ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT CERTIFICATE APPLICATION … · The summary of existing conditions was used...
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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT CERTIFICATE APPLICATION
WesPac Tilbury Marine Jetty Project
SE
CT
ION
4.6
: W
AT
ER
QU
AL
ITY
WesPac Tilbury Marine Jetty Project
Environmental Assessment Certificate Application
Part B – Assessment of Environmental, Economic, Social, Heritage and Health Effects
Section 4.6: Water Quality
1
4.6 WATER QUALITY EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
This section presents the existing conditions and results of the assessment of potential Project effects and
cumulative effects on Water Quality. The rationale for the selection of Water Quality as a Valued Component (VC)
and assessment boundaries are also described. Assessment findings, including identification of Project
interactions and effects, proposed approaches to mitigation, characterization of residual Project and cumulative
effects, and determination of significance, are presented. Monitoring and follow-up programs to be conducted with
respect to Water Quality are also described.
This effects assessment on water quality is linked to:
River Processes PC;
Fish and Fish Habitat VC;
Marine Mammals VC; and
Human Health VC.
Results of the Water Quality assessment were incorporated into the following sections in the Environment
Assessment Certificate (EAC) Application:
Fish and Fish Habitat VC;
Marine Mammals VC; and
Human Health VC.
Context and Boundaries
Context
Water Quality is defined as the chemical and physical characteristics of water that support aquatic life as well as
human needs or purposes including sustenance (i.e., drinking water), cultural, commercial, or recreational use.
Water Quality was selected as a VC following input from the Working Group and due to its importance to Aboriginal
groups, the public, and other stakeholders, as well as regulatory importance. The Project has the potential to affect
Water Quality from Project activities during construction, including dredging, soil densification, pile driving, and
infrastructure installation, that may result in sediment disturbance with the potential for increased turbidity levels.
Project activities during operation, such as maintenance dredging and vessel operations, also have the potential
to affect water quality through direct or indirect effects. Dredging activities associated with the Project are
anticipated to be of primary concern in this assessment, but consideration has also been given to other Project-
related activities that could potentially result in adverse effects. Site water generated by Project-related activities
will be managed, treated, and disposed of appropriately with required permits, if any.
WesPac Tilbury Marine Jetty Project
Environmental Assessment Certificate Application
Part B – Assessment of Environmental, Economic, Social, Heritage and Health Effects
Section 4.6: Water Quality
2
The assessment of potential effects on Water Quality from Project-related activities consisted of the following
tasks:
Characterization of existing conditions in relation to surface water quality, sediment quality, and aquatic
health;
Identification of potential Project-related changes to surface water quality and the potential for adverse effects
to aquatic health;
Discussion of mitigation measures and management strategies; and
Assessment of residual Project effects and, if appropriate, cumulative effects.
The summary of existing conditions was used as the basis of the effects assessment, which describes and
evaluates potential effects arising from interactions between the Project and Water Quality. Where Aboriginal
groups provided information on Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) through consultation, information
gathering, and voluntary information sharing, this TEK was integrated into the assessment as described in Part
C: Aboriginal Consultation.
Provincial and federal acts and regulations related to Water Quality that are applicable to the Project are listed in
Table 4.6-1.
Table 4.6-1: Applicable Provincial and Federal Acts and Regulations: Water Quality
Acts and Regulations
Description
BC Environmental Assessment Act, Reviewable Projects Regulation
(Government of BC, 2002)
The BC Environmental Assessment Act (BCEAA) requires environmental assessments for reviewable projects that need an Environmental Assessment Certificate (EAC). A project can be determined as reviewable under Section 5, 6, or 7 of the Act. The Reviewable Projects Regulation (BC Reg 370/2002) prescribes what constitutes a reviewable project for the purpose of the Act.
BC Environmental Management Act (EMA)
(Government of BC, 2003)
The BC EMA prohibits the introduction of waste to the environment unless the introduction of that waste is conducted in accordance with a permit, approval, order, or regulation (EMA Sections 6([2] and 6[3]). The requirement of the EMA is that “a person must not introduce waste into the environment in such a manner or quantity as to cause pollution” (EMA Section 6[4]). Pollution is defined in the EMA as “the presence in the environment of substances or contaminants that substantially alter or impair the usefulness of the environment.”
Federal Fisheries Act
(Government of Canada, 1985)
The Fisheries Act is a federal Act that offers protection of all fish that are part of a commercial, recreational, or Aboriginal (CRA) fishery, or to fish that support such a fishery. Section 36 of the Act prohibits the deposit of a deleterious substance into waters frequented by fish, unless authorized by regulations under the Fisheries Act or other federal legislation. Section 36 applies to the point of discharge.
WesPac Tilbury Marine Jetty Project
Environmental Assessment Certificate Application
Part B – Assessment of Environmental, Economic, Social, Heritage and Health Effects
Section 4.6: Water Quality
3
Acts and Regulations
Description
Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012
(Government of Canada, 2012)
CEAA 2012 requires an assessment of environmental effects on fish and fish habitat as per Section 5(1)(a)(i). For the purposes of CEAA 2012, there is no requirement to assess water quality directly. Changes to water quality, however, may affect fish and fish habitat under CEAA 2012.
CEAA 2012 Sections 5(1)(a)(i) and (ii) are relevant to Water Quality as changes potentially affecting Water Quality
are linked to fish and fish habitat as defined in subsection 2(1) of the Fisheries Act and are linked to aquatic species
as defined in subsection 2(1) of the Species at Risk Act. CEAA 2012 Section 5(2)(a) is also relevant as disposal
of dredge material at sea is regulated by the Canadian Environmental Protection Act and administered by
Environment and Climate Change Canada. This includes potential project-related changes in water quality,
including pH, temperature, and sediments, which have the potential to effect how fish and wildlife, regulated under
federal acts, use the project area.
Federal and provincial water and sediment guidelines were used in the effects assessment. These science-based
guidelines include the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) Canadian Environmental Quality
Guidelines (CEQGs; CCME, 2018), the British Columbia (BC) Ministry of Environment and Climate Change
Strategy (ENV) Approved Water Quality Guidelines (AWQG; MOE, 2018) and the British Columbia Working Water
Quality Guidelines (WWQGs; MOE, 2017). CEQGs for the protection of aquatic life are benchmark concentrations
in water or sediment for constituents of interest that are generic and applicable across Canada. BC AWQGs and
WWQGs apply to aquatic environments within the provincial jurisdiction of BC but also represent safe levels
protective of the stated water use (e.g., protection of aquatic life). Corresponding guidelines protective of human
health used to screen existing conditions as part of the Human Health Effects Assessment are described in the
Section 8.
Ambient water and sediment quality objectives specific to the South Arm of the Fraser River (Fraser River Ambient
Water Quality Objectives [FRWQO]), were also used in the effects assessment. Swain et al. (Swain et al., 1998)
developed these objectives by describing water quality within different reaches of the Fraser River, including
impacts related to operations that existed at the time of the objective development (i.e., pre-1998), and then
selecting appropriate federal or provincial water quality guidelines (WQGs) protective of the associated water
uses, while also considering existing water quality within those reaches. Like WQGs, these objectives have no
legal standing, but they provide policy direction to resource managers for protection of water uses, as well as
informing assessment of the performance of protection activities, including the effectiveness of pollution control
regulations. The Fraser River Estuary Management Program (FREMP) was a management program specific to
the lower Fraser River that applies to the Project Regional Assessment Area (RAA). Under the FREMP, guidelines
and a strategy were developed for dredging in the lower Fraser River (FREMP 2006).
WesPac Tilbury Marine Jetty Project
Environmental Assessment Certificate Application
Part B – Assessment of Environmental, Economic, Social, Heritage and Health Effects
Section 4.6: Water Quality
4
Valued Components
The process for identifying and selecting VCs followed the British Columbia Environmental Assessment Office’s
(BCEAO’s) Guideline for the Selection of Valued Components and Assessment of Potential Effects (BCEAO,
2013), as outlined in Section 2.0, Identification and Selection of Valued Components. VCs were identified
based on an understanding of the Project, input from consultation, requirements set out in the Application
Information Requirements (AIR), and experience with other marine infrastructure projects in BC. Concerns of
stakeholders and Aboriginal groups regarding potential Project effects on Water Quality were identified through
Project consultations. Where available, traditional use information was applied to the selection of VCs.
Water Quality was selected as a VC for the following reasons:
Water quality is an important value to Aboriginal groups in itself and has the potential to affect current use of
marine or estuarine resources (fish and aquatic habitat) for traditional purposes or the exercise of Aboriginal
Interests.
Water quality is of concern to the public and other stakeholders. Water quality has the potential to affect listed
fish species or sensitive aquatic habitats, and public health. The EA Working Group requested that water
quality be assessed for the Project as a VC rather than a Pathway Component (PC).
The BCEAA requires consideration of adverse environmental effects on the environment including water
quality.
Water quality is assessed under CEAA 2012 as an indirect effect to fish and fish habitat/aquatic species, as
well as migratory birds under Section 5(1)(a), and it has links to Aboriginal health under Section 5(1)(c).
Subcomponents
Subcomponents chosen for Water Quality and rationale for their selection are presented in Table 4.6-2. The Project
may cause changes to surface water and sediment quality within the Local Assessment Area (LAA) that could
either directly or indirectly result in adverse effects on aquatic life indicators present within the LAA, namely benthic
invertebrates and fish species. These indicators are discussed in more detail in Section 4.6.1.2.2.
Table 4.6-2: Subcomponents for Water Quality
Subcomponent Rationale for Selection
Surface water quality Potential changes in water quality as a result of Project activities that include sediment disturbance may have the potential to adversely affect aquatic life indicators present in the LAA.
Sediment quality Potential disturbance of sediment within the LAA as a result of Project activities may have the potential to result in changes in sediment quality.
Aquatic health Potential changes in water quality may have the potential to adversely affect the health of aquatic life indicators present in the LAA.
LAA = Local Assessment Area.
WesPac Tilbury Marine Jetty Project
Environmental Assessment Certificate Application
Part B – Assessment of Environmental, Economic, Social, Heritage and Health Effects
Section 4.6: Water Quality
5
Indicators
Indicators and measurable parameters provide a means of determining Project-related changes to a VC. The
Project may cause changes to Water Quality within the LAA that may affect the health of aquatic life indicators
present in the LAA based on an assessment of measurable parameters. Indicators identified within the LAA include
surface water quality, sediment quality, benthic invertebrates, and fish health. Indicators and measurable
parameters and rationale for their selection are presented in Table 4.6-3. Benthic algae was identified as a
potential aquatic health indicator in the AIR, but algal communities are not as well established in the lower Fraser
River compared to upper reaches. This is due to the influence of downstream sediment transport on the lower
reaches and unstable, soft bottom, sandy substrates that are characteristic of the lower Fraser River. Conditions
are particularly turbid in the river during the freshet season from April to August that encompasses most of the
growing season for algae in BC defined by Nordin (1985). Outside of this growing season, algal growth continues
to be limited by turbid and light-limiting conditions in the river as well as colder temperatures.
Table 4.6-3: Indicators for Water Quality
Indicator Subcomponent Measurable Parameters Rationale for Selection
Relevant surface water quality parameters
Surface water quality
Concentrations of relevant surface water quality parameters (e.g., total suspended solids, metals, major ions, nutrients, organic constituents)
Project activities can cause changes to water quality, which may affect aquatic health. The importance of assessing potential changes to water quality was identified through consultation with regulators, the public, and Aboriginal groups.
Relevant sediment quality parameters
Sediment quality
Concentrations of relevant sediment quality parameters (e.g., metals, organic carbon, organic constituents)
Project activities will result in some level of sediment disturbance that could potentially result in changes to water quality that may in turn affect aquatic health.
Aquatic health indicator (benthic invertebrates)
Aquatic health
Comparison of water and sediment quality to relevant regulatory benchmarks for the protection of aquatic life
Benthic invertebrates are an important intermediate link in aquatic food chains. Benthic invertebrates graze on plant material and detritus and then serve as food for tertiary consumers such as fish and birds.
Aquatic health indicator (fish)
Aquatic health
Comparison of water and sediment quality to relevant regulatory benchmarks for
the protection of aquatic life
Fish dominate many freshwater food webs as the top predator and can be sensitive indicators of water quality. The importance of evaluating residual effects of the Project on fish species was identified through consultation with regulators, the public, and Aboriginal groups.
Surface water and sediment quality under existing conditions is described in Section 4.6.2.2. Descriptions of
benthic invertebrate communities and fish species that reside in the LAA and RAA, either temporarily or on a
permanent basis, are provided in Section 4.2, Fish and Fish Habitat.
WesPac Tilbury Marine Jetty Project
Environmental Assessment Certificate Application
Part B – Assessment of Environmental, Economic, Social, Heritage and Health Effects
Section 4.6: Water Quality
6
Assessment Boundaries
This section describes the methods used in identifying spatial, temporal, administrative, and technical boundaries
for the assessment of Water Quality.
Spatial Boundaries
The LAA and RAA for Water Quality are defined in Table 4.6-4 and shown in Figure 4.6-1.
Table 4.6-4: Spatial Boundary Definitions for Water Quality
Spatial Boundary Description of Assessment Area
Local Assessment Area (LAA)
The LAA for Water Quality comprises the aquatic area of the Project site, including the nearshore and shoreline habitat associated with the footprint of the jetty and Dredge Area, a 500 m buffer upstream of the Project site to include the Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) Fraser River (Main Arm) at Gravesend Reach and the Fraser River Ambient Monitoring Program (FRAMP) Site 4 monitoring stations, and a 100 m buffer downstream of the Project site.
Regional Assessment Area (RAA)
The RAA for Water Quality consists of the South Arm of the Fraser River downstream of the Project site to Sand Heads and includes a 500 m buffer upstream of the Project site to include the ECCC Fraser River (Main Arm) at Gravesend Reach and FRAMP Site 4 monitoring stations.
Cumulative Effects Assessment Area
Same as RAA.
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TILBURY MARINE JETTYDELTA, B.C.
1. INDIAN RESERVES, TSAWWASSEN FIRST NATION LANDS AND MUNICIPALBOUNDARIES OBTAINED BY B.C. MINISTRY OF FORESTS, LANDS AND NATURALRESOURCE OPERATIONS.2. RAILWAY, WATER, FOREST, PARKS, WATERCOURSE, WATERBODY AND RESIDENTIALAREA DATA OBTAINED FROM CANVEC © DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCESCANADA. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.3. IMAGERY © 20170903 ESRI AND ITS LICENSORS. SOURCE: DIGITALGLOBE, VIVIDWV02. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.PROJECTION: UTM ZONE 10; DATUM: NAD 83
WESPAC MIDSTREAM - VANCOUVER LLC
WesPac Tilbury Marine Jetty Project
Environmental Assessment Certificate Application
Part B – Assessment of Environmental, Economic, Social, Heritage and Health Effects
Section 4.6: Water Quality
8
The LAA was established to encompass the area within which the Project is expected to interact with and
potentially have an effect on Water Quality. In determining LAA boundaries, consideration was given to the nature
and characteristics of Water Quality, its potential exposure to various influences, including annual navigational
dredging and the maximum extent of potential adverse effects related to the Project.
