5 29.0 4.48 8.1 0.38 1.11 7.17 18.5 1.92 4.97 1084 589
S6
S 28.0 29.0 4.96 8.0 0.25 0.77 4.75 11.9 2.60 3.40 472 169
M 27.5 29.0 4.80 8.0 0.34 2.13 6.05 14.4 1.20 2.77 608 227
B 27.5 29.0 4.64 8.0 0.71 3.21 7.91 15.4 2.20 2.67 1140 628
S7
S 28.0 29.0 5.12 8.0 0.26 0.80 6.35 15.5 1.20 2.77 164 42.6
M 27.5 30.0 4.48 8.0 0.29 0.60 6.35 16.5 0.96 3.03 160 39.8
B 27.0 30.0 4.48 8.0 0.29 1.14 6.87 18.0 1.52 2.51 180 52
S8
S 28.0 29.0 5.44 8.2 0.36 2.13 4.45 11.1 2.08 2.98 276 96
M 27.5 30.0 5.28 8.1 0.35 2.64 5.31 12.3 2.72 3.45 574 192
B 27.0 30.0 4.96 8.1 0.37 2.96 7.78 21.0 2.72 4.55 1123 612
S9
S 27.5 29.0 5.44 8.0 0.33 0.37 3.46 9.0 0.12 2.20 312 97
M 27.5 28.0 5.12 8.0 0.39 1.62 4.32 10.7 0.48 2.77 576 205
B 27.0 29.0 4.96 8.0 0.39 1.82 5.10 12.9 1.12 2.77 908 548
S10
S 27.0 29.0 5.60 8.1 0.29 0.51 5.57 14.0 0.80 2.25 304 112
M 26.5 29.0 5.44 8.0 0.30 0.65 6.05 19.6 1.00 2.51 424 158
B 26.5 29.0 4.96 8.0 0.35 2.16 6.83 20.9 2.16 3.09 496 202
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Ammonia-Nitrogen (NH3-N):
Ammonia concentration ranged from 0.24 to 0.71 µmol/l. These values are within
normal range.
Nitrite-Nitrogen (NO2-N)
Nitrite concentration ranged from 0.37 to 3.21 µmol/l. The distribution in spatial and
vertical direction shows more randomness.
Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO3-N):
Nitrate concentration ranged from 3.46 to 7.91 µmol/l. As in the case of nitrite, the
distribution is random.
Total nitrogen: Total nitrogen ranged from 9.0 to 21.0 µmol/l.
Inorganic Phosphate (PO4-P)
Phosphate concentration ranged from 0.08 to 2.92 µmol/l.
Total phosphorous: Total phosphorous ranged from 1.78 to 6.33 µmol/l.
The water quality parameters observed at open sea do not show much variation and
the water remains turbid contamination or organic load.
Total Suspended Solids (TSS): Total Suspended solids varied from 60 to 1140
mg/l (Tables 3.59). The minimum value was noticed in surface waters and the
maximum value was recorded in bottom waters.
Turbidity: The turbidity showed high variability and it varied between 12 and 628
NTU (Tables 3.59). In general, low values were recorded in surface waters
compared to bottom waters. The turbidity of the near shore waters indicates the
existence of turbid water at the bottom due to movement of underwater currents.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): The BOD values varied from 2.56 to 3.52
mg/l in surface waters and from 0.96 to 2.88 mg/l in bottom waters (Table 3.60). The
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range of variation in BOD values indicate that the water column is well mixed in the
project area.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): The COD varied from 32.2 to 72.7 mg/l in
bottom waters. The surface waters also showed almost similar values i.e. from 44.2
to 65.1 mg/l. (Table 3.61).
Trace metal concentration: The concentration levels of Cadmium, Chromium,
Lead and Mercury measured at various locations across the depth are presented in
Table 3.62.
Table 3.60 Biochemical Oxygen Demand in seawater
Station Surface (mg/l)
Middle (mg/l)
Bottom (mg/l)
S1 3.52 2.72 2.56
S2 2.56 2.56 2.40
S3 3.20 2.88 2.24
S4 3.20 2.56 2.88
S5 2.72 2.72 2.08
S6 3.04 2.08 1.76
S7 2.56 2.24 0.96
S8 3.04 2.56 1.92
S9 3.20 3.04 2.72
S10 3.52 3.04 1.92
Cadmium (Cd):
The cadmium concentration in the study region was found to be < 0.001 mg/l.
Chromium (Cr):
The Chromium concentration of the study region was found to be < 0.001 mg/l.
Lead (Pb):
The lead concentration in the study region was found to be< 0.001 mg/l.
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Table 3.61 Chemical Oxygen Demand in seawater
Station Surface (mg/l)
Middle (mg/l)
Bottom (mg/l)
S1 46.1 65.1 58.1
S2 50.6 42.3 68.3
S3 44.2 64.5 66.4
S4 53.1 46.8 65.7
S5 47.4 56.9 52.5
S6 54.4 64.5 46.8
S7 47.4 45.5 48.7
S8 48.0 41.1 72.7
S9 65.1 42.3 70.2
S10 48.0 55.0 32.2
Table 3.62 Concentration of Heavy Metals, Phenol and Petroleum Hydrocarbons in sea water
Sta
tio
n
Heavy metals (mg/l) Phenols
(mg/l)
Oil a
nd
Gre
as
e
(mg
/l) Total Petroleum
Hydrocarbons (µg /l)
Ca
dm
ium
as
Cd
Ch
rom
ium
as
Cr
Lea
d a
s
Pb
Me
rcu
ry a
s
Hg
C6H
5O
H
S1 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <1 <0.05
S2 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <1 <0.05
S3 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <1 <0.05
S4 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <1 <0.05
S5 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <1 <0.05
S6 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <1 <0.05
S7 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <1 <0.05
S8 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <1 <0.05
S9 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <1 <0.05
S10 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <1 <0.05
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Mercury (Hg): The concentration of the study region was found to be < 0.001 mg/l.
Phenol: The concentration of phenol in the study area was found to be < 0.001
mg/l.
Petroleum Hydrocarbons: The dissolved and dispersed Petroleum hydrocarbons
were found to be below detectable level (i.e.0.05µg/l).
Oil and grease: The concentration of oil and grease in the study area was found to
be <1.0 mg/l.
3.5.11.3 Sediment Characteristics
Sediment size distribution: The size distribution and the median size of the
sediments collected on the seabed at 5 locations are shown in Table 3.63. The
seabed is predominantly composed of fine sand.
Table 3.63 Sediment size distribution
*No sample due to rocky substratum
Station
Depth (m)
Composition of soil (%)
Silt & Clay (%)
Description of Sediment D50
mm Coarse sand
Medium sand
Fine sand
S1 8.0 0.14 - 0.18 98.45 1.37 Fine sand
S2 8.0 0.10 - 0.04 97.77 2.19 Fine sand
S3 7.5 0.10 - - 97.38 2.62 Fine sand
S4 17.0 * * * * * *
S5 15.0 * * * * * *
S6 15.0 * * * * * *
S7 19.0 * * * * * *
S8 25.0 0.23 0.17 59.74 39.73 0.36 Medium and Fine sand
S9 13.0 * * * * * *
S10 12.0 0.13 - 0.1 97.52 2.38 Fine sand
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The percentage composition of total organic carbon, calcium carbonate,
concentration of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in sediment samples are given
in Table 3.64.
Table 3.64 Seabed sediment quality parameters
Station
Total Organic Carbon
(%)
Total Nitrogen (mg/g)
Total Phosphorus
(mg/g)
Calcium
Carbonate (%)
S1 0.69 0.30 0.16 2.60
S2 0.73 0.42 0.15 1.95
S3 0.64 0.65 0.20 3.90
S4 * * * *
S5 * * * *
S6 * * * *
S7 * * * *
S8 0.56 0.21 0.14 5.20
S9 * * * *
S10 1.03 0.35 0.19 3.25
*= No sample due to rocky substratum
Total Organic Carbon: Total organic carbon content varied from 0.56 to 1.03%
Total Nitrogen: Total nitrogen concentration ranged from 0.21 to 0.65 mg/g.
Total Phosphorus: Total phosphorus concentration ranged from 0.14 to 0.20 mg/g.
Calcium Carbonate: The calcium carbonate content in the sediments varied from
1.95 to 5.20%.
Cadmium (Cd): The concentration of cadmium in the study region was found to
vary from 1.5 to 2.8 mg/kg.
Chromium (Cr): The concentration of total chromium in the study region was found
to vary from 15.1 and 43.5 mg/kg.
Lead (Pb): The lead concentration of the study area varied from 16.0 to 22.8 mg/kg.
Mercury (Hg): The concentration of mercury in the study area was found to be <0.1
mg/kg.
Phenol: The concentration of Phenol in the study region was found to be <0.1
mg/kg.
Petroleum hydrocarbons: Petroleum hydrocarbons were found to be <0.03 mg/kg.
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The concentrations of heavy metals, phenols and petroleum hydrocarbons in the
sediment samples showed low values in the open sea. It indicates that there is no
accumulation of pollutants and there is no contamination.
3.5.11.4 Marine Biological Parameters
The marine biological parameters considered in the present study are Primary
production, phytoplankton biomass, diversity and population, zooplankton biomass,
diversity and population, macro benthic diversity and population, and fishery of the
region.
Phytoplankton and primary productivity: The measured primary productivity
results are shown in Table 3.65. The results indicate that the area is moderately
productive and the values vary from 120 to 480 mgC/m3/day and the average value
is 300 mgC/m3/day. A comparative statement of primary production along the West
coast of India is also given in Table 3.66.
Table 3.65 Primary productivity in coastal waters
Station Gross
Photosynthetic activity
Net Photosyntheti
c activity
Photosynthetic quotient
(PQ)
Primary production
mgC/m3/day
S1 1.8 0.5 1.0 360
S2 1.1 0.3 1.0 240
S3 1.0 0.5 1.0 360
S4 1.6 0.6 1.0 480
S5 0.5 0.2 1.0 120
S6 0.8 0.2 1.0 120
S7 1.4 0.6 1.0 480
S8 0.8 0.3 1.0 240
S9 1.8 0.5 1.0 360
S10 1.4 0.3 1.0 240
Average 300
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Table 3.66 Comparative Statement of Primary Production along the West Coast of India
SL. No Location Date Average PP mgC/m3/day
1 Bhadreswar (Gujarat) (22051‟12”N 69053‟12”E)
05.05.2009 493
2 Chhara (Gujarat) (20043‟16”N 70045‟10”E)
23.02.2010 498
3 Binani (Gujarat) (20047‟32”N 70034‟23”E)
11.05.2011 480
4 Mithivridi (Gujarat) (210 28‟02”N 72014‟16”E)
06.12.2011 300
The floral diversity fluctuates from 30 to 34 species. Bacilleriophyceae (Diatoms)
formed the major group followed by Dinophyceae (Dianoflagellates) and
Cyanophyceae (blue green algae). Phytoplankton population analyzed at various
stations showed that their numerical abundance varied from 73347 to 245157
nos/100 m3. The biomass varied from 7.45 to 29.1 ml/100 m3 in this region (Table
3.67). Average biomass values were recorded in this region with a mean biomass
value of 16.7 ml/100 m3.. The same thing was also reflected in the population
numbers. Biddulphia mobiliensis and Coscinodiscus centralis were recorded in good
numbers at all the stations.
Table 3.67 Phytoplankton biomass in different sampling stations
Sl. No
No of genera or
species
Population (nos./100 m3)
Biomass (ml/100 m3)
Most common species %
S1 34 91359 11.3
Ceratium furca 18.93
Biddulphia mobiiliensis 9.05
Biddulphia sinensis 7.41
Coscinodiscus centralis 7.41
Trichodesmium erythraeum 6.58
S2 34 245157 29.1
Ceratium furca 17.00
Biddulphia mobiiliensis 14.62
Coscinodiscus centralis 8.70
Aulacodiscus orbiculatus 6.32
Biddulphia sinensis 5.14
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S3 32 97648 8.00
Ceratium furca 20.82
Biddulphia mobiiliensis
15.92
Biddulphia sinensis 8.57
Trichodesmium erythraeum
6.53
Coscinodiscus centralis
5.71
S4 34 73347 7.45
Ceratium furca 20.81
Coscinodiscus centralis 13.71
Biddulphia mobiiliensis 11.68
Trichodesmium erythraeum 6.60
Biddulphia sinensis 6.09
S5 34 87095 15.7
Ceratium furca 22.52
Biddulphia mobiiliensis
11.71
Coscinodiscus centralis
6.76
Dinophysis caudata 5.86
Trichodesmium erythraeum
5.86
S6 30 210013 26.4
Ceratium furca 18.41
Trichodesmium erythraeum
12.55
Biddulphia mobiiliensis
12.13
Biddulphia sinensis 9.62
Coscinodiscus centralis
9.21
S7 32 142419 15.4
Coscinodiscus centralis
24.46
Ceratium furca 15.11
Biddulphia mobiiliensis
8.99
Trichodesmium erythraeum
7.91
Biddulphia sinensis 7.19
S8 33 146771 11.4
Biddulphia mobiiliensis 18.29
Coscinodiscus centralis 17.51
Eupodiscus argus 8.17
Biddulphia sinensis 6.23
Trichodesmium erythraeum 5.84
S9 31 179227 14.6 Biddulphia mobiiliensis
20.82
Ceratium furca 13.06
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Coscinodiscus centralis
11.02
Eupodiscus argus 6.94
Biddulphia sinensis 6.53
S10 34 241121 28.0
Biddulphia mobiiliensis
18.22
Ceratium furca 12.79
Coscinodiscus centralis
10.47
Biddulphia sinensis 10.08
Biddulphia heteroceros
6.59
Based on the Primer software, the Shannon-Wiener (H„) diversity clearly showed the
diverse nature of project area (3.930– 4.385). The similarity in species composition
and abundance among stations varied from 57.1 to 80.2% with an average similarity
percentage of 69.9% (Fig. 3.23). The dominance plot for all the stations showed
sigma shaped curves indicating normal condition of the environment.
Fig. 3.23 Dominance curve for phytoplankton
Zooplankton: The zooplankton diversity fluctuates from 43 to 50 species. The
zooplankton data indicated a moderate standing stock in the area of observation.
Zooplankton population analysis at various stations showed that their numerical
abundance varied from 171442 to 318873 nos/100 m3 (Table 3.68). The percentage
occurrence of various groups fluctuated from place to place.
Phytoplankton
1 10 100
Species rank
0
20
40
60
80
100
Cu
mu
lative
Do
min
an
ce
%
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S9
S10
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Table 3.68 Zooplankton biomass in different sampling stations
Sl. No
No of genera or
species
Population (nos./100 m3)
Biomass (ml/100
m3) Most common species %
S1 43 245742 13.61
Dictyocysta sp. 12.74
Crustacean napulii 10.25
Brachyuran zoea 8.03
Diphysis sp. 4.43
Microsetella sp. 4.43
S2 46 208430 5.54
Dictyocysta sp. 11.97
Brachyuran zoea 9.04
Crustacean napulii 8.51
Microsetella sp. 5.59
Copepodid stages 4.26
S3 45 210629 6.64
Brachyuran zoea 8.83
Crustacean napulii 6.94
Paracalanus parvus 5.36
Microsetella sp. 5.05
Diphysis sp. 4.42
S4 44 247234 5.82
Crustacea napulii 16.47
Dictyocysta sp. 13.65
Brachyuran zoea 7.29
Acrocalanus gracilis 5.18
Diphysis sp. 3.53
S5 49 171442 12.65
Dictyocysta sp. 16.02
Brachyuran zoea 13.73
Crustacean napulii 9.15
Oithona brevicorins 3.66
Copepodid stages 3.20
S6 47 196356 18.23
Crustacean napulii 8.67
Microsetella sp. 5.57
Brachyuran zoea 5.57
Oithona nana 4.95
Oithona smilis 4.64
S7 50 261830 12.62
Microsetella sp. 11.08
Crustacean napulii 9.88
Dictyocysta sp. 9.64
Brachyuran zoea 6.75
Acrocalanus gracilis 3.86
S8 47 211611 12.09
Crustacean napulii 10.86
Dictyocysta sp. 10.57
Microsetella sp. 7.71
Oithona smilis 4.86
Copepodid stages 4.57
S9 46 222533 7.09
Crustacean napulii 11.15
Microsetella sp. 10.51
Brachyuran zoea 9.24
Oithona brevicornis 5.73
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Acrocalanus gracilis 4.46
S10 49 318873 8.03
Microsetella sp. 11.59
Dictyocysta sp. 10.83
Crustacean napulii 9.07
Brachyuran zoea 7.05
Acrocalanus gracilis 5.79
The zooplankton biomass at various stations varied from 5.54 to 18.2 ml/100 m3
(Table 3.69). Zooplankton population mostly consists of Crustacean naupli (6.94 to
16.5%), Dictyocysta sp. (2.55 to 16.0%), Brachyuran zoea (3.71 to 13.7%),
Microsetella sp. (0.47 to 11.6%) and Acrocalanus gracilis (1.37 to 5.79%).
Comparatively zooplankton population was more at these waters than the
phytoplankton population, even though phytoplankton biomass values were more
than the zooplankton biomass.
The Shannon-Wiener (H‟) diversity clearly showed the rich diversity of the project
area (4.659–5.169). The similarity in species composition and abundance among
stations varied from 70.4 – 85.5% with an average similarity percentage of 77.0%.
The dominance plot for all the stations showed sigma shaped curves indicating
normal condition of the environment (Fig. 3.24).
Fig 3.24 Dominance curve for zooplankton
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Benthos:
Subtidal benthos: The sediment characteristics analysis showed that the study area
essentially contained fine sand. The numerical abundance of the benthic fauna was
low and varied from 20 to 60 nos/m2 Table 3.69. The faunal population mainly
consists of Polychaetes worms and Gastropods.
Subtidal and intertidal benthic populations were generally poor. Subtidal benthic
population was only around 240 nos. while at the intertidal region the total number
of organism were only 100 nos. Perineris sp. was the dominant organism both at
subtidal and intertidal region followed by Pelagobia sp. and Sabellaria sp.
Ancistrosyllis sp. and Nassarius sp. were found only in the subtidal region and
absent from intertidal region.
Intertidal benthos: The intertidal l faunal population is shown in Table 3.69, where it
is observed that only Polychaetes worms were present. The numerical abundance
of the Inter tidal benthic fauna was also low and it varied from 30 to 40 nos/m2.
Inference: The Shannon-Wiener diversity was low in the project area (0.811-1.918).
Similarly the Margalef richness (d) values were also low (0.271-0.733). However the
evenness was similar in all stations. Generally in a healthy environment, Shannon
diversity and Margalef richness indices are higher and in the range of 2.5 – 3.5.
Values less than these are normally attributed to some sort of stress or disturbance.
The project area lies very close to the Alang ship breaking yard (~5km) and there
could be some sort of stress or pollution. The stress coupled with low organic matter
obviously contributed to low number of species. The similarity in species
composition and abundance among stations widely varied from 26.1 to 84.5% with
an average similarity percentage of 51.7% (Fig. 3.25). The dominance plot for all the
stations showed steep rise curves possibly because of low number of organisms.
The MDS plot and dendrogram also showed that there is no clear cut differentiation
between biodiversity of subtidal and intertidal populations (Figs. 3.26 & 3.27). The
diversity indices for phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos are given in Tables
3.69, 3.70 and 3.71.
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Table 3.69 Sub tidal and Inter tidal benthic population
*= No sample due to rocky substratum
Sl. No.
Groups Sub tidal benthos (nos./m2)
Inter tidal benthos (nos./m2)
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 IB1 IB2 IB3
Phylum: Annelida Class: Polychaeta
1 Family:Nereidae Perineris sp.
20 - 10 * * * * 20 * 20 20 10 10
2 Family:Lopadorhynchidae Pelagobia sp.
- 20 10 * * * * 10 * - - 10 30
3 Family:Pilargidae Ancistrosyllis sp.
- 20 - * * * * - * 30 - - -
4 Family:Sabellariidae Sabellaria sp.
- 10 - * * * * 20 * 10 10 10 -
Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda
5 Nassarius sp. 20 10 - * * * * 10 * - - - -
Total 40 60 20 * * * * 60 * 60 30 30 40
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Table 3.70 Phytoplankton diversity indices in the study area
Stations S N d J' H'(log2) 1-
Lambda'
S1 34 91359 2.889 0.8619 4.385 0.9276
S2 34 245157 2.659 0.8494 4.321 0.9234
S3 32 97648 2.698 0.8179 4.089 0.9061
S4 34 73347 2.946 0.8218 4.181 0.9089
S5 34 87095 2.901 0.8347 4.246 0.9124
S6 30 210013 2.366 0.8186 4.017 0.9093
S7 32 142419 2.612 0.7859 3.930 0.8903
S8 33 146771 2.69 0.8255 4.164 0.9111
S9 31 179227 2.48 0.8221 4.073 0.9079
S10 34 241121 2.663 0.8241 4.193 0.916
Table 3.71 Zooplankton diversity indices in the study area
Stations S N D J' H'(log2) 1-
Lambda'
S1 43 245742 3.384 0.8921 4.841 0.9494
S2 46 208430 3.674 0.894 4.938 0.9529
S3 45 210629 3.59 0.9142 5.021 0.9604
S4 44 247234 3.463 0.8533 4.659 0.9345
S5 49 171442 3.983 0.8502 4.774 0.9358
S6 47 196356 3.774 0.9305 5.169 0.9650
S7 50 261830 3.928 0.8811 4.973 0.9519
S8 47 211611 3.751 0.8957 4.975 0.9541
S9 46 222533 3.655 0.890 4.916 0.9512
S10 49 318873 3.788 0.8679 4.873 0.9478
Table 3.72 Benthic community diversity indices in the study area
Stations S N D J' H'(log2) 1-
Lambda'
S1 2 40 0.271 1.000 1.000 0.513
S2 4 60 0.733 0.959 1.918 0.735
S3 2 20 0.334 1.000 1.000 0.526
S8 4 60 0.733 0.959 1.918 0.735
S10 3 60 0.489 0.921 1.459 0.622
IB1 2 30 0.294 0.918 0.918 0.460
IB2 3 30 0.588 1.000 1.585 0.690
IB3 2 40 0.271 0.811 0.811 0.385
S- Total number species (richness); N- total number of individuals; d- Margalef‟s richness
index; J'- Pielou‟s evenness index; H'- Shannon-Wiener diversity index; 1- Lambda'-
Simpons‟s diversity index.
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Fig. 3.25 Dominance curve for Benthos
Fig 3.26 Dendrogram of Benthic species recorded in various stations
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Fig 3.27 MDS plot for benthic animals recorded in various stations
The Bray-Curtis similarity for phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos are given in
Tables 3.73, 3.74 and 3.75.
Table 3.73 Bray – Curtis similarity for Phytoplankton in the study area
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10
S1
S2 73.55
S3 79.67 68.5
8
S4 78.87 66.5
2 70.3
8
S5 80.00 67.1
1 70.4
1 76.5
3
S6 64.45 70.6
9 63.1
7 57.1
4 61.8
1
S7 71.93 68.2
2 73.1
4 68.5
1 68.2
4 69.9
0
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S8 74.81 70.1
6 77.6
2 68.7
3 70.9
2 65.5
2 72.9
0
S9 69.00 69.9
4 69.5
3 66.9
6 64.9
9 73.6
1 70.8
5 68.7
4
S10 73.54 80.1
7 64.2
3 61.8
5 67.8
9 68.6
8 66.2
6 71.8
5 68.0
1
Table 3.74 Bray – Curtis similarity for Zooplankton collection from different stations
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10
S1
S2 75.87
S3 79.75 84.34
S4 81.04 79.11 81.20
S5 73.20 71.68 73.18 72.23
S6 75.17 81.60 80.29 75.14 81.74
S7 71.61 71.00 72.53 70.36 82.27 77.31
S8 78.74 76.91 78.41 78.93 77.27 82.18 77.09
S9 77.84 80.49 80.08 78.71 72.29 78.07 72.02 82.51
S10 73.45 72.11 73.59 71.70 81.08 77.52 85.45 78.68 71.32
Table 3.75 Bray – Curtis similarity for Benthos collection from different stations
S1 S2 S3 S8 S10 IB1 IB2 IB3
S1
S2 26.12
S3 41.42 29.29
S8 63.06 62.13 58.58
S10 40.55 53.80 32.54 53.80
IB1 53.95 27.61 45.31 66.67 73.60
IB2 34.31 51.10 80.00 76.64 55.97
73.88
IB3 35.97 37.41 84.53 52.91 29.08
38.86 69.78
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3.5.11.5 Marine Microbiology Parameters
Bacterial counts in the surface water and in sediment samples were analyzed, and
are presented in Tables 3.76 and 3.77 respectively. In the water samples, population
density enumerated from the all stations varied from 0.01 to 5.02 ×103 CFU ml-1. In
the sediment samples, population density varied from 0.05 to 5.13 ×104 CFU g-1. This
result implies that in this region there is no indication of any major microbiological
pollution.
Mangroves:
The survey conducted in the project area indicates the presence of scattered
mangrove vegetation with low density. It was found to be sparsely distributed due to
coastal configuration and substratum which is mostly rocky in nature. Few mangrove
species were also seen to grow in between the rocks. The common species found in
this area are shown below:
Coastal sand dune Vegetation:
The survey conducted in the project region also indicate presence of some coastal
vegetation plants comprised of Prosopis juliflora, Cassia sp., Azadirachta indica,
Actites sp. and Ziziphus sp as shown in the photographs below.
Fishery
Experimental trawl survey: In order to assess the fishery potential of the project
region, exploratory/experimental fishing was carried out.
Two hauls were made on 09 December, 2011 during day time. The duration of each
haul was approximately 1hr 30 min and the towing speed varied between 2.5 and 3.5
knots. The catch of each haul was sorted out into various groups/species and
weighed.
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Table 3.76 Bacterial population in coastal waters (nos x 103/ml)
Media Type of Bacteria
Stations
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10
Nut Agar TVC 5.02 4.85 4.02 4.68 4.08 4.64 4.81 4.75 4.24 4.49
Mac Agar TC 0.24 0.32 0.86 0.60 0.45 0.41 0.39 0.53 0.28 0.46
Mac Agar ECLO 0.12 0.18 0.32 0.41 0.22 0.18 0.12 0.09 0.21 0.13
XLD Agar SHLO 0.17 0.19 0.22 0.28 0.18 0.16 0.12 0.15 0.16 0.13
XLD Agar PKLO - - - - - - - - - -
TCBS Agar VLO 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.30 0.76 0.10 0.58 0.64 0.79 0.51
TCBS Agar VPLO 0.15 0.09 0.07 0.10 0.18 0.06 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.13
TCBS Agar VCLO 0.02 - - 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.03 - 0.07
CET Agar PALO 0.08 0.06 0.11 0.02 0.03 0.13 0.08 0.14 0.04 0.02
- Not Detectable
TVC -Total Viable Counts; TC- Total Coliforms; ECLO-Escherichia coli like organisms; SHLO-Shigella like organisms; SLO-Salmonella like organisms; PKLO-Proteus klebsiella; VLO-Vibrio like organisms; VPLO- Vibrio parahaemolyticus like organisms; VCLO-Vibrio cholera like organisms; PALO- Pseudomonas aerugenosa like organism.
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Table 3.77 Bacterial population in seabed sediments (x104 nos./g)
Media Type of Bacteria
Stations
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10
Nut Agar TVC 4.98 5.13 4.85 * * * * 4.72 * 4.89
Mac Agar TC 0.45 0.29 0.61 * * * * 0.52 * 0.48
Mac Agar ECLO 0.20 0.19 0.32 * * * * 0.23 * 0.21
XLD Agar SHLO 0.24 0.18 0.26 * * * * 0.19 * 0.33
XLD Agar PKLO - - - * * * * * -
TCBS Agar VLO 0.69 0.71 0.48 * * * * 0.52 * 0.59
TCBS Agar VPLO 0.12 0.18 0.09 * * * * 0.07 * 0.11
TCBS Agar VCLO 0.05 0.10 - * * * * - * 0.04
CET Agar PALO 0.12 0.09 0.15 * * * * 0.13 * 0.08
*=No sample due to rocky substratum - Not Detectable
TVC -Total Viable Counts; TC- Total Coliforms; ECLO-Escherichia coli like organisms; SHLO-Shigella like organisms; SLO-Salmonella like organisms; PKLO-Proteus klebsiella; VLO-Vibrio like organisms; VPLO- Vibrio parahaemolyticus like organisms; VCLO-Vibrio cholera like organisms; PALO- Pseudomonas aerugenosa like organisms.
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The catch rate was 1kg/90 min. The mean value of the haul is 0.7 kg/h. The
estimated total biomass for the study area of 157 km2 based on the experimental
trawl survey was about 220kg with an estimated population density of 1.4kg/km2.
Fish samples including prawns and crabs collected from the trawl survey were also
examined for the maturity stage.
In general the catch was very poor. The catch was dominated mostly by three
species i.e. Bombay duck (Harpadon nehereus) (75%), shrimp like Acetes sp. (17%)
and Stipinna taty (8%) (Fig. 3.28).
As the trawl fish catch was very poor, in order to assess the nature of fishes available
in this area, gill-netting was also tried. The length of gill net is 300 m and height 17
m. The average depth was 10m and the sampling duration was 7 hrs. However, this
experimental gill net fishing was also very poor and the catch obtained was only ~ 2
kg.
Fig. 3.28 Distribution of dominant fish species in the study area
3.5.11.6 General conclusions on ecological status
The classification of Shannon - Weiner diversity Index is given in Table 3.78.
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Table 3.78 Shannon - Weiner diversity Index of phytoplankton and zooplankton
Productivity Status
Species Diversity (Shannon - H' )
Explanation
Bad 0.0 – 1.5 Very highly polluted
Poor 1.6 – 3.0 Highly polluted
Moderate 3.1 – 4.0 Moderately polluted
Good 4.1 - 4. 9 Transitional zone ( i.e. pristine to polluted)
High 5.0 and above Normal/Pristine (i.e. can be a reference site)
The diversity values (H') for phytoplankton and zooplankton were found to be
between 4.0 and 5.0 indicating that the region may be classified as “moderate” to
“good” and classified as moderately polluted to transitional zone (pristine to polluted).
Based on the statistics available from the Gujarat State Fisheries Department, it is
evident that the fishery of this region is very poor.
3.5.11.7 Mangroves
In the Gulf of Khambhat, mangroves occur in small patches and are mostly sparsely
distributed. Mangrove vegetation in and around the project site is extremely poor and
sparsely distributed. Rhizophora sp. was seen in patches in between the rocks.
However, Aviceenia sp. was found in good number on the river banks near Alang
shipyard.
3.5.11.8 Coral reefs
The survey conducted in the project region indicated absence of any coral reefs and
could not find any coral patches or broken/dead corals along the intertidal area.
3.5.11.9 Seagrass beds and algal communities
The long stretches of rocky, coralline and limestone substrata of both intertidal and
shallow sub-tidal waters along Gujarat coast and more particularly Saurashtra coast
is dominated by assemblage of diverse seaweed communities. Gujarat coast
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harbours around 210 species of marine algae having an estimated standing biomass
of >1,00,000 tones (fresh weight) per year.
The Gulf of Khambhat has very restricted marine algal distribution, mostly
concentrated at Mahuva and Gopnath where Ulva lactuca, U. rigida and Gracilaria
corticata species are most common. The Gulf of Khambhat is characterized by
strong currents and high siltation rate conditions which are not conducive for marine
algal growth. However, Mahuva and Gopnath have favourable rocky intertidal
shoreline where in occurrence of certain species algae are recorded.
