Environmental Concerns of developing and developed countries
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Transcript of Environmental Concerns of developing and developed countries
Environmental concerns of developing and developed countries
• Presented by:• Krishna Dutt - 131109025
“The ‘environment’ is where we live; anddevelopment is what we all do in attempting
to improve our lot within that abode.The two are inseparable.”
Our Common Future
Why differences in the environmental concerns of developing and developed countries….?
Developingcountries
Developedcountries
Population
Populationgrowth
Wealth andincome
Resourceuse
Pollutionand waste
19
81
0.1
1.6
85
15
88
12
75
25
Per
cent
of W
orld
’s p
opul
atio
n
Economic DevelopmentTrade-Offs
Good News Bad News
Global life expectancy doubled since 1950
Life expectancy 11 years less in developing countries than in developed countries
Food production ahead of population growth since 1978
Harmful environmental effects of agriculture may limit future food production
Infant mortality cut in half since 1955
Air and water pollution down in most developed countries since 1970
Number of people living in poverty dropped 6% since 1990
Infant mortality rate in developing countries over 8 times higher than in developed countries
Air and water pollution levels in most developing countries too high
Half of world’s people trying to live on less than $3 (U.S.) per day
Deve
lopi
ng V
s dev
elop
ed c
ount
ries
Deve
lopi
ng V
s dev
elop
ed c
ount
ries
The Blame game
Developed Countries Tried to Put Blame on Developing Countries inTerms
Population Growth and Poverty
Developing Countries Tried to Put Blame for Environmental DegradationOn Developed Countries
Because of Affluence or Energy Intensive Consumption Patterns
1.5 Ha – fair earth share (William Rees and MathisWackernagel)
McGranahan and Satterthwaite have divided the environmenta issues into two sets of issue or agendas.
• The first is the ‘Brown’ agenda, which addresses issues associated with environmental health –
this prospective is often championed by urbanists. The relevant issues include unsanitary living conditions, hazardous pollutants in the air and water, and the accumulations of solid waste. These are problems that have immediate environmental impacts and tend to burden mostly lower income groups in society.
• The ‘Green’ agenda on the other hand is generally championed by environmentalists (often from high income countries). The green agenda focuses on how urban-based production, consumption and waste generation contribute to ecosystem disruption, resource depletion and global climate change. These issues are problems that have more long term impacts that are dispersed and delayed – in other words, they threaten long-term ecological sustainability.
From an article by McGranahan and Satterthwaite in
C.Pugh, Sustainable Cities in Developing Countries, Earthscan, pg. 73-87The
Bro
wn
and
the
Gre
en A
gend
as
The
Bro
wn
vers
us t
he G
reen
Age
nda
According to McGranahan and Satterthwaite, one reason that it is important to distinguish
between the Brown and Green agendas is that conflicts sometimes arise between proponents of each of these agendas about which one should be accorded priority.
According to the authors, these problems are especially acute in the developing world but they also arise in the developed world.
The only way to address these potential conflicts is to understand and acknowledge their
existence. The authors state that those conflicts can best be minimized if both agendas are taken seriously.
The Equity Perspective The authors state that there are real conflicts between the proponents of the brown and the
green agendas as to which problems should receive priority and what are the strategies for tackling the problems. However, they point out that it is important not to create a false dichotomy since environmental improvements often serve both agendas.
Furthermore, the concept of ‘equity’ is at the heart of both agendas. The conflict then boils down to the question of equity for whom?
Conceptualizing Sustainability
To explain this we can use Graham Haughton’s five interconnected equity principles to try to understand the differences between the brown and the green agendas.
Haughton’s Five Equity Principles are
1. Intragenerational equity2. Procedural equity3. Intergenerational equity4. Transfrontier equity5. Interspecies equity
Haug
hton
’s Fi
ve E
quity
Prin
cipl
es
Brown Agenda based onHaughton’s Equity PrinciplesThe brown agenda focuses on the following two principles of equity: intragenerational equity,
and procedural equity.
• Intragenerational Equity addresses the need for all urban dwellers to have healthy and safe living and working conditions and the corresponding infrastructure and services.
• Procedural Equity addresses the legal rights for all persons to have safe and healthy living, and working environment, that they are treated fairly and that they can engage in a democratic decision making process about the management of the urban centers in which they live.
Green Agenda based onHaughton’s Five Equity Principles
The green agenda on the other hand is described as focusing on three of the principles of equity: intergenerational equity, transfrontier equity, interspecies equity.
• Intergenerational Equity promotes the idea that urban development should not draw on finite resource bases and degrade ecological systems in ways that compromise the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
• Transfrontier Equity prevents urban consumer and producers from transferring environmental costs to other people and ecosystems.
• Interspecies Equity recognizes the rights of other species
Sustainable cities or sustainable urbanisation?
What should we follow.?
Thank you