The RAA was established to provide a regional context for the assessment of Project effects. The RAA also
encompasses the area within which residual effects of the Project on Water Quality are more likely to combine
with the effects of other projects and activities to result in a cumulative effect.
Temporal Boundaries
Temporal characteristics of the Project’s construction, operation and decommissioning phases are defined in
Section 1.1, Description of Proposed Project. In summary, the temporal boundaries established for the
assessment of Project effects on Water Quality encompass these Project phases:
Construction — 2019 to 2023 (just over three years;
Operation — 2023 to 2053 (30 years minimum); and
Decommissioning — 2053 (one year.
Temporal characteristics specific to Water Quality (e.g., seasonality in flow) are considered in Section 4.6.2.
Administrative Boundaries
No administrative boundaries were applied to Water Quality.
Technical Boundaries
Predicting the effects of a project and proposed mitigation measures on complex environmental systems is limited
by our understanding of how water quality responds to various environmental changes. Limitations on prediction
confidence include:
• Adequacy of water quality baseline data for understanding current conditions and future changes unrelated to
the Project (e.g., extent of future developments, climate change, catastrophic events);
• Assumptions made in the assessment;
• Understanding of Project-related impacts on complex ecosystems that contain interactions across different
scales of time and space; and
• Knowledge of the effectiveness of Project design features and mitigation for reducing or removing impacts
(e.g., sediment containment measures) based on scientific documentation.
WesPac Tilbury Marine Jetty Project
Environmental Assessment Certificate Application
Part B – Assessment of Environmental, Economic, Social, Heritage and Health Effects
Section 4.6: Water Quality
9
The characterization of existing water quality for this assessment was largely based on available long-term data
collected by ECCC within the LAA, supplemented by data collected within the LAA by the FRAMP under low flow
conditions.
Existing Conditions
Section 4.6.1 of the AIR stated the Water Quality assessment would include a characterization of the existing
conditions related to water quality, sediment quality, and aquatic health. This section describes surface water
quality and sediment in the LAA and RAA.
Aquatic health indicators, as described in Section 4.6.1.2.2, includes benthic invertebrates and fish. A description
of the benthic invertebrate communities and fish species that reside in the LAA and RAA, either temporarily or on
a permanent basis, are provided in Section 4.2, Fish and Fish Habitat.
Information Sources
A review of existing information was undertaken to support the characterization of existing conditions for water
quality. Information was sourced from the following:
Site-specific water and sediment quality studies by WesPac Tilbury Midstream–Vancouver LLC (WesPac;
i.e., Appendices B and C);
Online databases such as the ECCC’s Pacific Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Program and the
Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) Tides, Currents, and Water Levels program (as referenced in
Appendix 4.6-1);
Metro Vancouver (FRAMP water quality data from Site 4; as referenced in Appendix 4.6-1);
Databases and reports concerning water quality and sediment quality guidelines and/or associated technical
reports, as follows:
▪ CCME WQGs
▪ BC AWQG
▪ FRWQO – Water Quality Assessment and Objectives for the Fraser River from Hope to Sturgeon and
Roberts Banks; and
Government and non-government reports.
WesPac Tilbury Marine Jetty Project
Environmental Assessment Certificate Application
Part B – Assessment of Environmental, Economic, Social, Heritage and Health Effects
Section 4.6: Water Quality
10
In 2015, WesPac initiated desktop and primary data collection studies to support the assessment of effects on
Water Quality. Building on the available information, field studies were conducted to address known data gaps
related primarily to water and sediment quality in the immediate vicinity of the Project site. Desktop and field studies
conducted with respect to Water Quality are summarized in Table 4.6-5.
Table 4.6-5: Studies to Support the Water Quality Assessment
Study Name Study Purpose Study Available At
Desktop Studies and Literature Reviews
Water Quality Assessment and
Objectives for the Fraser River
from Hope to Sturgeon and
Roberts Banks (Swain et al.,
1998)
Literature review conducted by Environment
Canada and the British Columbia Ministry of
Environment, Lands, and Parks describing the
water quality ranging from Hope to Sturgeon
and Roberts Banks
http://www.dfo-
mpo.gc.ca/Library/27253
9.pdf
Water Quality in the Fraser River
Basin (Shaw & Tuominen, 1999)
Literature review conducted by Environment
Canada describing water quality within Fraser
River basin
http://publications.gc.ca/c
ollections/collection_2015
/ec/En47-119-1999-5-
eng.pdf
Sediment Quality in the Fraser
River Basin (Brewer, Sylvestre,
Sekela, & Tuominen, 1999)
Literature review conducted by Environment
Canada describing sediment quality within
Fraser River basin
https://www.for.gov.bc.ca
/hfd/library/ffip/brewer_r1
999.pdf
Status of Water, Sediment and
Fish Quality in the Lower Fraser
River (Hope to the Mouth), from
1971 to 2003 (Bull, 2004)
Literature review conducted by the Ministry of
Water, Land & Air Protection describing the
state of water quality and sediment quality in
the lower Fraser River in relation to local
water and sediment quality objectives
Bull (2004)(a)
Survey of Contaminants in
Suspended Sediment and Water
in the Fraser River Basin from
McBride to Vancouver (1996)
(Sylvestre, Brewer, Sekela,
Tuominen, & Moyle, 1998)
A study undertaken by Environment Canada
to measure contaminant concentrations in
suspended sediment and water upstream and
downstream of pulp mills and urban centres
https://www.for.gov.bc.ca
/hfd/library/ffip/Sylvestre_
S1998.pdf
Annacis Island Wastewater
Treatment Plant Transient
Mitigation and Outfall Project:
Stage 2 Environment Impact
Study (Golder, 2018)
A study conducted by Golder Associates Ltd.
to provide a technical assessment of
predicted water quality as a means to
evaluate whether adverse effects on the
receiving environment and public health might
result from Metro Vancouver Stage V
upgrades to the Annacis Island Waste Water
Treatment Plant
https://www.portvancouv
er.com/wp-
content/uploads/2018/01/
Appendix-K.2-Part-A-
Stage-2-Environmental-
Impact-Study-Report-
Annacis-Outfall.pdf
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Environmental Assessment Certificate Application
Part B – Assessment of Environmental, Economic, Social, Heritage and Health Effects
Section 4.6: Water Quality
11
Study Name Study Purpose Study Available At
Field Studies and Regional/Federal Monitoring Programs
WesPac Tilbury Marine Jetty
Project: Sediment
Characterization Report
A baseline sediment sampling program
undertaken in 2015 and 2018 to provide a
characterization of sediment within the
proposed Dredge Area and at two intertidal
stations on the foreshore adjacent to the
proposed jetty location.
Sediment samples were taken at surface
and at depth to provide a
characterization of existing conditions for
this environment assessment and to
meet the requirements of a potential
Disposal at Sea application.
Benthic invertebrate samples were taken
at a subset of stations within the Dredge
Area and at the two foreshore stations to
provide a characterization of benthic
invertebrate communities to support the
Fish and Fish Habitat VC.
Appendix 4.6-2
Foreshore Characterization of
the Lease Area of the Future
Tilbury LNG Project Area
(Golder, 2015)
An investigative water sampling program
undertaken in 2014 to describe existing
sediment and water quality along the
foreshore within the Project lease area
Golder (2015)(a)
ECCC’s Pacific Water Quality
Monitoring and Surveillance
Program (ECCC, 2017)
Long-term water quality monitoring conducted
by ECCC at the Fraser River (South Arm) at
Gravesend Reach – Buoy (BC08MH0453)
from 2008 to present. Water quality
monitoring includes the collection of discrete
grab samples for chemical analysis and
continuous in situ monitoring of suite of field
parameters.
Water quality monitoring
and surveillance buoy:
http://aquatic.pyr.ec.gc.ca
/RealTimeBuoys/Default.
aspx
Long-term physical-
chemical water quality
monitoring:
https://www.canada.ca/e
n/environment-climate-
change/services/freshwat
er-quality-
monitoring/overview.html
#longterm
FRAMP – 2016 Sediment
Monitoring (ENKON, 2016a)
A study undertaken by ENKON Environmental
Ltd. for Metro Vancouver to characterize
sediment quality in the lower Fraser River
within Metro Vancouver.
Metro Vancouver Library
FRAMP – 2016 Water
Monitoring (ENKON, 2016)
A study undertaken by ENKON Environmental
Ltd. for Metro Vancouver to characterize
water quality in the lower Fraser River within
Metro Vancouver.
Metro Vancouver Library
WesPac Tilbury Marine Jetty Project
Environmental Assessment Certificate Application
Part B – Assessment of Environmental, Economic, Social, Heritage and Health Effects
Section 4.6: Water Quality
12
Study Name Study Purpose Study Available At
Receiving environment
monitoring program for Metro
Vancouver’s Fraser River
wastewater treatment plants:
Initial Dilution Zone (Smith,
2015)
A study undertaken by ENKON Environmental
Ltd. for Metro Vancouver to characterize
water quality within the initial dilution zone for
the Annacis Wastewater Treatment Plant.
Metro Vancouver Library
(a) Not available online.
VC = Valued Component; ECCC = Environment and Climate Change Canada; FRAMP = Fraser River Ambient Monitoring Program.
Traditional use and Traditional Ecological Knowledge Incorporation
Information on traditional use and traditional ecological knowledge (TU/TEK) was gathered from a Project-specific
studies undertaken by Aboriginal Groups and from publicly-available sources.
TU/TEK sources were reviewed for information that could contribute to an understanding of water quality. The
main sources of this information included:
An expert report produced on behalf of Tsleil-Waututh Nation, in relation to the Project (Morin, 2016)
An expert report produced on behalf of Kwantlen First Nation, in relation to the Project (Jones & McLaren,
2016)
Comments produced on behalf of Métis Nation British Columbia, in response to the Draft Aboriginal
Consultation Report (Gall, 2016)
xʷməθkʷəy̓əm Musqueam Indian Band Knowledge and Use Study: WesPac Midstream’s Proposed LNG
Marine Jetty Project, prepared by Jordan Tam, Rachel Olson and Firelight Research Inc. with the Musqueam
Indian Band (Tam, J. et al., 2018).
Impacts of marine vessel traffic on access to fishing opportunities of the Musqueam Indian Band, prepared
by M. Nelitz, H. Stimson, C. Semmens, B. Ma, and D. Robinson for the Musqueam Indian Band (Nelitz, M et
al., 2018)
Musqueam Indian Band Knowledge and Use Study. Prepared for the Proposed George Massey Tunnel
Replacement Project by Jordan Tam, Rachel Olson and Firelight Research Inc. (Tam, J. et al., Olson, &
Firelight Research Inc., 2016)
Other documents and export reports prepared for other projects in the vicinity of the Project site including the
George Massey Tunnel replacement project (Charlie, 2015; Kennedy, 2015) and the Pattullo Bridge
replacement project (Marshall, 2017)
WesPac Tilbury Marine Jetty Project
Environmental Assessment Certificate Application
Part B – Assessment of Environmental, Economic, Social, Heritage and Health Effects
Section 4.6: Water Quality
13
For a summary of TU/TEK information as obtained through consultation with Aboriginal groups and available
through other sources, refer to Section 6.3 Current Use of Lands and Resources for Traditional Purposes.
TU/TEK information, provided information on water quality that generally overlapped with information on fish and
fish habitat. A summary of specific information related to fish and fish habitat is provided in Section 4.2, Fish and
Fish Habitat. This summary includes the following TU/TEK information specifically relevant to the Water Quality
VC and the aquatic health subcomponent:
fish species considered to be the most important to Aboriginal groups and related concerns regarding these
fish species
concern regarding the risk of spills
In addition to the information summarized in Section 4.2, the following information was provided by the Musqueam
Indian Band Knowledge and Use Study (Tam, J. et al., 2018):
Dredging activities may also degrade water quality both in and outside of the Project Jetty Footprint, affecting
aquatic habitats and fish populations downstream, specifically by the flow of suspended sediment.
Risk of contaminants entering the Fraser River, impacting fish populations and habitats in the Project Jetty
Footprint and downstream, as well as access by fishers.
Identification point-source and non-point source pollution as an impact; e.g. from agricultural run-off.
The extent of existing cumulative effects in Musqueam territory is highlighted by some the recorded and
recognized decline in fish stocks, water quality, and bird populations.
The study noted that water quality objective exceedances in the lower Fraser River that persist include
elevated suspended solids in the water, and nickel and long-term chromium concentrations in the sediment
(as documented in Bull 2004).
Description of Existing Conditions
Within the Fraser River basin, natural sources of metals, such as weathering of the mineral constituents of
sediment substrates, are remobilized and sediment is transported downstream to the lower reaches of the Fraser
River and further into the Fraser River estuary towards the Strait of Georgia (Bull, 2004; FRAP, 1999). Flows are
highest during the freshet season, and thus a large proportion of sediment movement occurs during this period.
Both the hydraulic regime of the Fraser River and natural geological sources of sediment within the catchment
influence water and sediment quality in the lower reaches of this river.
Industrial activities such as manufacturing, shipping, and pulp and paper milling have historically occurred and
continue to occur on the Fraser River, although manufacturing and shipping are more prominent in the lower
reaches (Swain et al., 1998). There are three municipal waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) in operation on
the lower Fraser River (i.e., Annacis Island, Lulu Island, and Northwest Langley WWTPs). Runoff from urban areas
WesPac Tilbury Marine Jetty Project
Environmental Assessment Certificate Application
Part B – Assessment of Environmental, Economic, Social, Heritage and Health Effects
Section 4.6: Water Quality
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in the greater Vancouver area may also influence Fraser River water and sediment quality because the storm
water system discharges directly into the lower Fraser River.
The following sections describe existing conditions for water quality (Section 4.6.2.2.1) and sediment quality
(Section 4.6.2.2.2) in the LAA within the lower Fraser River and factors that have been identified to influence
both water and sediment quality.
Water Quality
Water quality data were compiled from regional and federal data sources listed in Table 4.6-5 to characterize
existing water quality within the LAA over a five-year period between January 2012 and November 2017. Long-
term monitoring data were sourced from two locations (i.e., Federal and Provincial Long-Term Monitoring Station;
FRAMP Station at Tilbury Island; Figure 4.6-2). Summary statistics were calculated for conventional and biological
parameters, major ions, nutrients, and metals, as described in Appendix 4.6-1. The statistics, presented in tabular
format in Tables A2 in Appendix 4.6-1, were screened against applicable receiving environment WQGs identified
in Table A2. Existing water quality conditions were also screened against applicable guidelines protective of human
health in Section 8.
A characterization of existing water quality within the LAA is provided below based on interpretation of the
screening results presented in Appendix 4.6-1 and relevant water quality reports referenced in Table 4.6-5.