In the project area surveyed, very scanty distribution of algae and seaweeds were
found.
3.5.11.10 Other Important flora and fauna
Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management (ICMAM) observations from the
Gulf of Khambhat recorded 12 species with Tellina sp. (Bivalve) as a dominant
species followed by polychaetes and small gastropods. As compared to the Gulf of
Kachchh, the Gulf of Khambhat is very poor in faunal diversity and total count.
Possible reasons for this are the higher tidal amplitudes, stronger tidal currents and
enormous suspended sediments.
3.5.11.11 Turtle nesting
In the project area no turtle nesting ground was noticed during the survey.
3.5.11.12 Tidal flats
In general, the Gulf supports a vast intertidal expanse of 3268 km2, the maximum
along the Indian coast, due to high tidal range. Owing to the conical shape, the
intertidal mudflats of northern Gulf extend to about 5 km. However, the mudflats of
the southern Gulf are restricted mostly towards eastern side. Southern side of the
project region has a vast expanse of mudflats due to the presence of a river near
Alang shipyard. As we move towards north patches of mudflats are found in between
the rocky substratum.
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3.5.12 Pre-operational Radiological Survey
The pre-operational environmental surveillance around a nuclear power plant site is
essential to assess the impact of plant operations on the environment. In Indian
scenario such surveillance is mandatory to fulfill the regulatory requirements before
the commissioning of the plant. The study was carried out to cover an area of 30 km
radius around the proposed site.
Pre-operational Radiological Survey was carried out by Health Physics Division,
BARC and attached as Annexure– VIII (Volume – II of this report)).
3.5.12.1 Direct radiation exposure measurements
Gamma radiation level was measured in and around Mithivirdi site using Gamma
dose rate tracer and reported in Table-3.79. It is observed that the gamma radiation
level was 2.2-18.2 µR/h with an average value 8.8 µR/h. The gamma radiation levels
around this site are normal background and are comparable with Kakrapar and Kaiga
site. Latitude and longitude of the locations are measured using Global Positioning
system (GPS 12 XL, Garmin make) are also shown in Table-3.79.
Table-3.79 Latitude, longitude & Gamma dose rate level in and around Mithivirdi NPP
site
Location Lattitude (N)
Longitude (E)
Distance (km)
Direction (degree)
Direction
Sector
Gamma Dose rate using Gamma dose rate Tracer (µR/h)
Min
Max
Average
Mithivirdi actual site 21.47 72.23 0.00 0 N A 2.7
16.7 7.4
Adhewada 21.72 72.16 28.95 345 NNW P 7.5 11.8 9.9
Akwada 21.73 72.18 29.3 349 NNW P 5.6 11.3 8.1
Alang Shipyard 21.40 72.19 8.77 212 SSW J 4.4 18.2 9.3
Avaniya 21.71 72.22 26.92 357 N A 7.5 9.8 8.7
Bhavanipara 21.53 72.20 7.53 337 NNW P 8.0 13. 10.6
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8
Bhavnagar air port gate 21.76 72.18 32.12 351 N A 7.6
12.5 10.2
Bhavnagar city near NPCIL office 21.77 72.15 33.91 346 NNW P 8.4
15.9 11.4
BhavnagarRam Mandir 21.75 72.15 31.83 345 NNW P 4.3
13.9 10.4
Bhavnagar Sanskar Mandal Chouk 21.75 72.15 32.63 345 NNW P 6.0
14.3 8.5
Bhumbhali 21.67 72.24 22.68 3 N A 3.3 10.2 7.4
Bhuteshwar 21.68 72.23 23.76 1 N A 6.9 13.0 10.4
Budhel 21.68 72.15 24.29 340 NNW P 7.9 14.8 11.2
Chhaya 21.51 72.20 4.96 325 NW O 9.3 16.0 12.2
Ghugha 21.69 72.27 24.43 10 N A 3.7 4.9 4.3
Gundi 21.65 72.26 19.96 8 N A 7.5 10.2 8.8
Hatab 21.59 72.27 14.26 16 NNE B 4.7 10.7 8.0
Jaspara 21.47 72.21 1.76 256 WSW L 6.1 9.1 7.6
Juna Ratanpura 21.68 72.26 23.01 8 N A 7.0 10.7 8.2
Kobdi 21.63 72.14 20.34 334 NNW P 6.1 11.3 8.2
Koliank Mahadev 21.60 72.29 15.71 21 NNE B 7.5 10.2 8.8
Kukad 21.49 72.19 14.00 344 NNW P 7.5 10.7 8.5
Lakhanka 21.53 72.25 6.51 15 NNE B 3.8 7.4 6.1
Malanka 21.73 72.18 29.17 349 NNW P 8.8 9.2 9.0
Malekbhader 21.61 72.25 15.87 9 N A 6.5 12.3 9.9
Mamsha 21.66 72.14 22.47 337 NNW P 5.4 12.6 9.3
Mandva 21.46 72.21 2.25 247 WSW L 7.0 12.5 9.2
Mithivirdi 21.51 72.24 4.98 17 NNE B 2.7 16.7 7.4
Mithivirdi 21.47 72.23 0.55 343 NNW P 2.7 16.7 7.4
Mithivirdi Gaon 21.50 72.24 2.96 21 NNE B 2.7 16.7 7.4
Mithivirdi site 21.48 72.23 0.94 24 NNE B 2.7 16.7 7.4
Mithivirdi site A 21.48 72.25 2.08 48 NE C 2.7 16. 7.4
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7
Mithivirdi site B 21.49 72.23 2.12 2 N A 2.7 16.7 7.4
Mithivirdi site C 21.46 72.21 2.25 230 SW K 2.7 16.7 7.4
Mithivirdi site D 21.45 72.23 2.25 183 S I 2.7 16.7 7.4
Morchand 21.54 72.21 8.49 345 NNW P 4.1 15.9 10.8
Nava Ratanpura 21.65 72.26 19.97 8 N A 4.3 9.4 6.9
Odarka 21.49 72.17 6.38 294 WNW N 7.1 11.1 9.1
Padva 21.59 72.21 13.51 352 N A 7.0 8.8 7.6
Panchpipla 21.46 72.11 12.17 267 W M 7.4 13.9 10.6
Paniyali 21.49 72.19 4.55 301 WNW N 5.1 13.3 9.4
Pipaliapool 21.70 72.23 25.84 360 N A 4.3 8.8 6.5
Rajapara-2 21.47 72.11 12.04 272 W M 7.4 13.9 10.6
Ruva 21.76 72.18 32.51 351 N A 8.1 9.8 8.9
Sanodar 21.49 72.17 6.38 294 WNW N 10.3
13.3 11.6
Sosiya 21.44 72.21 3.83 221 SW K 2.2 12.5 7.9
Sosiya Jahazwada 21.43 72.20 5.00 213 SSW J 2.2
12.5 7.9
Subash Nagar 21.77 72.16 33.65 348 NNW P 9.6 13.3 11.3
Surka 21.68 72.26 23.01 8 N A 4.7 13.9 9.3
Tarsamia 21.74 72.17 30.08 348 NNW P 7.9 8.1 8.0
Trapaj 21.42 72.11 13.52 247 WSW L 7.4 13.9 10.6
Vardi 21.49 72.17 6.38 294 WNW N 6.5 11.6 9.8
3.5.12.2 Tritium (3H) in water samples
A total of 8 water samples were analyzed for 3H activity using Liquid Scintillation
Spectrometer (Model No. TR/SL 3710). As shown in Table-3.80, 3H activity was less
than the detection level of 10 Bq/l in all the water samples.
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Table-3.80 Tritium activity (Bq/l) in water sample
Location 3H activity (Bq/l)
Malekvadehar BDL
Malanka BDL
Sosiya BDL
Bhabanipara BDL
Ruva BDL
Padva BDL
Jaspara BDL
Paniyali BDL
Minimum Detectable Level
10
BDL: Below Detection Level
3.5.12.3 Radioactivity levels in water samples (137Cs and 90Sr)
8 water samples were collected from various locations around the site and analyzed
for137Cs and 90Sr. The activity levels are reported in Table-3.81. The 90Sr activities in
all the water samples are below detectable level of 1.5 mBq/l. The 137Cs activities in
all the water samples are in the range of BDL-3.3 mBq/l.
Table-3.81 Radioactivity levels in water samples collected in and around Mithivirdi NPP site
Location Type of sample 137Cs (mBq/l)
90Sr (mBq/l)
Malekbhader Well water 1.2±0.5 BDL
Malanka Well water 1.2±0.6 BDL
Sosiya Sea water BDL BDL
Bhavanipara Well water 1.2±0.6 BDL
Ruva River water 2.5±0.7 BDL
Padva Well water 1.4±0.6 BDL
Jaspara Well water 3.0±0.7 BDL
Paniyali Well water 3.3±0.7 BDL
Minimum Detectable Level 0.5 1.5
3.5.12.4 Radioactivity levels in aquatic organism (137Cs and 40K)
Four different species of fish and crabs were analyzed and results are given in Table-
3.82. The 137Cs and 40K activity in all the samples are in the range of BDL-0.13 Bq/kg
flesh wt. and 11.4-28.9 Bq/kg flesh wt. respectively.
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Table-3.82 Radioactivity in aquatic organism
Location Type of sample (Local name)
137Cs (Bq/kg flesh wt.)
40K (Bq/kg flesh wt.)
Jaspara Crab BDL 28.9±1.0
Bomai BDL 14.8±3.7
Prawn 0.13±0.06 11.4±4.6
Pomfret BDL 25.1±3.5
Minimum Detectable Level 0.03 3.0
3.5.12.5 Radioactivity levels in soil and sand samples
21 soil and 2 sand samples were collected from various locations around the site and
analyzed for natural and fallout activity. The samples were counted by gamma
spectrometry with HPGe detector for the estimation of 238U, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs. The
results of analysis are presented in Table-3.83.
Table-3.83 Radioactivity levels (Bq/kg dry wt.) in soil samples collected in and around Mithivirdi NPP site
Location Type of sample
Moisture Content (%)
238U (214Bi, 609 KeV)
232Th (228Ac, 911 KeV)
40K (1460 KeV)
137Cs (662 KeV)
Mithivirdi Soil 24.5 19.1±2.2 33.3±3.0 261.6±19.8 0.73±0.29
Sosya Soil 10.0 11.3±1.1 20.7±1.5 279.6±10.1 1.82±0.17
Mithivirdi Soil 2.1 45.5±2.5 56.3±3.5 179±21.1 0.80±0.31
Pariyali Soil 10.9 14.0±2.7 24.3±3.9 136.4±26.2 0.82±0.37
Tarsania Soil 15.6 17.1±1.2 23.5±1.6 331.2±10.9 1.17±0.17
Ruva Soil 18.6 19.7±1.3 27.7±1.7 230.2±11.2 0.69±0.17
Chhaya Soil 7.7 8.0±2.2 16.4±3.1 57.0±2.7 1.52±0.31
Malekvadhar Soil 8.1 12.6±1.1 17.6±1.5 178.6±10.2 1.00±0.17
Bhavanipara Soil 5.6 3.0±1.1 10.0±1.5 190.9±10.6 0.96±0.17
Malanka Soil 9.5 10.0±1.1 15.6±1.5 204.8±10.2 1.67±0.18
Kukad Soil 10.0 6.4±1.2 13.3±1.6 331.3±11.8 1.90±0.2
Nathugadh Soil 5.2 3.0±1.0 11.4±1.4 126.2±9.6 3.62±0.22
Padva Soil 13.2 6.6±0.8 13.2±1.1 224.5±7.9 1.53±0.14
Marchand Soil 16.3 5.5±1.0 13.9±1.3 166.4±9.1 1.10±0.18
Navratnpura Soil 4.2 14.9±1.2 28.4±1.6 193.8±10.5 2.11±0.2
Mithivirdi Soil 3.6 33.0±1.6 54.3±2.2 113.1±12.7 2.96±0.25
Surka Soil 4.9 22.0±1.3 32.2±1.7 25.6±1.4 1.02±0.17
Hatab Soil 8.5 15.7±1.2 28.9±1.6 278.2±10.5 1.86±0.18
Juna Ratanpura Soil 4.8 12.5±1.1 23.9±1.5 171.3±9.7 1.92±0.18
Jaspara Soil 11.3 35.8±1.2 69.0±1.8 106.7±9.2 2.05±0.17
Bhumbali Soil 4.9 14.5±1.1 25.1±1.4 184.3±9.4 2.16±0.17
Lakhanka Shore 1.9 6.3±0.7 14.8±1.0 52.0±6.5 1.00±0.11
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Sand
Pipliya Sand & salt mix
13.9 4.7±0.9 13.0±1.1 54.2±7.7 0.80±0.12
3.5.12.6 Radioactivity levels in different vegetable and fruit samples (137Cs and 40K)
Different types of vegetable and fruit samples (8 nos.) grown around Mithivirdi site
were collected and analysed for 137Cs and 40K. The activity levels are reported in
Table-3.84.
Table-3.84 Radioactivity in vegetable and fruits
Location Type of sample
137Cs (Bq/kg fresh wt.)
40K (Bq/kg fresh wt.)
Jaspara Onion 0.17±0.07 22.1±5.1
Brinjal BDL 59.8±4.9
Cauli flower 0.18±0.05 50.7±3.9
Chiku BDL 21.0±3.0
Bhavanipara Lowki 0.15±0.04 29.7±3.1
Brinjal BDL 58.0±6.0
Padva Papaya 0.03±0.01 64.4±1.1
Malekbhader Papaya BDL 16.4±0.9
Minimum Detectable Level 0.02 5.0
3.5.12.7 Radioactivity levels in cereals and pulses (137Cs and 40K)
Different types of cereals and pulses samples (7 nos.) grown around Mithivirdi site
were collected and analysed for 137Cs and 40K. The activity levels are reported in
Table-3.85.
Table-3.85 Radioactivity in cereals and pulses
Location Type of sample
137Cs (Bq/kg dry wt.)
40K (Bq/kg dry wt.)
Padva Bajra 0.16±0.05 90.4±4.1
Hatab Bajra 0.06±0.03 90.8±3.0
Malanka Bajra 0.13±0.05 90.3±4.2
Jaspara Bajra 0.18±0.04 88.0±2.7
Jaspara Wheat 0.04±0.03 85.2±2.6
Jaspara Moong 0.09±0.06 364.0±5.7
Malekbhader Moong BDL 355.0±5.5
Minimum Detectable Level 0.03 6.0
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3.5.12.8 Radioactivity levels in leaf and grass samples (137Cs and 40K)
Different types of leaf and grass samples (11 nos.) around Mithivirdi site were
collected and analysed for 137Cs and 40K. The activity levels are reported in Table-
3.86.
Table-3.86 Radioactivity in Leaf and grass
Location Description
137Cs (Bq/kg dry wt.)
40K (Bq/kg dry wt.)
Ruva Bargad leaf BDL 438.2±12.3
Malekbhader Papaya leaf BDL 929.2±34.3
Padva Papaya leaf 0.49±0.20 986.4±18.1
Mithivirdi Gunda leaf BDL 352.6±67.8
Mithivirdi Mango leaf 0.96±0.79 224.0±59.0
Mithivirdi Khakra leaf BDL 146.4±19.4
Jaspara Jamun leaf BDL 70.0±20.0
Padva Kapas BDL 742.4±114.2
Sosiya Mango leaf 1.52±0.28 220.0±19.2
Malanka Bajra grass 0.69±0.19 322.0±14.2
Malekbhader Moong grass 0.27±0.09 360.4±7.6
Minimum Detectable Level 0.2 30.0
230
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MITHIVIRDI, BHAVNAGAR, GUJARAT
CHAPTER – 4
ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS &
MITIGATION MEASURES
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4.0 INTRODUCTION
The impact identification and mitigation measures for the proposed power plant are
discussed in subsequent sections. In addition detailed radiological and marine impact
assessments are given in separate Annexures VIII and IX respectively (Volume – II of
this report).
4.1 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION
The identification of potential impacts, during the construction and operation phases of
the proposed project activities, on various components of the environment viz. air,
water, noise, land, biological and socio-economic are discussed in subsequent sections.
4.1.1 Construction phase
The construction of nuclear power project of would require input from civil, mechanical
aspects including transport, labour etc. In order to identify the probable impacts, it is
essential that impacts of all the activities that are likely to take place during construction
phase are identified. The various activities involved in the proposed project are listed
below:
Excavation works
Civil foundation works
Main plant building construction works
Equipment erection and piping works
Cable laying works
Inspection and Testing works
4.1.2 Operational phase & decommissioning phase
After completion of construction of various facilities, the plant would be commissioned for
operation. The activities involved in the operational phase of the project are discussed in
subsequent sections.
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Prior to commissioning of the nuclear reactors, after completion of construction, a
number of pre-commissioning operations like cleaning and hydrostatic testing of
pipelines, vessels etc., starting of mechanical and rotating equipment etc. will be carried
out. After successful pre-commissioning activities, the operation of nuclear power plant
will generate the electric power.
At the end of the operating life of the units, a detail decommissioning plan will be worked
out. The process of decommissioning will start after the final shutdown of the plant and
ends with the release of the site as authorized by AERB or for unrestricted use by the
public. The decommissioning plan will be prepared by NPCIL and will be approved by
AERB and will be implemented as described in section 4.3.10. The plan will ensure that
there will not be any radioactive releases in the public domain / environment, thus the
impact in the public domain due to decommissioning of the units will be negligible.
4.2 SOURCE AND REQUIREMENT OF WATER AND POWER
The nuclear reactors require certain major utilities like cooling water during operation
phase & power supply during construction phase. The same requirements are given
below Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 Source and requirement of water and power
4.3 IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS BEARING IMPACTS
The impact on each of the environmental components is identified by during construction
and operational phase. A summary matrix for the activity and the environmental
components is given Chapter – 10. All the environmental factors have been assessed
based on the present conditions prevailing in the study area. The impacts due to various
activities on environmental components are studied. The components adopted for this
study are listed below:
Air Environment
Water Environment
Item Demand Source
Water 43220 MLD Sea water
Power 10 MW Paschim Gujarat Vij Company Limited
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Noise Environment
Land Environment
Biological Environment
Marine Environment
Socio-Economic Environment
4.3.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT
4.3.1.1 Construction phase
Presently, the air quality in terms of SPM is ranging from (135 to 176 µg/m3), PM10 (51 to
67 µg/m3), PM2.5 (11.7 to 20.6 µg/m3). The impact on air quality during the construction
phase of the proposed project shall be in terms of increased dust (SPM) concentration
locally. The dust emissions during construction will be controlled by the use of water
sprinklers etc. Since the project activity will be confined to proposed project site, there
shall be marginal increase in SPM levels and shall be limited to construction phase only.
There will be marginal increase in conventional air pollutants levels due to increase in
vehicular traffic and urbanization, which can be attributed to indirect impacts of the
project in that region. The proposed nuclear power project is not the source of
conventional air pollution and present levels of conventional air pollutants are very low
as presented in Section No-3.5.2.1 of Chapter - 3.
4.3.1.2 Operation phase
As far as conventional air pollutants are concerned viz. SPM, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx &
O3 their concentrations in the ambient air during winter season were observed to be well
within the prescribed limits (SPM-200 µg/m3, PM10-100 µg/m3 and PM2.5 – 60 µg/m3).
However, with subsequent use of DG sets on intermittent basis, concentrations of these
air pollutants are expected to increase. Since the existing levels of conventional air
pollutants are low, the incremental increase in the levels of these pollutants will not be
crossing their respective prescribed limits. All statutory requirements stipulated for DG
sets will be implemented.
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4.3.1.3 DG set modeling
The proposed plant will have an impact on the air environment. While the impact of
fugitive emissions will be within the project area, the effect of emissions from the point
sources is a major concern as it will have an impact on the ambient air quality in the
surrounding area.
For prediction of impacts for any proposed project vis-a-vis to assess the impacts due to
increase in pollution load, in general, contributions from the proposed units is added to
the existing back ground AAQ concentrations and predictions is done accordingly.
Once the pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere, the dilution and dispersion of the
pollutants are controlled by various meteorological parameters like wind speed and
direction, ambient temperature, mixing height, etc. In most dispersion models the
relevant atmospheric layer is that nearest to the ground, varying in thickness from
several hundred to a few thousand meters. Variations in both thermal and mechanical
turbulence and in wind velocity are greatest in the layer in contact with the surface. The
atmospheric dispersion modeling and the prediction of ground level pollutant
concentrations has great relevance in the following activities:
Estimation of impact of setting up of new industry on surrounding environment.
Estimation of maximum ground level concentration and its location in the study
area.
The prediction of Ground level concentrations (GLC) of pollutants emitted from the
stacks have been carried out using ISCST-3 Air Quality Simulation model released by
USEPA which is also accepted by Indian statutory bodies. This model is basically a
Gaussian dispersion model which considers multiple sources. The model accepts hourly
meteorological data records to define the conditions of plume rise for each source and
receptor combination for each hour of input meteorological data sequentially and
calculates short term averages up to 24 hours. The impact has been predicted over a 10
km X 10 km area with the proposed location of the stack as the centre. Accordingly, the
emissions are estimated and the details of the proposed stacks and emissions from
them are given below.
DG stack height: 30 m
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DG stack top internal diameter: 860 mm (approx.)
DG exhaust gas flow: 0.014 m3/s
DG exhaust gas temp at turbo charger outlet: 638 K
Emission rate of each pollutant from DG sets:
NOx < 15.92 g/s
CO <1.02728 g/s
SO2 < 2.3 g/s
CO2 < 6.47 % (dry)
Oxygen < 12.97% (dry)
Specific fuel consumption of the DG rating of 4 MW is 203 g/KWH
Stack details like height, top diameter, exit velocity etc of all the stacks are taken from
similar facilities. However, these stack details may be changed at the detailed
engineering stage and as per design of know-how supplier, prevailing emission factors
as available in literature for DG sets and different statutory regulations prevailing in the
country.
Meteorological data plays an important role in computation of Ground Level
Concentration using ISCST-3 model. Meteorological data of the project site is another
input required for computation of the contribution by the proposed plant. The parameters
required are:
Wind velocity and direction
Stability
Mixing height
The hourly wind speed, solar insulation and cloudiness during the day whereas in the
night, wind speed and cloudiness parameters were used to determine the hourly
atmospheric stability Class A to F (Pasquill and Gifford). Data related to wind velocity
and direction were generated during the monitoring period. Part of this site specific
monitored data have been used as input data of the model during computation.
The hourly occurrence of various stability classes at the project site is also an important
input parameter to the model. Further site specific mixing depth (mixing height or
convective stable boundary layer and inversion height or nocturnal stable boundary
layer) is also an important input parameter for computation and assessment of realistic
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dispersion of pollutants. There are different methods for generating these parameters,
but in the present case data published by CPCB in Spatial distribution of hourly mixing
depth over Indian region have been used.
The above computation is considering the stack emissions only and does not take into
account any changes in the fugitive emission. However, since the fugitive emissions are
being released mainly from near ground sources, are not expected to travel / disperse to
a longer distance to reach beyond the plant boundary and thus are not expected to have
any impact on the ambient air.
As stated earlier that out of the total twelve DG sets, all DG sets will be tested parallel
once in a week for one hour. The prediction for this scenario is given below.
There are two Diesel Generators (DGs) for each unit. So there are 12 DGs for six units
of NPP. Each stack of 30 m will be provided to vent out the flue gases from each DGs.
In order to predict impacts on ambient air quality due to DG sets operation on regular
and emergency basis proposed NPP at Mithivirdi, data on emission scenario and
micrometeorology data collected by Pragathi Labs and along with historical data
collected from India Meteorology Department (IMD) were used to predict Ground Level
Concentrations (GLCs) of SO2, NOx and CO.
4.3.1.3.1 ISCST3 – Model Description
The Industrial Source Complex – Short Term Version 3 (ISCST-3) models has been
developed to simulate the effect of emissions from the point sources on air quality. The
ISCST-3 model was adopted from the USEPA guidelines which are routinely used as a
regulatory model to simulate plume dispersion and transport from and up to 100 point
sources and 20000 receptors. ISCST–3 is extensively used for predicting the Ground
Level Concentrations (GLCs) of conservative pollutants from point, area and volume
sources. The impacts of conservative pollutants were predicted using this air quality
model keeping in view the plain terrain at and around the project site. The
micrometeorological data monitored at project site during study period have been used
in this model.
The impact on air quality due to emissions from single source or group of sources is
evaluated by use of mathematical models. When air pollutants are emitted into the
atmosphere, they are immediately diffused into surrounding atmosphere, transported
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and diluted due to winds. The air quality models are designed to simulate these
processes mathematically and to relate emissions of primary pollutants to the resulting
downwind air. The inputs needed for model development are emission load and nature,
meteorology and topographic features, to predict the GLCs.
The ISCST-3 model is, an hour-by-hour steady state Gaussian model which takes into
account the following:
- Terrain adjustments
- Stack-tip downwash
- Gradual plume rise
- Buoyancy-induced dispersion
- Complex terrain treatment and consideration of partial reflection
- Plume reflection off elevated terrain
- Building downwash
- Partial penetration of elevated inversions
- Hourly source emission rate, exit velocity, and stack gas temperature
The ISCST-3 model, thus, provides estimates of pollutant concentrations at various
receptor locations.
The ISC short term model for stacks uses the steady-state Gaussian plume equation for
a continuous elevated source. For each source and each hour, the origin of the source's
coordinate system is placed at the ground surface at the base of the stack. The x axis is
positive in the downwind direction, the y axis is crosswind (normal) to the x axis and the
z axis extends vertically. The fixed receptor locations are converted to each source's
coordinate system for each hourly concentration calculation. The hourly concentrations
calculated for each source at each receptor are summed to obtain the total concentration
produced at each receptor by the combined source emissions.
4.3.1.3.2 Impact of DG emissions on air environment
ISCST-3 model is used predict the one hour concentrations of SO2, NOx and CO from
each DG set when operated for one hour as a regular testing measure. All the predicted
values are given in below mentioned Table 4.2. Isopleths for SO2, NOx and CO due to
proposed project are given in Figs. 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 respectively.
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Table 4.2 Prediction of pollutants (SOx, NOx & CO) for one hour when DG sets are running one hour per week
Pollutant GLC range
SOx, µg/m3 0.013-0.152
NOx µg/m3 0.09-1.05
CO µg/m3 0.006-0.071
All the values are found to be well within the NAAQS standards for residential and
industrial areas. The maximum predicted GLCs of Sox, NOx and CO for the above
conditions are given in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3 Location of predicted GLCs for pollutants
Pollutant Maximum Value (µg/m3) Location (Xm, Ym)
SOx 0.152 -1800, 200
NOx 1.05 -1800, 200
CO 0.071 -1800, 200
4.3.1.3.3 Mitigation measures
Nuclear power contributes insignificant amount of pollutants to atmosphere such as CO2,
SO2, and CO. During the design phase all efforts have been made to adopt latest state
of art technology and to install adequate pollution control measures and for possible
fugitive emission sources. The following mitigation measures will be employed during
operation period to reduce the pollution level to acceptable limits:
To ensure that all the pollution control facilities envisaged at the design stage are
have been implemented and are functioning properly.
Stack monitoring to ensure proper functioning of different pollution control
facilities attached to major stacks.
Air monitoring in the Work-zone to ensure proper functioning of fugitive emission
control facilities.
Adequate plantation in and around different units.
Vehicles and machineries would be regularly maintained so that emissions
confirm to the applicable standards.
Monitoring of ambient air quality through online AAQ monitoring system at three
locations and through manual means at three locations (once in a year).
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Workers will be provided with adequate protective measures to protect them from
inhaling dust.
The test running of all the four DG sets for one hour in a week will not be taken
up collectively at a time. Only one DG set will be tested at a time for one hour
and remaining three will be taken up in subsequent hour / day of the week.
Fig. 4.1 Isopleths for SO2 concentration due to proposed nuclear power plant at Mithivirdi
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Fig. 4.2 Isopleths for NOx concentration due to proposed nuclear power plant at Mithivirdi
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Fig. 4.3 Isopleths for CO concentration due to proposed nuclear power plant at Mithivirdi
4.3.1.4 Gaseous radioactive discharges through air route
Atmospheric releases from the station are assessed to compute dose in the public
domain. The pathways of exposure include (where applicable) plume-shine, submersion,
inhalation, ground-shine and ingestion. One year site meteorology data and dietary data
of the local population were used to quantify the impact of the releases. The gaseous
releases take place from a building top vent of height 80m. The radius of the exclusion
boundary is taken as 1.0 km. The dose estimated to be received by an adult from
gaseous effluents for a single unit is 2.88 X 10-2 mSv/year and for an infant it is
estimated as 6.75 X 10-2 mSv/year.
As regards the gaseous effluents, appropriate measures are taken in the project design
so as to limit the emission much below the regulatory limits which will have minimum
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environmental impacts. These releases are monitored continuously and are governed by
limits, set by AERB.
4.3.1.5 Radio-active Solid Waste
Radioactive solid waste generated will be segregated at source depending upon its
nature (compactable/non-compactable) and surface dose rate. Different types of
radioactive solid wastes generated during the operation are spent ion-exchange resins,
paper-waste, cotton waste, air filter, liquid filter, shoe covers, hand gloves, mops,
discarded clothing and components, sludge etc. Solid wastes will be transported to
Waste Management Plant (WMP) in shielded containers / casks, if required, for
treatment / conditioning.
The waste after treatment / conditioning will be disposed off in engineered barriers at the
Near Surface Disposal Facility (NSDF), depending upon their surface dose rate:
Stone lined earth trenches,
RCC vaults / trenches and
Tile holes / high integrity containers (HIC).
As a matter of practice packages having higher radioactivity will be disposed off at the
bottom of trenches/ vaults and will be topped by low level assorted waste packages.
Impacts
Solid waste generated from different units may cause radio-active radiation in the
surroundings.
Mitigation Measures for solid waste disposal
Treatment and disposal of radioactive solid waste at the plant is carried out as
per AERB / SG / D-13.
Solid wastes after conditioning will be disposed off in the Near Surface
Disposal Facility (NSDF) area in earth trenches / RCC trenches / vaults / tile
holes / HIC depending upon their surface dose rate.
A waste assaying will be carried out to assess and record the radioactive
content in each conditioned waste packages before disposing them. Name of
the vault and their identification will also be recorded.
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Packages having higher activity will be disposed off at the bottom of trenches /
vaults and will be suitably sealed permanently as per established practices.
These data will be utilised to assess the safety aspects of the waste repository.
Necessary geo-hydrological & soil analysis studies for the NSDF site will be
carried out to assess the safety of NSDF containing solid waste generated from
50 years of plant operation.
Proper surveillance of Solid Waste Management Facility will be carried out -
through bore holes provided all around the NSDF to check the integrity of the
engineered barriers through periodic water sampling. Additional array of
boreholes will be provided, whenever the capacity of the facility will be
augmented.
The NSDF area will be fenced and necessary access control procedures will be
established.
The dose rate on the top of the sealed earth trenches and RCC trenches / vaults
will not exceed 0.01 mGy/h.
The combustible Category I waste will be combusted in incinerators. The main
objective of the incinerator is to minimize the disposal volume in earthen
trenches thereby reducing the activity ingress into ground water. This is one of
the most widely used method for volume reduction of low level combustible
waste by which reduction in disposal space and cost reduction in engineered
barriers can be achieved. This system will cater to very low level active
combustible solid waste like paper-waste, cotton waste, mops, discarded
clothing, packing materials etc.
As per accepted practices in all nuclear power plant sites in India and a notional
dose of 0.05 mSv/y has been allocated for dose through the terrestrial route.
This apportionment is applicable for the entire site.
