ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERINGENGINEERINGENGINEERINGENGINEERING

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The Environment and its The Environment and its domainsdomains

Solid and Solid and Hazardous Hazardous

Waste Waste

ManagementManagementAir Pollution Air Pollution

and Controland Control

Lithosphere

BiosphereHydrosphere

Atmosphere

Water and Water and wastewater wastewater

treatmenttreatmentPublic Public

Health and Health and EcologyEcology 2

Sustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable developmentSustainable development

•• Development that meets the needs of the present Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needsgenerations to meet their own needs

• Implications: Implications: Implications: Implications: • Implications: Implications: Implications: Implications:

• Societal emphasis has to shift from a

destructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedy destructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedy destructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedy destructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedy destructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedy destructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedy destructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedy destructive, exploitative philosophy (The Tragedy

of the Commons) of the Commons) of the Commons) of the Commons) of the Commons) of the Commons) of the Commons) of the Commons) to one that fosters longfosters longfosters longfosters longfosters longfosters longfosters longfosters long--------term term term term term term term term

protection of the environment and its inhabitants protection of the environment and its inhabitants protection of the environment and its inhabitants protection of the environment and its inhabitants protection of the environment and its inhabitants protection of the environment and its inhabitants protection of the environment and its inhabitants protection of the environment and its inhabitants

(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)(we have to protect The Golden Goose!)

• Two conflicting objectives have to be reconciled

– improving quality of life vs. protecting the

environment 3

Driving forces for sustainabilityDriving forces for sustainability

• Health and safety: human and other organisms

• Financial: property values, profits, taxes

• Aesthetics

• Civic pride and values• Civic pride and values

• THE LAW

– All the good intentions in the world are not equal to the arm of law

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What is environmental engineering? What is environmental engineering?

Environmental engineering is the

application of science and engineering

principles to

• Protect public health and the health of • Protect public health and the health of

other organisms,

• Preserve or improve the environment

(air, water, and/or land resources),

• Remediate polluted sites.

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Scope of environmental engineering Scope of environmental engineering

�� Pollution ControlPollution Control

�� identify sources of pollutants, identify sources of pollutants,

�� understand fate and transport of pollutants, andunderstand fate and transport of pollutants, and

�� design and engineer solutionsdesign and engineer solutions

�� Environmental Impact AssessmentEnvironmental Impact Assessment

�� Assess shortAssess short--term and longterm and long--term impacts of current term impacts of current and proposed projectsand proposed projectsand proposed projectsand proposed projects

�� Environmental AuditingEnvironmental Auditing

�� Inventory of mass and energy for any facility to Inventory of mass and energy for any facility to minimize waste and inefficiencyminimize waste and inefficiency

�� Environmental Risk AssessmentEnvironmental Risk Assessment

�� Minimize risks to public health and environmentMinimize risks to public health and environment

�� Environmental ManagementEnvironmental Management

�� Optimization of systems with due regard to user Optimization of systems with due regard to user expectationsexpectations

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Evolution of the disciplineEvolution of the discipline

Lothal, Wikipedia 2010

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The Law and its courseThe Law and its course

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More about the law……..More about the law……..

Regulations

Year of

notice

Amend

mentWater (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 1988

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 1987

Environment Protection Act 1986 1991Environment Protection Act 1986 1991

Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1989

Biomedical Waste Handling Rules 1998

Flyash Rules 1999

Recycled Plastics Usage Rules 1999 2003

Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000

Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules 2001

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What is a pollutant or contaminant?What is a pollutant or contaminant?

–– A pollutant is a chemical species in the A pollutant is a chemical species in the

environment that causes environment that causes undesirable undesirable

effects effects on the environment or any of its on the environment or any of its

components. components.