#0
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Environmental Assessment Certificate Application
Part B – Assessment of Environmental, Economic, Social, Heritage and Health Effects
Section 4.6: Water Quality
16
Conventional Parameters
The lower Fraser River within the LAA tends to be slightly alkaline, with soft to moderately soft water hardness
(Tables A2 Appendix 4.6-1). Dissolved oxygen concentrations exhibit a yearly cyclical pattern where
concentrations are highest in the winter months (November to March) and lower in the summer months (June to
September) due to higher water temperatures and increased biological demand from aerobic aquatic biota. During
both seasons, both federal and provincial dissolved oxygen guidelines are generally met in this well oxygenated
river (Appendix 4.6-1).
Upstream migration of the salt wedge from the Strait of Georgia under non-freshet conditions influences water
quality, notably by increasing levels of salinity, conductivity, and total dissolved solids (Tables A2, Appendix 4.6-
1; Figure 4.6-3). Under freshet conditions from April to August, conductivity is lower as a result of downstream
migration of the salt wedge towards the river mouth in response to increased river discharge from upstream during
these high flow months (Figure 4.6-3). Under these conditions, total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations are
naturally high due to increased downstream transport of sediment from natural geological sources within the Fraser
River catchment. As shown in Figure 4.6-3, maximum turbidity and TSS levels occur just prior to peak freshet
conditions.
Under lower flow conditions outside of freshet, the influence of tidal forcing is more prominent, resulting in notable
diurnal variability in turbidity that can extend up to 30 to 40 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) within a tidal cycle
(Figure 4.6-3). Further discussion regarding mechanisms responsible for TSS and turbidity levels reported in the
lower Fraser River within the LAA is provided in Section 4.1, River Processes.
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Section 4.6: Water Quality
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NTU = Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; TSS = total suspended solids.
Figure 4.6-3: Turbidity, Total Suspended Solids, Conductivity, and Discharge at the Environment and Climate Change Canada Gravesend Reach Monitoring Buoy BCO8MH0453, 2012 to 2017
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NAVIGATIONAL DREDGING ACTIVITY WITHIN THE SOUTH ARM OFTHE LOWER FRASER RELATIVE TO THE PROJECT AND THELOCAL AND REGIONAL ASSESSMENT AREAS
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Influence of Navigational Dredging Activity on Suspended Matter
In the last three years since 2015, navigational dredging within Gravesend Reach (located close to Tilbury Island)
and within Purfleet Point (located downstream of Annacis Island) has occurred in the Fraser River least risk
fisheries window1 (June 16 to February 28) but with variable timing (Table 4.6-6, Figure 4.6-3, Figure 4.6-4). After
review of the detailed navigational dredging data current to 2018, it became apparent that the timing and extent of
recent navigational dredging was variable in this stretch of the river. The assumption made in the AIR prior to
receiving this information was made based on an assumed understanding that the navigational dredging adopted
a more structured approach to the timing and extent of the activity in this stretch of the river. The understanding
behind making the assumption in the AIR changed while drafting the application. Therefore, it was not considered
practical for the assumption made in the AIR that Project-related dredging coincide with annual dredging of the
existing navigational channel, to be carried through to the EA.
The total volume to be dredged during construction of the jetty and the Floating Temporary Bunker Berth (FTBB)
is within the annual range of navigational dredge volumes from 2015 to 2017 in the stretch 18 to 27 km from the
river mouth; that is, 306,000 m3 (minimum) to 582,000 m3 (maximum).
Table 4.6-6. Summary of the Estimated Dredging Activity within the Vicinity and Upstream of the Local Assessment Area
Year Month Purfleet Point (24 to 27 km from the
mouth) Dredge Volume (m3)
Gravesend Reach (18 to 24 km from the mouth) Dredge Volume (m3)
2015
July - 75,000
August 3,000 6,000
September 81,000 18,000
November 27,000 -
December 90,000 6,000
2016
January 99,000 -
February 57,000 66,000
July 54,000 111,000
November 99,000 30,000
December 33,000 33,000
2017
January 21,000 9,000
February 66,000 48,000
August 3,000 24,000
October 30,000 60,000
December 111,000 18,000
2018 January 90,000 126,000
Note: Dredging activity was calculated based on an estimated load of 3,000 m3 of dredge material per ship load (Fraser River Pile and Dredge Inc., 2018)
1 The least risk fisheries window for the Fraser River Estuary is a period when in-water work poses the least risk to fish and fish habitat. The work window for the Fraser River Estuary (Area 29 – Steveston/Surrey) is June 16 to February 28 (DFO 2014).
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As shown in Figure 4.6-3, the navigational dredging activity that occurred between July 2015 and December 2017
at Purfleet Point and Gravesend Reach did not appear to coincide with identifiable increases in turbidity or TSS
measured at the ECCC water quality buoy2 located downstream close to the right bank opposite Tilbury Island.
Any turbidity/TSS signature from the navigational dredging activity appears to be within the range of variability
shown in Figure 4.1-3 in Section 4.1, River Processes (2015 to 2017) that is primarily driven by tidal cycles and
river discharge and represents natural background conditions for this stretch of the lower Fraser River.
Measurements of turbidity and TSS reported by ECCC at the buoy are representative of conditions near the
surface and of conditions that may be up to several kilometres downstream from the location of navigational
dredging activity. Turbidity data closer to the navigational dredge areas were not available during the navigational
dredging events as navigational concerns (collision) and flow conditions in the lower Fraser River preclude the
placement of the buoy closer to the middle of the channel.
Under non-freshet conditions when navigational dredging occurs, turbidity tends to be more variable, even though
the river discharge is lower compared to freshet. Under these lower flows, tidal influence (tidal inflow and outflow)
and the associated movement of suspended matter is more prominent in this section of the river that is influenced
by the salt wedge. There were isolated turbidity peaks from late 2015 to early 2017 that were not evident in previous
years. However, these peaks do not always align with navigational dredging activity and the available data suggest
there was no discernible increase in turbidity and TSS during past dredging cycles. Variability in turbidity was
similar before, during, and after dredging, with no apparent relationship between suspended matter measurements
at the ECCC buoy and navigational dredging activity.
Metals and Nutrients
Due to the increased transport of particulate metals to the lower Fraser River during freshet, total concentrations
of some metals, such as aluminum, chromium, copper, iron and zinc, can reach concentrations above FRWQO,
as well as applicable WQGs (Appendix 4.6-1). In contrast, dissolved concentrations of these metals are
considerably lower, indicating that only a proportion of total metal concentrations are potentially available for
uptake by aquatic biota. The same disparity between total and dissolved concentrations is observed for
phosphorus during freshet, where total concentrations increase by an order of magnitude. In contrast, dissolved
concentrations are lower and more consistent throughout the year.
The Fraser River can be naturally turbid under low flow conditions although to a lesser degree than during freshet.
Therefore, suspended sediments present in the water column continue to exert some influence on total metal and
nutrient concentrations in the LAA throughout the year, as indicated in Tables A2 in Appendix 4.6-1.
2 The ECCC water quality buoy is located approximately 21.5 km upstream from the mouth of the Fraser River.
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Bacteriological Parameters
The 2012 to 2017 geometric mean values for fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli (E. coli) calculated for the
“disinfection season” from April to October3 were below their respective FRWQOs, and in the case of E. coli, below
the WQG for recreational use (Appendix 4.6-1). The corresponding geometric mean value for Enterococcus was
above the FRWQO but below the WQG for recreational use.
Organic Constituents
A review of long-term water quality data compiled for the Fraser River by Shaw and Tuominen (Shaw & Tuominen,
1999) indicated that concentrations of many organic constituents, including chlorophenolic compounds,
insecticides and other chemical pesticides, as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and dioxins and
furans, were near or below reported detection limits. Where constituents were detected, reported concentrations
were considerably lower than those reported historically. However, Shaw and Tuominen (Shaw & Tuominen, 1999)
noted that some constituents were identified to still be of concern in localized areas and gave the example of the
PAHs pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, and phenanthrene that remained above provincial WQGs in some sloughs within
the lower Fraser River.
More recently, Metro Vancouver has monitored a suite of organic constituents during routine receiving environment
monitoring at the edge of the initial dilution zone for the Annacis Wastewater Treatment Plant located upstream of
the Project (e.g., (Smith, 2015). A reference location located upstream of the wastewater treatment plant is also
monitored by this program. The suite of organic constituents monitored since 2012 includes pesticides,
alkylphenols, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hormones and sterols,
and PAHs. These data were recently compiled and assessed to support an Environmental Impact Study for the
upgrade of the Annacis Wastewater Treatment Plant outfall (Golder, 2018). Most of the organic constituents were
either not detected or reported at concentrations below FRWQO and applicable WQGs. For some constituents,
there was some uncertainty associated with the data, in part due to the limited ability of analytical laboratories to
reliably measure certain compounds in the waterborne phase.
With reference to the Project site, PAHs and volatile organic compounds were not detected in surface water
sampled from the Fraser River within the Project lease area in December 2014 as part of a foreshore
characterization study (Golder, 2015).
Sediment Quality
In the lower Fraser River, fine sediments are readily transported downstream due to the low amount of energy
required to mobilize them. Depositional areas composed of fine sediments can form where the current is reduced
due to the morphology of the river or a physical obstruction to the river’s flow. The centre of the lower Fraser River
channel where current and flow are highest tend to be scoured, and the in situ substrate is predominantly
composed of sand with a small quantity of silt. Areas closer to shore or where eddies in the current form tend to
accumulate fine sediment. Sediment composition in the LAA shows a shift from fine sediment in the nearshore
areas to unconsolidated sand with a lower proportion of fines towards the centre of the river (Appendix 4.6-2).
3 Defined by the Ministry of Environment & Climate Change Strategy (Swain et al. 1998)
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Long-Term Monitoring
Sediment sampling is a component of the FRAMP designed to monitor ambient sediment quality in the lower
Fraser River (the term “ambient” referring to sediment quality outside the direct influence of effluent discharges).
The FRAMP focuses on depositional areas with finer sediments where contaminant concentrations are expected
to be the highest because these sediments have a higher surface area and thus more available binding sites by
mass for contaminants to adhere to. To date, the FRAMP has surveyed ambient sediment quality in three cycles
(2006, 2011, and 2016; (ENKON, 2016a; ENKON, 2009; Keystone, 2011). Prior to 2006, a number of initiatives
surveyed sediment quality in the lower Fraser River, including the FREMP, the Fraser River Action Plan (FRAP)
in the 1990s, and a 2004 study by the Ministry of Water, Land & Air Protection (Bull, 2004; FRAP, 1999; FREMP,
1996).
Sampling Study within the Local Assessment Area
A baseline sediment study was undertaken in September 2015 to characterize sediment conditions in the proposed
approach channel, berth pocket, and the foreshore of Tilbury Island at the Project site and upriver in similar habitat
adjacent to the Project site (Appendix 4.6-2). Twelve surface sediment grab samples taken from the proposed
approach channel and berth pocket, in addition to two surface sediment grab samples from the foreshore at and
adjacent to the Project site. Five sonic drill sediment cores were also obtained to vertically characterize the
sediment, at separate stations within the berth pocket, where the river bathymetry is shallow, and a large amount
of material will be removed during dredging. Supplemental sampling was conducted in March 2018 to characterize
sediment quality within the revised approach channel and berth pocket in areas not previously sampled, as well
as in the FTTB, which was added as part of the revised design carried forward to this Environmental Assessment
(EA). This sampling event involved the collection of 13 surface sediment grab samples. The samples from both
2015 and 2018 were analyzed for particle size, conventional variables, organic and inorganic carbon, metals,
PAHs, PCBs, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), phenols, dioxins, and furans. The results of the sediment
characterization are presented in Appendix 4.6-2; a brief summary of key findings is presented below. Although
not summarized here, existing sediment quality conditions were also screened against applicable guidelines
protective of human health in Section 8.
Particle Size Distribution
The majority of the sediment samples collected at surface and at depth from the proposed approach channel and
berth pocket were dominated by sand, followed by silt, clay, and gravel. Finer sediments composed of silt and
sand with some clay were collected at some stations located closer to shore within the Dredge Area and also at
the foreshore intertidal mudflat habitat stations. As discussed above, it is typical for sediments closer to the
dredged navigation channel to consist primarily of sand, in contrast to finer sediments that tend to accumulate
closer to shore where slower currents prevail.
Metals
Measured sediment concentrations of some metals (i.e., arsenic, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, and nickel)
in some samples, taken at surface and at depth within the Dredge Area, were above BC sediment quality
guidelines; however, maximum concentrations were less than the 95th percentile of sediment concentrations
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recently reported by the FRAMP for the South Arm of the lower Fraser River (Appendix 4.6-2). Therefore, these
metal concentrations are reflective of ambient conditions in the Fraser River which are influenced by natural
geological inputs.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Concentrations of total PAHs were below BC sediment quality guidelines in all samples collected from the Project
area. Individual PAHs concentrations were below applicable guidelines and objectives except in three of the 30
stations in the Dredge Area and in one foreshore station (Appendix 4.6-2). Where guidelines/objectives were
exceeded, maximum PAH concentrations were also higher than the 95th percentile of sediment concentrations
reported by 2016 FRAMP. Overall, however, the distribution of stations with PAH exceedances was sporadic within
the berth pockets and foreshore.
Dioxins and Furans
In a few samples, dioxin and furan toxic equivalency quotients (TEQs) were above guidelines/objectives. However,
TEQs were less than the 95th percentile of TEQs observed in the greater FRAMP area (Appendix 4.6-2). Therefore,
dioxins and furans in sediments of the Project area reflected ambient conditions in the South Arm of the Fraser
River.
Other Organic Constituents
Concentrations of PCBs, VOCs, and phenols in sediments from the Dredge Area were either less than analytical
detection limits or below applicable guidelines and objectives.
Methodology for Assessment of Potential Project Effects
The assessment methodology used to assess the potential adverse effects of the Project has been outlined in
Section 3.0, Assessment Methodology. A summary of this assessment methodology as it relates to Water
Quality is provided below.
Potential Project Interactions
Construction, operation, and decommissioning of the Project have the potential to change Water Quality. Potential
interactions between Project components and activities during these phases on Water Quality have been identified
and are rated in Section 4.6.4.1. To focus the assessment on those interactions of greatest importance,
interactions resulting in no effect or a negligible (undetectable or unmeasurable) effect have not been carried
forward for assessment.
The interaction ratings as follows have been applied:
Potential interaction—may result in a potential effect on Water Quality, these interactions have been carried
forward in the assessment.
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Negligible interaction—neither detectable nor measurable and not anticipated to influence the short- or
long-term viability of the VC or subcomponent, these interactions have not been carried forward in the
assessment.
No interaction—these interactions have been justified but are not carried forward in the assessment.
For those Project interactions carried forward in the assessment, the potential effects, both adverse and beneficial
(if any) arising from those interactions, will be described.
Mitigation Measures
Mitigation measures that are expected to reduce or eliminate an adverse effect on Water Quality will be described.