4.3.2 WATER ENVIRONMENT
4.3.2.1 Construction phase
The proposed plant site is falling under irrigation command area identified by Gujarat
State Irrigation Department. An application for seeking no objection certificate for
development of the proposed project is submitted to irrigation department, Government
of Gujarat (Annexure –XIV (Volume – II of this report)).
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From the drainage map given in Annexure – VI (Volume – II of this report), it can be
observed that the existing drainage channels lead towards sea. Also suitable garland
drainage system will be developed along the project boundaries. Therefore, there will be
no impounding of water around the project boundary. During construction, waste
materials and spillages of oils etc. would contribute to certain amount of water pollution.
But these would be for a short duration. All liquid waste will be collected and disposed to
identified water impoundment within the construction site. This shall ensure prevention of
pollution to water bodies.
During construction phase water requirement shall be mainly for concreting activities,
workers domestic needs, and drinking water. The impact on water environment during
the construction phase shall be in terms of increased water demand and wastewater
generation due to construction activities. The water demand during construction shall be
met from a pipe line of Mahi River. A request letter to Gujarat Water Infrastructure
Limited (GWIL), Barwala, district Ahmedabad for permission of the same is attached as
Annexure-XV (Volume - II of this report). The generated waste water shall be treated
with the help of packaged sewage treatment plant and the treated effluent will be utilized
for green belt development. Hence, there shall be no impact on water environment due
to development of the proposed facilities.
4.3.2.2 Operation Phase
The water demand and water balance is given in section 2.23 of Chapter – 2. The
operational phase of the NPP is expected to generate minimum amount of radioactive as
well as non-radioactive water pollutants. A systematic process for liquid waste
management, complying with regulatory requirements of AERB is considered (refer
section no. 2.16 of Chapter – 2).
4.3.2.3 Impact due to desalinisation plant
During the operational phase, the fresh water requirement shall be met through a new
desalination plant. Brine generated by the desalinization plant has temperature only
about 2 to 3 0C higher than sea water intake temperature. Very small quantities of
chemicals are used to protect equipment from scaling and bio-fouling. The residual
concentration of these chemicals will be within the allowable regulatory limits and are not
harmful & bio-degradable. Salt concentration in brine typically shall be 2 to 3 times that
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intake sea water. To dilute the salt concentration, the brine shall be mixed with
condenser cooling water before discharging into sea for effective dilution. The
temperature rise and salinity level will be comparable to intake sea water levels and
hence will not have any impact on sea water due to discharges from desalination plant.
A comprehensive marine impact assessment study with respect to dispersion of
condensate water along with desalination rejects is carried out and attached as
Annexure-IX (Volume – II of this report).
4.3.2.4 Impact due to wastewater
The sanitary wastewater from the plant area will be treated in a packaged sewage
treatment plant of proper capacity (1 MLD) and the same will be routed for horticulture
purposes, to irrigate the green belt around the plant, park and avenue plantations.
4.3.2.5 Assessment of Dose in Public domain through water route
The annual average release of radionuclides from a single-unit site through liquid route
is estimated by gale code is 1010.2562 Ci/Year.
The impact of aqueous discharges is assessed by estimating dispersion of the effluents
in the Gulf of Khambhat upto a distance of 3.5 km from the coast, and conservatively
calculating doses arising from consumption of fish. The estimated dose to be received
by an adult from a single unit is 8.11 X 10-6 mSv/year.
4.3.2.6 Sewage water treatment
Package plant for sewage treatment shall include the following treatment methods using
appropriate equipment for meeting the desired quality of treated effluent. The process
flow diagram of STP is given in Fig. 4.4.
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Fig. 4.4 Flow diagram of sewage treatment plant
Primary Treatment
The Sewage generated is first passed through a Bar Screen and Oil & Grease trap
where the coarse particles and oil & grease gets removed before routing it to Collection
cum Equalization tank. Provision for agitation of equalization tank contents with air shall
be provided. The raw sewage is then pumped to the biological system under controlled
flow by means of raw sewage transfer pumps.
Secondary Treatment
This comprises of aerobic biological treatment processes using Rotating Biological
Contactors/ diffused aeration to remove various constituents exerting BOD/COD in the
effluent drawn from equalisation section at controlled rate. The effluents from the
biological treatment unit along with the biological solids flow by gravity to a clarifier
(compact lamella separator/clarifier). Excess bio-sludge purged out from the system
shall be sent for dewatering. The settled sludge in the Lamella separator/clarifier shall be
routed to the Bio-sludge Sump for further dewatering/recirculation.
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Polishing Treatment
The sewage overflow from the settling tank is routed to disinfection/ odour abatement
system. Hypochlorite is dosed as disinfectant chemical. The treated sewage is then
collected in a final collection tank. The treated water is pumped to an Activated Carbon
Filter for odor abatement before being routed for horticulture purpose through a
horticulture network. Provision for rerouting to inlet tank in case of failure if any/non-
compliance to treated effluent quality is available. Also all the units are designed with
one operating and one as standby.
Sludge Handling
Bio-sludge purged out as waste (excess biomass generated) from biological treatment
system shall be dewatered in Centrifuge. Waste sludge is collected in a sump and then
dewatered in a dedicated Centrifuge to get a solids consistency of minimum 20% in
sludge for subsequent disposal or to use as soil conditioner in greenbelt/horticulture
development. The concentrate from Centrifuge shall be routed back to the
Receiving/equalisation sump. Polyelectrolyte shall be dosed in the inlet of Centrifuge to
achieve the desired dewatered sludge consistency. The Bio-Sludge Sump contents are
maintained in agitated condition by providing air sparging arrangement in the sump.
Chemicals Handling
Sodium Hypochlorite shall be used for disinfection of sewage overflow from settling tank.
All safety precautions vide system supplier’s recommendations shall be complied with.
The Dewatering Polyelectrolyte Preparation and dosing system (Skid mounted) and
storage area shall be located in Centrifuge building. Storage space shall be provided for
one month requirement.
4.3.2.6 Storm water management
The rainwater from roof top of various buildings & plant areas will be collected through a
separate drainage network. This collected water will be channeled to nearest storm
water drain. However a suitable rainwater harvesting pit the capacity of 0.5 MLD will be
developed at Mithivirdi village. The general arrangement of rainwater harvesting pit is
given in Fig. 2.22. The water percolates into the pit through gravel media and stone
matrix and finally reaches the ground water table. This shall facilitate to an increase in
the ground water table in the nearby area.
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4.3.2.7 Area drainage and surrounding
Impact
The project may disrupt the natural drainage of the area and surroundings.
The area is semiarid with medium rainfall and flat terrain without any well defined
natural drainage system. There are no natural drainage channels passing
through project. The drainage is of inland type and the excess rainwater,
accumulates in natural /artificial depressions. One canal is going near the
boundary needs to be diverted.
Mitigation measures
Impact on drainage of the area is not anticipated.
A detailed site topographic survey of the project site and surroundings will be
undertaken and the site features will be so designed that the area and
surrounding drainages are not obstructed.
The power project will have their separate storm water drainage systems,
designed for the rainfall and drainage of the area. The storm water drainage from
the project will be led to the nearest canal to avoid flooding of the surrounding.
No construction / dumping activities will be done for establishment and operation
of the proposed project so as to disrupt the drainage pattern of the area.
Any adverse impact on the drainage pattern of the area is not anticipated.
4.3.3 NOISE ENVIRONMENT
4.3.3.1 Construction phase
Construction traffic for loading and unloading of engineering equipments, materials and
pipes are likely to affect the ambient noise level. Other activities which can produce
periodic noise are as follows:
Trenching
Foundation construction
Infrastructure construction
As result of the above activities, the back ground noise levels are likely to increase.
However the impact is limited for construction period only. The regular maintenance and
up keeping of construction machinery, heavy vehicles, dumpers, and trucks will be
helpful in reducing noise. Controlled blasting will be carried out to minimize the noise.
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Existing noise levels in day and night times at surrounding villages are found ranging
between 45-55 dB (refer section no. 3.5.5.2 of Chapter – 3. With the rapid progress in
construction activities in future, the baseline noise levels will increase due to
earthmoving machineries and construction equipments as also due to the movement of
heavy vehicles deployed for material handling. However, the impact on noise
environment during the construction phase shall be localized and marginal.
4.3.3.2 Operation Phase
4.3.4.2.1 Identification of sources of noise in the proposed plant
With the commissioning of nuclear power plant the main sources of noise are turbines,
air compressors, ventilation inlets, diesel generators, pump house equipments, chillers,
vents, exhaust fans etc. It has been estimated that operation of these equipments within
specially designed buildings enclosures, boundary walls and the greenbelt development
within and around the plant premises would help in attenuating noise to a large extent.
Comprehensive measures for noise control, at design stage, has been followed in terms
of noise levels specifications of various rotating equipment as per Occupational Safety
and Health Association (OSHA) standards, to mitigate the impact on noise environment.
During the operational phase, the affect on noise level will be due to the operation of
pumps/any other rotating equipment and shall be confined to existing boundary limit of
the plant only. Also the noise generating equipment will be housed within suitable
acoustic enclosures. Noise protective ear muffs will be provided to on-site workers in
high noise level zone. The green belt will be developed in exclusion zone which will act
as barrier to noise. A list of species is given in Section No.10.4.3.1.2 & 10.4.3.1.3 of
Chapter – 10.
Impacts
Major sources of noise during the construction phase are construction traffic for
loading and unloading of engineering equipment, materials and pipes are likely to
affect the ambient noise level.
Existing noise levels in day and night times at surrounding villages are found
ranging between 45-55 dB (refer section no. 3.5.5.2 of Chapter – II. With the rapid
progress in construction activities in future, the baseline noise levels will increase
ranging between 75 to 90 dB (A). due to earthmoving machineries and construction
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equipment as also due to the movement of heavy vehicles deployed for material
handling. However, the impact on noise environment during the construction phase
shall be localized and marginal.
Other activities which can produce periodic noise are as follows:
Trenching
Foundation construction
Infrastructure construction
As result of the above activities, the back ground noise levels are likely to increase.
However the impact is limited for construction period only.
Mitigation Measures
The regular maintenance and up keeping of construction machinery, heavy vehicles,
dumpers, and trucks will be helpful in reducing noise.
Controlled blasting will be carried out to minimize the noise.
Protective gears such as earplugs, earmuffs etc. will be provided to construction
personnel exposed to high noise levels as preventive measures by contractors and
will be strictly adhered to minimize / eliminate any adverse impact.
4.3.4.2.1.1 Noise modeling studies
The main sources of noise in the nuclear power plant are 1) Turbines, 2) Air
Compressors, 3) Cooling water pump, 4) Diesel Generators, 5) Reactor Coolant pump,
6) Intake Ventilator, 7) Exhaust Ventilator, 8) Pump House Equipments, 9) Chillers, 10)
Vents, 11) Exhaust Fans and 12) Heavy and medium automobiles moving around the
plant. The noise levels likely to be generated by these sources are presented in Table
4.4. It is likely that improved technology may further reduce the noise levels. Most of the
machines will be working continuously round the clock during operation of the nuclear
power plant. However, these machines would be housed in acoustic enclosures /
buildings such that they would not be contributing any additional noise levels in the
surrounding environment.
Table 4.4 Source of noise generating equipment and distance from noise source
S. No. Source Noise Levels Range, dB(A)
Distance from Noise Source
1 Turbine 94 – 96 5 m
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2 Diesel Generator 92 – 98 2 m
3 Air Compressor 92 – 98 2 m
4 Cooling Water Pump 89 – 95 2 m
5 Reactor Coolant Pump 89 – 95 2 m
6 Intake Ventilator 94 – 97 5 m
7 Exhaust Ventilator 92 – 96 2 m
Source: NPCIL
The noise level contours due to the noise sources in units of the proposed nuclear power
plant without considering noise barriers are shown in Fig. 4.5. Without any barriers viz.
buildings and green belt, it is predicted that the noise levels in the surrounding
environment due to above said equipments of the proposed units at a distance of 500 m
will be ranging from 80-86 dB(A). It is also predicted that the noise levels from these
sources at 1000 m distance will be <80 dB(A).
The maximum noise levels will occur at receptors located near all the proposed units
which are predicted to be less than 80 dB(A) without any barriers viz. buildings. These
noise levels would be significantly reduced when the barrier of building is considered at
the time of operation of plant.
Considering the attenuation due to specially designed building within which noise
generating machineries will be housed, the increase in noise levels will be around 1-2
dB(A) just outside the building of power plant. Thus, there will not be any change in the
ambient noise levels due to operation of nuclear power plant in the neighbouring nearest
villages.
252
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Fig 4.5 Diagrammatic representation of noise generating equipments after noise modelling
253
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4.3.3.2.2 Prediction of Impacts on Community
Above discussion indicates that there will not be any increase in noise levels above
ambient due to operation of the nuclear power plant in the nearest villages. Therefore
the community will not be affected by the operation of the NPP at Mithivirdi.
As the human settlement near to the plant site are relatively less and study area
consisting of green belt and vegetation with very less vehicular density, the noise impact
on surrounding population would be insignificant.
4.3.4 LAND ENVIRONMENT
4.3.4.1 Construction Phase
Land of 777 ha (approx.) is required for project. The impact on land environment during
construction phase shall be due to generation of debris/construction material, which
shall be properly collected and the same will be suitably used for leveling/backfilling.
4.3.4.2 Operation Phase
Beneficial impacts would be felt on land use pattern and topographical features of the
area due to greening of the area through plantation and green belt development. With
the implementation of treatment system for solids, liquids and gaseous active wastes,
and after the treatment the levels of releases are expected to be well within the limits as
prescribed by AERB. Under normal operating conditions, there may not be any
significant impact on the land environment. The greenbelt development as suggested in
EMP would improve the quality of environment around NPP.
The impact on land environment during operational phase will be minimized due to
comprehensive solid waste management and disposal system. There shall be
generation of small amount of hazardous solid waste from proposed process/treatment
units. The same shall be disposed to authorized disposal agency.
There will be positive impact on existing landscape due to proper planning for
landscaping, development of roads with avenue trees and green belt development
around the project building making the landscape beautiful with lush green cover. The
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waste materials will be suitably collected at identified places and will be disposed to
authorized Municipal disposal site.
4.3.5 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
No National Park, Wildlife Sanctuary, Tiger Reserve, Elephant Reserve (existing as well
as proposed), Migratory routes for birds are not present within 10 km of the project site.
Impact on biological environment (flora and fauna) will be due to changes developed on
air, water and land environments. The proposed site is surrounded by waste land with
scruby vegetation and agricultural land. However all activities are planned to be
executed leading to minimum changes in air, water and land environments. The
proposed facilities will not lead to any additional change in the air, water and land
environments. An application for diversion of forest land is submitted to competent
authority for getting clearance of 21 ha forest land within the plant site. A copy of the
same is attached as Annexure-XVI (Volume – II of this report).
NPP has extensive developmental plan for green belt and plantation activities in plant
site. This will not only result in increase in green cover and biodiversity of the region but
also creation of beautiful landscape.
4.3.5.1 Ecological impact during construction phase
The conversion of land masses into built-up area of NPP will have impacts on the local
flora and fauna.
The construction activities likely to have impacts on the local ecosystem include:
Clearing of vegetative cover
Movement and materials transportation
Disposal of waste materials
4.3.5.2 Clearing of vegetative cover
The land mass of the proposed project site is dominated by scrub jungle. The major
plant species observed in the project area include: Prosopis juliflora, Ficus
benghalensis, Acacia tortilis, Acacia leucophloea, Acacia senegal, Ziziphus oenoplia,
Ziziphus nummularia, Prosopis cineraria, Azadirachta indica, Chloris tenella, Rivea
hypocrateriformis, Grewia tiliifolia, Phyllanthus emblica, Capparis sepiaria, Cissus
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trifoliate, Fluggea virosa, Fluggea leucopyros, Enicostemma axillare, Pentatropis
microphylla, Mimosa hamata, Acacia nilotica, Pedalium murex, Typha angustifolia,
Argemone Mexicana, and Lantana camara.
The land mass of the proposed 777 ha of the total project site is characterized by
undulating terrain with small hillocks and plains. According to our survey, about 2982
trees are going to cut during the construction phase. Large amount of vegetative cover
in the form of herbs and shrubs are likely to be removed from the construction area.
Based on the available data, the following are the major tree species to be removed
from the project site with their approximate number are given in the Table 4.5.
Table 4.5 List of trees species to be removed from the proposed project site alone
Sl. No. Name of the major tree species
Approximate Number of trees to be cut
1 Ficus benghalensis 16
2 Grewia tiliifolia 68
3 Albizia lebbeck 112
4 Azadirachta indica 53
5 Prosopis juliflora 2041
7 Acaia leocophloea 76
8 Acacia tortilis 39
9 Acacia senegal 48
10 Phyllanthus emblica 23
11 Prosopis cineraria 235
12 Butea monosperma 62
13 Prosopis cineraria 51
14 Balanites aegyptiaca 47
15 Sapindus emarginatus 15
16 Parkinsonia aculeata 53
17 Alangium salviifolium 24
18 Unknown sp. 19
Total 2982
There are no endangered plant species in the project site area as well as in the study
area. Based on the present study, it is observed that, in the proposed project site, only
one species i.e., Ficus benghalensis posses more girth at breast height (GBH), ranges
from 120-380 cm. Among the listed trees and GBH range of the almost all other tree
species lies in the range of 20-40 cm. It is assumed that the removal of these green
cover would have direct impact on the faunal species inhabiting the area. It is proposed
to develop the green belt in the open space in the exclusion zone of the project area
which will provide the natural habitat for flora and faunal diversity.
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4.3.5.3 Movement and materials transportation
The movement of men and materials is inevitably associated with the construction
works. The major part of the proposed plant area is surrounded by road networks. The
state highway - 37 (SH-37) is passing through the project. The transportation of
building materials and machineries from the nearby villages may create additional
traffic in the interior villages.
4.3.5.4 Disposal of waste materials
The waste material disposed during the construction period will have minor impact on
the local flora. The waste materials are disposed to authorized Municipal disposal site
outside the project site. Development of green belt will further provide adequate
environment to local floral composition.
4.3.5.5 Ecological impact during operation phase
One of the attractive features of the nuclear energy from other major energy sources is
its pollution free nature. So there will be less impact on the ecosystem and biodiversity
of the region.
4.3.5.6 Impact on Near-Threatened bird species
In the study area four near threatened species (Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis
melanocephalus), Lesser flamingo (Phoenicopterus minor), Eurasian Curlew (Numenius
tenuirostris), and Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala)) were observed. However with
the introduction of the project, there will be not a significant impact on these species. As
the exclusion zone will provide the natural habitat and protection as well as the study
area and beyond their suitable habitat which will support them.
4.3.5.7 Impacts of proposed project on vegetation and crops (Kesar Mango variety)
The proposed project site is surrounded by double cropped agricultural lands. Among
the crop species Kesar mango variety is one of the major and commonly cultivated
crops around the proposed project site. There are no major air pollutants to be released
from the nuclear power during the operation phase of NPP.
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4.3.6 MARINE ENVIRONMENT
The impact due to construction of intake/ outfall structures on marine environment will be
minimal by adopting all required safety and engineering norms. The release of thermal
discharge into sea will be designed and controlled to meet the MoEF regulation for raise
in temperature of Sea water body due to CCW discharges will be less than 7oC. The
details on thermal dispersion for the project are given in Chapter – 7 of Annexure – IX
(Volume – II of this report).
4.3.6.1 Identification of Impacts
The construction of seawater intake, warm water outfall and the material unloading jetty
will have impact on:
Seawater quality,
Marine ecology,
Land use and
Community.
The proposed plant will have a once through cooling system. The total quantity of
seawater drawn and the return water will be 43220 MLD. The temperature of the return
water released at sea will be 7°C (at the most) above the ambient temperature of
seawater. The brine from the desalination plant will be mixed with the discharge of warm
CCW and the salinity level of the brine will reach the ambient level of the receiving body
at the bay itself.
4.3.6.2 Prediction of Impacts
While the identification of the impacts provides the status of anticipated impact on the
environment, the prediction of impact will give the extent to which these conditions
can alter or improve the environment. Based on the prediction, mitigation measures
can be evaluated to minimize the impact on the environment. The activities which
need the prediction of impacts are:
i) Construction of groin type seawater intake
ii) Discharge of CCW through tunnels
iii) Construction of temporary unloading jetty
iv) Impact on shoreline and
v) Dredging and disposal
vi) Impact due to storm surge
vii) Impact due to Tsunami
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i) Construction of groin type seawater intake
The seawater intake system will be designed for the intake volume of 43220 MLD. A
groin based channel type seawater intake system has been proposed with the sump
at the shore. Such channel type intake system is more advantageous than
conventional pipeline system for such large quantity of withdrawal. It offers least
interference to the existing environment, minimum disturbance to the marine life, less
hindrance to boat movements, minimum alteration to the seabed, non-formation of
vortex current and least disturbance to user community. However, the problem of
impingement and entrapment of marine organisms including fish on the intake
screens and entrainment of fish eggs and larvae do exist.
ii) Construction of outfall tunnels
The CCW is proposed to be discharged through six numbers of tunnels of each 8 m
dia. bored below the seabed. Since tunneling is proposed using horizontal boring
techniques instead of buried pipelines, the surface of the seabed will not be disturbed
thereby avoiding disturbance to benthos. The benthic animals which normally live in
the top one metre, will remain intact.
iii) Construction of Temporary jetty
It is proposed to construct a small barge handling marine facility of draft 3 m to 4 m
for handling project cargo such as over-dimensioned consignments (ODCs) during
the construction stage. It will either be in the form of a marginal wharf type along the
shore or an open piled jetty system. The impacts generally associated with the
construction of this facility are not very significant that too if it is planned as a marginal
shore based wharf type with some protection in terms of small offshore floating or
shore connected breakwater to provide the required tranquility for handling barges.
iv) Dredging and disposal
The estimated volume (preliminary basis) of dredge material will be around 3 x 106
m3, and the dredge spoil will be dumped on shore by means of appropriate shore
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based and floating pipelines to create artificial bund along the shore and along the
periphery to afford protection from any possible natural processes including Tsunami.
The whole process may result in the following impacts to the marine environment:
Sea: Increase in turbidity level leading to, i) reduced photosynthetic activity of the
water column, ii) Smothering problems on benthos and iii) breathing problems for
fishes. Onshore: i) Percolation of seawater and possible contamination with the
ground water, ii) Appropriate drainage system for letting water back into sea, iii) Other
possible issues, if any affecting landuse in the neighbourhood.
The problem of littoral drift along the coast bordering the proposed power plant may
not arise in so far as the seabed is rocky and the prevailing wave climate is not
conducive for such occurrence.
v) Discharge of CCW
The CCW will have the temperature of at the most 7° C above the ambient
temperature of the sea water and it will be probably the only major impact on the
marine ecosystem and in turn on the marine life. It is therefore proposed to device
appropriate dispersion mechanism so as to ensure the warm CCW reaches the
ambient temperature at short distance. This depends on the number of ports, its
location, depth, length of the tunnel etc. This aspect has been studied through
modeling techniques and appropriate solution evolved as discussed in more detail in
Chapter 7.
Generally, prolonged exposure of aquatic organism to warm water (>3° C above
ambient) close to the diffuser ports or in the initial mixing zone would cause
migration of fishes. Any sudden change in temperature in seawater gives shock
and physical damages to fishes. However, in the project region no major fishing
activities are reported.
vi) Impact on Fisheries
There is no intensive fishing activity in the vicinity of the proposed site. Hence, the
impact in the area earmarked for the intake and discharge systems will be quite
negligible.
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The volume of seawater intake for the proposed project will be 43220 MLD. The
estimated loss of planktonic population due to the drawal of seawater is around 3.5
x 1010 nos./day. Considering the total volume and number of phytoplankton
produced by the exponential growth rate of phytoplankton cells in the vast area of
the sea, coupled with tidal flow and current patterns, the loss of phytoplankton and
it’s possible impact on the biological production, by the intake of sea water from this
area seem to be negligible.
Direct impacts on fisheries resources and fishing operations from habitat loss due to
the channel constructions and associated dredging works are regarded as very low
and temporary in character extending only to construction stage. However, fish
impingement and entrainment will continue to be an impact which needs mitigation
measures.
vii) Storm Surge
The occurrence of storm is very rare in this region and may be evaluated while
fixing the safe grade elevation for the plant site.
viii) Tsunami
The Nuclear Power Park sites will be designed to take care of the impacts of
Tsunami. The maximum water level that can be generated due to probable
Tsunami will be estimated from mathematical computations and will be combined
with other effects such as tides, waves etc to get the maximum flood level at a
coastal site. The grade level of the plant will be kept above this estimated flood
level. Sufficient conservatism will be inbuilt in this estimation.
4.3.7 CRZ IMPACT
4.3.7.1 On coastal Line
The proposed nuclear power plant at Mithivirdi requires water front and foreshore
facilities for drawing and discharging condenser cooling sea water. Accordingly, the
segment of coastal line of project site around 3 km length is required for constructing the
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intake water structures and associated break wall structures. In addition, the project will
also require the construction of under sea bed condenser cooling water discharge
tunnels of varying lengths from 2.5 km to 3.5 km. Therefore, the natural coastal area will
have some of project structures.
4.3.7.2 Impact of Coastal zone beyond HTL
The Institute of Remote Sensing, Anna University, Chennai, carried out the CRZ
demarcation studies and has classified the coastal zone around Mithivirdi site as CRZ-
III, which is undeveloped without any sensitive zones. The above area is not being used
for salt pans by local people. Therefore, conversion of this stretch of land for the
construction of the essential facilities will not have any significant adverse impact on
flora, fauna and human activities.
4.3.7.3 Impact on sensitive ecosystem
There is no sensitive eco-system in the intertidal area and 500 m coastal zone beyond
HTL and also this area is not included in any national park or sanctuary. Therefore, the
proposed project activity will not affect any sensitive ecosystem.
4.3.8 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
The impacts predicted during construction and operation phases are as below.
4.3.8.1 Impact during Construction phase
The proposed project site is having some forest land, road passing through the project site,
a short stretch of minor canal and a small cremation ground. Forest clearance is under
process for forest land under which suitably compensatory afforestation programme will be
implemented, the road and canal will be suitably diverted in coordination with state
Government authorities and the cremation ground will be suitably shifted in consultation
with local gram panchayat. With the introduction of the project, there will be direct and
indirect employment opportunities, improved infrastructure, availability of school and
hospitals and other Corporate Social Responsibility measures will improve the quality of life
of the people around the project area. During the construction phase the project also
generates employment for about 10000 persons.
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Infrastructure facilities such as housing, sanitation, fuel, restroom, medical facilities, safety
etc. will be arranged to the labour force during construction as well as to the casual workers
including truck drivers during all the phases of the plant.
4.3.8.2 Impact during Operation phase
The impacts during operation phase include employment generation, effects on
transport and other basic infrastructure facilities. Some of the beneficial and adverse
impacts due to project are explained below. The operating station manpower strength in
Stage-I, Stage-II & Stage-III is 1100, 2150 & 3200 respectively.
The proposed project would generate direct and indirect employment
opportunities as daily wage labors during construction, transportation
activities, supply of raw materials, auxiliary and ancillary works etc.
Due to the project there would be an overall development of the area, which
will improve the quality of life in the region.
Proposed project would help to fulfill the gap between demand and supply of
electricity within the country and particularly in the region.
The electricity generated in plant will result in electrification of villages,
development of irrigation facilities, drinking water supply, development of
industries etc.
Development in housing, education, medical, health, sanitation, power
supply, electrification and transport in the study area.
Influx of workers during the project construction phases would impose
marginal strain on the existing basic amenities within the study area.
Although low level generation of conventional pollutants may exist during the
construction phase but with proper Environmental Management Plan (EMP),
and medical facilities, the same will be mitigated.
4.3.8.3 Impact on Occupational health
Equivalent sound pressure level, 8 hrs average, (Leq 8 hrs), is used to describe
exposure to noise in workplaces. The damage risk criteria for hearing loss, enforced by
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, (OSHA) USA and stipulated by other
organizations, is that noise levels upto 90 dB(A) are acceptable for eight hours
exposure per day. Ministry of Labour, Government of India has also recommended
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similar criterion vide Factories Act, Schedule No. XXIV (Government Notification
FAC/1086/CR-9/Lab-4, dated 8/2/1988).
The maximum noise levels in some of the plant buildings may be around 85 dB(A).
However, the workers in the noise zone area will be provided with protective equipments
like ear muffs and as a result the occupational exposure of the workers is reduced
considerably within stipulated limits.
4.3.8.4 Impact on environmental sanitation
The temporary labour colonies with adequate sanitary measures will be provided to the
construction workers to minimize pollution of soil, water and public health problems.
4.3.8.5 Improvement of communication facilities
During construction phase, the infrastructural facilities like roads, telephone, public
transport will be provided in the area.
4.3.9 TRANSPORTATION
It is anticipated that the possible impact due to transportation on the surrounding
infrastructure will be only during the construction and operation phase of the project.
4.3.9.1 IMPACT DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE
The anticipated average increase in vehicular movement per day during construction
phase will be given in Table 4.6.
Table 4.6 Average vehicular movement during construction phase
Sl No
Type of Vehicle Numbers plying per day
Type of impact - plying at
1 Trucks 150 In the region
2 Cars/Jeeps 40 In the region
3 Over sized Consignment 1 In the region
4 Excavator 2 Construction site only
5 Wagon Drills 8 Construction site only
6 Dozer 80D 3 Construction site only
7 Grader 1 Construction site only
8 Air Compressors 500 CFM Construction site only
9 Drifter 3 Construction site only
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10 Dumper 35 Construction site only
11 Poclain 10 Construction site only
12 Front end loader JCB 2 Construction site only
13 Tractor with water tanker 3 (5000 L) Construction site only
14 Magazine Van 2 Construction site only
15 Portable Magazine 3 Construction site only
16 DG set for batching plant area
As req. Construction site only
17 Vibratory Road Roller 1 Construction site only
18 Remix/transir cars 15 Construction site only
A total of 150 trucks (HMV) per day will be running in the region for the construction
material requirement of the plant. For traffic volume estimation, considering receipt of
construction materials in two shifts (16 hrs.) about 9 trucks per hour (incoming / returning
trucks) will be additionally running on the road leading to the project site. Similarly for
cars / jeeps (LMV) about 2 vehicles will be running in the region for the construction
requirement of the plant. It is anticipated that oversized consignment vehicle will be
plying at the most one vehicle per day in the region.
4.3.9.2 IMPACT DURING OPERATION PHASE
As there is no bulk transportable finished / waste product from the atomic power plant,
except for the generated electricity, thus the anticipated increase in vehicular movement will
be only due to transportation of project personnel from township to the project site. However,
as per the usual practice in atomic power plant except for the very high officials, buses are
provided and that too this will be plying on the road between township and NPP at Mithivirdi.
The same will be of very low volume to cause any concern to the traffic load on the regional
transport infrastructure.
There may be minor increase in vehicular movement in the region during maintenance
phase but will be of very low volume to cause any concern to the traffic load on the regional
transport infrastructure. Number of buses will be run from township to NPP site to carry
security personnel, Managerial/Executive staffs, non-managerial/non-executive staffs. For
parking these vehicles there will be designated parking area at the project site and at the
township. Though there is no major traffic observed in the existing road running to plant site,
there will be no congestion of traffic on the road leading to project site is envisaged.
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4.3.9.3 MITIGATION MEASURES
The following mitigative measures will be followed.
It will be ensured that material transport vehicles during construction phase will be
are in good working condition, properly tuned and maintained to keep emission
within the permissible limits and engines turned off when not in use to reduce
pollution.
It will be ensured that all staff busses during operation phase are in good working
condition, properly tuned and maintained to keep emission within the permissible
limits and engines turned off when not in use to reduce pollution.