–– Can be natural or anthropogenicCan be natural or anthropogenic–– Can be natural or anthropogenicCan be natural or anthropogenic

–– Undesirable effectsUndesirable effects

•• Endangers health of human and other Endangers health of human and other

organismsorganisms

•• Endangers safetyEndangers safety

•• Causes financial and aesthetic lossesCauses financial and aesthetic losses

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Population growth Population growth

• World Population = 6.86 billion (US Census

Bureau)

• India’s population = 1.186 billion (Wikipedia)

• West Bengal’s population = 90 million

• Kharagpur’s population = 2.07 lakhs• Kharagpur’s population = 2.07 lakhs

India’s current annual growth rate = 1.34%

(World Bank, 2008)

If data from 1921 to 2001 is used

• Average annual total population growth rate = 1.8%

• Average annual urban population growth rate = 3.0%

All figures for 15 Aug 2010

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y = 2E-07e0.018x

R² = 0.985

y = 2E-18e0.03x

R² = 0.9951.000E+07

1.000E+08

1.000E+09

1.000E+10

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10

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20

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30

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40

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50

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60

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70

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80

19

90

20

00

20

10log

Po

pu

lati

on

, p

ers

on

s

Time, years

Population growth in India

Total Population

Urban population

Expon. (Total Population)

Expon. (Urban population)

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Resource consumptionResource consumption

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http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/India/Full.html

Power generationPower generation

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http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/India/Full.html

WASTE WASTE

SOLID WASTESOLID WASTE

�� Municipal Solid Municipal Solid

Waste (MSW)Waste (MSW)�� Ash from Thermal Ash from Thermal

WASTEWATERWASTEWATER•• Municipal Municipal

wastewaterwastewater

•• Industrial Industrial

AIR POLLUTANTSAIR POLLUTANTS•• Industrial Industrial

sources sources

•• Motor Vehicles Motor Vehicles �� Ash from Thermal Ash from Thermal Power PlantsPower Plants

��Agricultural Agricultural wastewaste

•• Industrial Industrial wastewaterwastewater

•• Motor Vehicles Motor Vehicles •• Other sourcesOther sources

HAZARDOUS WASTEHAZARDOUS WASTE

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Waste Management HierarchyWaste Management Hierarchy

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Integrated Solid Waste ManagementIntegrated Solid Waste Management

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Integrated Integrated Solid Waste Solid Waste ManagementManagement

‘Zero Pollution’‘Zero Pollution’

•• Closed loop systemsClosed loop systems

•• Waste from one process or Waste from one process or industry is used in another industry is used in another process or industry within the process or industry within the process or industry within the process or industry within the same facility or industrial estatesame facility or industrial estate

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Environmental AuditingEnvironmental Auditing

•• Required by the law [EPA]Required by the law [EPA]

•• Mass and energy balancesMass and energy balances

•• Complete inventory of mass and energy for Complete inventory of mass and energy for

the plant, facility or industrythe plant, facility or industrythe plant, facility or industrythe plant, facility or industry

•• Helps detect inefficiencies, losses, and Helps detect inefficiencies, losses, and

waste generation pointswaste generation points

•• Evaluate options for minimizing wasteEvaluate options for minimizing waste

–– Technical, environmental or economic Technical, environmental or economic

optionsoptions

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Waste Waste –– to to –– energy (WTE) conversionenergy (WTE) conversion

WASTE PROCESSING

FOR ENERGY

CHEMICAL

PROCESSING

BIOLOGICAL

PROCESSING

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COMBUSTION

PYROLYSIS

GASIFICATION

AEROBIC

COMPOSTING

ANAEROBIC

COMPOSTING

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

[BIOFUELS]

Sources of biofuels are crops like • Sugarcane [Brazil]• Cassava, jatropha [India] • Corn [US]

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS

http://keetsa.com/blog/eco-friendly/biofuels-answer-fuel-issues-what-about-food/

• Corn [US]

Waste materials can also be used• Wastewater [industrial or agricultural]• Solid waste [agricultural] for WTE

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Plug flow anaerobic digester Plug flow anaerobic digester -- USUS

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http://web2.msue.msu.edu/manure/FinalAnearobicDigestionFactsheet.pdf