Mitigation measures may include monitoring to verify results and standard mitigation measures such as Best
Management Practices (BMPs), including changes to the means in which the Project will be designed, constructed,
operated, or decommissioned. Mitigation will also consider the views of Aboriginal groups and key stakeholders.
Effectiveness of mitigation measures to reduce or eliminate potential adverse effects are characterized using the
following criteria:
High effectiveness: the mitigation measure is expected, once implemented, to significantly improve or
eliminate the effect or improve the condition of the VC.
Moderate effectiveness: the mitigation measure is expected, once implemented, to moderately improve the
effect on a VC or moderately improve the condition of the VC.
Low effectiveness: the mitigation measure may provide no or little change in the effect on a VC, the
effectiveness of the mitigation measure is unknown or untested, or no improvement to the condition of the
VC.
Effectiveness of proposed mitigation has been considered in assessing the significance and likelihood of potential
residual effects.
Characterization of Potential Residual Project Effects
Effects considered negligible prior to mitigation measures are not carried forward to the assessment of residual
Project effects or cumulative effects. Otherwise, residual effects are characterized using specific criteria for each
VC as defined in the BCEAO’s VC selection guideline (BCEAO, 2013). Definitions for residual effects criteria,
developed with specific reference to Water Quality, are presented in Table 4.6-7. These criteria are considered
together in the assessment, along with context derived from existing conditions and proposed mitigation measures,
to estimate residual effects from the Project on Water Quality using a reasoned narrative. Residual effects
predicted to be negligible based on the Water Quality assessment are not carried forward into a significance
determination or cumulative effects assessment.
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Table 4.6-7: Criteria Used to Characterize Residual Effects on Water Quality
Criteria Description Definition
Magnitude Expected size or severity of the residual effect
Negligible—a change in water quality due to the Project that is so small it is neither detectable nor measurable and is not anticipated to influence the short- or long-term viability of water quality, sediment quality, or aquatic health
Low—a detectable change in water quality due to the Project that is within variability documented for the assessment area. The change cannot be distinguished from existing conditions accounting for inherent variability due to tidal cycles and river discharge. Peak concentrations may extend above FRWQOs or applicable water quality guidelines
Moderate—a detectable change in water quality due to the Project that is outside of the variability documented for the assessment area. Peak concentrations are expected to extend above FRWQOs or applicable water quality guidelines and suggest the potential for effects on the most sensitive indicators that reside in the receiving environment
High—a detectable change in water quality due to the Project that is outside of the variability documented for the assessment area. Peak concentrations are expected to extend above FRWQOs and applicable guidelines and suggest potential for effects on a wider range of indicators in the receiving environment
Geographic Extent
Spatial scale over which the residual effect is expected to occur
Site-specific—effect limited to the Project site
LAA—effect limited to the LAA
RAA—effect extends to the RAA
Beyond the RAA—effect extends to areas beyond the RAA
Duration Length of time over which the residual effect is expected to persist
Short-term—effect present for less than one year
Medium-term—effect present for one year to the life of the Project
Long-term—effect present for greater than the life of the Project
Permanent—effect present indefinitely
Frequency How often the residual effect is expected to occur
Infrequent—effect occurs once or rarely over the specified duration
Frequent—effect occurs repeatedly over the specified duration
Continuous—effect occurs continuously over the specified duration
Timing
Whether the period in which the residual effect occurs coincides with sensitive timing, periods, or windows for the VC
Within least risk window—effect occurs during the applicable least risk fisheries work window as specified by DFO, such that potential effects to fish and other aquatic life are reduced
Outside least risk window—effect occurs outside the applicable least risk fisheries work window as specified by DFO, such that potential effects to sensitive stages of fish and other aquatic life are possible
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Criteria Description Definition
Reversibility
Whether or not the residual effect can be reversed once the physical work or activity causing the effect ceases
Reversible—effect can be reversed
Partially reversible—effect can be reversed partially
Irreversible—effect is permanent
Context Whether the VC is sensitive or resilient to Project-related stressors
Low resilience—subcomponent has low resilience or ability to adapt to changes in the measurement indicator and is susceptible to potential changes caused by the Project
Moderate resilience—subcomponent has a moderate resilience or ability to adapt to changes in the measurement indicator and has moderate susceptibility to potential changes caused by the Project
High resilience—subcomponent has high resilience or ability to adapt to changes in the measurement indicator and has low susceptibility to potential changes caused by the Project
FRWQOs = Fraser River Ambient Water Quality Objectives; LAA = Local Assessment Area; RAA = Regional Assessment Area; VC = Valued Component; DFO = Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
The EAC Application will assess the likelihood for residual adverse effects using appropriate quantitative or
qualitative terms and sufficient description to understand how the conclusions were reached. Likelihood refers to
whether or not a residual effect is likely to occur (BCEAO, 2013). The analysis to determine the likelihood of a
residual effect occurring is based on a review of available information and professional judgement. When
assessing likelihood, the following criteria have been applied and are defined to clarify interpretations:
Low—past experience and professional judgement indicates that a residual effect is unlikely but could occur.
Moderate—past experience and professional judgement indicates that there is a moderate likelihood that a
residual effect could occur.
High—past experience and professional judgement indicates that a residual effect is likely to occur.
Determination of Significance
Environmental significance is used to identify predicted effects that have sufficient magnitude, duration, and
geographic extent to cause fundamental changes to Water Quality that result in adverse effects on aquatic health.
The determination of significance of potential residual effects for Water Quality was based on assigned residual
effects ratings, a review of background information, consultation with government agencies and other experts, and
professional judgement. Each residual Project effect and cumulative effect has been rated as not significant
or significant, as follows:
Not significant— Potential residual effects are determined to be not significant if they do not meet the
definition of significant.
Significant—Potential residual effects may be characterized as significant if there is a reasonable
expectation that the effect of the Project would exceed established environmental standards, guidelines, or
objectives and be beyond the natural variability of environmental conditions, and/or affect the viability of
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aquatic health (i.e., the ability of the population, ecosystem or community to work and function over time
within the defined spatial and temporal boundary). Significant effects are carried forward to the cumulative
effects assessment.
Confidence and Risk
The level of confidence for each predicted residual Project effect has been discussed to characterize the level of
uncertainty associated with both the significance and likelihood determinations. Level of confidence is based on
expert professional judgement. Assumptions have been made clear in the text and are based on the following
criteria:
Low—judgement hampered by incomplete understanding of cause-effect relationships or lack of data.
Moderate—reasonable understanding of cause-effect relationships and adequate data.
High—good understanding of cause-effect relationships and ample data.
Level of confidence is based on the knowledge that certain Project activities, design configurations, and mitigation
measures will occur. Level of confidence also takes into the account existing conditions and degrees of ecosystem
variability.
Confidence in the assessment of environmental significance is related to the following elements:
Adequacy of baseline data for understanding existing conditions and future changes unrelated to the Project
(e.g., extent of future developments, climate change, catastrophic events)
Model inputs (e.g., change in concentrations in water over time and space)
Degree to which the assessment accurately considers key processes that dominate the functioning of the
systems being modelled
Understanding of Project-related effects on complex ecosystems that contain interactions across different
scales of time and space
Knowledge of the effectiveness of the project design features and mitigation measures for reducing or
removing impacts (e.g., scour protection, dredging best management practices)
Assessment of Potential Project Effects
Project Interactions
This section considers potential Project effects on Water Quality in relation to the indicators and measurable
parameters listed in Table 4.6-3.
Potential interactions between Project components and activities and Water Quality during the construction,
operation, and decommissioning phases of the Project are identified in Table 4.6-8.
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Table 4.6-8: Potential Project Interactions with the Water Quality
Project Phase and Activities
Subcomponent Interaction
Nature of Interaction and Rationale for Interaction Rating
Water Quality
CONSTRUCTION
Site preparation and removal of existing abandoned marine infrastructure
Potential interaction—surface water quality, sediment quality, aquatic health
▪ Site preparation may result in the re-suspension of sediment and release of trace metals and organic constituents to the water column, which may affect surface water quality and aquatic health.
▪ Removal of existing abandoned marine infrastructure may release of contaminants (e.g., creosote from old piles), which may affect the VC/subcomponents.
Dredging of Dredge Area
Negligible interaction—sediment quality
Potential interaction—surface water quality and aquatic health
▪ Dredging of the FTBB and the jetty within the LAA has the potential for sediment re-suspension, which can affect surface water quality with potential effects on aquatic life.
▪ Trace metals and organic constituents associated with re-suspended sediment may be released to the water column, and therefore affect surface water quality and aquatic health.
▪ The lower Fraser River has a dynamic riverbed such that sediments are continuously moved downstream throughout the year but particularly during freshet. Given this existing pattern of sediment movement and the relative similarity between ambient sediment quality and sediment quality within the Dredge Area, a negligible interaction is expected between the Project and sediment quality. This is because when the sediments resettle in adjacent areas, sediment quality is not expected to change.
In-river ground stabilization and pile works
Negligible interaction—sediment quality
Potential interaction—surface water quality and aquatic health
▪ In-river ground stabilization and pile works have the potential for sediment release, which can affect surface water quality with potential effects on aquatic life.
▪ Trace metals and organic constituents in the released sediment may be remobilized to the water column, and therefore affect surface water quality and aquatic health.
▪ The lower Fraser River has a dynamic riverbed such that sediments are continuously moved downstream throughout the year but particularly during freshet. Given this existing pattern of sediment movement and the relative similarity between ambient sediment quality and sediment quality within the Dredge Area, a negligible interaction is expected between the Project and sediment quality. This is because when the sediments resettle in adjacent areas, sediment quality is not expected to change.
Land-based ground stabilization and pile works
No interaction—surface water quality, sediment quality, aquatic health
▪ Land-based ground stabilization and pile works are not expected to affect the VC/subcomponents, as upland works will be isolated from the aquatic environment by a dike.
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Project Phase and Activities
Subcomponent Interaction
Nature of Interaction and Rationale for Interaction Rating
Construction of associated Offshore Facilities
Potential interaction—surface water quality, sediment quality, aquatic health
▪ Construction of associated Offshore Facilities may result in re-suspension of sediment in the river, which may affect surface water quality and aquatic health.
▪ Construction of Offshore Facilities may result in release of contaminants (e.g., cementitious material from cast-in-place works), which may affect surface water quality, sediment quality, and aquatic health.
Construction of associated Onshore Facilities
No interaction—surface water quality, sediment quality, aquatic health
▪ Construction of associated Onshore Facilities are not expected to affect the VC/subcomponents, as upland works will be isolated from the aquatic environment by a dike.
Marine transportation of construction materials and equipment
Negligible interaction—surface water quality, sediment quality, aquatic health
▪ Marine transport activities related to the Project are expected to be similar to transport activities currently occurring within the Fraser River.
▪ The increase in transport activities is not expected to represent a significant proportion of existing shipping traffic in the Fraser River. Therefore, negligible interactions with the VC/subcomponents are expected.
Road transportation of construction materials and equipment
No interaction—surface water quality, sediment quality, aquatic health
▪ Road transportation of construction materials and equipment are not expected to affect the VC/subcomponents, as upland works are isolated from the aquatic environment by a dike.
Shoreline enhancement of the previously disturbed shoreline
Potential interaction—surface water quality, sediment quality, aquatic health
▪ Shoreline enhancement activities may result in a temporary release of sediments to the aquatic environment that may affect the VC/subcomponents.
▪ Trace metals and organic constituents in the released sediments may be mobilized to the water column, and therefore affect surface water quality and aquatic health.
Employment and expenditures
No interaction—surface water quality, sediment quality, aquatic health
▪ This activity is not expected to affect the VC/subcomponents.
Accidents and malfunctions
Potential interaction— surface water quality, sediment quality, aquatic health
▪ Land- and aquatic-based accidents and malfunctions could affect aquatic health through changes in surface water quality and sediment quality.
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Project Phase and Activities
Subcomponent Interaction
Nature of Interaction and Rationale for Interaction Rating
OPERATION
LNG carrier/barge loading
Negligible interaction—sediment quality
Potential interaction—surface water quality and aquatic health
▪ LNG carrier/barge loading has the potential to suspend sediment into the water column, which can affect surface water quality with potential effects on aquatic life.
▪ Trace metals and organic constituents associated with the suspended sediment may be mobilized to the water column, and therefore affect surface water quality and aquatic health.
▪ The lower Fraser River has a dynamic riverbed such that sediments are continuously moved downstream throughout the year but particularly during freshet. Given this existing pattern of sediment movement and the relative similarity between ambient sediment quality and sediment quality within the Dredge Area, a negligible interaction is expected between the Project and sediment quality. This is because when the sediments resettle in adjacent areas, sediment quality is not expected to change.
Berthing/departure of vessels
Negligible interaction—sediment quality
Potential interaction—surface water quality and aquatic health
▪ Propeller operation in the berthing area has the potential to suspend sediment into the water column, which can affect surface water quality with potential effects on aquatic life.
▪ Trace metals and organic constituents associated with the suspended sediment may be mobilized to the water column, and therefore affect surface water quality and aquatic health.
▪ The lower Fraser River has a dynamic riverbed such that sediments are continuously moved downstream throughout the year but particularly during freshet. Given this existing pattern of sediment movement and the relative similarity between ambient sediment quality and sediment quality within the Dredge Area, a negligible interaction is expected between the Project and sediment quality. This is because when the sediments resettle in adjacent areas, sediment quality is not expected to change.
Marine shipping from the Project site to Sand Heads
Potential interaction—surface water quality, sediment quality, aquatic health
▪ Marine shipping could affect aquatic health through changes in surface water quality and sediment quality due to accidental spills.
Maintenance dredging
Negligible interaction—sediment quality
Potential interaction—surface water quality and aquatic health
▪ Dredging to maintain the approach channel and berth pocket has the potential to re-suspend sediment, which can affect surface water quality with potential effects on aquatic life.
▪ Trace metals and organic constituents associated with re-suspended sediment may be mobilized to the water column, and therefore affect surface water quality and aquatic health.
▪ The lower Fraser River has a dynamic riverbed such that sediments are continuously moved downstream throughout the year but particularly during freshet. Given this existing pattern of sediment movement and the relative similarity between ambient sediment quality and sediment quality
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Project Phase and Activities
Subcomponent Interaction
Nature of Interaction and Rationale for Interaction Rating
within the Dredge Area, a negligible interaction is expected between the Project and sediment quality. This is because when the sediments resettle in adjacent areas, sediment quality is not expected to change.
Maintaining marine security zone
Negligible interaction—surface water quality, sediment quality, aquatic health
▪ This activity will involve patrolling the marine security zone in small watercrafts, which is similar to other boating activities currently occurring within the Fraser River.
▪ This activity is not expected to represent a significant proportion of existing boating traffic in the Fraser River. Therefore, negligible interactions with the VC/subcomponents are expected.
Employment and expenditures
No interaction—surface water quality, sediment quality, aquatic health
▪ This activity is not expected to affect the VC/subcomponents.
Accidents and malfunctions
Potential interaction—surface water quality, sediment quality, aquatic health
▪ Land- and aquatic-based accidents and malfunctions could affect aquatic health through changes in surface water quality and sediment quality.