Vehicles would be regularly maintained so that emissions confirm to standards of
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).
4.3.10 IMPACTS DURING DECOMMISSIONING PHASE
At the end of the operating life of the operating units, which would be around 60 years, a
detailed decommissioning plan will be worked out. The decommissioning plan will be
prepared by NPCIL in line with the AERB Safety Guide RW-8, 2009. The AERB
stipulations will be adhered to ensure that the impact in the public domain due to
decommissioning of the unit will be negligible. The process of decommissioning will start
after the final shutdown of the plant and ends with the release of the site for a
responsible organization or for unrestricted use by the public, if authorized by AERB.
4.3.10.1 Design Features for Decommissioning
The reactor units have several design features, which could contribute to the case of
decommissioning. Some of these features are inherent in design. Other features have
been incorporated primarily to aid operation and maintenance or in-service
inspection/replacement of components, but would pay a positive role at the time of de-
commissioning. Some of these features are given below:
(i) The reactor pressure vessel (RPV) is placed inside a concrete reactor pit, which
acts as a biological shield and thereby substantially reduces the activation of the
other concrete structures.
(ii) Availability of on-site independent fuel storage facility.
(iii) Primary coolant loop components and other reactor internals are mostly
replaceable.
(iv) Low Co and low Ni steels are used as ingredient materials for the components.
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(v) Amenable plant layout for easy dismantling during the de-commissioning process.
(vi) Low contamination due to good water chemistry control, selection of materials
and high-capacity primary coolant purification system.
(vii) In-situ decontamination is possible at the very beginning of the decommissioning
activity by utilizing the existing plant systems, experienced plant personnel and
available infrastructure to the maximum extent. Full system decontamination
prepares the entire primary circuit including the RPV and most of the plant
primary and auxiliary systems for dismantling in one single step.
4.3.10.2 Approach for Decommissioning The following approach would be followed for de-commissioning:
a) After the final shutdown of the reactor, the foremost aspect before removal of the
core components is to ensure that their decay heat is reduced to an acceptable
level.
b) De-fuel the reactor and transfer the entire fuel bundle into spent fuel storage
facility/and/or away from reactor spent fuel facility.
c) Remove all contaminated equipment, piping and system from various buildings.
Maintain the facility in this condition for 10 years, by that time radioactivity level
are likely to be reduced by factor of 5.
d) Mothballing initially for 30 years. This approach would reduce the total volume of
radioactive waste. Subsequent step will be finalized after assessing the situation.
Procedure
During decommissioning, work methods and procedures will be established to demarcate
areas which contain radioactive or contaminated material and regulate access to such
areas.
Surveillance
Till such time the retired nuclear power plant area is declared fit by AERB for unrestricted
use, the arrangement for surveillance and security of the plant area will include:
1. Periodic radiation survey of the plant area to verify that no radioactive material
is getting dispersed around the area.
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2. Periodic environmental survey to verify that no significant relapse of
radioactive material to the environment has taken place.
3. Round the clock security to enforce access control and prevent unauthorized
entry to the plant area.
4. Inspection of physical barrier for security.
4.3.10.3 Decommissioning Cost
In arriving at the capital cost of nuclear power stations, it is normally not the practice to
include decommissioning cost. In recent year all over the world, operating nuclear
power station has started creating decommissioning fund. A Nominal charge is
included in the unit energy cost which will accumulate with interest over the operating
life of the power station for meeting the estimated cost of decommissioning of the
station at the end of its useful life time. In India, the provision of decommissioning
charge was introduced since 1984.
Decommissioning experience so far is limited worldwide and no large scale
commercial nuclear power plant has yet been decommissioned. Based on the various
studies conducted abroad and the information available in India, a cost of 1.25 Paisa /
Kwh has been included as the decommissioning levy in Unit Energy Cost (UEC) for all
types of power station in India. This will be updated from time to time based on
evolving decommissioning experience. With effect from October 1991, the
decommissioning levy is revised to 2 paisa/kwh.
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CHAPTER – 5
ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES (TECHNOLOGY & SITE)
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5.0 TECHNOLOGY
The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) has an ongoing programme for development of
Nuclear Power by pursuing different technologies. Accordingly, three stage programme
for generation of nuclear power has been adopted.
The First Stage program involves utilization of available resource of natural Uranium in
the country for generation of nuclear power by Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor
(PHWR) technology. The Second Stage program involves Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR)
technology wherein plutonium is utilized, which is obtained by reprocessing spent fuel
from PHWR units from first stage and at the same time using Thorium (which is available
in abundance in India) as blankets in these type of reactors, which will be converted into
uranium. The Third Stage involves use of uranium obtained from second stage and later
on from third stage itself as fuel and thorium as blanket and will be converted into
uranium for long term energy generation.
In order to meet the growing demand of electricity in the country, Government of India
has decided to enhance the share of nuclear power in overall electricity generation of the
country. In order to meet the gap between supply and demand, it has been planned to
generate nuclear power by importing reactors of LWR technology from various countries.
A beginning has been made in this line by importing 2 x 1000 MWe VVER reactors of
LWR technology from Russian Federation, which are at the advanced stage of
construction at Kudankulam, Tamil Nadu State.
As such today our country has option for generating nuclear power by PHWR technology
with capacity of 220 MWe to 700 MWe, FBR technology with capacity of 500 MWe and
Advanced Heavy Water Reactor of 300 MWe capacity which is under launching stage by
DAE. In addition, LWR technology of 1000 to 1650 MWe from various countries are
available for establishing at various sites in India.
5.1 GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
The comparison of nuclear power plant with that of coal based thermal power plant with
respect to fuel use and emissions of conventional pollutants indicate that the nuclear
power plants do not generate conventional pollutants as can be seen from the Fig. 5.1.
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Fig. 5.1 Comparison of waste production in nuclear and thermal power stations
Various control measures are foreseen to be brought to reduce the emissions of
greenhouse gases, which are unavoidable product of combustion of all fossil fuels.
Nuclear power and renewable sources contribute very little to atmospheric carbon
dioxide or Sulphur and nitrogen oxide levels, as presented in the Table 5.1 and
comparative emissions and fuel requirements for a 1000 MWe plant are presented in
Fig. 5.1. The nuclear power can play an important role in reducing global emissions of
greenhouse gases. Nuclear Power in the world is today avoiding some 8% additional
CO2 emissions that would occur if the electricity produced by nuclear power were to be
produced by fossil fuels.
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Table 5.1 Comparative CO2 (GHG) Emissions from Various Energy Sources
Energy Sources
Gram CO2/KWh
Ratio (over Nuclear)
Small Hydro (Earth-filled
dam type)
6
0.75
Nuclear 8 1
Geo-Thermal 11 1.38
Wind 20 2.50
Tidal 35 4.38
Solar 55 6.88
Gas 181 22.63
Oil 205 25.5
Coal 295 36.88
Source: Working Material for RCA Workshop on Economic and Financial Aspect of NPPs- MANILA (August 1997)
5.2 SITE SELECTION
The Site Selection Committee (SSC) constituted by Department of Atomic Energy,
Government of India carry out preliminary assessment of sites offered by the States
and recommends suitable sites to Government of India. In the case of Mithivirdi site, the
site has been considered suitable after considering various aspects such as location of
site, topography, type of plant, availability of land, quality and availability of water, drawl
and discharge, radioactive liquid effluent management, thermal pollution, availability of
construction & start up power, power evacuation, meteorological parameters of the
area/region such as wind, rainfall, temperature etc., population density, population, land
use, water use, foundation conditions, geology & seismotectonics of region, seismic
zone of site, ground water, flooding aspects, solid waste disposal, radiological burden,
general environment with regard to industries, airport, inflammable / toxic chemicals,
tourist & historical places etc., access to site, over dimensioned consignment movement,
construction facilities and other considerations.
Once “In Principle” approval is given by Government of India, the site is evaluated in
greater detail and Site Evaluation Report & Environment Impact Assessment report are
prepared and submitted to AERB (for siting consent) and MOEF (for environment
clearance) respectively.
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The sites for location of a Nuclear Power Plant is surveyed, selected and recommended
by a Site Selection Committee constituted by Department of Atomic Energy (DAE),
Government of India. The Committee has members from various departments including
MoEF, CEA, DAE, BARC, and NPCIL. The committee has a standard procedure as
prescribed by AERB for selection of the site covering all the studies, data, parameters
which are necessary to meet the requirements to establish a nuclear power plant at a
particular site. The nuclear power plants are located either on inland site like
Rawatbhatta, Narora, Kakarpara, & Kaiga or the coastal sites like, Tarapur, Madras and
Kudankulam. The inland sites are assigned for reactor capacities varying from 220
MWe to 700 MWe. The above limit of the capacity of reactor is mainly due to
requirement of cooling water as well as availability of infrastructure for transportation of
heavy equipment of nuclear power plant. The coastal sites are assigned for reactor
capacity of above 1000 MWe as these units require huge amount of cooling water,
which is available in abundance from the sea and availability of sea route for
transportation of heavy equipment of nuclear power plant.
SSC (2005) recommended site at Mithivirdi village adjacent to sea coast, District
Bhavnagar, Gujarat for locating the NPP. The site has the potential for setting up 6 units,
each of 1000 MWe.
Mithivirdi site has several favorable factors for locating 6 x 1000 MWe Light Water
Reactors (LWRs). Some of the major ones are summarized below.
Availability of sufficient cooling sea water.
Power evacuation is feasible for around 6,000 MWe
Minimum physical displacement of the public
Connectivity of the site via road and sea route
The Light Water Reactors (LWRs) proposed to be set up at Mithivirdi have all the
features of the modern technologies and the design of plant is consistent with the
standard international practices for safety systems. The emissions in water, air and land
from proposed project will be within the limits prescribed by MoEF/AERB.
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CHAPTER – 6
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM
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6.0 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of the environmental monitoring plan is to ensure that the envisaged
purpose and desired benefits of the project are achieved.
To ensure the effective implementation of the proposed mitigation measures, the broad
objectives of monitoring plan are:
To evaluate the performance of mitigation measures proposed in the
environmental monitoring programme (EMP).
To evaluate the adequacy of Environmental Impact Assessment
To suggest improvements in management plan, if required
To enhance environmental quality.
To implement and manage the mitigative measures defined in EMP.
To undertake compliance monitoring of the proposed project operation and
evaluation of mitigative measure.
6.1 IMPLEMENTION ARRANGEMENT
The various components of the environment needs to be monitored on regular basis
during construction and operation phase of the project, as per the requirements of
regulating agencies as well as for trend monitoring of the pollutants levels in various
environmental matrices.
6.1.1 DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Planning Section of NPCIL and Environmental Survey Laboratory (ESL) of Health
Physics Division (HPD), Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) will be involved in
environmental monitoring programme and both will report to Project Director (PD) for
review. The monitoring of conventional pollutant will be taken up by hiring local agencies
/ consultants and the radiological parameters will be monitored by ESL.
6.1.2 DURING OPERATION PHASE
At the project, an Environmental Management Apex Review Committee (EMARC) will be
formed and this committee will review the effectiveness of environmental management
plan of the project and Environmental Management System of the station in line with
ISO-14001 & OHSAS 18000 during operation phase.
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At plant level Technical Services Unit (TSU) will look after the environmental matters
and environmental monitoring programme. TSU will work out a schedule for monitoring
and will meet regularly to review the effectiveness of the EMP implementation. The data
collected on various EMP measures would be reviewed by this committee and if needed
corrective action will be formulated for implementation.
TSU will formulate short term & long term plans for environmental issues, which require
monitoring and effective implementation. The environmental quality-monitoring program
will be carried out in the impact zone with suitable sampling stations and frequency for
non radiological parameters as identified under Section 6.3.
Radiological parameters outside exclusion zone will be monitored by Environmental
Survey Laboratory (ESL) of Health Physics Division (HPD), Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre (BARC). The ESL will be set up at the site, at least 18 months before operation
of the plant units. Environmental Survey Laboratory (ESL) will report to Health Physics
Division (HPD), BARC. The two will periodically report the progress of the environmental
monitoring programme to the Station Director / NPCIL management and AERB for
review and necessary action (if required).
Radiological parameters within exclusion zone will be monitored by Health Physics Unit
(HPU), Chemical Laboratory and Waste Management Unit formed at project level by
NPCIL. The radiological monitoring will be reported to Technical Services Unit, which in
turn reports to Chief Superintend (CS) and CS reports to Station Director of the project.
Non-radiological pollutants will be monitored by HPU, Chemical Laboratory and Waste
Management Unit and these will report the results to TSU, which in turn reports to Chief
Superintend (CS) and CS reports to Station Director of the project.
Monitoring of radiation exposures to occupational workers and the releases to the
environment are controlled by the station and monitored by Health Physics Unit and
ESL within exclusion zone and beyond any exclusion zone, respectively.
During operation phase different issues / components involved in environmental
monitoring programme will be looked upon by Environmental Survey Laboratory (ESL),
Health Physics Unit, Chemical laboratory, Waste management Unit, Medical Unit, Civil
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Maintenance, Maintenance Unit, Horticulture Unit / Service Maintenance, Central
Material & Management, Industrial Safety and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
Unit / Human Resources Group. All the above mentioned units responsible for different
aspects of monitoring will periodically report the progress of the environmental
monitoring programme to TSU for review and necessary action (if required). The
reporting arrangement of different units responsible for environmental monitoring
programme during construction and operation phase is given under Section 6.6.2.
The TSU will monitor and make periodical review of the environmental monitoring
program and in case higher level interface is required will report the matter to EMARC
for higher management intervention.
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS TO BE MONITORED
Several measures have been proposed in the environmental mitigation measures for
mitigation of adverse environmental impacts. These shall be implemented as per
proposal and monitored regularly to ensure compliance to environmental regulation and
also to maintain a healthy environmental conditions around the plant site.
A major part of the sampling and measurement activity shall be concerned with long
term monitoring aimed at providing an early warning of any undesirable changes or
trends in the natural environment that could be associated with the plant activity. This is
essential to determine whether the changes are in response to a cycle of climatic
conditions or are due to impact of the plant activities. In particular, a monitoring strategy
shall be ensured that all environmental resources, which may be subject to
contamination, are kept under review and hence monitoring of the individual elements of
the environment shall be done.
The environmental quality monitoring program will be carried out in the impact zone with
suitable sampling stations and frequency for radiological and non radiological
parameters. Radiological parameters will be monitored by Environmental Survey
Laboratory and Health Physics Unit, which will be set up at the site, at least 18 months
before operation of the plant units. During the operation phase Environmental Survey
Laboratory shall undertake all the radiological monitoring work outside exclusion zone
and the HPU will undertake the radiological monitoring work within exclusion zone to
ensure the effectiveness of environmental mitigation measures. The conventional
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pollutants will be monitored by Chemical Laboratory, HPU and Waste Management Unit.
The suggestions given in the Environmental Monitoring Programme shall be
implemented by the ESL by following an implementation schedule.
In case of any alarming variation in, radiation levels in air, water, food items, soil (within
NPP at Mithivirdi and in surroundings as applicable), ambient air, stack emission, work
zone air and noise monitoring results, performance of effluent treatment facilities,
wastewater discharge from outfalls, etc. shall be discussed and any variance from
norms shall be reported to the Environmental Management Apex Review Committee for
immediate rectification at the higher management level.
In addition to the monitoring programme the following shall also be done to further
ensure the effectiveness of mitigation measures:
Quarterly environmental audits shall be carried out for the project to check for
compliance with standards / applicable norms by in-house experts. The
Nuclear Power Plant will be brought under ISO-14001 & OHSAS 18000, shall
be audited as per the pre-plan audit.
The environmental aspects to be monitored to ensure proper implementation and
effectiveness of various mitigative measures envisaged / adopted during the design and
commissioning phase of the NPP at Mithivirdi are described here under.
The frequency of monitoring schedule for different parameters as mentioned below may
increase depending on the requirement.
6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME: 6.3.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Chapter 4, Section 4.3, describes the impacts and mitigation measures envisaged
during construction phase vis-à-vis the environmental components which are likely to get
impacted in case mitigation measures are not adequately followed. In view of the same
the environmental components / indicators which are to be monitored during
construction phase are air, water, noise levels and soil.
The air quality (at the project site and ambient air quality in the surrounding nearby
villages) will indicate to which extent the mitigation measures are being followed.
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Similarly the up-stream and downstream surface water quality (w.r.t project site), will
indicate the quality and extent of wastewater from the project site is being discharged in
to the canal (vis-à-vis the extent of environmental mitigation measures being followed
during construction phase). Likewise the monitoring of ground water, up-gradient and
down-gradient of project site will indicate seepage of pollutants in to ground water from
the construction site.
The noise levels at the project site and surrounding villages has been planned to be
assessed to which the construction workers and surrounding population are exposed
during construction phase. This will indicate the level of noise mitigation measures being
followed during the construction phase.
The soil quality in the surrounding area and at the project site will indicate the pollutant
fallout from the construction site in the surrounding areas.
The environmental monitoring programme during construction phase is presented in
Table 6.1. The implementation of monitoring will be contractor‟s responsibility and the
supervision will be done by NPCIL Planning Section. During construction phase the total
environmental monitoring cost is about Rs. 5.5 lakhs per year and for five years the
same will be Rs. 27.5 lakhs. The cost will be built up in the project cost, while subletting
the construction activity to the contactor.
Table 6.1 Environmental Monitoring Programme (Conventional Pollutants) –
Construction Phase (5 Years)
Component
Parameters Location / Frequency of Monitoring
No. of Samples / year (Locations X
Monitoring Frequency)
Monitoring Cost / Year
(Rs.)
Air SO2, NOx, PM10 & PM2.5
At four locations, one at project site and three at 120 degrees in nearest adjacent villages. Once in a season (except monsoon) per year for 5 years
4 x 3 12x16000 = 192000/-
Water
Surface Water: CPCB surface water criteria; Ground Water: IS:10500
Two surface water, up-stream and downstream of project site. Two Ground Water: Up-gradient and Down-gradient of project site.
4 x 3 12x20000 = 240000/-
Noise Noise Levels Leq (A)
At four locations, one at project site and three at 120 degrees in nearest adjacent villages. Once in a season (except monsoon) per year for 5 years
4 x 3 12x6000 = 72000/-
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Component
Parameters Location / Frequency of Monitoring
No. of Samples / year (Locations X
Monitoring Frequency)
Monitoring Cost / Year
(Rs.)
Soil As per standard practice
At four locations, one at project site and three at 120 degrees in nearest adjacent villages. Once in a year during winter season for 5 years.
4 x 1 4x8000 = 32000/-
Total monitoring cost per year (to be built up in project cost, while sub-letting construction activity to contractor)
5,32,000/- Say 5.5 Lakhs
Note : Construction period is 5 years
6.3.2 OPERATION PHASE
The components / indicators of different environmental monitoring program are as
under.
6.4 RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING
The radiation exposures to occupational workers and the releases to the environment
will be controlled by the facility / NPP at Mithivirdi and monitored by Health Physics Unit
of NPCIL. The radioactivity levels in the public domain will be monitored by the
Environmental Survey Laboratory, Health Physics Division, BARC to ensure compliance
with the regulatory requirements. The ESL at nuclear power project site will be set up 18
months before the start of the actual operation of the unit to generate pre-operational
base line data for comparison as per AERB Safety Guide No. AERB/SG/O-9.
The radiological monitoring program to be followed at NPP at Mithivirdi, Gujarat is
described under three separate categories.
Monitoring at the work place
Monitoring on site
Monitoring program in public domain
6.4.1 Monitoring at work place
Standard radiation protection practices for Nuclear Power facilities stipulate the kind of
radiological monitoring required. The Project Design Safety Committee (PDSC) and
Safety Review Committee for operating plant (SARCOP) constituted by AERB for NPP
would review the proposals included in the design for such monitoring and stipulate the
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requirements after the review. Most of these instruments are intended for planning and
conducting the day-to-day operations of the plant. Those that are relevant to
occupational safety of personnel or to environmental discharges are discussed below.
i) Ambient Radiation / Contamination Monitoring within Plant Area
All the accessible areas of the plant will be constantly monitored for ambient radiation
levels and concentration of radioactive materials in air. These monitors have built in
preset levels in order to initiate audio/visual alarms.
At the exit of the operating areas of the plant, personnel will be monitored for radioactive
contamination through installation of portal monitors. In addition, the plant will also carry
out continuous monitoring of the radiation levels around the periphery of the plant.
Criticality alarm system will be an essential component, for alerting staff in case of
untoward criticality events. These will be installed at a number of strategic locations
where the operation involves handling of large quantities of fissile materials. Radiation
level data from these systems would also serve in post accident recovery operations.
ii) Effluent Monitoring
The gaseous radioactive effluents discharged through the stack will be monitored on a
continuous basis through online monitors with alarm in the control room, as stipulated by
AERB.
Liquid wastes generated from different units of NPP at Mithivirdi are sent to the waste
management plant (WMP). On such occasions, the concentration of radio-nuclides will
be measured, the quantum of waste dispatched will be noted and all such data will be
logged in a register. A similar procedure will be followed while dispatching the solid
wastes also. These steps will be implemented to insure that waste disposal is within the
discharge limits authorised by AERB for LWRs.
Before discharging the low radioactive liquid waste in to the receiving water bodies, the
liquid waste will be monitored online for radioactivity levels and based on the results
obtained the discharge will be regulated. Sampling and monitoring will also be done at
the discharge location where the effluent meets the receiving water body.
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iii) Monitoring Waste Storage Integrity
In order to check for potential leak of radioactive substances from waste storage
facilities into the ground water, a ring of bore wells will be provided in the immediate
periphery for monitoring. Bore well water samples collected around the plant will be
checked and analysed for radioactive pollutants. The frequency of monitoring would be
quarterly or as prescribed by AERB from time to time.
iv) Personnel Monitoring
As the regulatory authority has fixed the annual limit of radiation exposure to the
occupational worker, it is mandatory on the part of the plant management to ensure and
demonstrate that no worker has exceeded the limit. Accordingly, all the radiation
workers will be provided with personal monitoring devices to quantitatively estimate the
external exposures received by them during the course of their work. Such monitoring
devices will be processed once a month and the accumulated radiation dose will be
measured. This will be done at the TLD laboratory services of NPP at Mithivirdi.
To assess internal exposure, all the occupational workers will be subjected to annual
whole body counting for detection and measurement of radioactive materials inside their
body, which might have entered during the routine course of work. In case of suspected
intake, persons will be subjected to bioassay. Persons suspected to be overexposed will
be monitored using bio-dosimetry. All these facilities will be available, in-house, in the
laboratory manned by experts.
The measured doses will be added to the personal dose record of the individual and
maintained in a national registry of BARC. The copy of extracted dose records will be
kept in the plant and will be scrutinized by AERB during periodic inspections.
6.4.2 Radiological monitoring on site
The radiation exposures to occupational workers and the releases to the environment
are controlled by the station and monitored by Health Physics Unit. On site monitoring
program will include the following:
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A weekly vehicular survey of the site will be carried out to monitor radiation
levels (using a scintilla-meter) at different selected locations. The purpose of
the survey will be to look for deviation from normal values that could signify any
untoward release or possible contamination episode. The observation points
will be chosen as per the requirements of AERB.
A network of Continuous Environmental Radiation Monitoring stations will be
set up at ten (10) locations distributed around the site. Field mounted
environmental gamma dose logger will be used to monitor (log) gamma
radiation levels, continuously. The data from these stations will be downloaded
once in two weeks and analysed to look for any abnormal increase. Tele-
metering of all the data to a central console will be planned in order to sound
alarms in case of high values.
Watchdog monitors at all entry / exit points to the complex will be installed to
detect movement of radioactive substances. The movement may be a planned
one or may be unintentional as in the case of contaminated persons or goods
leaving the area unknowingly. The signals from the systems would be brought
to a health physics control panel for initiating early action, if needed.
6.4.3 Radiological monitoring in the public domain
An environmental survey laboratory will be set up as the requirements / directions of
AERB at the NPP, Mithivirdi. The monitoring program pursued by ESL would address
the requirements of environmental monitoring in the public domain.
i) Internal Radiation Levels
Environmental Matrices Sampled
The critical pathways by which radiation exposure may arise to the public will be
identified, taking into account the cropping patterns prevalent in the area, the nature of
occupation and the food habits of the population groups living nearby, and so on. Based
on this, an environmental sampling program will be formulated specifying (i) the matrices
such as rice, vegetables, milk, fish meat, etc. that need to be considered for monitoring,
(ii) the desired frequency or periodicity of sampling and (iii) the number of samples to be
collected in a year.
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Areas Surveyed
Radiological survey will be done up to a radial distance of 30 km around the plant.
Generally, samples from various environmental matrices will be collected from the
survey area. The indicator organism like goat thyroid will be collected from selected area
(as per the requirements of AERB).
Different types of samples will be collected from the terrestrial and aquatic environs of
the 30km study area covering, soil, cereals, pulses and vegetation samples. Typically
around 1000 samples will be collected and analysed every year. List of sampling
locations, frequency of sampling and different types of samples to be monitored during
post project period in different area will be worked out as per the requirements of AERB.
ii) External Radiation Levels
The external gamma radiation levels will be monitored using integrating type dosimeters,
namely the thermo-luminescence dosimeter (TLD). The list of locations in the
surrounding areas where TLDs will be placed will be as per AERB norms. The
measurement of accumulated exposure will be done on for quarterly basis.
Measurement Techniques and Practices
Radioactivity levels in the environment are very low. Measurement of such low levels of
activity calls for special techniques. These have been developed and standardised over
the years in DAE. Relevant details about the methods of sample collection, quantity to
be collected, sample storage conditions, analytical procedures to be followed etc. are
well documented and are available in the form of a manual.
The environmental survey laboratory will have a full-fledged laboratory for analysing
radiological parameters. The conventional pollutants will be monitored by Chemical
laboratory. The list of equipments required for sampling / analysis / monitoring of
conventional pollutants is given under Section 6.6.3. In addition, the list of
equipment/instruments specialty for radiation/radioactivity measurements is given under
Section 6.6.3. Regular inter-comparison exercises between the ESL / Chemical
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Laboratory of different NPPs in the country will be carried out as a measure of reliability
testing and quality assurance.
iii) Reporting of Results
Dose Assessment: The external, internal and total doses to the members of the public
will be monitored and estimated at various distances from the project as per AERB‟s
requirements.
Results of the survey carried out by the ESL will be brought out in the form of annual
reports and will be submitted to AERB for inspection and verification of compliance with
regulatory limits on radiation exposure.
6.5.1 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MONITORING
As per AERB norms and in accordance with the revised Radiation Protection Rules-
2004, all the plant personnel would be subjected to periodic medical examination.
Accordingly,
(i) Every employer shall provide the services of a physician with appropriate
qualifications to undertake occupational health surveillance of classified workers.
(ii) Every worker, initially on employment, and classified worker, thereafter at least
once in three years as long as the individual is employed, shall be subjected to (a)
general medical examination as specified by order by the competent authority and
(b) health surveillance to decide on the fitness of each worker for the intended
task.
(iii) The health surveillance shall include (a) special tests or medical examinations as
specified by order by the competent authority, for workers who have received dose
in excess of regulatory constraints and (b) counseling of pregnant workers.
6.5.2 MONITORING FOR CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS
As stated under Chapter 4, impacts and mitigation measures, the environmental
stresses from conventional pollutants are marginal. Often the range of impact is limited
to the plant and in its immediate vicinity. The monitoring schedule is evolved
accordingly.
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6.5.2.1 Work zone noise levels
The Industrial Safety group of NPP at Mithivirdi will monitor the noise levels inside and
around the plant on a quarterly basis. Extensive survey will be done in occupied areas
near the sources of noise. Monitoring will be done in twelve places on site (Table 6.2).
The Industrial Safety group will keep a record of noise levels and take necessary
organisational actions like rotation of workmen, availability and use of personal
protective devices, damage to enclosures or insulation layers over enclosures and
piping. The results of noise levels and action taken (if required) will be reported to
AERB.
Table 6.2 Noise Level to be monitored
Description Nos. of Locations Monitoring Frequency
Work zone Noise
Eight hours per shift continuous to cover all shift of operation once in a quarter for all the twelve selected locations.
12 X 3 (shifts) per quarter = 36 x 4 samples per year
*Noise Level in Leq (A)
6.5.2.2 Stack monitoring for Diesel Generator
The diesel generator will be tested periodically for checking its state of readiness for its
availability in case of emergency. While such testing will be in progress the stack
effluents will be sampled and monitored for AAQ parameters. The monitoring frequency
would be once a quarter. There are 12 DG sets for six units and many small DG sets to
be installed in NPP at Mithivirdi. The parameters to be monitored will be SO2, NOx, CO,
PM10 and PM2.5.
6.5.2.3 Flue gas monitoring
The flue gas coming out of incinerator will be sampled from the stack and monitored for
SO2, NOx, CO and PM. The operation of the incinerator is intermittent and monitoring of
the flue gases will be done once a month or as per the guidelines provided by the
Gujarat Pollution Control Board. There will be one stack attached to the incinerator thus
number of sampling / analysis per year will be 12.
6.5.2.4 Effluent monitoring for STP Raw sewage and effluent from STP at the site would be monitored. The parameters to
be examined are pH, conductivity, Total suspended solids, BOD and coli-form count.
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The monitoring frequency will be minimum once per month or as prescribed by the
Gujarat Pollution Control Board.
The effluent quality will be monitored at the inlet and outlet of the sewage treatment
plant (STP) as given in Table 6.3 to assess the performance of STP.
Table 6.3 Monitoring of Effluent Inlet & Outlet of STP
Description Nos. of Locations Monitoring Frequency
Inlet and out let of STP 1X2 = 2 Once a month
* Parameters = pH, TSS & BOD
Results of monitoring under Section 6.5.2.1 to 6.5.2.4 would be reported to Gujarat
Pollution Control Board.
6.5.3 METEOROLOGY
The meteorological parameters will be regularly monitored for assessment and
interpretation of air quality data. The continuous monitoring will also help in emergency
planning and disaster management. The project will have a designated automatic
weather monitoring station. The following data will be recorded and archived:
Wind speed and direction
Rainfall
Temperature and humidity
Solar Radiation
6.5.4 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
It is necessary to monitor the air quality at the boundary of the NPP at Mithivirdi
specifically with respect to particulate matter, SO2 and NOx. It is proposed that
continuous monitoring stations will be established at three locations North West, South
West and North East Boundaries (downwind of the predominant annual) of the NPP at
Mithivirdi. The equipment at the continuous monitoring stations will have facilities to
monitor PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx. In addition Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) will be
manually monitored in three villages, one each on the Eastern, South Western and
North-Western side of the project. The AAQ in villages will be monitored once in each
month during the entire year except monsoon season.
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After the implementation of the proposed project the ambient air shall be regularly
monitored as given in Table 6.4 or as per the directives given by CPCB / GPCB from
time to time.
Table 6.4 Ambient air to be monitored
SN
Description Number of AAQ Stations
Monitoring Frequency
1. Ambient Air Quality (manual). Outside plant boundary in surrounding villages in Eastern, South Western and North-Western side of the project taken as centre
3 Once in each month - 24 hr continuous (except monsoon) for PM 2.5, PM10, SO2 & NOx Continuous
2. Continuous AAQ Monitoring Station at Plant Boundary
3 PM 2.5, PM10, SO2 & NOx Continuous
* Parameters = PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and NOX
6.5.5 MAINTENANCE OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM
The effectiveness of the drainage system depends on proper cleaning of all drainage
pipes/channels. Regular checking will be done to see that none of the drains are
clogged due to accumulation of sludge/sediments. The catch-pits linked to the storm
water drainage system from the different areas will be regularly checked and cleaned to
ensure their effectiveness. This checking and cleaning will be rigorous during the
monsoon season, especially if heavy rains are forecast.