Bhadreswar Biogas

plant, Bhadreswar, West Bengal

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Bhadreswar Biogas plant, Bhadreshwar, West Bengal

Exposure assessment: Exposure assessment: Fate and transport of pollutants in the environmentFate and transport of pollutants in the environment

• Pollutants can be released into different Pollutants can be released into different Pollutants can be released into different Pollutants can be released into different environmental compartmentsenvironmental compartmentsenvironmental compartmentsenvironmental compartments– Soil, Sediment, Air, WaterSoil, Sediment, Air, WaterSoil, Sediment, Air, WaterSoil, Sediment, Air, Water

• Pollutants are transported and transformed by Pollutants are transported and transformed by Pollutants are transported and transformed by Pollutants are transported and transformed by different processesdifferent processesdifferent processesdifferent processes

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different processesdifferent processesdifferent processesdifferent processes

Transport processesTransport processesTransport processesTransport processes

– Physical processes: Physical processes: Physical processes: Physical processes: convection, diffusion, dispersion, settling, volatilizationconvection, diffusion, dispersion, settling, volatilizationconvection, diffusion, dispersion, settling, volatilizationconvection, diffusion, dispersion, settling, volatilization

Transformation processesTransformation processesTransformation processesTransformation processes

– Chemical processes: Chemical processes: Chemical processes: Chemical processes: adsorption, oxidation, reduction, photooxidation, hydrolysisadsorption, oxidation, reduction, photooxidation, hydrolysisadsorption, oxidation, reduction, photooxidation, hydrolysisadsorption, oxidation, reduction, photooxidation, hydrolysis

– Biological processes: Biological processes: Biological processes: Biological processes: pollutants serve as food for pollutants serve as food for pollutants serve as food for pollutants serve as food for microbes, and/or are bioconcentrated through the food web; microbes, and/or are bioconcentrated through the food web; microbes, and/or are bioconcentrated through the food web; microbes, and/or are bioconcentrated through the food web; transformation of compounds by microbial processestransformation of compounds by microbial processestransformation of compounds by microbial processestransformation of compounds by microbial processes

SedimentSediment--water contamination water contamination ––exposure pathwaysexposure pathways

FoodFoodFoodFoodAirAirAirAir

Water Water Water Water Bioconcentration Bioconcentration Bioconcentration Bioconcentration in flora and faunain flora and faunain flora and faunain flora and fauna

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Heavy metal containing ore tailings

Water Water Water Water

Contaminated SedimentContaminated SedimentContaminated SedimentContaminated Sediment

SoilSoilSoilSoil

Ground waterGround water--soil contamination soil contamination –– exposure pathwaysexposure pathways

Leaking Leaking Leaking Leaking Underground Underground Underground Underground Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank

VolatilizationVolatilizationVolatilizationVolatilization

Inhalation Inhalation Inhalation Inhalation Ingestion of contaminated waterIngestion of contaminated waterIngestion of contaminated waterIngestion of contaminated water

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Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank (LUST)(LUST)(LUST)(LUST)

Ground water ContaminationGround water ContaminationGround water ContaminationGround water Contamination

Ingestion of contaminated waterIngestion of contaminated waterIngestion of contaminated waterIngestion of contaminated water

Calculating cancer riskCalculating cancer riskIf drinking water contains If drinking water contains If drinking water contains If drinking water contains ≥≥≥≥100 ppb of arsenic, and a person weighing 70 kg 100 ppb of arsenic, and a person weighing 70 kg 100 ppb of arsenic, and a person weighing 70 kg 100 ppb of arsenic, and a person weighing 70 kg

drinks 2 L of this water every day over a lifetime of 70 years, what is the drinks 2 L of this water every day over a lifetime of 70 years, what is the drinks 2 L of this water every day over a lifetime of 70 years, what is the drinks 2 L of this water every day over a lifetime of 70 years, what is the

incremental lifetime cancer risk?incremental lifetime cancer risk?incremental lifetime cancer risk?incremental lifetime cancer risk?