DECOMMISSIONING
Removal of associated Offshore Facilities
Potential interaction—surface water quality, sediment quality, aquatic health
▪ Removal of associated Offshore Facilities may result in re-suspension of sediment in the river, which may affect surface water quality and aquatic health.
▪ Trace metals and organic constituents associated with the suspended sediment may be mobilized to the water column, and therefore affect surface water quality and aquatic health.
▪ Removal of infrastructure may result in release of contaminants, which may affect the VC/subcomponents.
Removal of associated Onshore Facilities
No interaction—surface water quality, sediment quality, aquatic health
▪ Removal of Onsite Facilities is not expected to affect the VC/subcomponents, as upland works are isolated from the aquatic environment by a dike.
Marine transportation of decommissioning materials and equipment
Negligible interaction—surface water quality, sediment quality, aquatic health
▪ Marine transport activities related to the Project are expected to be similar to transport activities currently occurring within the Fraser River.
▪ The increase in transport activities is not expected to represent a significant proportion of existing shipping traffic in the Fraser River. Therefore, negligible interactions with the VC/subcomponents are expected.
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Project Phase and Activities
Subcomponent Interaction
Nature of Interaction and Rationale for Interaction Rating
Employment and expenditures
No interaction—surface water quality, sediment quality, aquatic health
▪ This activity is not expected to affect the VC/subcomponents.
Accidents and malfunctions
Potential interaction – surface water quality, sediment quality, aquatic health
▪ Land- and aquatic-based accidents and malfunctions could affect aquatic health through changes in surface water quality and sediment quality.
Notes: Potential Project interaction ratings: no interaction; negligible interaction; potential interaction. VC = Valued Component; FTBB = Floating Temporary Bunkering Berth; LAA = Local Assessment Area; LNG = liquefied natural gas.
Potential Project Effects
The potential for Project effects that could result from Project interactions identified in Section 4.6.4.1 is discussed
in this section. Each Project effect is assessed by Project phase (i.e., construction, operation, decommissioning).
To assess magnitude of the potential Project effects, the assessment considered whether a change in water quality
was detectable or could result in exceedances of Project-specific benchmarks based on receiving environment
water quality objectives or guidelines at the assessment point, as represented by the outer boundary or edge of
the work zone. The work zone was defined as 100 m from the source of the Project activities (e.g., 100 m from the
point of discharge where turbidity can no longer be controlled allowing for a safety buffer) as shown conceptually
in Figure 4.6-5 for the proposed dredging activity.
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Figure 4.6-5: Schematic Diagram Showing Point of Discharge, Operational Compliance Point, and Assessment Point for the Proposed Dredging Activity for the Project
Increased Suspended Sediment Due to Sediment Disturbance
The introduction of sediment to a waterbody, or the re-suspension of aquatic sediments as a result of sediment
disturbance within that waterbody, can result in increased suspended sediment as quantified by measurements of
TSS and turbidity. Turbidity and TSS data may be influenced by anthropogenic activities that affect waterbodies
and watercourses, as well as natural, temporal (i.e., seasonal), and spatial phenomena (Caux, Moore, &
MacDonald, 1997). Under most natural conditions, soil erosion and weathering are the greatest contributors to
turbidity, such as runoff during the spring freshet. Biological activity, such as the proliferation of planktonic
organisms during warm summer months, may also have a seasonal effect on turbidity and TSS measurements
(Chapman, 1992).
These measurements of suspended sediments are described below:
TSS represent a measure of the amount of particulate matter suspended in water. This can include both
inorganic (e.g., silt and clay) and organic (e.g., detritus and algae) matter. TSS is measured by passing
surface water samples through a glass fibre filter and then measuring the dry weight of the non-dissolved
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particulates that accumulate on the filter. The measurement of TSS requires the collection of a sample and
submission of that sample to the laboratory. Data for this analysis are typically available on a minimum of a
24-hour turnaround.
Turbidity is a similar and related measure to TSS; however, turbidity is a measure of the optical properties
(e.g., scattering of light) of particulates suspended in water. It is measured using an instrument that measures
the passage of light through the sample as well as the scattered light that is reflected from the sediment
particles and reports values in units such as NTU. Turbidity can be measured on site, in real and near-real
time and so is often used for the day-to-day management of in-water activities such as dredging.
Effects of Total Suspended Solids on Aquatic Life
There are several reviews on the effects of suspended sediments in freshwater ecosystems (Birtwell, 1999; Caux
et al., 1997; EIFAC, 1964; Newcombe & Jensen, 2011; Newcombe & MacDonald, 1991). Increasing TSS
concentrations above background levels can adversely affect aquatic environments, but effects on aquatic life are
dependent on many site-specific factors, such as water velocity, particle size and angularity, habitat
characteristics, and particulate composition. Quantification of those effects is relevant to determining whether or
not there is an impact.
Fish and Fish Habitat
Suspended solids are not usually associated with lethal effects on fish except when the TSS concentration is very
high. For example, 96-hour LC50 (lethal concentration for 50% of test organisms) values between 31,000 and
17,600 mg/L have been reported for chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus
nerka) by Servizi and Gordon (1990) and Servizi and Martens (1991). These concentrations are not commonly
encountered in waterbodies except under extreme circumstances. Similarly, physiological trauma such as gill
damage has only been observed at elevated TSS concentrations on the order of hundreds to thousands of
milligrams per litre (Birtwell, 1999; Muck, 2010; Servizi & Martens, 1991).
In contrast, a review of the effects of suspended sediment on fish and their habitat, Birtwell (1999) concluded that
sub-lethal effects on fish tend to occur in the order of tens to hundreds of milligrams per litre with variability among
species with respect to tolerance of suspended sediment. Behavioural alterations in response to elevated TSS
reported in the available literature include avoidance of habitats and reduced prey capture success for visual
predators such as salmonids. For example, changes in the behaviour of salmonids, such as avoidance, have been
observed at turbidity levels on the order of 35 to 70 NTU (Bisson & Bilby, 1982; Robertson, Scruton, & Clarke,
2007). McLeay, Ennis, Birtwell, & Hartman (1987) found that Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) had a decreased
ability to capture prey at a TSS concentration of 100 mg/L. These results were similar to those found by Berg &
Northcote (1985) for juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch).
As suspended sediments settle out of the water column, they can fill the interstitial spaces within aquatic substrate,
thereby reducing the quantity and quality of cover and habitat available to macroinvertebrates, fish eggs, and fish
fry. Fish eggs have been shown to be susceptible to smothering by the settling of fine particulates associated with
elevated TSS. These fine particulates act by disrupting gas exchange between the egg and the surrounding waters
(Anderson, Taylor, & Balch, 1996; CCME, 2002).
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Benthic Invertebrates and Primary Producers
TSS has also been shown to affect aquatic invertebrates through physical alterations to habitat, smothering and
clogging interstices used for refuge, abrasion of respiratory surfaces, reduced feeding, and behavioural effects
(CCME, 2002; Singleton, 1985). Acutely lethal effects to benthic invertebrates have been reported at similar
concentrations as fish, with LC50 values ranging between 720 and 51,000 mg/L (CCME 2002). However, the
settling of TSS particulates in lower energy environments can at times have greater influence on benthic
invertebrates than TSS in the overlying waters (Kefford, Zalizniak, Dunlop, Nugegoda, & Choi, 2010).
The effects of TSS on algae and plants are predominately associated with the decreased depth in which light can
penetrate surface waters. Decreased photic depths can adversely affect the organism’s ability to photosynthesize.
Conversely, temporary re-suspension of sediment particulates or erosion of upland areas can also sometimes
increase nutrient availability in the system, which can lead to periodic increases in primary productivity (Bilby &
Bisson, 1992).
Suspended Sediment Water Quality Guidelines
Current provincial WQGs for the protection of aquatic life for TSS in marine and freshwater environments stipulate
that TSS concentrations should not:
Increase 25 mg/L above background levels for a duration of 24 hours in clear water (i.e., <25 mg/L TSS);
Increase 5 mg/L above background levels for a duration of 30 days in clear water (i.e., <25 mg/L TSS);
Increase 10 mg/L above background levels at any time when background levels are between 25 and
100 mg/L during high flow or in waters that are turbid (i.e., ≥25 mg/L);
Increase 10% above background at any time when background is >100 mg/L either during high flows or when
waters are turbid (i.e., ≥100 mg/L).
Potential Project Effect of Increased Suspended Sediment Due to Sediment Disturbance
Sediment disturbance from the following Project activities could potentially result in increased suspended sediment
and turbidity (i.e., cloudiness) levels in the water column within the LAA, which could thus adversely affect aquatic
health:
Site preparation and removal of existing infrastructure during the construction phase;
Construction of associated Offshore Facilities, dredging, and in-river ground stabilization and pile works
during the construction phase;
Maintenance dredging and propeller operation during berthing and departure of vessels during the operation
phase;
Shoreline enhancements; and
Removal of Offshore Facilities during the decommissioning phase.
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For these Project activities, potential sediment disturbance would be temporary. The scale of disturbance will
depend on the Project activity, with dredging activity likely to result in the largest scale disturbance within the LAA.
Construction
Capital Dredging of the Dredge Area:
For the purposes of this assessment, capital dredging is assumed to occur between October and December 2019.
The total dredge volume is estimated to be 510,000 m3 within an area of 221,000 m2. Both dredging for the FTBB
and the jetty (Construction Stages 1 and 2) are included in this estimate as outlined in Table 4.6-9. Assuming a
dredging rate of 14,000 m3/day, capital dredging is anticipated to extend over approximately 36 working days or
approximately 50 calendar days and to be continuous (i.e., 24 hours per day). As discussed in the Section 4.2,
Fish and Fish Habitat, this work will be conducted during the applicable least risk fisheries work window of June
16 to February 28 specified by DFO (DFO, 2014).
Table 4.6-9: Summary of Proposed Dredging Activity during Construction
Item FTBB Jetty Total for Q4 2019
Dredge area(a) 17,000 m2 204,000 m2 221,000 m2
Dredging volume 50,000 m3 460,000 m3 510,000 m3
Densification area(a) 4,230 m2 13,235 m2 17,465 m2
Number of piles 18 38 46
(a) Approximate area of each construction activity estimated from ARC-GIS shape files of Project design.
FTBB = floating temporary bunker berth.
Most of the capital dredging is expected to be conducted using a trailing suction hopper dredger (estimated at 80%
of the total dredge volume) with the remainder undertaken using a hopper clamshell dredger (estimated at 20% of
the total dredge volume), and this has been assumed for this assessment. Sediments within this segment are
dredged annually by both of these types of equipment to maintain the shipping channel. Infrequent clam shell
dredging to maintain vessel access to the sloughs and moorage in small craft harbours also occurs (FREMP,
2006).
Dredging will result in riverbed disturbance and re-suspension of sediments, with some transport downstream
depending on river flow and tidal conditions. Sediment composition will also influence the settling rates of re-
suspended sediment in the LAA, with sandier sediments settling more quickly than finer sediments. Sediments in
the proposed dredge areas are primarily composed of sand with a relatively low percentage of fine sediment
(Section 4.6.2.2.2). Factors that influence fine sediment transport throughout the RAA are described further in
Section 4.1, River Processes and include river discharge (seasonal) and tidal forcing (diurnal timescale). Under
existing conditions, the highest suspended sediment levels in the lower Fraser River occur during freshet from
April/May to July/August with maximum turbidity and TSS levels just prior to peak freshet conditions when flows
are their highest (Section 4.6.2.2.1). Under low flow conditions, short-term increases in-river discharge can result
in increased turbidity as shown for a representative two-month period in 2016 in Figure 4.6-3 during a period of
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navigational dredging. The associated decrease in conductivity that coincides with the increase in turbidity
suggests that river discharge was primarily responsible for the short-term increase in turbidity.
The total volume to be dredged during construction of the FTBB and the jetty (510,000 m3) is approximately twice
that most recently dredged in January 2018 for navigational dredging purposes in Gravesend Reach and at
Purfleet Point (216,000 m3). The proposed capital dredging rate for the Project (14,000 m3/day) is also higher than
the maximum dredging rate during navigational dredging in recent years (approximately 9,000 m3/day). There is
therefore the potential for short-term, temporary disturbance of river bottom sediments and re-suspension within
the LAA.
Estimated Total Suspended Solids during Dredging
To assess the potential effects of increased suspended sediment and turbidity related to dredging, the TSS
concentrations at the edge of the work zone (i.e., 100 m from the point of discharge) were estimated. The estimated
TSS concentrations were calculated according to the methods outlined in Appendix 4.1-4. In consideration of the
dredging techniques to be employed and river conditions for a representative year (2016), Section 4.1, River
Processes estimated TSS concentrations in the LAA during varying average river discharges, including the
expected discharge when capital dredging is assumed to occur (i.e., between October and December). The
estimated TSS concentrations represent TSS integrated through the water column within the navigational channel,
which means that these concentrations could be overestimates of actual concentrations.
Estimates were generated under a range of discharge conditions to represent TSS concentrations projected to
occur during capital dredging proposed for the Project as well as TSS concentrations that occurred during past
navigational dredging events. Past and projected TSS estimates at the edge of the work zone (i.e., 100 m from
point of discharge) are shown in Figure 4.6-6 in relation to river discharge: the red line represents proposed capital
dredging; the blue line represents past navigational dredging.
Also shown in Figure 4.6-6 are measured TSS concentrations at the ECCC buoy within and outside of past
navigational dredging periods. These are measured concentrations taken at surface outside the navigational
channel, and therefore may under-represent actual TSS concentrations in the navigational channel. As discussed
in Section 0, navigation concerns (collision) and flow conditions in the lower Fraser River preclude the placement
of a buoy closer to the middle of the channel. Therefore, although the ECCC buoy is not located within the
navigational channel and therefore may not record the higher TSS measurements that can occur in the channel
during historical dredging events, it is the best available source of data on suspended sediment in the river within
the RAA. The measured TSS data from the ECCC buoy show wide variability with a general trend of increased
TSS during higher discharge periods and decreased TSS during lower discharge periods. However, TSS
measurements were similar within and outside navigational dredging periods, which suggests navigational
dredging activity had limited effect on measured TSS, which is consistent with turbidity measurements presented
in Figure 4.6-3.
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Note: Also shown is TSS measured near the surface under varying river discharge for the period 2012 to 2018 within and outside periods of known dredging (2015 to 2018). TSS = total suspended solids.