6.5.6 WASTE WATER DISCHARGE FROM PROJECT SITE
All the waste water generated within the NPP at Mithivirdi (i.e. from process and STP)
shall be treated up to the applicable standard. The treated wastewater from STP will be
utilized for green belt development.
6.5.7 AMBIENT NOISE
Ambient noise shall be monitored at six locations in villages surrounding the proposed
project, once in each month. The villages selected for monitoring will cover the nuclear
power plant site.
6.5.8 GROUND WATER MONITORING
Ground water shall be sampled from wells / hand-pumps / tube-wells, up gradient and
down gradient of the plant area and the residential area to check for possible
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contamination and to ascertain the trend of variation in the water quality, if any. In case
any adverse trend is noticed, immediate remedial measures shall be taken. A total of
four samples shall be monitored once in each month for the critical parameters.
6.5.9 SOIL QUALITY MONITORING Soil samples from three villages around the project site shall be analysed once in a
year.
6.5.10 SOLID/HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL
Low-radioactivity combustible waste generated at the project will be incinerated in
incineration plant stationed at site. The non-radioactive solid waste, comprising mostly of
waste papers and biodegradable waste from canteen. The segregated biodegradable
waste will be sent for composting. Hazardous waste generated from the NPP at
Mithivirdi will be disposed as per applicable stipulations of statutory authorities. Periodic
surveillance monitoring will be conducted to ensure that the wastes are disposed in the
manner as specified.
6.5.11 GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT
The following plan has been made for implementation of green belt at the nuclear power
plant site:
Annual plans for tree plantation with specific number of trees to be planted
shall be made. The fulfillment of the plan shall be monitored every six
months.
A plan for post plantation care will be reviewed in every monthly meeting.
Any abnormal death rate of planted trees shall be investigated.
Regular periodic watering of the plants, manuring, weeding, hoeing will be
carried out for minimum 3 years after the plantation work.
6.5.12 HOUSE KEEPING
The Industrial Safety group will be keeping a very close monitoring of house keeping
activities and organising regular meetings of joint forum at the shop level (monthly),
zonal level – (once in two months) and apex level (quarterly). The individual shop
concern will be taking care for the house keeping of shops.
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6.5.13 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
The setting up of the NPP at Mithivirdi will improve the infra-structure & socio-economic
conditions thus will enhance the overall development of the region. The communities,
which are benefited by the plant, are thus one of the key stakeholders. It is suggested
that the plant management under Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) plan will have
structured interactions with the community to disseminate the measures planned / taken
by the NPP at Mithivirdi and also to elicit suggestions from stake-holders for overall
improvement for the development of the area.
6.6 MONITORING PLAN 6.6.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME
The Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) during construction and operation phases
envisaged for the proposed project, for each of the environmental condition indicator is
summarized in Table 6.5.
The monitoring plan specifies:
Parameters to be monitored
Location of the monitoring sites
Frequency and duration of monitoring
Special guidance
Applicable standards
Institutional responsibilities for implementation and supervision
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Table 6.5 Environmental Monitoring Plan
Environmental Issue/ Impacts
Mitigation Measure Reference to Contract Documents
Approximate Location
Time Frame
Mitigation Cost
Institutional Responsibility
Implementation
Super- vision
Construction Phase
1. Dust Generation
All possible measures to minimize dust generation during construction, like water spraying, etc.
Project Requirement
Construction site within the plant
During construction phase
Project Cost (Environmental Component)
Contractor / Planning Section
Planning Section / CCE/ PD
2. Solid Waste disposal
Reutilisation/proper disposal of solid waste generated during construction in pre-identified dumping area.
-Do- Construction site within the plant and dumping area.
-Do- -Do- Contactor Civil Maintenance / CCE /PD
3. Air Quality at construction site & surrounding
Monitoring of air quality with respect to various pollutants
-Do- At construction site and surrounding
-Do- -Do- -Do- Planning Section / CCE/ PD
4. Surface water quality
Monitoring surface water quality
-Do- Mithivirdi & Jaspara rivers up & down stream of project site
-Do- -Do- -Do- -Do-
5. Ground Water Quality
Monitoring ground water quality
-Do- Up & down gradient of project site
-Do- -Do- -Do- -Do-
6. Noise levels at construction site & surrounding
Monitoring noise levels -Do- At construction site and surrounding
-Do- -Do- Contractor / Industrial Safety
CCE / PD
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Environmental Issue/ Impacts
Mitigation Measure Reference to Contract Documents
Approximate Location
Time Frame
Mitigation Cost
Institutional Responsibility
Implementation
Super- vision
7. Soil Quality Soil quality monitoring -Do- At construction site and surrounding
-Do- -Do- Contactor Civil Maintenance / CCE/PD
8. Environmental Protection Measures
Implementation/Installation of all Environmental Protection Measures as envisaged in Chapter 4 & 10 for controlling/abating pollution.
-Do- All plant units -Do- -Do- Contractor Planning Section / CCE/PD
Opération Phase
1. Environmental Protection Measures (Radiation levels / exposure within exclusion zone)
Proper functioning of all Environmental Protection Measures for controlling/abating radiological pollution.
Project / Statutory requirement
Different units of the operating plant
Continuously Project Cost (Environmental Component)
Health Physics Unit / Chemical lab / Waste management Unit (WMU)
TSU / EMARC / Station Director (SD)
2. Ambient radiation / contamination monitoring within plant area.
Continuous monitoring of all accessible areas of plant for ambient radiation levels and concentration of radioactive materials in air
-Do- Total plant area
-Do- -Do- -Do- -Do-
3. Effluent Monitoring: Gaseous
Gaseous effluent monitoring to check for potential leak of radioactivity through stack
-Do- Ventilation stacks
Continuously -Do- Health Physics Unit / Online System Control
TSU / Operation Superintendent / EMARC / SD
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Environmental Issue/ Impacts
Mitigation Measure Reference to Contract Documents
Approximate Location
Time Frame
Mitigation Cost
Institutional Responsibility
Implementation
Super- vision
Room
4. Effluent Monitoring: Liquid Waste
Monitoring of low level radioactive liquid waste before being pumped into the receiving water body and at the discharge location – checking for potential leak of radioactivity to receiving water body.
-Do- Waste management plant & discharge location of receiving water body.
Continuously -Do- Waste Management Unit (WMU)
TSU / EMARC / SD
5. Monitoring Waste Storage Integrity
Monitoring of potential leak of radioactivity from waste storage facility into the ground water.
-Do- Bore-wells around waste storage facility
Quarterly -Do- -Do- -Do-
6. Personnel Monitoring
Monitoring of annual limit of radiation exposure to the occupational worker
-Do- All workers in side the plant
Continuously -Do- Health Physics Unit/Medical Unit
TSU / EMARC / SD
7. Radiation Monitoring on Site
Monitoring of gamma radiation levels, continuously through field mounted environmental gamma dose logger
Watchdog monitoring at all entry / exit points to the complex to detect movement of radioactive
-Do- Specified 10 selected locations.
All entry exit points
Continuously -Do- Health Physics Unit
-Do-
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Environmental Issue/ Impacts
Mitigation Measure Reference to Contract Documents
Approximate Location
Time Frame
Mitigation Cost
Institutional Responsibility
Implementation
Super- vision
substances.
8. Radiological Monitoring in the Public Domain: Internal Radiation Levels & External Radiation Levels
Monitoring of external, internal and total radiation doses to the members of the public at various distances from the project.
-Do- In different identified zones within 30 km radius of the project.
Continuously -Do- ESL HPD, BARC / AERB / SD
9. Other Monitoring Requirements : Occupational Health and Safety
Periodic medical examination of all the plant personnel
-Do- All the plant personnel
Periodic -Do- Industrial Safety / HPU
TSU / EMARC / SD
10. Work Zone Noise levels
At all units of the plant -Do- -Do- -Do- Environmental Cost
Industrial Safety group
SD
11. Stack Monitoring for Diesel Generator Sets.
Monitoring of SO2, NOx, CO and PM at the out-let of all DG sets.
-Do- DG Sets Throughout operation phase
-Do- Pollution Monitoring Agency.
Maintenance Group / SD
12. Stack Monitoring for Waste Incineration Facility.
Monitoring of SO2, NOx, CO and PM at the out-let of Waste Incinerator
-Do- Waste Incinerator location.
Throughout operation phase
-Do- Waste Management Unit
TSU / EMARC / SD
13. Performance of Sewage Treatment Facilities
Monitoring of sewage quality at inlet and out let of STP.
-Do- Project site STP
-Do- -Do- Civil Maintenance
Maintenance Group / SD
14. Meteorology Monitoring of Meteorological parameters through continuous
- Suitable location within plant premises
Continuously Project Cost (Environmental Component) /
ESL HPD, BARC / AREB / EMARC / SD
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Environmental Issue/ Impacts
Mitigation Measure Reference to Contract Documents
Approximate Location
Time Frame
Mitigation Cost
Institutional Responsibility
Implementation
Super- vision
monitoring system. Environmental Cost
15. AAQ Monitoring at Plant Boundary.
Online AAQ Monitoring at plant boundary at three locations.
-Do- At NW, SW & NE on plant boundary.
Continuously -Do- Contractor / TSU
TSU / EMARC / SD
16. AAQ Monitoring in vicinity of the plant
AAQ Monitoring in the vicinity at three locations.
-Do- At NW, SW & NE of the plant in three villages in vicinity.
Continuously Environmental Cost
-Do- -Do-
17. Maintenance of Storm Water Drainage System
Periodical cleaning of drains to maintain storm water flow within the Plant.
-Do- Entire plant drainage network.
Beginning and end of each monsoon.
Project Cost (Environmental Component)
Contractor / Service Maintenance
Maintenance Unit / SD
18. Water quality at the plant outfalls – conventional pollutants
Monitoring of water quality at all the outfalls as per the wastewater discharge (in surface water) criteria of CPCB.
-Do- As per specified waste water discharge monitoring program
Continuously Environmental Cost
Pollution Monitoring Agency / Chemical lab
TSU / EMARC / SD
19. Ambient Noise Monitoring of noise levels in plant vicinity
-Do- As per noise level monitoring program
-Do- -Do- Pollution Monitoring Agency / Industrial Safety
-Do-
20. Ground Water Quality conventional
Changes in ground water quality will be monitored in the up-gradient and down
-Do- As per ground water monitoring
-Do- -Do- Pollution Monitoring Agency /
-Do-
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Mitigation Measure Reference to Contract Documents
Approximate Location
Time Frame
Mitigation Cost
Institutional Responsibility
Implementation
Super- vision
pollutants gradient of NPP at Mithivirdi
programme TSU
21. Soil quality - conventional pollutants
Monitoring of soil quality in plant vicinity.
As per soil quality monitoring programme
-Do- -Do- -Do- -Do-
22. Solid waste/Hazardous Waste generation and utililisation
Incineration of non-radioactive solid waste and disposal of Hazardous waste as per EMP.
-Do- All the units of the proposed plant generating solid wastes/HW
-Do- Project Cost (Environmental Component)
Central Material & Management / TSU
Chief Superintendent / SD
23. Green Belt Proper implementation of green belt development and maintenance.
Project / Statutory requirement
green belt development area
-Do- -Do- Horticulture Unit / Service Maintenance
-Do-
24. House Keeping Cleanliness of work place -Do- All units of the plant.
-Do- -Do- All responsible units/ Service Maintenance
-Do-
25. Socio-economic Development
Structured interactions with the community to disseminate the measures taken and also to elicit suggestions for overall improvement for the development of the area
-Do- Stake Holders -Do- -Do- CSR Unit / Human Resource
SD
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Note: EMP = Environmental Management Plan, ESL = Environmental Survey Laboratory of the project, EMARC = Environmental Management Apex Review Committee formed at Plant level, CCE : Chief Construction Engineer; CSR Unit: Unit formed at the project to implement Corporate Social Responsibility goals; PM10 & PM2.5 = Particulate Matter of 10 & 2.5u size, SO2 = Sulphur-di-oxide, NOx = Nitrogen Oxides, CO = Carbon Mono-oxide
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6.6.2 PROGRESS MONITORING AND REPORTING ARRANGEMENTS
The reporting system will ensure that measures proposed in the Environmental
Monitoring Plan of the project are implemented. Monitoring and reporting involve
periodic checking to ascertain whether activities are going according to the plans. It
provides the necessary feedback for the project management to keep the program on
schedule. The responsibility matrix for environmental monitoring program is given in
Table 6.6.
Table 6.6 Reporting System for Environmental Monitoring Plan
SN Details Indicators Phase Responsibility /
Supervision / Reporting
A. Pre-Construction Phase: Environmental Management Indicators and Monitoring Plan
1. 1 Location for dumping of wastes have to be identified and parameters indicative of environment in the area has to be reported.
Dumping locations Pre-construction
Contractor / Planning Section / PD
2. 2 Suitable location for construction worker camps have to be identified and parameters indicative of environment in the area has to be reported.
Construction camps Pre-construction
Contractor / Civil Maintenance / HR (Human Resource)
3. Location of borrow areas have to be finalized from identified lists and parameters indicative of environment in the area has to be reported.
Borrow areas Pre-construction
Contractor / Civil Maintenance / Planning Section
B. Construction Phase: Environmental Condition Indicators
1. 1. The parameters to be monitored as per frequency, duration & locations of monitoring specified in the Environmental Monitoring Programme prepared
Air quality Construction Contractor through approved monitoring agency / Planning Unit / PD
Surface Water quality Construction -do-
Ground Water quality Construction -do-
Soil quality Construction -do-
Noise level Construction -do-
2. Contractor shall report implementation of the measures suggested for topsoil preservation to environmental expert / infrastructure team.
Top soil Construction Contractor / Civil Maintenance / Planning Unit / PD
C. Operation Phase: Management & Operational Performance Indicators
1. 1 Radiological Monitoring Ambient radiation / contamination monitoring
Operation Health Physics Unit / ESL / TSU
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SN Details Indicators Phase Responsibility / Supervision / Reporting
Effluent Monitoring: Gaseous
Operation Health Physics Unit / TSU
Effluent Monitoring: Liquid Waste
Operation WMU / Health Physics Unit / TSU
Monitoring Waste Storage Integrity
Operation WMU / TSU
Personnel Monitoring Operation Health Physics Unit / Medical Unit
Radiation Monitoring on Site Operation HPU / TSU
Radiological Monitoring in the Public Domain: Internal Radiation Levels & External Radiation Levels
Operation ESL
Other Monitoring Requirements : Occupational Health and Safety
Operation Pant Medical Unit/Competent Authority / Industrial Safety
2. Work-zone noise levels As per statutory norms Operation Industrial Safety group / TSU
3. Stack Emissions DG sets & Waste Incineration Plant
All parameters as specified for stacks for DG sets / Incinerator by Statutory Authorities
Operation Approved Agency / TSU
4. Performance of Sewage Treatment Facilities
Inlet and Outlet characteristics of STP associated with plant
Operation Civil Maintenance / Maintenance Group
5. Meteorology, Ambient air quality, Waste water discharge through plant outfalls, Noise levels, Ground water and soil.
All parameters as specified by Statutory Authorities
Operation ESL
6. Maintenance of Storm Water Drainage System
Blockage of drainage system / overflowing of drains
Operation Contractor / Civil Maintenance
7. Hazardous waste re-disposal as specified by statutory authorities.
As per the notifications / guidelines specified by statutory authorities.
Operation CMM / Civil Maintenance
8. Green Belt Development Survival rates of trees Operation Horticulture Unit / Civil Maintenance
9. House Keeping General Cleanliness of the plant and different units
Operation All responsible units / Service Maintenance
10. 6 Socio-economic Development As per CSR Plan Pre-construction / Construction / Operation
Plant CSR Unit / Human Resources
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6.6.3 EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN
The list of equipment required in Chemical Laboratory / Waste Management Unit and
Health Physics Unit / Environmental Survey Laboratory for conventional pollutants is
given in Table 6.7. Whereas the list of equipment required for radiation/radioactivity
measurements is given in Table 6.8. Around 10% of Capital cost of the project is
allocated to meet the requirements of reactor safety and environmental safety.
Table 6.7 List of Equipments as Required for Monitoring of Conventional Pollutants
SN. Monitoring Equipments Numbers Required
1 PM2.5 & PM10 sampler along with gaseous sampling assembly 3
2 Stack Monitoring Kit (manual) 2
3 Portable Flue Gas Analyser for stack monitoring 2
4 Continuous AAQ Monitoring Station SO2, NOx, CO & PM2.5 & PM10
3
5 Sound Level Meter 2
6 Automatic Weather Monitoring Station 1
7 Ion Analyser with Autotitrator 1
8 Hot Air Oven 1
9 Hot Plate 2
10 Muffle Furnace 1
11 BOD Incubator 1
12 BOD Apparatus, Oxitop (1 set of 6) 1
13 DO Meter 1
14 Spectrophotometer 1
15 COD Digestion Assembly 1
16 pH meter 2
17 Conductivity Meter 1
18 AAS with Graphite furnace, Hydride Generator & Cold Vapour Technique
1
19 Digital Micro-Balance 2
20 Digital Top Load Balance (Range 1 to 500g) 1
21 Filtration Apparatus 2
22 Heating mental 3
23 Refrigerator 2
24 Fuming Chamber 1
25 Water Bath 2
26 Vacuum pump 2
27 Turbidity Meter 1
28 Filter Papers, Glassware, Plastic wares, Chemicals In Lot
Table 6.8 List of Equipments as Required for Monitoring of Radiation / Radioactivity
SN. Monitoring Equipments Numbers Required
1. High Volume Air samplers 2
2. Ashing equipment 1
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SN. Monitoring Equipments Numbers Required
3. Portable survey meter 4
4. Contamination Monitors (beta–gamma & alpha) 2
5. Scintillometer 2
6. Alpha counting system 1
7. Beta counting system 1
8. Low beta counting system 1
9. Gas proportional counting system 1
10. Liquid scintillation counting system 1
11. Gamma Ray Spectrometer - NaI (Tl) 1
12. Gamma Ray Spectrometer - HpGe 1
13. Whole body counter 1
14. Instrumented Meteorological tower 1
15. Portable Diesel Generator set 1
16. Filter Papers, Glassware, Plastic wares, Chemicals In Lot
6.7 ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY LABORATORY
An Environmental Survey Laboratory (ESL) will be set up 18 months before the plant
goes into operation. The laboratory will carry out analysis of background radioactivity in
the area with the purpose is to establish baseline radiation levels. Thereafter, when the
power plant is commissioned and operated, the radiation levels in the environment are
monitored regularly up to 30 km distance from the reactors. Within the exclusion
boundary, continuous monitoring of radiation levels is done by automated environmental
radiation monitoring system.
6.8 STAFF REQUIREMENT FOR ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
An environmental management group will be formed with qualified officers and staff. The
team members will have expertise on the activities of construction, technical, operation,
maintenance, biodiversity, industrial safety, waste management etc. Depending on
requirement NPCIL may take assistance from standard organizations and institutes for
implementation of various components of environmental management plan (EMP).
Minimum number of personnel required for the project to meet the responsibilities with
the implementation of EMP shall be as follows:
Table 6.9 Staff requirement for environmental management at NPP at Mithivirdi
Staff No. of Personnel
Environmental Survey Officer 1
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Environment Engineer 2
Lab Chemist
Lab Assistant
2
2
Health & Safety Officer 1
Biodiversity specialist 1
The posts / titles given above are generic in nature. NPCIL may designate them
differently to suit its convenience, as long as the functional responsibilities are fully met.
Since waste management is taken care by the fully dedicated Central Waste
Management Facility, the requirements for effective treatment of radioactive waste and
monitoring will be implemented as per AERB guidelines. As in the case of operation and
maintenance, a dedicated team of health physics officials will be available to monitor
constantly radiation levels within the plant boundary. Likewise, Environment Survey
Laboratory will monitor the environmental parameters in the public domain.
6.9 BUDGETARY PROVISIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MEASURES
The budgetary provisions towards environmental monitoring program for the NPP at
Mithivirdi will be maintained in the capital Budget. The details of the same are provided
in Table 6.10.
Table 6.10 Cost of Environmental Protection Measures for 6 X 1000 MWe at Mithivirdi
Pollution Control – Radiological aspects
(Towards the cost of Nuclear safety systems, engineered safety features, consequence mitigating measures, waste treatment, management & storage, spent fuel storage, radiation emergency preparedness etc.)
- Non-recurring : Rs. 900 Crores
- Recurring / Annum : Rs. 15 Crores
Pollution Control – Conventional aspects
- Non-recurring :
Rs.
15 Crores
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- Recurring / Annum : Rs. 30 Lakhs
Environmental & Pollution Monitoring - Establishment of chemical & radio- chemical sampling & analysis, health physics & bioassay sampling & monitoring facilities etc. and enhancement of Environment Survey sampling & monitoring. (Radiological & non-radiological)
- Non-recurring : Rs. 3 Crores
- Recurring / Annum : Rs. 60 Lakhs
Green Belt Development
- Non-recurring : Rs. 3 Crores
- Recurring / Annum : Rs. 30 Lakhs.
Social Welfare Measures
(Health & Water Supply Facilities, educational matters, area development / up gradation & Sanitation etc.)
- Non-recurring : Rs. 1.5 Crore
- Recurring / Annum : Rs 30 Lakhs
Total Investment on EMP
- Non-recurring : Rs. 922.5 Crores
- Recurring / Annum : Rs. 16.5Crores
Note : 1. Capital cost of 6 X 1000 MWe Project is under finalization by Government of India. 2. „Non-recurring‟ cost refers to the portion of capital cost of the proposed project based on estimation for 1000 MWe LWR units.
3. „Recurring / Annum‟ cost refers to the revenue expenditure and does not include capital depreciation and interest on capital
6.10 OVERALL SCHEDULES 6.10.1 OVER ALL PROJECT SCHEDULE OF NPP AT MITHIVIRDI
Construction of the project will be taken up in three stages of 2 X 1000 MWe each.
Planned schedule for the proposed two units of 1st phase will take about 60 months
(2019-2020). The stage-II (Units 3 & 4) and stage-III (Units 5 & 6) will be completed by
the year 2021-22 and 2023-24 respectively. The 1st phase project will be commissioned
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in 60 months from the “Zero-Date” which is reckoned as start of construction activities at
site.
6.10.2 CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE OF ESL AT MITHIVIRDI
The construction of ESL building and procurement of different equipments for laboratory
(Table 6.7 and 6.8) will be planned in phase wise manner so as to establish the ESL
functioning by the end of 42 months i.e. before the 1st phase of the plant gets under
operation.
6.11 SUBMISSION OF MONITORING REPORTS TO MoEF
As per the requirements, the status of environmental clearance stipulation
implementation will be submitted to MoEF in hard and soft copy on 1st December and 1st
June of every calendar year. These reports will be put up on MoEF web site as per their
procedure and will be updated every six months. The conventional pollutants and
radioactivity levels will be monitored on monthly basis and reports will be submitted to
GPCB, CPCB and AERB respectively, as per the requirements.
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CHAPTER – 7
ADDITIONAL STUDIES
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7.1 ADDITIONAL STUDIES
In Addition to the main EIA study, following additional special studies have been carried
out by independent institutes/agencies, organized by NPCIL as well as EIL for
generation of important baseline data / specific information required for the subject EIA
study. The details of the same are presented below.
7.2 PUBLIC CONSULTATION
The information will be provided after the completion of public hearing.
7.3 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN
Disaster management is a process or strategy that is implemented when any type of
catastrophic event takes place. Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA)
has made a district level disaster management plans. Bhavnagar disaster management
plan unveiled in 2011 and certain findings are presented below. The DMP can be
achieved only through:
1. Preplanning a proper sequence of response actions
2. Allocation of responsibilities to the participating agencies
3. To prevent loss of human lives and property and effective medical response
4. Proper training and awareness creation among the villagers
The requirement for district DMP is set by the GSDMA under the authority of the Gujarat
State Disaster Management Act of 2003. The Collector and the special Relief
Commissioner of the concerned district are responsible for giving immediate remedy to
the disaster affected people.
Talaja taluka where the proposed nuclear power plant is coming up is high prone to high
wind, sea surge etc. So, offsite emergency plan and village DM plan is required for the
probable affected villages. The proposed plant at Mithivirdi is coming under seismic
zone-III. The proposed disaster management programme should be made keeping in
view of the NPP establishment. Taluka level disaster management plan and NPP
disaster management plan are required before the construction work starts. A full-
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fledged disaster management plan for Bhavnagar district with all emergency
communication details is available in GSDMA website for reference.
Risk to the Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) and its surrounding may arise due the following
factors:
i. External natural events that are likely to affect plant safety and operation like
earthquakes, floods, extreme winds, landslides, soil liquefaction etc.
ii. External man made events that are likely to affect plant safety and operation
iii. Events within the plant due to hazardous chemicals used in the plant operation
that may affect the public and the environment.
7.3.1 NATURAL EVENTS
A site evaluation study is a prerequisite before a site is approved for the construction of
NPP at Mithivirdi. The purpose of the study is by AERB and NPCIL to assess the
engineer-ability of the plant at the selected site, in view of the effects of external natural
events - like earthquakes, storm surges, cyclones, tsunamis etc.
7.3.1.1 Earthquake hazard
The seismic zone map of India (IS 1893:2002) is given in Fig. 7.1. It can be seen that
the project site falls under low damage risk zone (Zone-III). All precautionary measures
have been considered while designing the engineering of the facility to meet any such
events. The seismo-tectonic study conducted for the site revealed that the site is
engineer-able from this consideration.
7.3.1.2 Cyclone hazard
The cyclone hazard map of Gujarat State showing the project location is given in Fig.
7.2. It can be seen that the project site falls under moderate damage risk zone, with wind
velocity reaching up to 48-50 m/s. All engineering precautionary measures have been
considered while designing the facility to meet any such events.
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Fig 7.1 Seismic zone map of India (Source IS 1893:2002)
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7.3.1.3 Storm surge hazard
The storm surge hazard map of Gujarat State showing the project location is given in
Fig. 7.3. It can be seen that the project site will not fall under surge inundation zone.
Further all engineering precautionary measures have been considered while designing
the facility to meet any such incidents.
7.3.1.4 Tsunami hazard
The tsunami hazard map of Gujarat State showing the project location is given in Fig.
7.4. It can be seen that the project site out of inundation area due to tsunami. However,
all precautionary measures have been considered while designing the engineering of the
facility to meet any such events.
Fig. 7.2 Gujarat Cyclone hazard risk zonation map
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Fig. 7.3 Gujarat storm surge hazard risk zonation map
Fig. 7.4 Gujarat tsunami hazard risk zonation map
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7.3.2 MANMADE EVENTS
The risk of external events induced by man on the NPP vis-à-vis the surroundings like
chemical explosions occurring in the nearest public domain has been considered
appropriate for analysis. A brief description of the postulated events and their impacts on
the plant and surroundings are as follows.
7.3.2.1 Aircraft crash including consequences of impact, fire and explosion
AERB Safety Code specifies Screening Distance Values (SDV), for locating NPP away
from airports, landing and take-off zones, and air corridors, in order to limit the
probability of such an event to less than 10-6 per year. The Bhavnagar Air Port is
situated at about 35 km from the project site in north-west direction. Considering the
current air traffic density and the projected growth in air traffic and the location of the
site, Mithivirdi NPP meets this requirement.
7.3.2.2 Effect of accidents taking place outside the project site
No industries handling toxic chemicals or explosives are reported to exist within 5 km.
The nearest National Highway is at Rajpara junction NH-8E at a distance of 12 km from
site. There is a possibility of LPG tanker explosion on the highway. The postulated
incident considered is a catastrophic failure of an LPG tanker, taking place on the NH10.
The effect of vapour build-up due to LPG tanker explosion is limited to a maximum of ~
153 m, heat radiation effect on equipment is limited to ~ 114 m, overpressure effects are
limited to ~ 175 m, and the structural damage is limited to ~ 146 m. The maximum
damage distances are far less compared to the distance between Mithivirdi NPP and the
highway.
7.3.2.3 Security breach/ terrorist activity
The nearest aerial distance of site from the international border (Pakistan) is about 325
km.
As regards security breach / terrorist activity in to the facility, sufficient security system
will be adopted in the plant design & implementation to deal with such eventualities.
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7.3.3 EVENTS WITHIN THE PLANT
For the purpose of risk assessment and onsite and offsite emergency plan related with
the events within the plant, the risk due to non-radioactive substances and that due to
radioactive materials are dealt in subsequent sections.
7.3.3.1 Hazardous chemicals
Industrial activities, which produce, treat, store and handle hazardous substances, have
a high hazard potential endangering the safety of man and environment at work place
and outside. Recognizing the need to control and minimize the risks posed by such
activities, the Ministry of Environment & Forests have notified the “Manufacture Storage
& Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules ”in the year 1989 and subsequently modified,
inserted and added different clauses in the said rule to make it more stringent. For
effective implementation of the rule, Ministry of Environment & Forests has provided a
set of guidelines. The guidelines, in addition to other aspects, set out the duties required
to be performed by the occupier along with the procedure. The rule also lists out the
industrial activities and chemicals, which are required to be considered as hazardous. In
the proposed project the power generation from nuclear power (Light water reactor), is
being planned.
The major chemicals which will be stored by the project include High Speed Diesel Oil
(HSD). In view of the proposed activities are being scrutinized in line of the above
referred “Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical (Amendment) Rules,
1989 and its Amendment Rules 2000” and observations / findings are presented in this
section. This plan covers mainly the HSD, which is going to be stored and subsequently
handled during the plant operation.
As per the Schedule 1, paragraph (b) (iv) of “Manufacture, Storage and Import of
Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989, MoEF” High Speed Diesel (HSD) falls under category
“flammable liquids: chemicals which have a flash point lower than or equal to 60 0C but
higher than 23 0C”.
7.4 RADIATION EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM IN INDIAN NUCLEAR POWER
PLANTS
The purpose of planning for on-site/off-site radiation emergency response is to ensure
adequate preparedness for protection of the plant personnel and members of the public
from significant radiation exposures in the unlikely event of a severe accident. The
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probability of a major accident resulting in the releases of large quantities of radioactivity
is extremely small. The probability, however, can never be reduced to absolute zero and
therefore this residual risk is sought to be mitigated by appropriate siting criteria and
implementing suitable arrangements for emergency planning and preparedness.
As stipulated in AERB Safety Guide No. SG/HS-1, to limit the radiological consequences
in public domain, the whole area around NPPs is divided into three domains based on
severity of prevailing radiation fields subsequent to the accidental release of
radioactivity. Appropriate intervention levels and derived intervention levels are assigned
in advance for each domain so that off-site emergency countermeasures could be
implemented in a pre-planned manner. Following countermeasures have been found
suitable to deal with radiological emergency in the public domain.
Iodine Prophylaxis administration
Sheltering
Evacuation
Decontamination
Control of food and water supplies
Use of stored animal feed
Decontamination of area
The selection of one or more of the above protective measures is based on the nature of
the accident and its associated risk and in particular, time factor associated with these
two factors.
The intervention levels as stipulated in AERB Safety Guide No. SG/HS-1 for protective
measures are implemented at very low radiation levels, compared to radiation levels
which cause serious injurious to persons receiving acute whole-body radiation exposure.
The requirements of emergency counter-measures in case of various DBE are
assessed. Emergency counter-measures like distribution of iodine prophylaxis and
sheltering would be needed based on intervention level.
The agencies responsible for carrying out remedial measures during the different
categories of emergencies mentioned in Table 7.1.
