environmental challenges - International Civil Aviation...

© Wilmsmeier 2014

environmental challengesenergy consumption and efficiency in ports and terminals

Gordon WilmsmeierInfrastructure Services Unit (ISU), Natural Resources and Infrastructure Division (NRID)UN-ECLAC, Santiago, Chile

Seminario Transporte Aéreo

CEPALJune, 2015

© Wilmsmeier 2014

let me take you to a journey to another mode…

… to discover differences and similarities

global changes and current trends

the challenge

measuring energy consumption

emerging issues

© Wilmsmeier 2014

trade structure and logistics chains

global changes and current trends

© Wilmsmeier 2014

demand:How is China’s meat consumption related to energy consumption

container terminals?

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diversification:evolution of exports of perishable goods from South America,

1995-2012

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millions of U

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Value (million USD) volume (million tons)

Source: Author, based on ECLAC’s International Transport Database (BTI) 2014

Breaking point betweenvalue and volume

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reefer slots on vessels

Source: Wilmsmeier, based on CompairData, Lloyds List and Marine Traffic various years

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global reefer trade

• 2013– ca. 95 million tons in 2013. = 14,800 laden conventional reefer ships of 500,000-cu.ft average= 3.1 million 40’ full High Cube reefer containers. = 2.5% of the worldwide seaborne trade of dry cargoes of all kinds

• reefer capacity on container ships in LAC– >1000 TEU– ca. 20% of ship capacity

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why should energy consumption be discussed in ports/ terminals?

sustainability of infrastructure and logistic chains

increasing energy costs

infrastructure investment

carbon footprint

efficiency and competitiveness

investment into energy

infrastructure

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literature review

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Scarce literature

• Gerlings and Van Diun (2011) - A new method for assessing CO2-emissions from container terminals: a promising approach applied in Rotterdam

• Yang and Change (2013) – Impacts of electric rubber-tired gantries on green port performance

• He et al. (2015) - Integrated internal truck, yard crane and quay crane scheduling in a container terminal considering energy consumption

• Projects:– Green Efforts (FP7)– Green Cranes (TEN-T)– GLEC terminals working group

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a changinggeography of trade

a changingstructure of trade

(reefer)

energyconsumptionin maritimetransport

energyconsumptionin terminals

energy efficiencyand carbon footprint

in maritime logistics chains

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energy consumption container ports and terminals

the challenge

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energy consumers and type of energy in container terminals

Source: Spengler and Wilmsmeier 2015

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an activity based approach to allocate energy consumption


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process cluster s and type of energy consumption


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goal

• creating an uniform and globally accepted terminal operation terminology and statistical method to measure energy performance

• identifying and rewarding best practices • annually measuring container terminal performance in terms of energy

consumption and efficiency

container terminals are multi product operations

• differentiation necessary between:– container types (i.e. dry, reefer)– transhipment and impo/expo cargo– full and empty


© Wilmsmeier 2014

results

measuring energy consumption

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type of terminals and regions covered

river

gas

oil

dry bulk

container

sector/region

South America

CA & Carib Europe Asia North

America Africa MiddleEast

container

sector/

regionSouth America

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energy fact sheets: feedback to the terminals

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energy consumption in container terminalsper type of energy consumed (in%)

Source: Wilmsmeier based on ECLAC Energy Efficiency Questionnaire 2014

A complete electrification of ports would mean an average increase of 62%of electricity consumed and, thus increasingly straining national electricitynetworks in esp. developing countries

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2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013

AFR ASIA EUR CA‐CAR SA

Gas (kWh) Diesel (kWh) Electricity (kWh)

© Wilmsmeier 2014

structure of energy consumption in container terminals, 2012

Source: Wilmsmeier and Zotz, based on ECLAC Energy Efficiency Questionnaire 2014

The storage of reefer consumes 16% on average of total energyconsumption in LAC

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Petrol (kWh) Diesel (kWh) Gas (kWh) Reefer cooling buildings other electricity consumption lightning

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comparison of energy consumption (kWh) between handling of one dry TEU and one reefer TEU

Source: Wilmsmeier and Zotz, based on ECLAC Energy Efficiency Questionnaire 2014

6466 66

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DRY TEU REEFER TEU

kWh

ARG 1 ARG 4 ARG 5 CHL 2 CHL 12 MEX 2 PER 2 URU 1 ASIA 2 Latam Average

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energy consumption (kWh) of one reefer Box per storage day

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reefer energy consumption

• average consumption per reefer container (chilled and frozen) is 53 kWh/day (ECLAC survey)

• an average person in Colombia consumes 1123 kWh/year (electricity)

= ca. 20 storage days of a reefer

• a sample container terminal in Colombia consumes 58 mill kWh= annual energy consumption of 48 000 Colombians

© Wilmsmeier 2014

energy consumption (kWh) STS cranesper operating hour


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© Wilmsmeier 2014

energy consumption (kWh) STS cranesper operating hour per move


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2011 2012 2013 Gerlings & van Duin (2011)

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energy consumption and efficiency in logistics chains

general goal: Reduction of SCOPE 3 (“Supply Chain Emissions)

= “Supply Chain Emissions” = 74% of emissions on average(GHG Protocol) Though 95% of the exports from South America are exported via ports:

Ports are neither included in carbon footprint calculations of logistic chains nor are they analysed

? + ? = ?

Companies have to start to collaborate along the whole logisticschain with all stakeholders involved

Our approach: Reduction of carbon footprint in logistic chains via increased energy efficiency

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• Seasonality of exports and thus, energy demand

• Technological renewal

• Link between energy consumption and carbon footprint

• Implications for the relationship between airports and their surrounding cities – less pollution (+), installation of renewable energy sources

challenges of increasing energy efficiency

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TEUkW

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Reefer troughput (TEU)

City and Port of Hamburg

© Wilmsmeier 2014

a developing and needed research agenda

• developing proposal of energy efficiency indicators for terminals

• simulation of future energy consumption in infrastructure

• modelling of energy consumption pattern of maritime supply chains (esp. perishables)

• analysing policy tools to improve promote energy efficiency in infrastructure

• analysing the need/possibility for energy indicators in future concession contracts

contact: Gordon [email protected]

… many issues are about awareness, knowledge sharing, collaboration and

cooperation

the need to understand the “why’s” and “how’s” to makethe right policy decisions and

to shape the future of our mobility

environmental challenges - International Civil Aviation...

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