Figure 4.6-6 Estimated Total Suspended Solids as a Result of Project-Related Dredging during Construction and Baseline Navigational Dredging under Varying River Discharge
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At discharge rates representative of those expected in the river during the assumed capital dredging period from
October to December (i.e., 700 to 2,800 m3/s)4, TSS associated with capital dredging (red line in Figure 4.6-6) is
estimated to be incrementally higher than the estimated TSS associated with past navigational dredging programs
(blue line), consistent with the larger relative volume of sediment that will be dredged as part of construction
activities. Under the river discharge expected during the dredging events (i.e., 700 to 2,800 m3/s between October
and December), the estimated TSS concentration in the river at the edge of the work zone (i.e., 100 m from the
point of discharge) would range from 14 to 54 mg/L (Figure 4.6-6). These TSS concentrations are an order of
magnitude below concentrations reported to result in fish mortality or gill damage and are below or within the lower
range of concentrations reported to result in sublethal effects on fish. Background concentrations are also relevant
in the assessment of potential effects, as are the site-specific tolerance of resident fish species. Mean and 95th
percentile TSS concentrations under low flow conditions in the Fraser River (Appendix 4.6-1) are within the TSS
concentration range predicted at the edge of the work zone. Mean and 95th percentile TSS concentrations under
high flow conditions are higher than the TSS concentration range predicted at the edge of the work zone.
Therefore, fish and other aquatic life will have been exposed to TSS concentrations higher than those predicted
during dredging during the freshet and the post-freshet period leading up to the assumed capital dredging period
(i.e., October to December).
Overall, this assessment suggests that TSS due to capital dredging is not negligible but may not be discernible
from natural variability in TSS documented in the RAA for assumed time period. Effects of sediment release on
surface water quality related to capital dredging have therefore been considered for further mitigation.
In-River Ground Stabilization and Pile Works
Ground stabilization works within the LAA will be required to minimize the risks to Project infrastructure associated
with liquefaction of riverbed sediments. Soil densification via vibro-replacement stone column will be undertaken
across an area of 4,230 m2 for the FTBB and 13,235 m2 for the jetty. Flat deck barges may be used to transfer
equipment for offshore ground stabilization activities, or temporary rock berms may be constructed from the
foreshore into the river. Ground stabilization works are expected to occur between Q4 2019 and Q2 2020.
Conventional steel piles with concrete pile-caps will support the export and bunker platforms, adjoining access
trestle, berthing dolphins, and mooring dolphins. Pile depths are expected to range from 30 to 40 m below the final
dredged elevation. As outlined in Table 4.2-10 (Section 4.2, Fish and Fish Habitat), it is estimated that
approximately 100 piles would be required for the FTBB and construction of the jetty, with pile works expected to
occur between Q1 2020 and Q4 2020. Piles will be driven using a crane barge located offshore.
The re-suspension of sediments due to in-river ground stabilization and pile works is expected to be relatively
minor, particularly in comparison to dredging, and thus effects to Water Quality are not anticipated. Nonetheless,
the effects of sediment release on surface water quality related to in-river ground stabilization and pile works have
been considered for further mitigation.
4 Average discharge in Fraser River as measured at Hope, BC, and summarized in the annual hydrograph in Figure 4.1-2 in Section 4.1, River Processes.
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Site Preparation, Removal of Existing Marine Infrastructure, and Construction of Offshore Facilities
The following activities related to site preparation, removal of existing marine infrastructure, and construction of
Offshore Facilities have the potential to cause short-term, temporary re-suspension of river bed sediments,
though the potential for sediment release is expected to be minor compared to dredging:
Site preparation includes using excavators or other heavy machinery to clear the onshore portion of logs and
debris.
Removal of existing marine infrastructure includes removing old timber piles, mooring dolphins, steel piles,
and concrete desk.
Construction of the Offshore Facilities includes construction of the jetty (access trestle, loading platform,
mooring dolphins, and berthing dolphins), the LNG transfer system, and process control and power supply
systems.
These activities have been considered for further mitigation in Section 4.6.4.3.
Shoreline Enhancement
Construction activities in the shoreline have the potential to cause erosion and sediment mobilization to the river,
and there is potential for effects to water quality. Therefore, effects of sediment release on surface water quality
related to shoreline enhancement have been considered for further mitigation.
Operation
Maintenance Dredging
Annual maintenance dredging is expected to occur during operations and is anticipated to be undertaken within a
two-week period for the purposes of this assessment. As described for construction, maintenance dredging during
operations will be conducted using a trailing suction hopper dredger (estimated at 80% of the total dredge volume)
with the remainder undertaken using a hopper clamshell dredger (estimated at 20% of the total dredge volume).
Although not to the same extent as the capital dredging, there is the potential for short-term, temporary disturbance
of river bottom sediments and re-suspension within the LAA; therefore, maintenance dredging has been
considered for further mitigation.
Berthing and Departure of Vessels
Propeller operation in the berthing area during arrival and departure of vessels (also known as prop wash) has the
potential to re-suspend sediment into the water column. Vessels are expected to enter the berth facing upstream
so that the downstream area would have the propeller. This activity could occur daily at any time of day throughout
the life of the Project. The potential for Project effects directly related to this activity to be detectable depends on
how frequent the vessel activity is relative to other vessel activities in the river. It is estimated up to 69 bunkering
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vessels and 34 LNG vessels a year may use the jetty, but the actual number and type of vessels will depend on
market conditions, which are not easily predicted. The LNG vessels are larger than bunkering vessels, and
therefore may create more propeller wash, particularly given the shallow depth of the area. The potential effects
of this activity on surface water quality have been considered for further mitigation.
Decommissioning
Removal of Offshore Facilities
Removing Offshore Facilities during the decommissioning phase may re-suspend riverbed. The potential effects
associated with this activity are similar to those related to the construction of the Offshore Facilities, and so have
been considered for further mitigation.
Remobilization of Trace Metals and Organic Constituents from Disturbed Sediments
Disturbance of bottom sediments has the potential to facilitate the release of trace metal and organic constituents
such as PAHs, metals, and dioxins and furans to the overlying water column. This potential effect applies to
activities described in Section 4.6.4.2.1, and can occur during construction, operation, and decommissioning
phases.
The composition of sediment constituents within the Dredge Area and LAA is characterized in Section 4.6.2.2.2.
Reported sediment concentrations of some metals (i.e., arsenic, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, and nickel)
and dioxins and furans in some samples, taken at surface and at depth within the Dredge Area, were above BC
sediment quality guidelines; however, maximum concentrations were less than the 95th percentile of sediment
concentrations measured by the 2016 FRAMP. In general, the sediment characterization study undertaken for the
Project suggests that the Project site does not represent a contaminant source for metals or dioxins and furans,
but rather is reflective of ambient conditions within the river (Section 4.6.2.2.2; Appendix 4.6-2). As such, the
potential for mobilization of these constituents to the water column was not assessed further.
Although total PAH concentrations were below BC sediment quality guidelines in all samples analyzed from the
Project site, concentrations of several individual PAHs were greater than guidelines in some samples (see
Appendix 4.6-2). Only naphthalene and phenanthrene had concentrations that also exceeded the Fraser River
Objective (FRO) for sediment quality. Maximum concentrations of several PAHs were higher than the 95th
percentile of sediment concentrations measured by 2016 FRAMP. Therefore, the potential for mobilization of PAHs
from disturbed sediment to the water column was assessed further.
Under current conditions, despite the high sediment load in the river as discussed in Section 4.6.2.2.1.5, PAHs
are not detected in the water column at the Project site, which is consistent with other water quality studies on the
lower Fraser River. Low or undetectable PAH concentrations in the water column are likely, in part, attributable to
the hydrophobic nature of PAHs and their affinity to bind to organic matter, particle surfaces, or biological lipids
rather than desorbing to the water column. Their relative hydrophobicity and the well-mixed river conditions within
the LAA suggest that PAHs will not desorb from disturbed sediment to the extent that river concentrations within
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the LAA will increase above water quality objectives or guidelines as a result of the activities described in Section
4.6.4.2.1.
To support this assessment, the 95th percentile of baseline sediment PAH concentrations from the proposed area
of the dredge pocket were used to predict total surface water concentrations that may be expected during dredging
for 50, 100, and 200 mg/L TSS scenarios. This TSS range includes the maximum estimated TSS concentration at
the edge of the work zone (54 mg/L), as well as two and four times higher TSS concentrations, which have been
occasionally observed in the baseline dataset (Figure 4.6-6).
Surface water concentrations were predicted using the following calculation:
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐(𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟) =𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐(𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) × 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐(𝑇𝑆𝑆 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟)
1,000,000
Where:
Conc(COPC in water) is the concentration of the PAH in water in mg/L
Conc(COPC in sediment) is the concentration of the PAH in sediment in mg/kg dry weight (dw)
Conc(TSS in water) is the expected concentration of total suspended solids in water in mg/L during the
dredging events (i.e., 50, 100, or 200 mg/L)
1,000,000 is the unit conversion from kilograms to milligrams of sediment
Based on the 95th percentile of measured sediment concentrations, predicted surface water concentrations of all
PAHs under the 50, 100, and 200 mg/L TSS scenarios were determined to be less than the BC and CCME long-
term WQGs (Table 4.6-10) and applicable guidelines protective of human health (Table 4.6-11).
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Table 4.6-10: Screening of Predicted Surface Water Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentrations during Dredging against Water Quality Guidelines Protective of Aquatic Health
Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Units
BC
WQG (a)
CCME
WQG (b)
95th Percentile
Measured
Sediment
Concentration
(mg/kg dw)
Estimated Concentration in Water (µg/L)
Assuming TSS at:
50 mg/L 100 mg/L 200 mg/L
Acenaphthene µg/L 6 (FW) 5.8 (FW) 0.047 0.0023 0.0047 0.0094
Acenaphthylene µg/L 0.005 0.00025 0.00050 0.0010
Anthracene µg/L
0.1 (p,
FW)
0.012
(FW, I) 0.017 0.0009 0.0017 0.0035
Benzo[a]anthracene µg/L
0.1 (p,
FW)
0.018
(FW, I) 0.025 0.0013 0.0025 0.0050
Benzo[a]pyrene µg/L
0.01
(FW)
0.015
(FW, I) 0.014 0.0007 0.0014 0.0029
Benzo[b]fluoranthene µg/L 0.022 0.0011 0.0022 0.0044
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene µg/L 0.028 0.0014 0.0028 0.0056
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene µg/L 0.010 0.0005 0.0010 0.0020
Benzo[k]fluoranthene µg/L 0.011 0.0006 0.0011 0.0022
Chrysene µg/L
0.1
(M/ES) 0.028 0.0014 0.0028 0.0055
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene µg/L 0.005 0.00025 0.00050 0.0010
Fluoranthene µg/L
0.2 (p,
FW)
0.04
(FW, I) 0.095 0.0048 0.0095 0.019
Fluorene µg/L
12
(FW) 3 (FW, I)
0.051 0.0025 0.0051 0.010
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene µg/L 0.010 0.0005 0.0010 0.0020
2-Methylnaphthalene µg/L
1
(M/ES) 0.013 0.0007 0.0013 0.0027
Naphthalene µg/L
1 (FW) 1.1 (FW,
I) 0.010 0.0005 0.0010 0.0021
Phenanthrene µg/L
0.3
(FW)
0.4 (FW,
I) 0.154 0.0077 0.015 0.031
Pyrene µg/L
0.02 (p,
FW)
0.025
(FW, I) 0.067 0.0034 0.0067 0.013
(a) British Columbia Ministry of Environment Approved Water Quality Guidelines for freshwater/estuarine/marine aquatic life (MOE, 2018). Where approved guidelines were not available, working guidelines were used for screening (MOE, 2017). (b) Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life (CCME 2018). BC = British Columbia; WQG = water quality guideline; CCME = Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment; mg/kg dw = milligrams per kilogram dry weight; TSS = total suspended solids; µg/L = micrograms per litre; FW = freshwater aquatic life guideline; p = phototoxic water quality guideline; I = interim, M/ES = marine/estuarine guideline for aquatic life.
Table 4.6-11
Screening of Predicted Surface Water Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentrations
during Dredging against Water Quality Guidelines Protective of Human Health
Drinking
WaterDrinking Water × 10 Recreation Drinking Water
Drinking Water
× 10Health Based Aesthetic Based
Drinking Water
× 10RSL NC or C
Adjusted to
HQ=0.2,
ILCR=10-5
Drinking
Water × 1050 mg/L 100 mg/L 200 mg/L
Acenaphthene mg/L 0.25 2.5 - - - - - - 0.53 NC 0.106 1.06 2.5 DW BC 0.0000023 0.0000047 0.0000094
Acenaphthylene mg/L - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.00000025 0.0000005 0.000001
Acridine mg/L - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Anthracene mg/L 1 10 - - - - - - 1.8 NC 0.36 3.6 10 DW BC 0.0000009 0.0000017 0.0000035
Benz(a)anthracene mg/L 0.00007 0.0007 - - - - - - 0.00003 C 0.0003 0.003 0.0007 DW BC 0.0000013 0.0000025 0.000005
Benzo(a)pyrene mg/L 0.00001 0.0001 - 0.00001 0.0001 0.00004 - 0.0004 0.000025 C 0.00025 0.0025 0.0001 DW BC 0.0000007 0.0000014 0.0000029
Benzo(b)fluoranthene mg/L - - - - - - - - 0.00025 C 0.0025 0.025 0.025 DW EPA 0.0000011 0.0000022 0.0000044
Benzo(b+j)fluoranthene mg/L 0.00007 0.0007 - - - - - - 0.000065 C 0.00065 0.0065 0.0007 DW BC 0.0000014 0.0000028 0.0000056
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene mg/L - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.0000005 0.000001 0.000002
Benzo(k)fluoranthene mg/L - - - - - - - - 0.0025 C 0.025 0.25 0.25 DW EPA 0.0000006 0.0000011 0.0000022
Chrysene mg/L 0.007 0.07 - - - - - - 0.025 C 0.25 2.5 0.07 DW BC 0.0000014 0.0000028 0.0000055
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene mg/L 0.00001 0.0001 - - - - - - 0.000025 C 0.00025 0.0025 0.0001 DW BC 0.00000025 0.0000005 0.000001
Fluoranthene mg/L 0.15 1.5 - - - - - - 0.8 NC 0.16 1.6 1.5 DW BC 0.0000048 0.0000095 0.000019
Fluorene mg/L 0.15 1.5 - - - - - - 0.29 NC 0.058 0.58 1.5 DW BC 0.0000025 0.0000051 0.00001
Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene mg/L - - - - - - - - 0.00025 C 0.0025 0.025 0.025 DW EPA 0.0000005 0.000001 0.000002
1-Methylnaphthalene mg/L 0.0055 0.055 - - - - - - 0.0011 C 0.011 0.11 0.055 DW BC - - -
2-Methylnaphthalene mg/L 0.015 0.15 - - - - - - 0.036 NC 0.0072 0.072 0.15 DW BC 0.0000007 0.0000013 0.0000027
Naphthalene mg/L 0.08 0.8 - - - - - - 0.0061 NC 0.00122 0.0122 0.8 DW BC 0.0000005 0.000001 0.0000021
Perylene mg/L - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Phenanthrene mg/L - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.0000077 0.000015 0.000031
Pyrene mg/L 0.1 1 - - - - - - 0.12 NC 0.024 0.24 1 DW BC 0.0000034 0.0000067 0.000013
Quinoline mg/L 0.00005 0.0005 - - - - - - 0.000024 C 0.00024 0.0024 0.0005 DW BC - - -
Retene mg/L - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Notes:
(a) Values were preferentially selected from the BC Approved Water Quality Guidelines (WQG) Summary Report for secondary recreational contact. If no recreational value was available, the drinking water guideline multiplied by 10 is show
Health-based drinking water guidelines were obtained from the BC Approved WQGs and Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality (Health Canada 2017), with the most conservative value selected preferentially
The US EPA (2017) tapwater regional screening levels (RSLs) are shown when a BC or Health Canada value was not available. The RSLs were adjusted to reflect a hazaard quotient (HQ) of 0.2 and an incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of 10-5 (target risk levels for Canada
Value Exceeds the selected recreational screening criterion
References
(1) Contaminated Sites Regulation Schedule 3.2 for DW [accessed February 2018] available at: http://www.bclaws.ca/Recon/document/ID/freeside/375_96_08.