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Table 7.1 Agency responsible for carrying out remedial measures during emergency
Type of Emergency Responsible Agency
Emergency Standby Plant/Site management
Personnel Emergency
Plant/Site management
Plant Emergency Plant/Site management
Site Emergency Plant/Site management
Off-site Emergency
District authorities of the State Government having jurisdiction over the public domain affected by the accident, normally the District Collector
7.4.1 EMERGENCY STANDBY
Emergency standby is defined as abnormal plant conditions with potential to develop
into accident situations, if timely preventive actions are not taken. During this situation
pre-identified plant personnel are placed in a state of alert for implementing the
emergency response procedure. Examples of situations that would justify initiating an
emergency standby is as follows:
Failure of safety-related plant features that may potentially lead accident
scenarios. A forecast or notification of severe natural phenomena in the
vicinity of plant site such as floods, earthquakes, cyclones, hurricanes or
tornadoes; A major fire at the plant or at an adjacent facility;
Release of a toxic or noxious substances on-site or off-site;
A threat to plant security;
An incident at an adjacent nuclear installation; and
Station black-out.
7.4.2 PERSONNEL EMERGENCY
When the radiological consequences of an abnormal situation are confined to some
personnel working in a plant, without affecting the plant, it is described as a personnel
emergency. For example, some of the plant personnel may be working at a location
within the reactor building where the radiation field is significantly above prescribed limits
for extended period resulting in their excessive radiation exposure. Some other
examples of personnel emergency are given below:
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splashing of radioactive material on personnel while carrying out
operation/maintenance in such a manner that excessive contamination, internal
and/or external, has occurred or is suspected;
high uptake of radioactive material has inadvertently occurred or is suspected;
personnel contamination at levels exceeding prescribed limits;
high external exposures has occurred or is indicated;
the person is physically ill or incapacitated;
7.4.3 PLANT EMERGENCY
When the radiological consequences of an abnormal situation are expected to remain
confined to the plant, it is described as a plant emergency. This situation may arise
during operation or shutdown maintenance of the reactor.
7.4.4 SITE EMERGENCY
An accidental release of radioactivity extending beyond the plant but confined to the site
boundary (exclusion zone) constitutes a site emergency. An assessment of such a
situation would imply that protective measures are limited to the exclusion zone. Site
Emergency is declared and terminated by Site Emergency Director (SED). The
protective measures in a Site emergency include evacuation from the affected parts of
the site and also radiological monitoring of the environment in the Emergency Planning
Zone (EPZ).
7.4.5 OFF-SITE EMERGENCY
An off-site emergency may occur in the unlikely event of an emergency situation
originating from NPP are likely to extend beyond the site boundary (exclusion zone) and
into the public domain. For the purpose of planning off-site emergency, an emergency-
planning zone (EPZ) up to 16-km radius is specified. There should be fixed criteria to
determine an off-site emergency in terms of the release of radioactivity as indicated by
the radiation monitoring system.
The protective measures in public domain shall be implemented by the District Officials
under the supervision of the district collector or the divisional Commissioner, who shall
be designated as the off-site Emergency Director (OED).
The manual on Off-site Emergency Response Plans would be issued by the State Level
Emergency Response Committee. The manual shall specify the need of radiation impact
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assessment based on immediate, intermediate and long-term consequences according
to space-time domain concept and the necessary intervention measures such as
evaluation, sheltering and food control. Off-site emergency shall be declared and
terminated by OED on the basis of technical assessment made by SED.
The Station Director Mithividri NPP is identified as the Plant Emergency Director (PED)
and all the Superintendent and Health Physicist are the members of the plant
Emergency Committees.
Consequent to the declaration of the site emergency the Station Director of Mithividri
NPP handover the charge of Plant emergency director (PED) to Chief Superintendent
and assumes the charge of Site Emergency Director (SED). The PED provides all plant
related information to the SED and works as per the advice of the SED to mitigate the
situation in the plant.
The SED is the Chairman of the Site Emergency Committee (SEC) and is responsible
for convening the SEC, when the 1st report of the initiation of an emergency is received
by SED. SED shall obtain technical inputs, such as particulars of the accident, from the
members of the SEC. The decisions for declaration/termination of an emergency shall
be based on inputs so obtained. The Site Emergency Organisation structure & the
recommended plant emergency response action flow diagram are chalked out.
Consequent to the declaration of the Off-site emergency For Mithividri NPP, the District
Collector, Bhavnagar will be the Off-site Emergency Director (OED). Its membership
includes the chiefs of all public services relevant to the emergency management in the
district and the Station Director of Mithividri NPP. The OED shall be the Chairman of the
Off-site Emergency Committee (OEC) and is responsible for convening OEC when the
report of the initiation of an emergency is received by OED. The Action Flow Diagram for
the site/off-site emergencies and Information Flow Diagram for site/off-site emergencies
have been chalked out (Fig. 7.5).
The Shift Charge Engineer (SCE) on duty is among the first to learn about the
occurrence of an off-normal situation. He shall evaluate the condition and the data on
the basis of which an emergency may be declared / terminated. He shall notify SED
about any condition which may warrant the declaration of an emergency.
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7.4.6 EXERCISES
Emergency scenarios shall be developed to test emergency plans and operational
response at all levels. Exercises and drills shall be conducted once in a quarter for Plant
Emergency to see that the staffs are adequately trained and all the emergency
equipment are kept in good conditions. At the end of each exercise/drill an evaluation of
the response call shall be carried out to take care of any deficiency noticed. Site
emergency exercise is carried out once in a year. Off-site Emergency exercise is carried
out once in two years.
Emergency plan shall be reviewed at least once in five years, the improvements and
updating procedures shall be implemented based on feedback and critiques from
exercises.
Periodic exercises are conducted as per stipulation of AERB with the active participation
of relevant state and public authorities. These exercises are witnessed by observers
from Crisis Management Group (CMG), DAE, AERB, BARC and NPCIL-HQ.
Feed back is a very valuable aspect of the exercise of offsite emergency and authorities
will resolve the deficiencies surfaced out and action plan will be chalked out depending
upon the requirements.
The nature and magnitude of response measures would depend on the specific category
or extent of emergency. Though safety evaluation of an NPP relates to design basis, the
Mithivirdi NPP emergency response plan shall be based not only on design basis events
but also on accident conditions due to more severe events, even if they have a very low
probability of occurrence. An analysis of such events and the projected radiological
consequences specific to the NPP shall form the basis of response plan, so that the
nature and magnitude of response actions could be established.
7.4.7 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS SYSTEM FOR NPP AT MITHIVIRDI
The documented emergency planning and preparedness program to be established and
practiced for Mithivirdi NPP will be approved by AERB. This documented manual on
emergency preparedness and response for Mithivirdi NPP will be in two volumes as
follows:
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Volume-I - Plant/Site Emergency Procedure.
Volume-II - Procedure for Off-Site Emergency.
The salient features of the emergency preparedness system for Mithivirdi NPP are
elaborated in the following sections.
7.4.8 PLANT/SITE EMERGENCY PROCEDURE
7.4.8.1 Emergency Organization and Responsibility
To effectively manage the emergency situation at Mithivirdi NPP site Emergency
Committee consisting of Advisory Group, Service Group, Damage Control Group and
Rescue Team will be established. The details of Mithivirdi Emergency action flow
diagram for site / off site emergencies is presented in Fig. 7.5.
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Fig. 7.5 Action flow diagram for site/ Off site emergencies
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7.4.8.2 Communication
The responsibility of communication during emergency lies with Communication Group.
This group ensures that all communication equipment is kept functional at all time. It
consists of Engineer- in -charge of the Plant, communication system, Telephone
operators and wireless operator.
7.4.8.3 Resources and facilities
The plant emergency equipment centre will be located at Administrative building or any
suitable location and it will be augmented with ready to use equipment for the plant /site
emergency. Normally Zone-II and Zone III area shower and wash room are to be used
for emergency personnel decontamination purpose. However there will be a separate
facility for casualty at Residential complex hospital when it is commissioned. A special
emergency service vehicle fitted with two –way radio equipment and necessary
monitoring & survey equipment will be available at all time under control of on duty Shift
Charge- Engineer (SCE). Different assembly areas for different working groups will be
identified inside the operating area or plant fencing and maintained for assembly in the
event of an emergency. Emergency shelter locations will be identified for sheltering
/evacuation due to emergency condition and the plant personnel shall proceed to the
shelter areas in the event of an emergency.
7.4.8.4 Action plan for responding to Emergency
After hearing the emergency siren and announcement about emergency situation and or
getting information of the same through telephone, all responsible members of the NPP
at Mithivirdi site Emergency Committee shall proceed to Main control room/ PECC.
Details of handling plant /on-site emergency situations will be documented and made
available at PECC. The action flow diagram for on site and off site emergencies is given
in Fig. 7.5.
7.4.9 VOLUME-II: PROCEDURE FOR OFF-SITE EMERGENCY
This volume will provide guidelines for handling off-site emergency at Mithivirdi NPP and
deals with emergency management organization, emergency equipment and facilities for
handling the situation up to 16 km radius.
7.4.9.1 Emergency planning zones
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The area around the plant site is divided into various zones as described below for
effective handling of the emergency situations:
In normal operation of the proposed PWR category nuclear power plant, the impact zone
would not be beyond 1.0 km, which would also hold good for off normal situations due to
advanced technological features in built in the design of the reactor. However, on a
conservative side, an area of 16 km around the plant is considered as emergency
planning zone as per the requirements of AERB as described below:
As per AERB requirements, the exclusion zone covers a distance of about 1 km around
the plant site within which no habitation is permitted and is protected by security
personal from state /central government agency/Central Industrial Security Force
(CISF). The sterilized zone covers a distance from exclusion boundary at 1 km to 5 km
radius around the plant site within which natural growth of population is permitted and
unrestricted growth of population and development are controlled by state administration
through administrative measures. The zone of 0 - 16 km is termed as emergency
planning zone (EPZ).
7.4.9.2 Frequency /Periodicity of Emergency Exercises The following exercises will be followed in NPP.
Plant emergency Exercise – Quarterly
Site emergency Exercise – Yearly
Off-Site emergency Exercise – Two Yearly
7.4.10 Habitability of Control Rooms under Accident Conditions
The habitability of control rooms under accident conditions is ensured as indicated
below:-
The habitability systems of the main control room (MCR) and supplementary control
room (SCR) incorporate systems and equipment, protecting the operators from
radioactive, toxic and harmful gases, aerosols and smoke, for creating safe normal
habitability conditions permitting the operators to control the power unit and also to
maintain it in a safe state even under emergency modes, including accidents involving
the primary circuit loss of coolant.
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7.4.10.1 Mode I – Normal Operating Conditions
In the normal mode, supply of outdoor air cleaned from dust is provided. Duration of
mode I is not restricted. The air entering from outside is mixed with recirculation air, is
cleaned on coarse and fine filters, cooled in the air cooler and by the fan along air
ducts network is supplied to the room via fire-retarding ducts. The air from the rooms is
withdrawn by exhaust fans and is supplied to the suction of the air conditioning
systems and to plenum vent center. The difference between the amount of the plenum
and recirculation air creates the required air head in the MCR rooms.
7.4.10.2 Mode II – Filtering/Ventilation Mode
The operation mode II is introduced automatically by indications of the radiation
monitoring transducers on rise of radioactivity in the intake air more than ≥3.10-7 Gy/h,
corresponding value of volume activity of iodine radionuclides 3.10 +2 Bq/m3. Mode II
duration is not less than 10 hr - period required for bringing the unit to cool down state.
The outdoor air flow rate is determined by the necessity to create a head in the MCR
air-tight area, as well as providing of the personnel with the outdoor air meeting the
sanitary (public health) standards (60 m3 per human being). Outdoor air, now passes
via filters, is cleaned, and supplied to suction of the air conditioning system. The air
conditioning system continues functioning as in mode I.
7.4.10.3 Mode III – Mode of Total Isolation of the MCR Rooms
This mode is introduced during emergencies for a period permitting the external services
of radiometric and chemical control to determine the content and concentration of toxic
substances in the atmospheric air in the MCR conditioners air intake area.
Besides, mode III shall be introduced in case of the outdoor air contamination by toxic
substances, carbon monoxide (in case of fire) and other harmful substances not retained
by the absorbing filters. In mode III air-tight valves in the outdoor line close, the operator
opens manually a valve on compressed air pipeline. On loss of power supply to the
system the operator manually opens a valve on compressed air pipeline. The
conditioning system continues operating for full recirculation.
To maintain the required pressure in the MCR rooms, compressed air from cylinders is
used. The mode duration is assumed to be 4 h, without replenishment. With
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replenishment, the occupancy for indefinite period is possible. Storage location on the
cylinders is decided considering this aspect.
By signals of external surveillance services the operator takes decision about the
necessary mode of ventilation (I, II, III).
7.5 SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
The socio-economic impact assessment (SIA) study profiles the socio-economic
environment of the locality around the project site and in doing so also assesses the
perception of the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) in the Project Affected Area (PAA).
The PAPs include persons whose land would be acquired for the project. Project land to
be acquired for the project comprises both private land (household and agricultural land)
and Government land. The various pre-construction, construction and operation phase
activities of the project are likely to stimulate the existing socio-economic environment in
the surrounding area. This impact is expected to be more in the area closer to the
project site and would decrease with the increase in the distance from the site. On this
backdrop, the SIA Study is directed towards addressing the following objectives:
- assess the demographic profile in the study area
- examine educational and health status of the people in the area
- present educational, health and other social infrastructure in the area
- explore people’s perception on the likely impacts of the project
- examine the impact of the project on community development activities in the
area
The SIA study spans a radius of 10 kms around the project site and is located in Talaja
block of Bhavnagar District. The study area has two radial zones: 0-5 kms and 5-10
kms. There are a total of twenty-two villages in the study area with seven villages in the
0-5 km zone and fifteen villages in the 5-10 km zone. There are about 115 scattered
dwellings accommodating about 500 people to be affected in the project area.
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7.5.1 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLDS
The village-wise details including households and population in the study area are
presented in Table 7.2.
Table 7.2 Village-wise details of households and population in the study area
Population within 0-5 KM zone of Project
2001 Population Census Total
Population (2011 est.)*
No. of Households (2011 est.) $ Village Total Population
No of Households
Jaspara 1868 280 2177 363
Khandadpar# 4344 702 5062 843
Paniyali 1669 266 1945 324
Kantala 1862 271 2170 362
Mandva 1347 248 1570 262
Sosiya 3067 495 3574 596
Chayya 1425 227 1661 277
Total (A) 15582 2489 18159 3027
Population within 5-10 KM zone of Project
Bhankal 981 182 1143 191
Goriyali 1308 227 1524 254
Bhavinapara 567 99 661 110
Pitthalpar 774 108 902 150
Kukkad 1830 325 2132 355
Navagam nana 1404 215 1636 273
Lakhanka 3184 470 3710 618
Morchand 3561 529 4150 692
Odarka 651 124 759 127
Chaniyala 784 107 914 152
Garibpura 1741 325 2029 338
Thalsar 2172 392 2531 422
Bhensavadi 23 4 27 5
Khadsaliya 4545 772 5296 883
Alang Manar (CT) 18475 3079 21529 3588
Total (B) 42000 6958 48943 8157
Grand Total (A+B) 57582 9447 67102 11184
Note:* Estimates based on decadal growth rate of 16.5 per cent of Bhavnagar District as reported in Provisional
Population Totals of the Census of India 2011
$ Based on average household size of 6 individuals for the study area
# Mithivirdi population included in Khandadpar in 2001 Census
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The aggregative population and households distribution in the two zones is as under:
Table 7.3 Distribution of population and households
Area
around
project
Number of
Villages
Population (2011 est.) Households
Numbers Percentage Numbers Percentage
Zone of 0-5
km 7 18159 27 3027 27
Zone of 5-
10 km 15* 48943 73 8157 73
Total Area
(0-10 km) 22 67102 100 11184 100
* includes Census Town Alang Manar
From the above table it can be seen that as much as 73 % of the population of the study
area lives in the 5-10 km zone. The households also have a similar distribution in the
two zones taken on an average household size of six for the study area. From Table 7.2
it is observed that Alang village is having population more than 10,000 in the 0-10 km
radial zone around the project site. Population density within 10km is 427 person /km2.
7.5.2 SAMPLE SIZE AND STUDY DESIGN
For the field study, questionnaires were deployed for eliciting information on household
demographics, education profile, occupation, household amenities, village infrastructure
and perception of the people on the upcoming project both during the construction and
operation phases. The study of these attributes elucidates the socio-cultural and
economic facets of the people in the area.
Review of Secondary Data
Review of secondary data, such as 2001 Population Census of India 2001, Health
Statistics Handbook of Gujarat 2010-11, District Statistical Handbook 2001 etc. were
referred for the parameters of demography, district health characteristics, village socio-
economic infrastructure including salient features within the general study area of 10km
radius around the proposed plant site. The primary data collected through direct field
survey of the villages in the two radial zones of 0-5 km. and 5-10 km complemented the
secondary data.
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Field Survey
Baseline data on socio-economic parameters were generated using information
available with Govt. agencies, census data etc. The field survey as mentioned above
inter alia undertook a perception study of the people in the study area with respect to
awareness, opinion, apprehensions, quality of life and expectations of the local people
about the proposed plant. A brief about the sampling design adopted for the field survey
is described below.
Composition of the Questionnaire
The questionnaire elicited information from the respondents in keeping with the
objectives of the study. A copy of the typical questionnaire for eliciting the above
information from the respondents is attached as Annexure XVIII (Volume – II of this report).
The attributes addressed for bringing forth the information related to:
a) Family profile of the respondent
b) Educational status
c) Employment
d) Information on family income
e) Sanitation and drinking water facilities
f) Family Health
g) Health infrastructure
h) Electricity & Transportation facilities
i) Communication facilities
j) Respondents' project perception
k) Respondents idea of compensation to be provided, if any.
Analytical Framework for Analysis & Compilation
The population for the study area has been forecasted on the basis of the decadal growth
rate in the District of Bhavnagar in the period 2001-2011. The decadal growth rate has been
quoted from the Provisional Population of the Census of India 2011. The Health Statistics
2010-11 report of Gujarat has been used to compile data of diseases and patients and heath
status of the people in Bhavnagar District. Besides, frequency distribution of demographic
parameters, educational status, agricultural status, peoples' perception etc. were also
studied.
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A stratified sampling framework was adopted in the two zones of the study area with a
latent focus on people and the households in the 0-5 km zone in keeping with the
Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R) issues of the project. Accordingly, the sample
size targeted in the 0-5 km zone was 126 from the seven villages while the sample size
was 150 from the fifteen villages which include Alang Manar (CT) in the 5-10 km zone.
7.5.3 MAJOR FINDINGS FROM STUDY AREA
7.5.3.1 SAMPLE RESPONSE
The responses received were around 90 per cent in the 0-5 km zone and 82 per cent in
the 5-10 km zone which gives an aggregate response rate of 86 per cent for the study
area which is perceived as representative of the views of the people of the study area of
the project.
7.5.3.2 Demographics
The demographic profile of the study area (10 km) in terms of population, household
size, education profile, occupation and land holding has been studied. As per estimates
based on 2001 census, in 2011, the study area had a population of 67102 persons with
73% population in the 5-10 km radial zone and only 27% in the 0-5 km radial zone. The
population density is 1.6 times around one and half times in the 5-10 km zone when
compared with the population density in the 0-5 km zone. Further, the schedule caste
and scheduled tribe population is next to negligible in the study area. The distribution of
population and salient demographic features in the study areas of 0-5 km radius and 0-
10 km radius are shown in the demographic profile in Table 7.4.
Table 7.4 Demographic Profile of Population in the Area
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Household size: The demographic details of the respondents show that the average
household in the villages surveyed constitutes of 6-7 individuals. This comprises mostly
three generations living under the same roof. Around 10-15 per cent of the households
reported that they have a member of their household staying outside the village for
employment. Besides, there were students studying in institutions of higher education
(university/engineering colleges, etc.) outside the village.
Age Profile: The respondents’ age in the sample study ranged from 20 to 70 years in
the 0-5 km and 5-10 km zones. This age profile has been segmented in four categories
as shown in the table below. In the 0-5 km zone, the “up to 30 years” age group
respondents constituted a higher percentage than the rest of the categories. Further, in
the entire 0-10 km study area, the “41-50 years” and the “up to 30 years” age groups
constituted the majority with a 57 per cent share of the respondents. Details of the age
profile of the respondents zone-wise for the total area are given in Table 7.5.
Population data Population 2001 census Estimated Population in
2011
0-5 km 5-10km Total
upto 10 kms
0-5 km 5-10km Total
upto 10 kms
1 Number of House Hold 2489 6958 9447 3027 8157 11184
2 Total Population 15582 42000 57582 18153 48930 67083
3 Total Males 8008 27135 35143 9329 31612 40942
4 Total Females 7574 14863 22437 8824 17315 26139
5 Female per 1000 Males 946 548 1494 1102 638 1740
6 Rural Population 15582 23525 39107 18153 27401 45554
7 Urban Population 0 18475 18475 0 21529 21529
8 Percent Rural Population (%) 100 56 68 100 56 68
9 Population Density
(Nos/sq. km) 2410 3877 6287 2808 4517 7325
10 Schedule Cast Total Population 161 601 762 188 700 888
11 Schedule Cast Male Population 85 341 426 99 397 496
12 Schedule Cast Female Population 76 260 336 89 303 392
Source: Derived from Population Census 2001 and decadal growth rate of Bhavnagar from 2001 to 2011 of 16.53%
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Table 7.5 Zone-wise age profiles of the respondents of the study area
Education levels: Education levels of the respondents range from elementary to
University level education. The education levels of the people show a marked difference
in that of the children and their parents. The parents and grandparents of the respondent
households were less educated. The younger generation, which will become the main
workforce and the primary driver in the society in the next 4-5 years, is considerably
better in terms of their education levels. There are students studying in schools and
even at the University for graduate and post graduate degrees in the nearby town/city.
This educational spectrum was observed to be uniformly spread in most of villages in
the study area. Besides, Gujarati is the main language spoken in the area with most of
the schools in the area having Gujarati medium of education.
Occupation: Based on sample survey, around 95 per cent of the people surveyed are
farmers or are engaged in associated/related farm activities on farm lands. The
remaining 5 per cent includes students (schools and colleges), small business owners
like shops, transport, etc. Although the project area is in proximity to the coast, fishing
was not responded to as an occupation by the respondents.
Area of Household and Agricultural land: The area of agriculture land holding ranges
from 2 acres to 20 acres in the surveyed villages with the area of village houses, which
includes built-up area, while ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 acres though clustering in the 0.1 to
0.4 acres range, as per the responses received.
Age Groups
Zones
Up to 30 Years (%)
31-40 Years (%)
41-50 Years (%)
More than 50 Years (%)
Total
Zone 1
(0-5 km)
34 20 31 15 100
Zone 2
(5-10 km)
22 24 27 27 100
Total Area
(0-10 km)
28 22 29 21 100
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Health Status & Facilities
The health facilities in the district have been assessed based on the information of the
2001 Census Data. Bhavnagar district has different types of health facilities at the village
level, namely, medical facility, primary health sub-centres and primary health centers.
Generally, there is one Primary Health Centre for every 30,000 of population. Each PHC
has five or six sub-centers staffed by health workers for outreach services such as
immunization, basic curative care services, and maternal and child health services. The
sub-centres are at Panchyat level, while Community Health Centre is at Block level.
According to the Census of India 2001, out of the total 790 villages in the district, 526
have Medical Facility, 269 of them have sub-centres and 46 had Primary Health
Centres.
Table 7.6 Health Facilities in Bhavnagar District
S.no Type of Health Institution Nos of villages
1 Sub-centres 269
2 Primary Health Centres 46
3 Medical facility 526
source: Population Census of India 2001
The health status of people in Bhavnagar District was analyzed by the data obtained
from the Gujarat Health Statistics Report for the year 2010-11. According to the report
prepared by the Vital Statistics Division Commissionerate of Health, Medical Services,
Medical Education and Research for Gujarat, the percentage of people who received
outdoor treatment during 2011 was 47% of the total population, while those patients who
were sick to the extent to be admitted in hospital (indoor treatment) was just 4% of the total
as mentioned in Table 7.7.
Table 7.7 Bhavnagar District Outdoor & Indoor Patients, 2010-11
Primary Health
Centres
Community Health
Centres
Sub-district/District &
Civil Hospitals
Total Patients
Total Population
2011 Census (Prov.)
% of patients getting
treatment outdoor/indoor
of total population
Outdoor 304098 531306 511493 1346897 2877961
47
Indoor 5390 48151 54864 108405 4
Source: Health Statistics Gujarat 2010-11
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Further, the common diseases are viral fever, cough and cold, while water borne
diseases including gastroenteritis are prominent in the region. However, health maladies
like Cholera, Malaria, Dengue and Chikungunia are next to insignificant in the District as
shown in Table 7.8 implying a healthy status of the population in the District.
7.5.3.3 Household Amenities
Household amenities in the study area with specific reference to availability of
electricity, water supply, sanitation and house constructing cost were assessed.
Following are the salient features as per the responses received:
Most of the households (99%) in the two zones of the study area have electric
power connections; however occasional cut-offs in supply were reported.
The water sources in the area are generally piped water lines, house wells or
community wells.
LPG gas for cooking is available in the area with around 60 per cent of the
people using it for cooking; although wood is also used for cooking and heating
purposes in the area.
However, sanitation is an issue with 90% of the villages having no public
sewerage systems with pit latrines being the common toilet facility in the area.
The general cost of “pucca” house in the area is between Rs 3-9 lakhs
depending on the sizes from 600 sq feet to 2000 sq feet in the surveyed
Table 7.8 Bhavnagar Disease affected people in 2010
Disease Nos
Fever 63111
Gastroenteritis 27040
Enteric Fever 2833
Viral Hepatitis 847
Malaria 36
Cholera 35
Measles 4
Dengue 1
Whooping Cough 1
Chikungunia 0
Diptheria 0
Total Population 2001 2469630
Total Population 2011(est.) 2877961
Source: Health Statistics Gujarat 2010-11
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villages in the 0-5 kms area of the proposed project. Based on the responses,
an outlay of the perceived approximate cost for construction of houses of
various sizes is given below Table 7.9.
Table 7.9 Approximate cost for construction of houses in the study area
House Area (in sq feet)
Perceived Approximate Cost of Construction (Rs Lakhs)
(0-5 kms)
600 3-4
750 4-5
900 5-6
2000 8-9
Source of News & Information: Over 60 per cent of the households in the study
area own a colour television/satellite dish which is the primary source of news &
information. Further, nearly 100 per cent of the respondents have mobile phones
for intra and inter-state telephonic communication.
7.5.3.4 Village Infrastructure & Perception
A snapshot of the Socio-Economic Infrastructure Profile is given in Table 7.10.
Highlights of the perception feedbacks are as under:
There is a prevailing perception of support for the project amongst the people in
the study area.
Existing services are in a poor state which includes post offices, health services,
library and sports facility.
The basic concern areas perceived by the respondents are majorly those of:
- Low income,
- Unemployment and
- Poor road infrastructure.
The health services in the region are different in various villages studied, with
doctors available in few, while others manage with traditional medicines or a
primary health centre. Primary health centres are present in almost all the villages
surveyed.
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The source of water supply in most of the villages is a household well or
community well. Piped water supply is perceived as necessary facility in the
villages of the area. Other village facilities perceived to be in a poor shape include:
Post Office, Library, Support Services for farmers and transport facilities.
On the infrastructure front, the village roads are mostly compacted gravel in the 0-5
km zone. In the 5-10 kms radius the villages have a mixture of poor quality asphalt
and compacted gravel roads. All respondents are generally in agreement that
improvement in road infrastructure is required in the study area. The survey
indicates the need for a four lane roads in the 10 km radius from the proposed
project to interconnect all villages in the region and also connect them to the State
Highways/ National Highways.
Village meetings/Panchayat were indicated as the means generally adopted
towards settlement of disputes in the villages.
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Table 7.10 Snapshot of socio-economic profile
Name of Village
Medical Facilities Educational Facilities Other Facilities
Doctor
Primary Health Centre/
Dispensary
Hospital Primary/
Secondary School
Library/ Reading Room
College Post
Office Mobile
Network
Connectivity: Bus Stop/
Stand
Railway Station/ Airport
Bhankal √ √
No
Go
ve
rnm
en
t H
osp
ita
l p
rese
nt
in t
hes
e v
illa
ges
‡ ‡
Co
lla
ge
le
vel
ed
ucati
on
in
clu
din
g a
n u
niv
ers
ity
in
Bh
av
na
ga
r
¶
In a
ll t
he v
illa
ge
s
¶
Ra
ilw
ay S
tati
on
s a
nd
Air
po
rt a
t B
hav
na
ga
r
Bhavinapara √ -- ‡ ‡ ¶ ¶
Chaniyala √ √ ‡ ‡ ¶ ¶
Chhaya √ √ ‡ ‡ ¶ ¶
Garibpura √ √ ‡ ‡ ¶ ¶
Goriyali -- √ ‡ -- ¶ ¶
Jaspara √ -- ‡ -- ¶ ¶
Kantala -- √ ‡ ‡ ¶ ¶
Kukkad √ √ ‡ ‡ ¶ ¶
Lakhanka √ √ ‡ ‡ ¶ ¶
Mandava √ -- ‡ ‡ ¶ ¶
Morchand √ √ ‡ ‡ ¶ ¶
Navagam Nana √ √ ‡ ‡ ¶ ¶
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Name of Village
Medical Facilities Educational Facilities Other Facilities
Doctor
Primary Health Centre/
Dispensary
Hospital Primary/
Secondary School
Library/ Reading Room
College Post
Office Mobile
Network
Connectivity: Bus Stop/
Stand
Railway Station/ Airport
Odarka √ -- ‡ ‡ ¶ ¶
Paniyali -- √ ‡ ‡ ¶ ¶
Pitthalpar √ √ ‡ ‡ ¶ ¶
Sosiya √ √ ‡ ‡ ¶ ¶
Thalsar √ √ ‡ ‡ ¶ ¶
Source: as per SIA Perception Study
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project to interconnect all villages in the region and also connect them to the State
Highways/ National Highways.
Village meetings/Panchayat were indicated as the means generally adopted
towards settlement of disputes in the villages.
7.5.4 PROJECT PERCEPTION
The project perception embraces opinions of the PAPs about the proposed project,
both in the construction and operation phases. This comprised the perceived benefits
and the concerns of the PAPs in the two zones of the study. The dominant perception
of PAPs about the proposed NPP at Mithivirdi Project is that it will bring in employment
opportunities and overall well being into the area. Over 95 per cent of the respondents
were in agreement to the setting up of the project in the area. Besides employment, the
other major benefits the project would bring include skill up gradation, ancillary and
auxiliary business opportunities, better infrastructure facilities for the households and
the villages, etc. However, PAPs had concerns during the project’s construction phase.
The primary concerns of PAPs in 0-5 kms zone of the study relate to (i) loss of jobs for
locals because of the deployment of construction workers from outside the area; (ii)
noise and dust and (iii) individual and family safety. Similarly, for PAPs in the 5-10 kms
zone of proposed project, the major concerns related to (i) increase in traffic (ii)
individual and family safety and (iii) disruption in village harmony because of increased
construction activity in the area. While NPCIL intends to set up a labour colony with all
basic facilities within the project area during construction phase, along with adequate
security measures.
An associated concern with regard to the road infrastructure relates to the diversion of
the state highway. As indicated in Figure 7.6 on the road network, the existing state
highway connecting Jaspara and Lakhana passes through the “Exclusion Zone” of the
project. The existing road will be diverted externally along the plant boundary. In
addition, widening of about 12 km road connecting Rajpara village and proposed site is
required which would be undertaken by NPCIL.