CDI = CDI = CDI = CDI = 0.1 mg/L x 2 L/d0.1 mg/L x 2 L/d0.1 mg/L x 2 L/d0.1 mg/L x 2 L/d = 2.86 x 10= 2.86 x 10= 2.86 x 10= 2.86 x 10----3 3 3 3 mg/kgmg/kgmg/kgmg/kg----dddd

70 kg70 kg70 kg70 kg

Risk = CDI x SF = 2.86 x 10Risk = CDI x SF = 2.86 x 10Risk = CDI x SF = 2.86 x 10Risk = CDI x SF = 2.86 x 10----3 3 3 3 mg/kgmg/kgmg/kgmg/kg----d x 1.75 (mg/kgd x 1.75 (mg/kgd x 1.75 (mg/kgd x 1.75 (mg/kg----d)d)d)d)----1 1 1 1

= 5.005 x 10= 5.005 x 10= 5.005 x 10= 5.005 x 10----3 3 3 3 = incremental lifetime cancer risk= incremental lifetime cancer risk= incremental lifetime cancer risk= incremental lifetime cancer risk

• ThisThisThisThis impliesimpliesimpliesimplies thatthatthatthat 5555 cancerscancerscancerscancers perperperper thousandthousandthousandthousand personspersonspersonspersons overoveroverover aaaa 70707070----yearyearyearyear periodperiodperiodperiod

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• ThisThisThisThis impliesimpliesimpliesimplies thatthatthatthat 5555 cancerscancerscancerscancers perperperper thousandthousandthousandthousand personspersonspersonspersons overoveroverover aaaa 70707070----yearyearyearyear periodperiodperiodperiod

cancancancan bebebebe attributedattributedattributedattributed totototo arsenicarsenicarsenicarsenic inininin drinkingdrinkingdrinkingdrinking waterwaterwaterwater....

• For a population of approx. 60 million people that drink water with arsenic For a population of approx. 60 million people that drink water with arsenic For a population of approx. 60 million people that drink water with arsenic For a population of approx. 60 million people that drink water with arsenic

content of 100 ppb or more, we estimate that on an annual basis, arsenic content of 100 ppb or more, we estimate that on an annual basis, arsenic content of 100 ppb or more, we estimate that on an annual basis, arsenic content of 100 ppb or more, we estimate that on an annual basis, arsenic

contributes to contributes to contributes to contributes to

= 6 x 10= 6 x 10= 6 x 10= 6 x 107777 persons x 5.005 x 10persons x 5.005 x 10persons x 5.005 x 10persons x 5.005 x 10----3 3 3 3 cancers/ persons exposed x 1/70 yr cancers/ persons exposed x 1/70 yr cancers/ persons exposed x 1/70 yr cancers/ persons exposed x 1/70 yr

≥≥≥≥ 4286 cancers/year4286 cancers/year4286 cancers/year4286 cancers/year

• If water treatment brings the level of arsenic down to If water treatment brings the level of arsenic down to If water treatment brings the level of arsenic down to If water treatment brings the level of arsenic down to ≤≤≤≤ 50 ppb, the 50 ppb, the 50 ppb, the 50 ppb, the

number of cancers due to arsenic ingestion are expected to be number of cancers due to arsenic ingestion are expected to be number of cancers due to arsenic ingestion are expected to be number of cancers due to arsenic ingestion are expected to be

≤≤≤≤ 2143 cancers/year2143 cancers/year2143 cancers/year2143 cancers/year

Calculating nonCalculating non--cancer riskcancer risk

• Hazard quotient (HQ)Hazard quotient (HQ)Hazard quotient (HQ)Hazard quotient (HQ)

= = = = Average daily doseAverage daily doseAverage daily doseAverage daily dose

Reference dose (Reference dose (Reference dose (Reference dose (RfDRfDRfDRfD))))