(2) The BC Approved WQG Summary Report [accessed February 2018] available at: https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/air-land-water/water/water-quality/water-quality-guidelines/approved-water-quality-guidelines.
(3) Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality [accessed February 2018] available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/water-eau/drink-potab/guide/index-eng.php.
(4) US EPA tapwater Regional Screening Levels (RSLs) [accessed February 2018] available at: https://www.epa.gov/risk/regional-screening-levels-rsls-generic-tables-november-2017.
Selected
Recreational
Screening Criteriona
Notes
Estimated Concentration in Water (mg/L)
Assuming TSS at:
Parameter Units
CSR Schedule 3.21
Maximum BC Water Quality Guidelines2
Health Canada Guidelines - Drinking Water3
EPA Regional Screening Levels - Tap Water4
< = reported value is less than method detection limit (MDL); µS/cm = microseimens per centimeter; °C = degrees Celsius; CSR = Contaminated Sites Regulation; AO = Aesthetic objective;
BC = British Columbia Approved Water Quality Guidelines; DW = Drinking Water Guideline (x10); EPA = Environmental Protection Agency; HC = Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality (Health Canada);
mg/L = milligrams per liter; mg N/L = milligrams Nitrogen per liter; mg P/L = milligrams Phosphorus per liter; NC = not calculated; NR = none required; NTU = Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; OG = operational guidance value;
P = Phosphorus; ppt = parts per trillion
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Given the relative hydrophobicity of PAHs and that predicted waterborne concentrations do not exceed water
quality objectives or guidelines, it is not likely that sediment disturbance as a result of dredging will result in
concentrations in the receiving environment that have the potential to adversely affect aquatic life or human health.
Therefore, potential effects to aquatic health and human health through this pathway are considered negligible,
and have not been considered for further mitigation.
Contaminant release may occur during the removal of existing marine infrastructure (e.g., removal of old piles may
release creosote) and in-water construction works (e.g., cementitious material release). Activities associated with
the operation and decommissioning phases are not expected to result in contaminant releases as Project site
water is expected to be managed on Site. No discharges to the municipal sewerage system are expected at this
time. Unintentional contaminant releases are discussed in Section 9.0, Accidents and Malfunctions.
Release of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Creosote-Treated Piles
Removal of old creosote-treated piles during the construction phase of the Project, specifically during site
preparation and removal of existing infrastructure, may result in release of creosote into the water. Creosote is a
distillate of coal tar, up to 80% of which is composed of PAHs (Hutton & Samis, 2000). High molecular-weight
PAHs can be carcinogenic, whereas the low molecular-weight PAHs are more likely to be acutely toxic to aquatic
life (Hutton & Samis, 2000). PAHs can also accumulate in sediment surrounding the piles, and when piles are
removed, sediment-bound PAHs can become temporarily suspended and transported in the water column.
Turbidity in the water column could also increase from the suspended sediment, and creosote could enter the
water column if the piles are not handled properly.
The effects of release of PAHs from creosote-treated piles on Water Quality have been considered for further
mitigation.
Release of Alkaline Material during Concrete Works
Cast-in-place concrete works and cuttings from removal of existing concrete may be undertaken near or in the
aquatic environment during the construction phase of the Project, specifically during site preparation and removal
of existing infrastructure, during in-river ground stabilization and pile works, and during construction of associated
Offshore Facilities. These activities can release cementitious material into the aquatic environment, which could
adversely affect surface water quality. Concrete, cement, mortars, grouts, and other construction materials
containing Portland cement or lime are alkaline and have the potential to result in adverse effects on aquatic life.
The effects of release of cementitious material during concrete works on Water Quality have been considered for
further mitigation.
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Accidental Release of Deleterious Substances
Accidents and malfunctions that can result in the unintentional release of deleterious substances to the aquatic
environment have the potential to occur during the construction, operation, and decommissioning phases. Types
of accidents or malfunctions that have the potential to affect Water Quality include:
Spill of fuel or other hazardous materials on land or into water during construction, operation, and
decommissioning phases;
LNG release into water from the Project site during construction and operation phases;
Vessel to vessel collision or grounding of vessels during transport between Sand Heads and the Project site,
leading to LNG or fuel release into the Fraser River during construction and operation phases; and
Marine vessel allision with LNG terminal leading to LNG release during construction and operation phases.
Further discussion of accidents and malfunctions during Project construction, operation, and decommissioning
activities and potential residual effects on Water Quality are provided in Section 9.0, Accidents and
Malfunctions.
Mitigation Measures
The Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) and the Operational Environmental Management
Plan (OEMP) will be developed prior to the initiation of Project construction to provide details on surface water
quality mitigation measures, implementation methods, and schedule. Developing these management plans prior
to construction and operation is standard practice for projects. CEMPs and OEMPs are an effective method of
synthesising Project mitigation measures, detailing implementation of mitigation measures, and outlining methods
to measure and report mitigation measure effectiveness.
Mitigation measures expected to reduce or eliminate an adverse effect are described below and summarized in
Table 4.6-8. Selection of mitigation measures for surface water quality was informed by:
A review of mitigation measures and follow-up programs undertaken for similar developments;
Regulator, public, and Aboriginal group input;
Internal evaluation of technical and economic feasibility; and
Government policy and guidance documents.
A hierarchical approach was used to select and prioritize mitigation measures. Measures were selected in the
following order:
1. Avoidance: measures to avoid potential effects to the VC are generally undertaken during the Project design
and pre-construction planning phases
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2. Minimization: when potential effects to the VC cannot be avoided, site-specific and activity-specific mitigation
measures and Best Management Practices would be implemented to reduce the potential effect
3. Restoration: when effects to the VC cannot be avoided or eliminated through project design or standard best
management practices, effected components would be restored or enhanced to pre-project conditions or better
4. Offsetting: Off-setting would be conducted when effects to the VC cannot be restored within a subject area.
Project Design Mitigation
The Project is in an industrial setting and makes use of an existing LNG facility and a previously disturbed site.
The Project site has historically been used as a log sort. In 2017, the Project design was reviewed and optimized
to further reduce the potential effects on water quality. Design modifications include the following:
The use of pre-fabricated concrete pads for scour protection along the marine infrastructure will reduce
sediment release related to vessel berthing and departure during the operation phase.
The use of piles instead of fill to support marine structures will reduce overall marine footprint and might
reduce sediment release.
Specific Mitigation for Water Quality
The following section outlines recommended mitigation strategies intended to reduce or prevent potential adverse
effects on water quality during construction. These measures are based primarily on BMPs presented in the
following documents:
Standards and Best Management Practices for Instream Works (MWLAP, 2004);
Develop with Care: Environmental Guidelines for Urban and Rural Land Development in British Columbia
(MOE, 2014);
Land Development Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Habitat (DFO, 1992);
Habitat Conservation and Protection Guidelines, Second Edition (DFO, 1998);
Environmental Construction Standards (Vancouver Airport Authority, 1998);
Dredge Management Guidelines (FREMP, 2005); and
Environmental Management Strategy for Dredging in the Fraser River Estuary (FREMP, 2006).
Mitigation measures will be compliant with relevant environmental protection legislation, regulations, and
standards, and will be implemented as recommended during the environmental review of the Project. Mitigation
measures and their implementation, as well as guiding principles will be outlined in the CEMP and OEMP once
prepared (Section 14, Management Plans).
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The mitigation measures identified for Water Quality are generally those related to minimizing the potential effects
on water and sediment quality, and therefore on aquatic health. Most Project activities occur directly in the Fraser
River, and therefore avoidance of potential effects to Water Quality is not possible for most project activities.
However, mitigation measures are designed to eliminate or reduce effects to water quality, such as erosion and
sediment control and limiting construction activities during least risk windows. These mitigation measures are
included in management plans. Restoration is the process of replacing or improving existing habitat while offsetting
is the construction of new habitat. Neither of these types of mitigation measures are applicable to this VC,
Mitigation measures designed to avoid or minimize potential adverse effects to Water Quality include scheduling
activities to coincide with least risk windows, implementing best management practices, and developing
management plans to predict, monitor, and adapt to interactions between the Project and Water Quality. Mitigation
measures to avoid or minimize potential adverse effects to Water Quality are included in Section 14.0
Management Plans. These measures are expected to be effective in reducing the interaction between the Project
and Water Quality by planning for and managing potential interactions prior to construction and operation. Unless
otherwise stated, these mitigation measures will be effective immediately because they will be implemented prior
to the onset of construction.
Mitigation measures outlined in Section 4.6.4.3.2.1 for Site Management are expected to highly effective in
reducing interactions with the Project and Water Quality by placing restrictions on when, where, and how on-site
construction activities are conducted to avoid or minimize the release of soil and sediment either directly or
indirectly (through surface runoff) into the Fraser River. Mitigation measures described for Site management will
avoid or minimize potential project related impacts on water quality.
Specific plans proposed as mitigation measures in Sections 4.6.4.3.2.2 to 4.6.4.3.2.9, are also expected to be
highly effective in reducing interactions with the Project and Water Quality and thus minimize potential project
related impacts on water quality. As outlined in Sections 4.6.4.3.2.2 to 4.6.4.3.2.9, these plans incorporate BMPs
and measures for adherence to applicable environmental legislation, jurisdictional bylaws, and dredging guidelines
developed for the Fraser River. These are considered standard mitigation measures and are expected to be highly
effective in avoiding or reducing the interactions with the Project and Water Quality in the following ways:
minimize sediment disturbance and release of suspended solids during construction and operations
minimize effects related to the release of suspended solids either directly or indirectly to the Fraser River.
prevent deleterious substances vis-à-vis the Fisheries Act from entering the aquatic environment
prevent pollution vis-à-vis the EMA in the downstream receiving environment
Thus, the mitigation measures described in the proposed plans will minimize the potential project related impacts
on water quality.
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Mitigation Measure M4.6-1 Site Management
WesPac will include mitigation measures for site management in the CEMP. Consistent with Section 4.2, Fish
and Fish Habitat. The following mitigation measures relevant to water quality will be included in the CEMP:
Applications for all necessary permits, approvals, licences, authorizations, and/or notifications will be
submitted to the appropriate provincial or federal regulatory agency for review in a timely manner, well in
advance of construction.
Environmentally sensitive “no work” areas will be delineated on construction drawings and at construction
sites. In the latter case, high-visibility fencing or other markers will be used so that site works are contained
and no unnecessary encroachment occurs in adjacent foreshore areas or watercourses.
Riparian setback areas from drainage channels and watercourses will be identified in accordance with the
Land Development Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Habitat (DFO, 1992), unless a site-specific
assessment of environmental effects has been undertaken and acceptable mitigation measures have been
developed.
Prior to construction, protocols will be developed for the proper on-site storage of all hazardous materials,
spill prevention and control, use of secondary containment for machinery/equipment fuelling, and equipment
washing and maintenance. A Spill Prevention and Emergency Response Plan (SPERP) will be developed.
With the exception of equipment used during over-water work to be undertaken from barges anchored near
the front of the bulkhead wall, no equipment or machinery refuelling or servicing will be permitted within 30
m of any watercourse or surface water drainage.
No construction activities will be conducted in the foreshore or intertidal/subtidal areas except for
installation/construction of the barge load-out jetty, walkway, and conveyor system; upgrade of the barge
ramp; removal of the old access dock and other debris; and removal of old dolphins (as necessary).
When appropriate, construction activities conducted in the foreshore or intertidal/subtidal areas will be
conducted in the dry during favourable tide cycles.
Mitigation Measure M4.6-2 Stormwater Management Plan
WesPac will include a Stormwater Management Plan in the Project design with the following considerations
relevant to water quality:
Surface drains and ditches constructed as part of the Project will be graded according to BMPs and vegetated
or lined to minimize erosion and increase the retention time of runoff.
Particular attention will be given to the construction methodology and design of new or upgrades to access
roads to avoid the potential to alter existing drainage patterns by collecting overland drainage and
concentrating it at specific locations, which may result in localized erosion.
Water collected in temporary sediment control structures will either be discharged to ground or discharged
off site to the municipal storm water system or the Fraser River. Based on the volume of water expected, the
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Project assumes that this water will be discharged to ground. If discharge off site is needed, then the water
will be analyzed and its quality determined. Two options will be considered for off-site discharge:
▪ If water quality meets the expectation of the City of Delta’s bylaw (No. 5786, 2000), and the necessary
permit(s) are obtained from the City of Delta, then the water will be discharged to the municipal stormwater
system.
▪ If water quality meets expectations under the Fisheries Act and the EMA, it will be discharged into the
Fraser River; otherwise it will be treated prior to discharge. For effluent discharges to aquatic receiving
environments in BC, there are two common expectations under the Fisheries Act and the EMA:
− The effluent at the point of discharge should not be acutely lethal to fish, which is often operationally
defined by ECCC as 96-hour LC50 ≥100%.
− The effluent will not cause chronic or sublethal effects outside an initial dilution zone (IDZ), a three-
dimensional zone around the point of discharge where mixing of the effluent and the receiving water
occurs. Where long-term average (chronic) WQGs are met at the edge of the IDZ, chronic effects
outside the IDZ would not be expected. The IDZ is set on a site-by-site basis.
Mitigation Measure M4.6-3 In-Water Works Management Plan
WesPac will prepare and implement an In-Water Works Management Plan to minimize sediment disturbance
during construction and prevent discharge or runoff containing high total suspended solids (TSS), concrete wash
water, and fuel from entering the aquatic environment. The plan will be included in the CEMP and will contain (but
not be limited to) mitigation measures described in Section 4.2, Fish and Fish Habitat as well as details regarding
frequency of monitoring
Mitigation measures relevant to water quality to be included in the In-Water Works Management Plan are
summarized below:
Selecting the least harmful materials, equipment, and construction methods, where practicable (i.e., where
available or suitable for project requirements);
Developing and following contingency plans and response measures;
Providing suitable training to on-site personnel regarding environmental values and measures to be used to
avoid or minimize adverse environmental effects;
Erecting protective fencing and signage to identify environmentally sensitive areas that are to be avoided
during construction;
Effective on-site environmental management, monitoring, and reporting will be incorporated into all aspects
of site preparation, construction, and site restoration. Construction operations will be monitored by a qualified
Environmental Monitor who will be on site during the high-risk construction and demolition activities to
determine whether the works are resulting in any adverse effects on aquatic environment. Reporting will
comply with relevant reporting requirements of the Fisheries Act (Duty to Report provisions) and the provincial
Spill Reporting Regulation.