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Fig. 7.2 Road network of the study area
Fig. 7.6 Road Network of the study area
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7.6 REHABILITATION & RESETTLEMENT ISSUES
The proposed agreement between Gujarat Power Corporation (the nodal agency for the
NPP at Mithivirdi, Gujarat) and Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd would bring out
the Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R) policy to entail measures for loss of assets
including land, income and livelihood required to be undertaken for the PAPs. Some of
the key issues related to the R&R addressed by limited SIA study as a part of EIA are
detailed as under:
7.6.1 SUPPORT FOR THE PROJECT
Majority of the PAPs surveyed supported the project. Moreover, a similar segment of the
PAPs surveyed in the 0-5 km zone responded towards willingness to give up their lands,
comprising village house and agricultural land, for the project in lieu of appropriate
compensation.
7.6.2 COMPENSATION FOR LAND & LANDED PROPERTIES
As per the responses from PAPs in the 0-5 km zone of the study, there is nominal
deviation in the expectations of compensation for land and landed properties. The
compensation for the PAP will be decided in consultation with them by the state
government.
7.6.3 EMPLOYMENT
The general perception of the PAPs is that the project will bring in employment
opportunities. However, skill development and training is required for the unemployed in
the area to enable them to enhance their employability. From the responses received, it
is also observed that some of the people in the PAA (project affected areas) already
posses carpenter, construction work (like mason etc.) skills and this can be gainfully
utilized.
7.6.4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR R & R POLICY
Preparation of a detailed Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R & R) plan is taken up for
compensation to the the project affected people in line with the National Rehabilitation &
Resettlement (R & R) Policy -2007 and State R & R policy for the project affected people.
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The NPCIL policy envisages a special focus on the creation and up-gradation of skill
sets of landless persons and other project affected persons (PAPs), who are dependent
upon agricultural operations over the acquired land, and for the rural artisans e.g.
blacksmiths, carpenters, potters, masons etc., who contribute to the society together, to
improve their employability.
With the help of District Administration, the essential inputs containing lists of land losers
and project affected persons are being prepared.
NPCIL is committed to establish requisite system for organizing vocational and formal
training and education for all such identified persons and extend full assistance to them
to become eligible for seeking employment with the project proponent or any other
organized sector.
NPCIL is committed to implement the R & R package as per the mutual agreement with
the State Government.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) - activities of NPCIL in the neighborhood: Facilities for education includes distribution of notebooks, computers, establishing
of lab in the neighboring school. Besides, scholarships are provided to deserving
students of local schools.
Extending the medical facilities by means of Mobile Diagnostic and Medicare Units.
Providing infrastructure facilities like roads, community halls, sanitation facilities,
drainage etc.
Drinking water supply facility for people and animal husbandry.
A Grievance Redressal Committee (GRC) may be constituted for time bound
disposal of the grievances arising out of matters concerning the R&R of the PAPs.
Education - In this area, initiatives could include support to the State Government in its
efforts for promoting girl child education, reinforcement of existing educational facilities
/infrastructure in the PAA, scholarships to deserving students in local schools can be
taken up under the CSR activities.
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7.7 ADDITIONAL STUDIES
In Addition, following special studies have been carried out by independent institutes /
agencies, organized by EIL as well as NPCIL for generation of important baseline data /
specific information required for the subject EIA study.
(i) Marine Impact Assessment and study of thermal dispersion of condenser
cooling seawater discharges from proposed nuclear power project at Mithivirdi
by INDOMER Coastal Hydraulics Pvt. Ltd, Chennai.
(ii) HTL/LTL and CRZ demarcation of Mithivirdi coast by Institute of Remote
Sensing, Anna University, Chennai.
(iii) Baseline environmental data collection for flora and fauna for Gujarat Nuclear
Power Project by Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology & Natural History (SACON),
Coimbatore
(iv) Preliminary Pre-operational Radiological study report by HPD, BARC.
(v) Provisional Public dose-apportionment study by HPD, BARC.
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CHAPTER – 8
PROJECT BENEFITS
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8.0 ECONOMIC BENEFITS
The important factors affecting the operating economics of power generating
technologies are capital cost, debt-equity pattern, interest during construction, discount
rate and fuel choice. The analysis of economics of the technologies reveals that nuclear
power, in the long term, is an economical option particularly at locations away from coal
mines.
Nuclear power is the best viable options in the forthcoming years as the country’s
demand for energy is to be doubled in near future. The component of fuel cost relative to
coal is lower in case of nuclear power. Nuclear power in India has been established to
be safe, reliable, clean & environmental friendly and economically compatible with other
sources of power generation.
Comprehensive capabilities in the area of design, manufacture of equipment,
construction, operation and maintenance have been established indigenously in nuclear
power. Nuclear power in India has been established to be safe, reliable and is now
producing electricity at comparable and economic rate as compared to coal based
thermal plants. For nuclear power fuel transport cost is much lesser than any other
materials used in coal and gas based plants. Most of the coal blocks are in central or
eastern part of India, Hence for power plant/project located/planned in Gujarat, the fuel
transport cost will be more if we bring coal from those areas. For this reason, nuclear
power is a good option for this region.
8.1 ENERGY SECURITY
The required fuel for NPP at Mithivirdi will be imported as part of the overall package
from the supplier. The proposed project at Mithivirdi shall generate 6000 MWe (6 x 1000
MWe) of electricity. This shall boost up energy generation capacity of the region as well
as the country.
8.2 EMISSIONS
The nuclear power plants do not generate conventional pollutants as compared to other
power plants. The small amount of low level radioactive waste is generated from nuclear
power plants which is handled, processed and disposed off carefully within the limits
specified by Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) of India. Therefore, the nuclear
power can play an important role in reducing global emissions of greenhouse gases.
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8.3 ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABILITY
Nuclear power plants emit fewer pollutants as compared to any other power plants. The
conventional pollutants like NOx, SO2 and SPM are emitted with insignificant level from
nuclear power plant. The radiological emissions from a nuclear power plants are
controlled through a comprehensive radiological waste management and radiological
protection system and mechanism, which meets the requirement of AERB. Therefore,
the radiation dose to the environment due to operation of nuclear power plants in India is
only a small fraction of the radiation dose specified by AERB.
8.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
The corporate Social Responsibility of NPCIL aims for a better development of the area
by strengthening the bond between local people and the NPP officials. NPCIL is
planning to implement social welfare activities in collaboration with local administrative
institutions. Adequate provision for basic amenities, viz. education, health, transport
facilities will be provided to people at top priority. Proper sanitation facilities will be
provided to the occupational workers of the NPP for better hygiene and health.
Environmental awareness programme will be conducted in the surrounding villages to
enhance awareness about the environmental aspects of NPP.
8.4.1 SOCIAL UPLIFTMENT OF THE REGION
NPCIL will contribute towards tremendous uplifting of the surrounding areas. Further,
setting-up of this project will be a boom to this region and is bound to improve the living
conditions and thereby result in further reduction of population below poverty line, which
is one of the prime policy objectives of Government of India. It is expected that by
creation of employment potential the poor/weaker section of the society will see an
improvement in their living conditions.
8.4.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS
There will be definite benefits to the local people due to implementation of the project.
Some of the benefits are given below.
The proposed project would generate direct and indirect employment
opportunities, which will benefit the local people during construction and
operation period. The local vehicles for transport of raw material for construction
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can be used. Preference will be given to the project affected people for
employment in skilled or unskilled category.
An overall development of the area and quality of life of the people is expected to
improve due to the project.
The electricity generated from the plant will result in electrification of villages,
drinking water supply and development of new industries.
NPCIL will give training and skill development to the PAPs for their better
livelihood.
Most of the people of the project affected area will be given employment
opportunities based on their skills.
NPCIL allots shops on rent in Shopping Centre of Residential Complex at NPP at
Mithivirdi like Milk Vending, Barbershop, Washer man shop, Vegetable shops,
Communication centre, Chemist shop etc. which ultimately help the local people
for their day to day needs.
Development in housing, electrification, medical, health sector will improve.
8.4.3 POTENTIAL FOR EMPLOYMENT
During construction phase, spanning of about ten years, the project on an average will
provide employment to about 8000-10000 persons, of which significant portion is
expected to be drawn from the surrounding local areas.
8.4.4 ASSISTANCE IN TRAINING AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT
NPCIL provides assistance, sponsoring, training for skill development to the wards of
PAFs as well as to other meritorious students in the area around Mithivirdi site for
availing various job opportunities.
8.4.5 INDIRECT BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
During the construction phase of NPP, various contractors will be executing works at
Mithivirdi site. They will be required to deploy contract labour in different categories
depending on the requirement of skill etc. The strength of contract labours will gradually
increase from the beginning and at peak the number may increase to 8000 to 10000. All
these labourers will be staying in the labour camp to be established inside the project
boundary of NPP at Mithivirdi site. Each such families will be purchasing their day to day
needs like grocery, milk, vegetable and other such items. In many cases, these needs
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have to be met locally. Therefore, this will provide ample business opportunities to the
local people around Mithivirdi site.
8.5 TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY
Indian engineering firms, manufacturers and industries are expected to gain valuable
know-how and experience by their involvement in implementation of this project and on
transfer of technology for the various process units involved.
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CHAPTER – 9
ENVIRONMENTAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
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9.0 ENVIRONMENTAL COST BENIFIT ANALYSIS
With the present national scenario of fast industrial growth as well as growing
improvement in the living standards in the country, the demand of electricity is increasing
day by day. In order to keep the pace overall growth and development, thereby increase
in the multifold demand of electricity, Government of India has intend to achieve energy
security in the country. Accordingly, there is a need to increase the production of
electricity from all available energy sources in the country. Further with the fast depletion
of fossil fuel and associated greenhouse gas effects, Government of India has planned
to promote much more contribution of electricity generation from nuclear sources.
In the light of the above, in October 2009, Government of India has accorded In-principle
approval for setting up 6 x 1000 MWe nuclear power plant at Mithivirdi village of
Bhavnagar district, Gujarat state. The approval has taken into account the
recommendations of the site selection committee constituted by Government of India,
which investigates the site in different region of the country. The SSC after taking into
account laid down site selection criteria for suitability of the site has considered the
Mithivirdi site setting up of multi unit of NPP of appropriate capacity.
The site is surrounded by agricultural fields with few patches of scrub vegetation. Some
patches of horticultural crops like mango trees are found in scattered manner inside the
site area. Some of the scattered trees falling in the plant site area may be required to be
cut/relocated in the exclusion zone of the project area. This will minimize the impact in
terms of net productivity of the project area. Further greenbelt will be developed in the
exclusion zone to mitigate the environmental impact of the area. The cost of the project
and expenditure on the implementation of the Environmental measures are presented in
Chapter - 6 of the report. Besides the tangible benefits, the project has got number of
intangible benefits like no emission of greenhouse gases, no adverse impact on
environment, socio-economic benefit of the local people and the region and
enhancement of energy security for the country. The details of the same are given in
Chapter – 8. The establishment of 6 x 1000 MWe i.e. total 6,000 MWe electricity
generation by NPP at Mithivirdi site will generate very less green house gases in
comparison to other power plants.
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CHAPTER – 10
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
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10.1 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) consists of implementation of various pollution
abatement measures for project. The EMP lists out all these measures for the
construction and operational phase of the project. The EMP is prepared keeping in view
all possible strategies oriented towards impact minimisation.
The EMP for the proposed project is divided into two phases i.e. Construction and
Operational phase. The detailed EMP for Plant area is also given in below mentioned
sections. The component-wise environmental impact statement is summarized below
and tabulated in Table 10.1 and 10.2.
10.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE
The overall impact of the pollution on the environment during construction phase is
localised in nature and is for a short period. In order to develop effective mitigation plan,
it is important to conceive the specific activities during construction phase causing
environmental impact.
The various activities during construction phase have been identified and listed in
Chapter 4 along with their impacts. The following subsections describe the mitigation
measures planned to be adopted for controlling the impact/disturbance of the
environment during construction phase.
10.2.1 SITE PREPARATION
During construction of the project, substantial quantity of soil and rock will be removed
during excavation. The following aspects will be taken care of.
(i) Proper stock piling and back filling of the excavated soil.
(ii) All the disturbed land will be stabilized.
(iii) During dry weather conditions, it will be necessary to control the higher dust
levels created by the excavation, levelling and transport activities.
(iv) The top soil containing rich humus, soil will be utilized for development of
greenbelt in and around the project area.
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10.2.2 AIR ENVIRONMENT
As far as conventional air pollutants are concerned viz. SPM (PM10 & PM2.5), SO2 and
NOx, their concentrations in the ambient air at the proposed site were observed to be
well within the prescribed limits (refer section no. 3.5.2.1). However, with the proposed
construction activities of the project, concentrations of these air pollutants are expected
to increase to some level in the impact zone.
Accordingly, a well developed Health, Safety and Environment Management System will
be implemented by well trained and knowledgeable team. Air quality will be monitored at
predefined locations within the project boundary to ensure that various EMP measures
are implemented with respect to dust related operations and other parameters such as
emissions from operation of equipment and vehicles. Air quality will be monitored at
regular intervals.
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Table 10.1 Summary of impacts and environmental management plan for NPP at Mithivirdi, Gujarat during construction phase
Sl No
Environmental Component
Activity/Aspect Impacts Mitigation Measures Element of
Environmental Management Plan
1 Air Environment Foundation work
Digging, leveling work
Road laying
Building construction
Structural works
Very less conventional pollutants will be released during this phase due to construction works, vehicle exhausts which will not cross the specified limits because low value of background levels
Dust pollution will be suppressed using water sprinklers
Periodic maintenance of machinery, heavy vehicles
Regular monitoring of levels of conventional pollutants as per GPCB guidelines
2 Water Environment Laying of drainage and water supply network Sanitation and waste water generation
Limited impact on surrounding water bodies/aquatic ecosystems/ground water due to soil erosion, leaching, waste water generation
Water requirement through Desalination plant of capacity 45 MLD
Proper sanitation
Waste water treatment through packaged treatment plant
Provision for appropriate sanitary facility for construction workers Proposal for setting a ETP and STP plant
3 Land Environment Land use change due to drilling, excavating
Land pollution of small magnitude due to solid waste generation
Overburden and construction waste will also be produced
Management of solid waste
Management of excavated solid and construction waste
Composting bio-degradable waste and disposal of non bio-degradable waste in land fills
Construction waste will be used for back filling
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Sl No
Environmental Component
Activity/Aspect Impacts Mitigation Measures Element of
Environmental Management Plan
4 Noise Environment Noise from construction, heavy vehicle movements
Noise level will be more but within the permissible limits (45-75 dB(A))
Noise protection measures
Using ear muffs for workers while construction
Rules & regulations of Noise Standards will be followed
Greenbelt development for attenuating the noise levels
5 Socio-economic Environment
Rehabilitation & resettlement
More benefits to the local people
Employment opportunities to local skilled and unskilled people
Development of infrastructure, communications facility, drinking water supply, health etc.
Social and cultural development
NPCIL will implement the R & R package as per the mutual agreement with the State Government.
Construction of hospital, school, club, stadium etc.
Regular health camp surrounding the plant
Implementation of NPCIL CSR Policy
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Environmental Component
Activity/Aspect Impacts Mitigation Measures Element of
Environmental Management Plan
6 Biological Environment
Land use change
Impact on flora and fauna will be minimal
Less impact on marine ecosystem
Creation of landscape with plantation
Conservation of biodiversity
Biological diversity Act and MoEF guidelines for conservation of species will be followed
Greenbelt development with more fruit bearing trees, avenue plantation etc. will be made
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Table 10.2 Summary of impacts and environmental management plan for NPP at Mithivirdi, Gujarat during operation phase
Sl No
Environmental Component
Activity/Aspect Impacts Mitigation Measures Element of
Environmental Management Plan
1 Air Environment Air emissions (Conventional & Radiological)
Movement of vehicles
Insignificant impact as conventional pollutants emission will be negligible and radioactive gaseous emissions will be within the permissible limits.
Active gaseous waste processing facility
Compliance to standards
Continuous monitoring
Control air emissions at source
Treatment to reduce air emissions
Regular monitoring of the levels of conventional pollutants as per GPCB requirements
Regular maintenance of vehicles and equipments
2 Water Environment Operation of new process units and utilities
Limited impact on surrounding water bodies/aquatic ecosystems/ground water
Proper management of active and domestic waste water
Proper design of condenser Cooling systems
Thermal discharge as per standards
Rain water harvesting
Liquid effluents discharge will be much below discharge limits of CPCB norms
Treatment of domestic waste and reuse of water for irrigation of plantation/green belt
Regular monitoring of the levels of conventional pollutants as per GPCB norms
Implementation of rain water harvesting
Construction of ETP and STP for effluent
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treatment
CCW would be maintained within 7 ºC as per MoEF requirements
3 Land Environment Disposal of solid waste Land pollution of small magnitude due to solid waste generation
Management of plant and domestic solid waste
Development of green belt
Treatment and disposal of solid waste as per CPCB/AERB norms
Composting of degradable solid waste
Disposal of non degradable waste in proper land fills
Development of green belt in the plant area
4 Noise Environment Noise from plants, DG sets etc.
Insignificant noise levels in public domain
Control of noise levels within permissible limits
Development of barriers to control noise
Follow occupational health and safety measures
Noise levels due to plant activities will be controlled within permissible limits
Noise generating units will be housed in acoustic enclosures
Development of green belt will act as a barrier
Personal Protective Equipments (PPE) will be provided to workers wherever required
Noise standards of CPCB will be adhered with
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Environmental Component
Activity/Aspect Impacts Mitigation Measures Element of
Environmental Management Plan
5 Socio-economic Environment
Rehabilitation & resettlement
More benefits to the local people
Employment generation
Awareness camps
Medical camps
Social, cultural and infrastructural development
Implementation of social welfare schemes for the local people
Awareness on Social benefits among local people through seminars, workshops, exhibitions
Preference will be given to local people
NPCIL will implement the R & R package as per the mutual agreement with the State Government.
Ensure participation of local people in cultural events to create social harmony and goodwill
Biological Environment
Discharge/ releases to air & water.
Impact on terrestrial and marine flora and fauna
Proper design of condenser Cooling systems
Thermal discharge as per standards
Adequate protection measures should be ensured in design for conservation of flora and fauna
CCW would be maintained within 7 ºC as per MoEF requirements
Development of green belt with indigenous tree species
Control of eutrophication by treatment and reuse of
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waste water
Regular monitoring of biodiversity and listing the same
Regular monitoring of radioactivity in biological samples collected from surrounding areas
The plant design will envisage the conservation of flora & fauna.
Health, Safety & Environment
Radiological emissions Health effects of radiation Occupational health & safety
Safety in plant design
Monitoring & compliance to radiological standards
Safety in plant design as per AERB norms
Minimize the radiation doses as per ALARA principle
Regular monitoring of the radiological levels in different components of surrounding environment
Regular monitoring of personal radiation dose and regular health check-up of the workers
Hazard analysis and safety measures in work place to reduce the undue risk to employees, members of public & environment as per AERB requirements
EMP implementation and
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environmental monitoring programme to evaluate the effectiveness of environmental management systems.
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10.2.3 WATER ENVIRONMENT
The drinking and sanitation facilities at the plant site will be provided to the
construction workforce. Potable water will be provided to the workers. To suit the
construction site requirements well developed HSE Management programmes will be
strictly implemented to achieve the compliance with the regulatory requirements.
Specifically, water conservation scheme will be implemented. Besides all activities
will be monitored for trending of consumption of water to device further conservation
of water measures.
The sanitary wastewater generated will be routed to a packaged sewage treatment
plant and the treated effluent will be used for horticulture purposes and the remaining,
if any, will be routed to the discharge point of the project.
During construction phase of the NPP, waste materials, spillages of oils, paints,
domestic waste from the workers colonies etc. may contribute to certain amount of
water pollution. However, wastewater will be collected, suitably treated and then
discharged to meet the requirements of the GPCB. The stock piling of waste material
generated during excavation can pose problems of erosion and leaching which may
have impacts on coastal water. Preventive measures will be taken up by soil
stabilization and providing trenches all around the stock pilings.
The vehicle maintenance area will be located in such a manner so as to prevent
contamination of ground water/ surface water body / soil / nearby sea coast by
accidental spillage of oil.
10.2.4 NOISE ENVIRONMENT
Noise emissions from construction equipment will be kept to a minimum by regular
maintenance. Heavy and noisy construction work will be avoided during night time.
Noise resulting from blasting operations and operation of construction machinery
such as concrete mixers and heavy earth moving machineries may constitute local
impact. On-site workers will be provided with PPEs like noise protective equipments,
earmuffs etc. The noise level at the project site and around will be monitored
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regularly. Green belt will be developed in the exclusion zone, which will further
attenuatet the noise to insignificant levels in the nearby public domain.
10.2.5 LAND ENVIRONMENT
During construction phase of the proposed project at Mithivirdi, an impact of smaller
level would be felt on land use pattern and topographical features of the area due to land
clearing and enhanced labour activities. All wastes generated during construction
phases will be stacked systematically for further use within plant premises. If it contains
hazardous waste, the same will be disposed off to the authorized land fill facility
available at Alang or any other authorized agency. During construction of the project,
development of an effective greenbelt around the project and aesthetic considerations
will be reviewed on regular basis.
10.2.6 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
There is no sensitive ecosystem like national park or sanctuary or biosphere reserve in
or near the project area. Therefore, the proposed NPP at Mithivirdi will not adversely
affect the existing green cover in the area, on the contrary, the plantations, which would
be grown in the plant area, as well as in the exclusion zone around the plant site will be
helpful in increasing green cover in the area.
The temperature of condenser cooling water would be controlled so that temperature
rise at discharge point would not be more than 7°C in line with the MoEF requirements
and would not affect the marine flora and fauna.
The release of conventional air pollutants from the project would be insignificant. Hence,
will not affect the biological environment. However, domestic wastewater and
biodegradable solid waste would be treated and reused as irrigation water and manure
respectively; this would have positive impact on the green belt of the area.
10.2.7 SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
Some of the measures adopted towards socioeconomic environment are as
follows:
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- Use of local labour to the maximum extent.
- Provision of minimum wages for construction workers as per the Gujarat State
Government Norms.
- Strict Compliance of all applicable labour laws of Centre/State Govt.
- Adequate sanitation and drinking water facilities
- Safety demonstration programmes and training to workers and provision of
adequate personal safety equipment.
- Use of reliable and sound construction practices.
All these measures will be adopted for construction of the proposed project.
10.2.8 SANITATION
During construction of the project, it will be insured that the site is provided with sufficient
facilities and supply of potable water.
10.2.9 INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AT MITHIVIRDI NPP
During construction and operation phase of the project, all the project activities will be
carried out as per the regulations covered under Atomic Energy (Factories) Rules 1996,
Electricity Act and Rules, Explosives Act and Rules, Petroleum Act and Rules etc.
During Construction, the occupational Health aspects will be minimal as the work
location is open and is of dynamic nature. The main hazard potentials are fall from
heights, exposure to chemicals and noise, fall of material and electrical shocks etc.
which will be addressed by built in engineered safety provisions. Accordingly, the
construction workers will be provided with compulsorily Personal Protective Equipments
(PPE) depending upon the risks and use of Safety Helmet and Shoes will be must at the
project construction sites. NPCIL will integrate separate safety clauses in the contract
document for the project executing agencies to properly plan and to appropriately
provide the cost factor such that safety of the personnel at project construction sites do
not suffer for any reason. Safety coverage by professionals will be mandatory for the
construction works and posting of safety officers for particular works will be must to
enforce Industrial safety at the work sites. Such Safety officers and Safety supervisors
will be arranged to technically report to the departmental Industrial Safety Head such
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that a direct guidance and monitoring of the contract workers are made possible
effectively.
Other worker friendly measures adopted in the construction of nuclear Power Plant
works will be the compulsory induction and refresher training based on a syllabus
monitored by the corporate office for each worker. The worker will be issued a gate pass
only after undergoing the industrial safety training in which environmental management
aspect will also be touched upon properly. Facility of drinking water, urinals, toilets and
construction roads will be arranged in the beginning of the work itself. Similarly,
provision of First aid measures both departmental and that of contract workers will be
ensured in the beginning of the work itself. Establishment of Fire fighting facility will be
another area where priority will be assured during the construction work.
During commissioning, operation and maintenance of the operating units, in addition to
the industrial hazards, the occupational hazard is the exposure to ionizing radiation
within prescribed limits which is governed by the Atomic energy Act and Radiation
Protection Act and Rules. In order to minimize possibility of radiation exposure to the
occupational workers, adequate safety measures are incorporated in the design,
construction, operation and work practices of the plant including the systems associated
with fuel handling and waste management. All the occupational workers undergo
periodical medical checkups, bioassay sampling and whole body counting as applicable.
Only qualified engineers and technicians are recruited to carry out the design,
construction, operation and maintenance (O & M) of the plant. All O & M personnel
undergo mandatory training (at various levels) in the plant and related subsystems of the
plant through nuclear induction training. A committee consisting of a panel of experts
and a representative from the regulatory agency evaluates designated operating staff for
licensing. The qualification thus obtained will be renewed, periodically.
10.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN DURING OPERATION PHASE
During the design stage of the Plant strict adherence to the pollution prevention and
control measures will be made, the environmental impacts will be moderated to the
minimum possible levels during the operation phase. The environmental management
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plan during the operational phase of the plant shall therefore be directed towards the
following:
- Ensuring the operation of various process units as per specified operating
guidelines/operating manuals meeting the requirements of
AERB/MoEF/GPCB.
- Strict adherence to maintenance schedule for various machinery/equipments.
- Post project environmental monitoring.
The following subsection describes in brief the management plan for individual
components of environment during operation phase.
10.3.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT
For all practical purposes, the emissions of conventional air pollutants will be negligible
during operational phase of the power plant as there will not be any direct source of
conventional air pollution from processes at project site.
The radiological emissions arising from nuclear power plant operation would be only
from the discharge of ventilation air mainly through stack. The ventilation air will be
passed through High Efficiency Particulate Absorber (HEPA) filters with 99.98%
efficiency at 0.3 micron particle size, before its release to the atmosphere. High
efficiency activated charcoal filter shall be used to control radio-iodine releases.
Ventilation stacks shall be monitored on regular basis for Fission Product Noble Gases
(FPNG), radioactive iodine, and active particulate matter in the ducts connected to each
stack. The monitoring sensors shall be connected to window alarm system to indicate
any deviation in the threshold limits specified for atmospheric releases.
The environmental surveillance programme for radioactivity shall be adopted along with
diagnostic studies (diagnostic studies in this context are to find out the probable reason
for high concentrations in ambient air through detailed meteorological analysis and to
find out sources contributing for high concentrations) and arrangements to communicate
results to plants personnel for taking necessary control measures in plant operations.
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10.3.2 WATER ENVIRONMENT
10.3.2.1 WATER QUALITY MONITORING
A comprehensive water quality monitoring will be carried out for physico-chemical and
micro biological parameters (i.e. pH, Oil & Grease, SS, DO, COD, BOD, Sulphide and
Phenol) intermittently in storm water drain.
In addition, the following will be carried out:
i. Identification and estimation of total biomass in stressed and unstressed areas
for phytoplankton and zooplankton in water samples of the Gulf of Khambhat.
ii. Controlling active discharges to the sea with respect to quantity and quality in
accordance with AERB stipulations.
Active Liquid Waste
iii. The purpose of the liquid waste management plan is to hold, treat and dispose
off active liquid effluents from the operation of the plant within the limits specified
by AERB. A centralized effluent treatment system will be made operational to
treat and remove the maximum possible radioactivity in liquid effluents generated
from the units. Holding tanks will be designed in such a manner that they can
hold all liquid effluents generated both under normal and off-normal conditions.
Provisions for holding the contents of these tanks may be made in case of
rupture on structural failure. NPP design envisages proper embankment around
the tanks to contain all radioactive liquid in line with requirement of AERB
guidelines.
iv. Monitoring of radioactivity in effluents will be carried out as per AERB guidelines
in force from time to time. Further, it will be ensured that the treated effluent
confirms with the standards for non-radioactive parameters stipulated by the
State Pollution Control Board.
10.3.2.2 Compliance to thermal regulations
Further, to minimise the impact to the aquatic environment due to discharge of
condenser cooling water into the Arabian Sea. Accordingly, the condensers will be
designed in such a way that the resultant temperature rise of the receiving water body
will not be more than 7C in line with MoEF Notification on CCW discharge temperature
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limits. However, these discharges will also be monitored on a continuous basis by
NPCIL.
10.3.2.3 Domestic Wastewater
The sewage from the plant site would be treated to comply with the standards
stipulated by GPCB and it will preferably be reused for gardening or plantations to the
maximum possible extent. The backwash water from filter media would be reused after
settling for secondary purposes such as floor washing operations.
10.3.2.4 Rainwater harvesting
Rainwater harvesting is normally practiced for recharging ground water levels and
providing water for human consumption, by collecting the rainwater from the roofs of
the buildings and storm water drains into artificially constructed rainwater tanks. At
Mithivirdi Project site, the average ground water level is 2.5 to 6 m below ground level.
For the Mithivirdi Project, suitable rainwater harvesting schemes will be worked out in
consultation with a concerned agency.
10.3.2.5 Water quality monitoring
The marine water quality and ground water quality of the area near the solid waste
disposal site and in the impact zone will be regularly monitored as specified by AERB.
Evaluation of compliance of liquid discharges from the station as per AERB approved
discharge limits for radiological parameters and for non-radiological parameters as per
MoEF/GPCB prescribed limits will be carried out regularly.
10.3.3 LAND ENVIRONMENT
Some of the construction activities, which will be carried out for the project are as
follows.
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The construction of trenches and RCC storage vaults will be supervised critically
with extreme care so that the structure may not collapse in the long run. These
buildings will be constructed as per AERB stipulations.
The embankment around the RCC trenches will be properly constructed so that
during heavy rains, it will not get washed away resulting in spread of the wastes
around the area. The design of NPP envisages proper collection of rain water which
can be used for gardening. Constant vigilance of storage vaults/RCC trenches.
The exclusion zone (1 km radius) around NPP will be fenced and greenbelt will be
developed.
10.3.3.1 Greenbelt development
Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology & Natural History has made a detailed greenbelt plan
and suggested plant species for plantation purpose. NPCIL will plant and look after
the planted species taking suggestions of appropriate consultant for greenbelt
development. The State Forest Department and other scientific institutions will be
consulted for conservation planning and greenbelt development programme. The
green belt area marked on plant layout is given in Fig. 10.1.
10.3.3.1.1 Guidelines for Plantation
The plant species identified for greenbelt development will be planted using pitting
technique. The pit size will be either 45 cm x 45 cm x 45 cm or 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm.
Bigger pit size is preferred on marginal and poor quality soils. Soil proposed to be used
for filling the pit will be mixed with well decomposed farm yard manure or sewage sludge
at the rate of 2.5 kg (on dry weight basis) and 3.6 kg (on dry weight basis) for 45 cm x 45
cm x 45 cm and 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm size pits respectively. The filling of soils will be
completed at least 5 - 10 days before the actual plantation. Healthy seedlings of
identified species will be planted in each pit.
10.3.3.1.2 Species Selection
Based on the regional background and soil quality, greenbelt will be developed. In
greenbelt development, monocultures are not advisable due to its climatic factor and
other environmental constrains. Greenbelt with varieties of species is preferred to
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maintain species diversity, rational utilization of nutrients and for maintaining health of
the trees. Prepared in this way, the greenbelt will develop a favorable microclimate to
support different micro- organisms in the soil and as a result of which soil quality will
improve further.