• If hazard quotient is <1.0, there is no significant risk of If hazard quotient is <1.0, there is no significant risk of If hazard quotient is <1.0, there is no significant risk of If hazard quotient is <1.0, there is no significant risk of

toxicitytoxicitytoxicitytoxicity

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• When exposure involves more than one chemical or more When exposure involves more than one chemical or more When exposure involves more than one chemical or more When exposure involves more than one chemical or more

than one exposure route or more than one environmental than one exposure route or more than one environmental than one exposure route or more than one environmental than one exposure route or more than one environmental

medium, medium, medium, medium,

Sum of the individual HQs = hazard index (HI)Sum of the individual HQs = hazard index (HI)Sum of the individual HQs = hazard index (HI)Sum of the individual HQs = hazard index (HI)

• The five environmental media accounted for in HI calculations The five environmental media accounted for in HI calculations The five environmental media accounted for in HI calculations The five environmental media accounted for in HI calculations are air, water, food, soil and consumer productsare air, water, food, soil and consumer productsare air, water, food, soil and consumer productsare air, water, food, soil and consumer products

Bioconcentration factorsBioconcentration factors

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Risk characterization:Risk characterization:

Overall cancer risk due to As in waterOverall cancer risk due to As in water

What is the cancer risk for a person eating fish contaminated with What is the cancer risk for a person eating fish contaminated with What is the cancer risk for a person eating fish contaminated with What is the cancer risk for a person eating fish contaminated with arsenic?arsenic?arsenic?arsenic?

• Arsenic has a fish BCF of 44 L/kgArsenic has a fish BCF of 44 L/kgArsenic has a fish BCF of 44 L/kgArsenic has a fish BCF of 44 L/kg• Concentration in fish = C(water) x BCFConcentration in fish = C(water) x BCFConcentration in fish = C(water) x BCFConcentration in fish = C(water) x BCF

C(fish) = 0.1 mg/L x 44 L/kg = 4.4 mg/kgC(fish) = 0.1 mg/L x 44 L/kg = 4.4 mg/kgC(fish) = 0.1 mg/L x 44 L/kg = 4.4 mg/kgC(fish) = 0.1 mg/L x 44 L/kg = 4.4 mg/kg• If an average 70 kg person eats 50 g of fish for 300 days/yr for If an average 70 kg person eats 50 g of fish for 300 days/yr for If an average 70 kg person eats 50 g of fish for 300 days/yr for If an average 70 kg person eats 50 g of fish for 300 days/yr for

30 years, the chronic daily intake of fish is 30 years, the chronic daily intake of fish is 30 years, the chronic daily intake of fish is 30 years, the chronic daily intake of fish is

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30 years, the chronic daily intake of fish is 30 years, the chronic daily intake of fish is 30 years, the chronic daily intake of fish is 30 years, the chronic daily intake of fish is CDI = CDI = CDI = CDI = 0.05 kg/d x 4.4 mg/kg x 300 d/yr x 30 yr0.05 kg/d x 4.4 mg/kg x 300 d/yr x 30 yr0.05 kg/d x 4.4 mg/kg x 300 d/yr x 30 yr0.05 kg/d x 4.4 mg/kg x 300 d/yr x 30 yr

70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr= 1.1 x 10= 1.1 x 10= 1.1 x 10= 1.1 x 10----3333 mg/kgmg/kgmg/kgmg/kg----dddd

• Cancer risk = CDI x SF Cancer risk = CDI x SF Cancer risk = CDI x SF Cancer risk = CDI x SF = 1.75 (mg/kg= 1.75 (mg/kg= 1.75 (mg/kg= 1.75 (mg/kg----d)d)d)d)----1 1 1 1 x 1.1 x 10x 1.1 x 10x 1.1 x 10x 1.1 x 10----3333 mg/kgmg/kgmg/kgmg/kg----d d d d

= 1.925 x 10= 1.925 x 10= 1.925 x 10= 1.925 x 10----3333 or approx. 2 cancers per thousand peopleor approx. 2 cancers per thousand peopleor approx. 2 cancers per thousand peopleor approx. 2 cancers per thousand people