During the course of survey, it has been observed that the soil quality of the plant site is
fairly good and can support varieties of dry deciduous plant species for greenbelt
development. Manure and vermin-compost may be mixed with the soil used for filling the
pit for getting better result for survival of plant species. Adequate watering is to be done
to maintain the growth of young seedlings. Based on the regional background, extent of
pollution load, soil quality, rainfall, temperature and human interactions, a number of
species have been suggested to develop greenbelt in and around the Nuclear Power
Plant. These species can be planted in staggering arrangements within the plant
premises. Some draught resistant plant species have been identified which can be
planted for greenbelt development if sufficient water is not available. The suitable
species for greenbelt development programme are given in Table 10.3.
Table 10.3 List of tree species suggested for green belt development
Sl. No. Binomial name Family Type of planting
1. Anthocephalus cadamba Rubiaceae All areas 2. Avicennia marina Avicenniaceae Near the seashore 3. Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae Township 4. Bambusa arundinaceae Poaceae Plant Boundary limits 5. Bambusa vulgaris Poaceae Plant Boundary limits 6. Calophyllum inophyllum Clusiaceae All areas 7. Couroupita guianensis Lecythidaceae All areas 8. Filicium decipiens Sapindaceae All areas 9. Hibiscus tiliaceous Malvaceae All areas 10. Lagerstroemia reginae Lythraceae All areas 11. Madhuca longifolia Sapotaceae All areas 12. Bassia latifolia Sapotaceae All areas 13. Ailanthes excelsa Simaroubaceae Avenue trees 14. Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Avenue trees 15. Manilkara hexandra Sapotaceae All areas 16. Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae All areas 17. Plumeria acuminata Apocynaceae Plant Boundary limits 18. Plumeria alba Apocynaceae Plant Boundary limits 19. Plumeria rubra Apocynaceae Plant Boundary limits 20. Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae All areas 21. Terminalia arjuna Combretaceae Avenue trees 22. Terminalia catappa Combretaceae All areas 23. Thespesia populnea Malvaceae All areas 24. Ficus benghalensis Moraceae Avenue trees
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Sl. No. Binomial name Family Type of planting
25. Ficus religiosa Moraceae Avenue trees 26. Ficus racemosa Moraceae Avenue trees 27. Ficus microcarpa Moraceae Avenue trees 28. Murraya paniculata Rutaceae Township 29. Phyllanthus emblica Euphorbiaceae All areas 30. Tectona grandis Verbenaceae Avenue trees 31. Cassia siamea Caesalpiniaceae Avenue trees 32. Cassia fistula Caesalpiniaceae Township
The species suggested here are commonly seen in and around the project area, fast
growing and drought resistant. Seedlings / saplings of these species can be easily
procured from local nurseries. The selection of plant species for the green belt
development depends on various factors such as climate, elevation and soil. The plants
suggested for green belt were selected based on the following desirable characteristics.
Fast growing and providing optimum penetrability.
Evergreen with minimal litter fall.
Wind-firm and deep rooted.
The species will form a dense canopy.
Indigenous and locally available species.
Trees with high foliage density, larger of leaf sizes and hairy on surfaces.
Ability to withstand conditions like inundation and drought.
Soil improving plants, such as nitrogen fixing plants, rapidly decomposable
leaf litter.
Attractive appearance with good flowering and fruit bearing.
Bird and insect attracting plant species.
Sustainable green cover with minimal maintenance
Species which can trap/sequester carbon
In addition, a lawn and floral garden with the varieties of small flowering plants may be
developed near the office site for aesthetic value of the entire complex. For other
buildings and sites which are away from the reactor at a distance of 50 meters, suitable
sector belts on area available towards NPP may be developed with the same conceptual
species placements. The above mentioned trees are recommended towards the
boundary of NPP site for greenbelt of 200 m width.
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10.3.3.1.3 Birds and insect attracting plants suggested for planting
Apart from these, a total of 20 plant species, which attracts bird and insect are
suggested for planting in all around the study area (mainly along roadsides) for
enhancing the arrival of bird and insects to the study area (Table 10.4. Plant species
those produce dense inflorescence and large flowers are considered as insect
attracting plants since these flowers produce large quantity of nectars. Likewise,
plants those bearing fleshy fruits considered as bird attracting plants. Apart from
these, few species like Butea monosperma, Erythrina stricta etc. produce dense
inflorescence with large flowers and those plants attracts large number of insects and
nectarivorous birds and hence these species are considered here as both insect and
bird attracting species.
Table 10.4 List of Bird and Insect attracting plants suggested for planting
Sl. No.
Name of the species Name of the family Growth form
1. Ixora arborea*** Rubiaceae Tree 2. Ziziphus oenoplia*** Rhamnaceae Straggler 3. Z. nummularia*** Rhamnaceae Shrub 4. Butea monosperma** Fabaceae Tree 5. Erythrina stricta** Fabaceae Tree 6. Murraya paniculata* Rutaceae Shrub 7. Pongamia pinnata* Fabaceae Tree 8. Bauhinia racemosa* Caesalpiniaceae Tree 9. Filicium decipiens*** Sapindaceae Tree 10. Flacourtia indica** Flacourtiaceae Tree 11. Mimusop elengi*** Sapotaceae Tree 12. Syzygium cumini*** Myrtaceae Tree 13. Ficus benghalensis** Moraceae Tree 14. Ficus racemosa** Moraceae Tree 15. Ficus religiosa** Moraceae Tree 16. Ficus microcarpa var. microcarpa** Moraceae Tree 17. Ficus microcarpa var. retusa** Moraceae Tree 18. Streblus asper** Moraceae Tree 19. Mangifera indica* Anacardiaceae Tree 20. Balanites aegyptiaca* Balanitaceae Tree
*Nectar yielding plants; **Fruit yielding plants; ***both nectar and fruit yielding plants.
10.4.3.1.4 Plantation scheme
Plant sapling will be planted in pits of about 3.0 to 4.0 m intervals so that the tree
density is about 1500 trees per ha. The pits will be filled with a mixture of good quality
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soil and organic manure (cow dung, agricultural waste, kitchen waste) and insecticide.
The saplings / trees will be watered using the effluent from the sewage treatment plant
and treated discharges from project. Sludge from the sewage treatment plant will be
used as manure. In addition kitchen waste from plant canteen can be used as manure
either after composting or by directly burying the manure at the base of the plants.
Since, tests have shown that availability of phosphorus, a limiting nutrient, is low,
phosphoric fertilisers will also be added. The saplings will be planted just after the
commencement of the monsoons to ensure maximum survival. The species selected for
plantation will be locally growing varieties with fast growth rate and ability to flourish
even in poor quality soils.
A total of more than 33% of total project area will be developed as green belt or green
areas in project area and other areas. The widths of the belt will be >20m along the
project boundary, depending on the availability of space.
A very elaborate green belt development plan has been drawn for the proposed plant.
The areas, which need special attention regarding green belt development in the project
area, are:
1. Around plant units
2. Plant Boundary
3. Vacant Areas in Plant
4. Around Office Buildings, Garage, Stores etc.
5. Along Road Sides (Avenue Plantation)
Annual winds in the study area are mainly from SE, SSE and NNE. Inside the Mithivirdi
NPP project area, the region with high fugitive pollution load are areas around road,
parking areas and go-downs where loading and unloading of different materials takes
place.
To arrest the fugitive emissions emitted from above areas tree plantation will be
undertaken in general all around the Mithivirdi NPP but the more in strategic places
especially on NW, SW, W, N and S of the above areas along with that in other
directions.
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Plantation all around close to the units / areas (fugitive emission source) in
available spaces to arrest fugitive emissions at the source.
Considering the Mithivirdi NPP as centre and planting trees in NW, SW, W, N
and S direction [i.e down wind (D/W) of predominant winds, SE, SSE and NNE]
at staggered distances in available spaces to arrest fugitive emissions which
have not been arrested by the green belt at the source.
Plantation along the plant boundary - >20m depending on space availability.
Around the Plant site
As there will be limited space, small and medium sized species are suggested and they
should be planted depending on the vertical height and lateral space available for the
plant growth.
Along Plant Boundary
Green belt is to be developed along the project boundary of the nuclear power plant.
The outermost boundary should comprise tall trees, middle belt of large size trees with
thick canopy and inner belt with medium size trees with spreading canopy. These three
tier system will follow only if adequate space is available for plantation.
Vacant areas in NPP
Vacant area will be filled with medium type trees and shrubs. Flowering plants can be
chosen for making beautification of landscape.
Around Office Buildings, Garage, Stores
Selected shrub species, palms and flowering plants may planted around the buildings.
Avenue plantation
Double rows of avenue trees on the outer side of the footpaths are recommended; an
outer row of shade trees and an inner row of ornamental flowering trees will be planted.
10.3.3.1.5 Post plantation care
Immediately after planting the seedlings, watering will be done. The wastewater
discharges from different sewage treatment plant / out falls will be used for watering the
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plants during non-monsoon period. Further watering will depend on the rainfall. In the
dry seasons watering will be regularly done especially during February to June.
Watering of younger saplings will be more frequent. Organic manure will be used
(animal dung, agricultural waste, kitchen waste etc.). Younger saplings will be
surrounded with tree guards. Diseased and dead plants will be uprooted and destroyed
and replaced by fresh saplings. Growth / health and survival rate of saplings will be
regularly monitored and remedial actions will be undertaken as required.
10.3.3.1.6 Phase wise green belt programme
Green belt will be developed in a phase wise manner right from the construction phase
of the proposed project. In the first phase along with the start of the construction activity
the plant boundary and the major roads will be planted. In the second phase the office
building area will be planted. In the third phase when all the construction activity is
complete plantation will be taken up in the vacant areas around different units, in stretch
of open land and along other roads.
10.3.4 NOISE ENVIRONMENT
As the plant is going to be operational on a 24-hour basis, noise considerations are very
important. All equipments will be specified to meet below 75 dB(A) at 1 m distance. As
incorporated during the design stage, the plant areas where noise levels are high
enough to cause operations some adverse impacts, the usage of ear plugs or ear muffs
will be strictly enforced. All the machines will be provided with enclosures and will be
maintained properly. Particular attention will be given to mufflers and silencers. The
operator‟s cabins will be acoustically insulated with special door and observation
windows. The duties of employees working in high noise area will be rotated
systematically to avoid occupational exposure. The exposure of employees working in
the noisy area shall be monitored regularly to ensure compliance with the OSHA
requirements.
10.3.5 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
10.3.5.1 Aquatic Environment
The treated domestic wastewater will be utilized for irrigation of green belt except at rare
occasion in rainy season when some dilute effluents will be discharged into the sea.
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When this water will be discharged into sea, all the stipulations of regulatory
authorities/MoEF will be meeting.
10.3.5.2 Radiological monitoring in biological samples and their habitat
NPCIL will monitor samples for radiological parameters from various environmental
matrices at different sampling locations in the zone of 30 km around the NPP site.
Collection of samples will be done in a systematic way. Samples will be monitored
on regular basis from the site. It is also necessary that regular analysis of samples in
the study area will be done in the manner as given below:
Concentration of radioactive levels in the following food items will be monitored at
regular interval of time for trend monitoring of radioactivity levels in the zone of 30
km radius around the NPP. This monitoring will be carried out by ESL, which is an
independent agency and reports to BARC, Mumbai. The ESL at Mithivirdi site will
be established at least two years before the NPP at Mithivirdi start operation.
Water
Land (irrigated, Non-irrigated)
Rice, Wheat, Pulses
Millets
Milk
Fruits
Vegetables
Phytoplankton, zooplankton, small fish, big fish, goat (different parts of
the body)
10.3.5.3 Mitigation Measures
Following measures will be adopted to mitigate the impacts.
The green belt will be further enriched and maintained around the power plant for
air filtration, and from aesthetic point of view it is essential also. This would also
create a buffer zone around the plant.
Regular monitoring of physico-chemical and radiation parameters need to be
carried out in biological samples as a post-project activity.
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The wastewater from power plant will be treated to meet the disposal standards
and domestic sewage will be completely reused for irrigation of plantations and
green belt development.
Regular monitoring of diversity and density of marine and terrestrial flora and
fauna needs to be carried out as a part of post-project activity.
10.3.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
Development of project is always a key to social and economical development and a
balance will be maintained to control the pressure on resources.
Efforts will be made to promote harmony with the local population and further
consolidate their positive perceptions of industrialization by engaging in socially-friendly
activities such as maintaining roads, water conservation program, safety management
program and providing, supporting infrastructures in nearby schools in due course of
time.
10.3.6.1 Corporate Social Responsibility
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into
a business model. CSR refers to strategies of corporations or firms to conduct their
business in a way that is ethical, society friendly and beneficial to community in terms of
development. CSR is the deliberate inclusion of public interest into corporate decision-
making, and the honouring of a triple bottom line: People, Planet, Profit.
Community Development (CD) refers to initiatives undertaken by community with
partnership with external organizations or corporation to empower individuals and groups of
people by providing these groups with the skills they need to effect change in their own
communities. These skills are often concentrated around making use of local resources
and formation of large social groups working for a common agenda.
The role of CSR in CD is any direct and indirect benefits received by the community as
results of social commitment of corporations to the overall community and social system.
The common roles of CSR in CD are as follows:
To share the negative consequences as a result of industrialization.
Closer ties between corporations and community.
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Helping to get local talents as an attractive employer for potential candidates.
Community development activities (including that for its employees) are very important
aspects for any organization / project, because people of the villages surrounding the plant
and its employees are the stakeholders. NPCIL has always treated the neighboring
communities as a key stakeholder. The main objective of the Community Development
Programme has been to create synergy and synthesis with the environment. All the policies
have been framed with the objective of enhancing the living standards of the people
neighboring communities.
The policy of NPCIL towards social welfare & community development aims at strengthening
the bond between the project / station authorities and the local population in the vicinity of
nuclear power plants. In line with this policy, NPCIL at the existing nuclear power stations
and projects has been carrying out number of community welfare activities in the following
areas:
Education – Gyan Gangothri Yojana
Health– Arogya Sudha Yojana
Infrastructure
Community Welfare & Miscellaneous
Accordingly NPCIL plans to implement above social and community welfare measures in
area around the Mithivirdi with the following action plan.
NPCIL would contribute in implementing social welfare activities in collaboration
with local Gram Panchayats, Block Development Offices etc. for better
development of area around the Project.
To minimize strain on existing infrastructure, adequate provision of basic
amenities, viz. education, health, transport etc. would be developed considering
the needs of workforce and migrating population.
Roads, sanitation and other basic facilities would be provided in construction
labour colonies to ensure better hygiene and health.
Regular environmental awareness programs would be organized by NPCIL to
impress upon the surrounding population about the beneficial impacts of the
project and also about the measures being undertaken for environmental safety.
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Welfare measures proposed to be implemented around Mithivirdi nuclear power plant
project.
Assistance in Educational Welfare Measures
Assistance for Up-gradation of Schools facilities like classrooms, laboratories and
other associated requirements.
Providing computers, sports item, laboratory equipment etc.
Introduction of the talent nurture schemes for students from nearby villages by
providing admission to schools of NPCIL for free education or by providing suitable
scholarships.
Assistance in Health-Care Welfare Measures
Organization of the regular medical camps for chronic ailments prevailing amongst
the peoples of villages in and around NPP at Mithivirdi, Gujarat.
Providing medical consultancy and medicines as a part of preventive health care.
Hepatitis „B‟ vaccination to school & village children.
Assistance in Community Welfare Measures
Assistance in providing drinking water, street lighting, widening of roads,
strengthening of culverts/bridges etc.
Assistance in construction of general community infrastructure facilities like
Panchayat Bhavan etc.
Assistance in Development of Farmers Welfare Measures
Distribution of quality seeds
Assistance in upgrading farming facilities like cold storage etc. In the area around
Mithivirdi Project.
A continuous monitoring of the radiations is required besides the following measures:
a) Monitoring of the working environment to ensure that the design features of
the plant and its mode of operation are such that the personnel are
adequately protected from exposure, both internally from contamination and
externally from penetrating radiations.
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b) Monitoring of personnel occupationally exposed to radiations to ensure that
the total exposure for each individual is within the prescribed limits and as
low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) for the operations involved.
Appropriate directions are given by AERB to control the individual exposure.
As per the AERB codes any deviation has to be reported to them.
c) Maintaining of records of all such measurements to permit analysis of the
radiological impacts on those employed in the process and also the general
public.
d) Providing safety services, such as protective equipment to safeguard the
plant operations and advice on operating procedures for both normal and
abnormal conditions. This requirement is covered by the act “Indian Atomic
Energy Factories Act – 1996”.
e) Deploying medical staff to carry out surveillance of workers; including pre-
employment medical examinations & periodic subsequent examinations to
monitor health of those involved. This is been followed at all the operating
power station in accordance with AERB codes.
f) Maintaining close interaction and close collaboration with the Health Physics
Department and Medical Services.
Energy Conservation measures
NPP at Mithivirdi has a number of buildings which will require considerable amount of
power / energy. Properly implemented energy saving measures may reduce
considerable amount of expenditure and emission of green house gases. A number of
measures have been envisaged in the NPP area to conserve energy.
The measures undertaken are as follows:
Use of CFL/LED.
Use of Low-pressure sodium lamps for outdoor lighting along the road and
security lighting with Solar Street Lights mix.
Solar lighting will be provided in the main control room and in areas where safety
related equipment are located.
Use of solar water heaters for hospital, guest house.
Automatic timing control mechanism will be incorporated in the street lighting to
save energy. Mechanism will involve staggering of on-off sequence of street
lights.
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Designing the structures having proper ventilation and natural light.
The hostels, guest house, hospital etc. shall have solar water heating systems.
The street lights shall have 20% mix of solar lights.
The street lighting shall be controlled by staggering of putting on-off of lights in
particular sequence.
Use of Renewable and Alternate Source of Energy
A detailed survey of the site will be carried out for preparing a feasibility analysis for use
of renewable and alternate source of energy such as wind energy and solar energy.
However, based on techno-economic considerations, public buildings such as guest
houses, canteens, hospital etc may be provided with solar heaters and solar lights. The
street lighting will be provided with solar lights - limited to 20%. The street lighting shall
be controlled by staggering of putting on-off of lights in particular sequence.
10.3.7 EMP FOR CRZ
As mentioned in the Chapter-4 of the report regarding CRZ demarcation study, the
impact on CRZ will be insignificant due to the proposed project. However, it is planned to
take adequate precautions to control land erosion and leaching during dredging and
construction of the project facilities. Further following measures will be implemented to
avoid any potential impact as given below.
Overburden in the construction will be used for project facilities and break water
wall.
Restoration and landscaping of the project area after construction.
All installations along the coast in connection with construction of intake,
pump house, outfall etc. will abide by the CRZ regulations.
10.3.8 EMP FOR MARINE ENVIRONMENT
In view of the impact assessment on marine environment along the Mithivirdi coast, the
following suggestions are made.
Secure disposal of overburden with effective bunding and drainage for leachate
Collection and treatment of leachate through sedimentation and separation
techniques before disposal.
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The intake channel for NPP at Mithivirdi will be designed to minimize the
interference with currents and avoid any vortex formation. The pump house will
be designed to minimize noise pollution. The intake will have appropriate screens
and trash bars with appropriate openings to minimize the entry of marine
organisms, fish larvae and fishes.
The return water temperature shall never be more than 7°C above the ambient
seawater. The outfall will be designed with multiple ports, which can enhance the
jet mixing.
Monitoring of CCW discharges will be carried out regularly and impact on marine
ecosystem if any will be recorded following advanced techniques.
10.3.9 TRAINING
Working in a nuclear power plant always requires adequate personnel training with
respect to the associated potential hazards with emphasis being placed on the
significance of contamination. Personnel engaged directly on the process will be trained
in the techniques of material transfer and processing methods to ensure contamination
of material within sealed enclosures at all times. Such techniques will be perfected using
inactive materials prior to starting the work. At all operating nuclear power stations it is
mandatory for all occupational workers to undergo training on radiological and industrial
safety in accordance with AERB codes.
The different laboratories and departments who would be responsible for the
implementation of the EMP, will be trained on the effective implementation of the
environmental issues. To ensure the success of the implementation set up proposed,
there is a high requirement of training and skill up-gradation. For the proposed project,
additional training facilities will be developed for environmental control. For proper
implementation of the EMP, the officials responsible for EMP implementation will be
trained accordingly.
To achieve the overall objective of pollution control, latest pollution control and
monitoring systems and trained man power resources will be deployed to operate and
maintain the same. Specific training will be provided to personnel handling the operation
and maintenance of different pollution / radiation control equipments.
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The training will be given to employees to cover the following fields:
Awareness of pollution control and environmental protection to all.
Operation and maintenance of specialized pollution / radiation control
equipment.
Field monitoring, maintenance and calibration of pollution / radiation
monitoring instruments.
Laboratory testing of pollutants / radiation.
Repair of pollution monitoring instruments.
Occupational health/safety.
Disaster management.
Environmental management.
Biodiversity Management / Afforestation / plantation and post care of plants.
Knowledge of norms, regulations and procedures.
Risk assessment and Disaster Management.
10.3.10 HEALTH AND SAFETY
In order to provide safe working environment and safeguard occupational health and
hygiene, the following measures will be undertaken:
- Exposure of workers to hazardous/toxic substances will be minimised by
adopting suitable engineering controls.
- Toxic and hazardous processing/handling areas will be clearly identified and
regular health monitoring for the people working in these areas will be carried
out.
- All the employees will be trained in Health, Safety and Environment (HSE)
aspects related to their job.
- Exposure of workers to noise, particularly in areas housing equipment which
produce 85 dB(A) or more will be monitored by noise decimeters.
- Periodic compulsory health check up will be carried for all the plant employees.
Particular attention will be given to respiratory and hearing disorders. The
yearly statistics along with observations will be reported each year to the chief
executive of the plant.
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10.3.11 ENVIRONMENT MONITORING
An Environment Survey Laboratory which will be headed by a well qualified and
experienced technical person from the relevant field will be established at the
Mithivirdi site which will monitor the radioactivity levels in various environmental
matrices in the area of 30 km radius around the project site. An authorized laboratory
will monitor the activities related to water quality, ambient air quality, noise levels and
biological environment. Besides ESL, the project will have a Technical Services Unit
with chemical laboratory and health physics unit, which will monitor the plant
discharges, radiological levels within the plant boundary and radiation dose to the
occupational workers.
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CHAPTER – 11
SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
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11.0 SUMMARY
The summary of the environmental impact assessment report is presented as Summary
– EIA in the beginning of the report on page numbers I to XXV. This Summary – EIA has
been prepared for its circulation in the public domain as per requirement of the MoEF,
Notification No. S. O. 1533, 14th September, 2006 on Environmental Clearance / Public
Hearing.
11.1 CONCLUSIONS
The proposed project is environment friendly and is proposed in accordance with the
Government of India’s Policy to enhance the present share of nuclear energy in the
country’s total electricity production.
The present report is based on the work carried out by EIL on environmental aspects as
well as specialized studies carried out by Environmental Impact Assessment division of
Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology & Natural History (SACON), Coimbatore (Terrestrial
Biodiversity), Indomer Coastal Hydraulics Private Limited (INDOMER), Chennai (Marine
biodiversity and thermal impact on biodiversity), Pragathi Labs and Consultant Private
Limited (baseline data collection), Secunderabad, Institute of Remote Sensing (IRS),
Anna University, Chennai (CRZ mapping).
The EIA report contains in-depth study on environmental quality and Comprehensive
Environmental Management Plan to mitigate the impacts including Radiological Risk
Assessment and Emergency Response System and Social Welfare Commitment. The
project is technically, environmentally and socioeconomically viable and is beneficial at
local level, state level and national level.
11.1.1 SUITABILITY OF PROPOSED SITE
Mithivirdi site has been recommended by the Site Selection Committee appointed by
Government of India. The project site is a coastal site in Talaja Taluka, Bhavnagar
district, Gujarat which is 40 km from Bhavnagar. It is in the west coast of Gulf of
Khambhat with agricultural fields in all other sides. The topography of the site is
undulating with an average grade level of 15 m a maximum of 40 m elevation. Physical
displacement of families from the project site is nil. However, some scattered houses
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need to be rehabilitated. All the required resources are available at the proposed site.
The site is at safe grade elevation from the point of tides, floods, tsunami and also
present in Seismic Zone - III. It is also mentioned that the Projects of Department of
Atomic Energy are under permissible activities in CRZ as per the provisions of Para `2`
of MOEF notification for CRZ vide S.O. 114 (E) in October 2001. Therefore, the Mithivirdi
site is viable for the development of Nuclear Power Plant of 6,000 MWe capacity.
11.1.2 IMPACT ON CRZ
The project site comes under CRZ – III, which is undeveloped area with agricultural land
and patchy scrub land. There are no notified biologically sensitive ecosystems within 10
km radial area around the proposed NPP. The scientific study indicates that the project
development will not adversely affect the ocean currents, sediment transport, narrow
intertidal area, and CRZ area of 500 m from HTL.
11.1.3 MONITORING RADIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AROUND MITHIVIRDI
Comprehensive radiological survey will be conducted by Health Physics Division (HPD)
of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in the zone of radial distance of 30 km and the same
will be continued till the life of Mithivirdi NPP for monitoring of radiation impacts and to
establish that the radiation dose, in the public domain are within the prescribed limits of
AERB.
11.1.4 MANAGEMENT OF CONVENTIONAL AND NON-CONVENTIONAL RELEASES OF POLLUTANTS
Mithivirdi NPP is committed to the guidelines and standards given by AERB, Ministry of
Environment and Forest (MoEF), and Gujarat Pollution Control Board. The design of the
plant will be done according to the guidelines of AERB to keep the radiological dose due
to discharges through air, liquid and terrestrial routes below the stipulated levels of 1
mSv/year for the site during normal operation. This is achieved by proposed elaborate
treatment for active gaseous waste, active liquid and solid waste before discharges.
Some amount of conventional pollutants like dust and gaseous pollutants are produced
for a short construction period, for which proper management plan has been prepared.
The conventional pollutants releases from the plant during operation stage will be
insignificant. The sewage and solid waste from toilets and canteens of plant site will be
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treated and the treated sewage and digested manure will be used for green belt
development. Noise pollution will be reduced by development of different barrier i.e.
acoustic covering of noise generation machineries, specially designed building in which
the plant is enclosed, and exclusion zone of 1 km with green belt. Occupational
exposure of noise will be reduced by providing protective gadgets to the workers working
in the high noise zone.
The specific design of plant will only allow a rise of condenser cooling water temperature
of <7 0C across the condenser and the design of discharge channels is such that the
resultant temperature rise of receiving sea water body at discharge point does not
exceed 5 0C above the ambient seawater temperature. The literature survey of the
tolerances of local marine flora and fauna indicate that the marine biodiversity will not be
affected at this temperature rise by the discharge of CCW. The brine from desalination
plant will be mixed with CCW before discharge and will not thus affect the marine
biodiversity.
11.1.5 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT
Scientifically designed green belt will be developed in 1 km radial exclusion around the
nuclear power plant. This will be helpful in reducing the conventional pollutants in the
atmosphere as well as it will enhance the aesthetics and beauty of the landscape of the
area.
11.1.6 WATER REQUIREMENT AND WATER BALANCE
Only sea water will be used to meet the requirement of plant for condenser cooling and
freshwater through desalination plant to conserve the freshwater resources.
11.1.7 RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION PLAN
There is no physical displacement of PAFs from the land being acquired for Project site.
However, some scattered houses need to be rehabilitated. NPCIL is committed to
implement the R & R package as per the mutual agreement with the State Government.
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11.1.8 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF NPCIL
The policy of NPCIL towards social welfare and community development aims at
strengthening the bond between Project Authorities and local population in the vicinity of
nuclear power plant. In line with this policy, NPCIL planned to implement social and
community welfare measures aiming at improving the infrastructural facilities including
education, health, employment and women & Children welfare.
11.1.9 RADIOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM
The nuclear power plant is based on advanced technology. A defense in depth
philosophy is followed in which there are five successive levels of safety. Number of
engineered safety features has been included in the Nuclear Plant Design to enhance
the safety of the plant. Processing systems for gaseous, liquid and solid waste are
elaborate and effective in controlling releases of radioactivity and complying with the
stipulated dose limits to the members of public and occupational workers. Emergency
Plan is the part of the concept of Defense in Depth and it is executed jointly by NPCIL
and concerned State Authorities. Before making the plant critical and conduct of mock
exercise is a mandatory requirement.
11.2 REMARKS
The foregoing discussion indicates that the project is planned in such a way that it will
improve the environmental quality and uplift the socio economic environment of the
region. The safety measures inbuilt in the design of the project will minimize the hazard if
any. The safety analysis considers the worst case scenarios for risk assessment and
emergency planning. There will be continuous monitoring of environment, review and
corrective action, development of greenbelt programme. The local people will be
immensely benefited due to social welfare schemes which would get implemented by
NPCIL, and will result in the improvement in the quality of life.
386
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CHAPTER – 12
DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS
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12.0 DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS
Environment Division of Engineers of India Limited (EIL) was established in 1975 with
the objective of providing specialised services in the field of environment protection to
the different industrial sectors served by EIL. The division is assisted by a multi-
disciplinary team with engineers and scientists with experience ranging from seven to
thirty years or more and equipped with the latest computer software and hardware. It is
capable of providing the entire range of services related to environmental pollution
assessment, control and management to the following major sectors of industry in India
and abroad:
- Petroleum Refining
- Petrochemicals
- Oil and Gas Processing
- Metallurgy
- Chemicals
- Food Processing and Dairy
- Distillery
- Fertilizers
- Thermal Power Plants
EIL is also capable of providing environment related services for various other industries
like textile, leather, pulp and paper etc. besides the different industries mentioned above.
The Division has a unique advantage of utilising technological and engineering
competence and experience, which is available to them in house from other specialised
departments of EIL to provide the entire range of services related to environmental
management.
The Division has been instrumental in designing and commissioning a large number of
industrial water treatment plants, wastewater treatment plants, Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) studies and solid and hazardous waste management. During the past
two decades, several schemes have been implemented for handling wastewater as well
as gaseous effluents, solid as well as hazardous wastes so that these meet the stringent
regulations imposed by statutory authorities from time to time.
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Much of the Division‟s rich and varied experience is derived from the experience of
working with International funding agencies like the World Bank, International Financial
Consortium and Asian Development Bank etc. The Division has worked for many World
Bank funded jobs including the one concerning development of guidelines for carrying
out environmental audits for small and medium scale industries. Many of these projects
being grass root projects in nature have large socio-economic and cultural dimensions
besides the associated environmental problems.
The present EIA report has been prepared by EIL, a engineering and consultancy
organisation in the country. EIL has been preparing regularly EIA / EMP reports for different
projects. The environmental Engineering Division of EIL has carried out more than 300
numbers of Environmental Impact Assessment projects.
National Accreditation Board for Education and Training (NABET) - under the Accreditation
Scheme for EIA Consultant Organisations has accredited EIL as EIA consultant for 9 EIA
Sectors, vide NABET notification dated 14.09.10. The list of sectors for which the
accreditation has been accorded by NABET is given in Fig. 13.1. The same can be referred
from the NABET website “www.qcin.org/nabet/about.php “, by following the link - EIA
Accreditation Scheme – Accreditation Register – Accredited Consultant. The present EIA
study pertains to a „Nuclear Power Project (NPP)‟, which falls under the category “Nuclear
power projects and processing of nuclear fuel”.
For “Nuclear power projects and processing of nuclear fuel” sector EIL‟s application along
with other consultants are still pending at NABET. However, till date NABET has not cleared
any application related to nuclear sector.
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Fig. 13.1 Certificate of Accreditation to Engineers India Limited from NABET