• ForForForFor aaaa populationpopulationpopulationpopulation ofofofof 60606060 millionmillionmillionmillion peoplepeoplepeoplepeople thatthatthatthat areareareare livinglivinglivingliving inininin AsAsAsAsaffectedaffectedaffectedaffected areasareasareasareas;;;; wewewewe assumeassumeassumeassume

• halfhalfhalfhalf thethethethe populationpopulationpopulationpopulation eatseatseatseats fishfishfishfish regularly,regularly,regularly,regularly, iiii....eeee....,,,, 30303030 millionmillionmillionmillion

• AnnualAnnualAnnualAnnual cancercancercancercancer riskriskriskrisk isisisis ==== 3333 xxxx 101010107777 xxxx 1111....925925925925 xxxx 10101010----3333 xxxx 1111////70707070

≥≥≥≥ 825 cancers/year825 cancers/year825 cancers/year825 cancers/year

• AddingAddingAddingAdding cancercancercancercancer risksrisksrisksrisks fromfromfromfrom twotwotwotwo pathwayspathwayspathwayspathways

• IngestionIngestion ofof waterwater ≥≥≥≥ 42864286 cancers/yearcancers/year

Risk characterizationRisk characterization

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• IngestionIngestionIngestionIngestion ofofofof waterwaterwaterwater ≥≥≥≥ 4286428642864286 cancers/yearcancers/yearcancers/yearcancers/year

• IngestionIngestionIngestionIngestion ofofofof fishfishfishfish ≥≥≥≥ 825825825825 cancers/yearcancers/yearcancers/yearcancers/year

TotalTotalTotalTotal cancerscancerscancerscancers eacheacheacheach yearyearyearyear thatthatthatthat cancancancan bebebebe attributedattributedattributedattributed totototo AsAsAsAs

≥≥≥≥ 5111 5111 5111 5111 cancers/yearscancers/yearscancers/yearscancers/years

ThisThisThisThis isisisis anananan exampleexampleexampleexample ofofofof ‘how‘how‘how‘how to’to’to’to’ calculatecalculatecalculatecalculate overalloveralloveralloverall risk,risk,risk,risk, andandandand isisisis notnotnotnotaaaa completecompletecompletecomplete characterizationcharacterizationcharacterizationcharacterization ofofofof risksrisksrisksrisks duedueduedue totototo AsAsAsAs…………………………………………

• Calculate costs of average As concentration in untreated waterCalculate costs of average As concentration in untreated waterCalculate costs of average As concentration in untreated waterCalculate costs of average As concentration in untreated water

– Cost of loss of livelihood, decrease in productivity of victimsCost of loss of livelihood, decrease in productivity of victimsCost of loss of livelihood, decrease in productivity of victimsCost of loss of livelihood, decrease in productivity of victims

– Cost of medical care of victims (cancers and other effects to Cost of medical care of victims (cancers and other effects to Cost of medical care of victims (cancers and other effects to Cost of medical care of victims (cancers and other effects to be included)be included)be included)be included)

• Calculate costs of treating water to remove AsCalculate costs of treating water to remove AsCalculate costs of treating water to remove AsCalculate costs of treating water to remove As

– Cost of As removal to different possible MCLsCost of As removal to different possible MCLsCost of As removal to different possible MCLsCost of As removal to different possible MCLs

• TechnologyTechnologyTechnologyTechnology----based costs have to be determinedbased costs have to be determinedbased costs have to be determinedbased costs have to be determined

Risk Risk managementmanagement

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• TechnologyTechnologyTechnologyTechnology----based costs have to be determinedbased costs have to be determinedbased costs have to be determinedbased costs have to be determined

• Weigh costs of all optionsWeigh costs of all optionsWeigh costs of all optionsWeigh costs of all options

• Decide Decide Decide Decide

Environmental Risk ManagementEnvironmental Risk Management

Contaminant concentration

or risk level

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Cost of cleanup

Contaminant concentration

or risk level

Detection limit

Acceptable risk level

Civilization began with the felling of the Civilization began with the felling of the first tree and will end before the fall of first tree and will end before the fall of

the last onethe last one

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

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