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In-water works will be conducted during the least risk fisheries work window specified by DFO for the region.
If the work window cannot be followed, additional mitigation measures including the advice provided by (DFO,
2013) will be implemented. The work window for the Fraser River Estuary, from the mouth upstream to the
George Massey Tunnel, and also from the George Massey Tunnel upstream to the Mission Bridge, is July
16 to February 28 (DFO, 2014).
All works will be conducted in a manner to prevent the discharge or introduction, either direct or indirect, of
soil, sediment, or sediment-laden water, turbid water, or any other deleterious substance into the aquatic
environment. All discharges from construction activities shall meet expectations under the Fisheries Act and
the EMA for discharge.
Construction materials, excavation wastes, overburden, sediment, or other substances potentially deleterious
to aquatic life shall be disposed of off site in accordance with regulatory requirements, or placed in such a
manner by the contractor, to prevent their entry into the aquatic environment.
The contractor shall follow Best Management Practices for Pile Driving and Related Operations (BCMPDCA
and DFO, 2003).
Vessels and other equipment involved in pile driving and construction activities will be positioned in a manner
that prevents damage to the riverbed and foreshore.
Where required, turbidity monitoring will be implemented during all pile drilling/driving activities, to determine
that turbidity levels in the aquatic environment do not exceed established water quality regulatory criteria
during Project works at the edge of an established work zone.
The following water quality criteria will be applied at the edge of an established work zone based on BC
WQGs, with regard to discharge or introduction of sediment or sediment-laden water in the aquatic
environment:
▪ Turbidity
− Change from background of 5 NTU when the background level is between 8 and 50 NTU during high
flows or in turbid waters; and
− Change from background of 10% when the background level is more than 50 NTU during high flows
or in turbid waters.
▪ TSS (equivalent to the FRWQO):
− Change from background of 10 mg/L when the background level is between 25 and 100 mg/L during
high flows or in turbid waters; and
− Change from background of 10% when the background level is more than 100 mg/L during high flows
or in turbid waters.
If the criteria outlined above are exceeded as a result of Project-related activities, these works or activities
will be halted until measures that will result in compliance with the criteria outlined above are put in place.
Where the water quality criteria cannot be practically met, the work areas and activities contributing to these
conditions will be isolated from tidal and flowing waters.
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For dredging activities, the following mitigation measures will be followed:
▪ Prior to dredging, the perimeter of the Dredge Area will be identified, so that work occurs within the
confines of the Project area. Tools such as real-time kinematic positioning controls (e.g., differential GPS)
may be used to assist in positioning.
▪ Sediment containment and water filtering devices will be employed on the barge should downstream
conditions exceed the TSS and turbidity criteria outlined above. This may require containment and
treatment of barge dewatering effluent that exceeds the criteria.
▪ Water quality monitoring will be implemented during dredging works to verify that the turbidity and TSS
criteria are being met and enable management decisions to be made in the event that the performance
criteria are not met at the edge of an established work zone.
▪ The contract specifications will include operational controls to minimize disturbance of substrates
(e.g., making additional dredge passes rather than dragging a bucket or beam to level the dredge surface,
not stockpiling material underwater, controlling the rate of ascent and descent of the bucket).
▪ To minimize loss of dredged material from the barge and to prevent barge listing or instability, the dredged
material barge will not be overloaded beyond the top of the side rails.
The barge will not come to rest on the riverbed (no grounding) (spuds may be used to anchor the barge).
Mitigation Measure M4.6-4 Creosote Pile Removal Management Plan
WesPac will prepare and implement creosote pile removal and storage mitigation measures as part of the CEMP
consistent with BMPs outlined in DFO’s Guidelines to Protect Fish and Fish Habitat from Treated Wood Used in
Aquatic Environments in the Pacific Region (Hutton and Samis 2000). These measures will include but may not
be limited to the following:
A reasonable attempt should be made to remove the entire creosote-treated pile.
Pile will be removed by a slow, steady pull to minimize disturbance of riverbed habitats and to avoid bringing
creosote-contaminated sediments to the surface. If the pile breaks off below the biologically active zone in
the sediment, it may not be advisable to dredge the remainder out, depending on the sensitivity of the habitat
at the site.
Debris from pile removal will be stored on land in an appropriate waste management facility (Hutton and
Samis 2000).
A sediment containment system may be installed as appropriate during pile removal to prevent the dispersion
of suspended sediments.
Creosote pile removal will be conducted during the least risk fisheries work window as specified in Section
4.6.4.3, which extends from June 16 to February 28, unless a self-assessment determines that the work will
not cause serious harm to fish or their habitat.
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Mitigation Measure M4.6-5 Erosion and Sediment Control Plan
WesPac will develop and implement an Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (ESCP) as part of the CEMP and
OEMP. Existing applicable guidelines will be followed as appropriate to mitigate erosion and sediment transport
and will include the following:
Environmental Protection and Management Guide (OGC, 2018);
Land Development Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Habitat (DFO, 1992);
Develop with Care: Environmental Guidelines for Urban and Rural Land Development in British Columbia
(MOE, 2014); and
Standards and Best Practices for Instream Works (MWLAP, 2004).
The following erosion and sediment control measures will be implemented at the site during the construction and
decommissioning phases and included in the ESCP (refer to Part E – Management Plans and Follow-up
Programs):
Activities within the riparian management area, a 30 m wide area along the Fraser River, will be minimized.
Erodible material will not be stockpiled in these areas and no refuelling will occur within these areas.
Vegetation cover will be maintained wherever possible. Disturbed areas adjacent to a watercourse will be
revegetated in a timely manner to minimize surface erosion or sediment transport
Erosion and sediment control measures, including silt fences, filter fabric, straw bales, sedimentation ponds,
perimeter ditches, or other water quality management measures, will be selected, implemented, monitored,
maintained, and repaired as required. However, due to the relatively high flow velocities present year-round
in the Fraser River, it will not be feasible to use turbidity curtains as a mitigation measure.
Sediment pond(s) will be incorporated as required, and appropriately designed in accordance with current
guidelines to meet site conditions and requirements. Sediment ponds will be maintained until construction or
decommissioning is completed and the affected areas are sufficiently stabilized and revegetated to minimize
erosion risk or sediment transport.
Construction wastes, overburden, soil, or any other substances potentially deleterious to riparian, aquatic, or
marine habitat will be stored or disposed of in such a manner as to prevent entry to riparian, aquatic, or
marine areas.
No erodible materials will be stockpiled within riparian management areas. Soil stockpiles will be diked,
sloped, and seeded or appropriately covered to minimize erosion. If temporary stockpiles are constructed,
then appropriate erosion prevention measures will be installed and regularly maintained until these stockpiles
are decommissioned or seeded. Spoil will be managed in accordance with the appropriate Project-specific
regulatory approvals or applicable legislation, regulations, and guidelines prior to the completion of
construction activities.
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Erosion and sediment control measures will be maintained, and any required changes made promptly to
ensure they are working effectively. An inspection and maintenance program will be developed and followed
as part of the ESCP.
Water collected in temporary sediment control structures will either be discharged to ground or discharged
off site to the municipal storm water system or the Fraser River. Based on the volume of water expected, the
Project assumes that this water will be discharged to ground. If discharge off site is needed, then the water
will be analyzed and its quality determined. Two options will be considered for off-site discharge:
▪ If water quality meets the expectation of the City of Delta’s bylaw (No. 5786, 2000), and the necessary
permit(s) are obtained from the City of Delta, then the water will be discharged to the municipal stormwater
system.
▪ If water quality meets expectations under the Fisheries Act and the EMA, it will be discharged into the
Fraser River; otherwise it will be treated prior to discharge. For effluent discharges to aquatic receiving
environments in BC, there are two common expectations under the Fisheries Act and the EMA:
− The effluent at the point of discharge should not be acutely lethal to fish, which is often operationally
defined by ECCC as 96-hour LC50 ≥100%.
− The effluent will not cause chronic or sublethal effects outside an IDZ, a three-dimensional zone
around the point of discharge where mixing of the effluent and the receiving water occurs. Where long-
term average (chronic) WQGs are met at the edge of the IDZ, chronic effects outside the IDZ would
not be expected. The IDZ is set on a site-by-site basis.
Mitigation Measure M4.6-6 Scour Protection Plan
In addition to the installation of scour protection infrastructure, WesPac will include a Scour Protection Plan in the
CEMP and the OEMP that will include the following mitigation measures relevant to water quality:
Vessels, barges and barge support vessels involved in pile driving and construction activities will be
positioned in a manner that will minimize re-suspension of riverbed sediments.
Maneuvering of work vessels in shallow areas should be minimized to avoid propeller scour and potential re-
suspension of sediments.
Mitigation Measure M4.6-7 Concrete Works Management Plan
Cementitious material is alkaline and thus has the potential to be harmful to aquatic organisms. WesPac will
include a Concrete Works Management Plan as part of the CEMP. The following mitigation measures will be
included in this plan to mitigate potential effects to water quality from concrete works:
The complete or partial filling of the new steel pipe-piles with concrete, the forming and casting of concrete
pile caps, and the construction of the export platform include examples of key over-water work activities that
may involve concrete. To minimize the risks to fish and other aquatic species associated with exposure to
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uncured concrete during these activities, it is recommended that, wherever possible, the design specify the
use of pre-cast rather than cast-in-place structures.
In the event that cast-in-place rather than precast construction methods are necessary, concrete-tight forms
should be used to isolate the concrete from the receiving environment. Concrete would be placed into the
forms using a concrete pumper truck. As set out in the Standards and Best Practices for Instream Works
(MWLAP, 2004), all uncured concrete and grout will be isolated from the fish-bearing waters of the Fraser
River for a minimum of 48 hours if ambient air temperature is above 0°C and for a minimum of 72 hours if
ambient air temperature is below 0°C.
Work on structures located below the high water mark will be conducted in dry conditions during a low tide,
low water period. Suitable precautions will be taken when moving equipment used during concrete works,
including the pumper truck and hose, to prevent the accidental discharge of fresh concrete or grout to the
river or adjacent intertidal areas. As described in the Standards and Best Practices for Instream Works
(MWLAP, 2004), a carbon dioxide tank with regulator, hose, and gas diffuser should be readily available on
site during all concrete work and all members of the on-site construction crew should be trained in the use of
this equipment.
Appropriate BMPs for storage, preparation, handling, containment, monitoring, and spill response, including
measures described by the former Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection (MWLAP, 2004), DFO, and the
former Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks (DFO, 1992), will be detailed in the CEMP to be prepared
prior to construction.
When pouring concrete, all spills of fresh concrete will be prevented from entering into the aquatic
environment at the site.
If the concrete is being placed with a concrete pump, all hose and pipe connections will be sealed and locked
properly so that lines will not leak or uncouple.
All concrete forms will be constructed in a manner that prevents fresh concrete or cement-laden water from
leaking into the surrounding water.
If fresh water is used to cure concrete, the runoff will be monitored for acceptable pH levels. If the pH levels
are outside the normal ranges provided in the BC AWQGs (MOE 2018), then the runoff water will be
contained and neutralized.
During inclement weather, uncured concrete will be protected or covered in a manner that minimizes the
creation of high pH water.
Barriers will be used as appropriate to prevent splashing over forms and into the water.
Equipment and tools that have come in contact with concrete will be washed in a designated area away from
the aquatic environment and drainages, so that concrete-affected water is prevented from entering
watercourses (tidal water, streams, storm drains).
If it is necessary to pour concrete within the wetted area (e.g., pile installation), contact between cementitious
materials and surrounding water will be avoided to the extent possible.
When grinding cured concrete, water pH and TSS levels will be monitored and will not exceed allowable limits
from the effect of dust and fines. In the event that the levels are outside the acceptable ranges, preventative
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measures will be introduced. This may include introducing silt curtains to contain the solids and to prevent
fish from entering a contaminated area or constructing catch basins to recover the runoff and neutralizing it
prior to disposal.
Excess or spilled concrete will be contained, immediately cleaned up, and disposed of in an environmentally
acceptable manner.
Mitigation Measure M4.6-8 Dredging Management Plan
Mitigation measures to prevent accidental discharge of deleterious materials and to reduce effects to water quality
during dredging activities will be addressed during detailed design as well as by BMPs. These measures will be
captured in the Dredging Management Plan to be included in the CEMP and the OEMP. Capital dredging will be
required during construction, and during operations periodic maintenance dredging may be necessary in deep
water to maintain a suitable under keel clearance (UKC) for larger vessels. This work would likely be subject to
terms and conditions of permits to be obtained by Vancouver Airport Fuel Facilities Corporation (VAFFC).
Dredging in the lower Fraser River carried out by the VFPA is conducted following the Environmental Management
Strategy for Dredging in the Fraser River Estuary (FREMP, 2006) and the Dredge Management Guidelines
(FREMP, 2005). The CEMP will include mitigation measures consistent with those described in the FREMP
(FREMP, 2005), including the following that are relevant to water quality:
If suction dredging is used, then the suction-head must be operated within 1.5 m of the river bottom.
Dredging practices that minimize the release of suspended sediments to the water column will be used.
However, it will not be feasible to use turbidity curtains as a mitigation measure during dredging because of
the relatively high flow velocities present year-round in the Fraser River.
A water quality monitoring program with decision criteria and management actions will be developed. The
program is intended to verify that dredging practices employed are sufficient to protect the surrounding
environmental values outside of the work zone and to meet pre-specified criteria at an operational compliance
point within the work zone (where turbidity is no longer controlled). For this project the following is assumed:
▪ Work zone—a three-dimensional zone around the Dredge Area after which the receiving environment is
located. An assessment point is located at the edge of the work zone and the beginning of the receiving
environment (100 m from the Dredge Area).
▪ Operational compliance point— located within the work zone at an established set-back or safe working
distance from active dredging operations. The operational compliance point does not represent the
receiving environment.
The program will provide a feedback mechanism for implementing management actions during construction
and maintenance dredging activities and will rely on turbidity measurements that can be measured on site,
in real and near-real time. The decision framework for implementing management actions during open-water
dredging is composed of a series of steps to allow for adaptive management of dredging that will be
responsive to environmental protection goals without unnecessary disruption to the operational needs of the
Project.
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▪ Management actions that might be employed during dredging if triggered by the management plan
include confirmatory monitoring, slowing the dredge cycle. The decision framework will include the
provision that the dredging operation be stopped if deemed necessary.
Return water from any dredge material placed upland will be returned to the Fraser River via a pipe that
extends far enough offshore that water is discharged beneath the water surface
Return water from any dredge material placed upland will be treated using sedimentation basins to remove
suspended sediment prior to discharge. Water collected in these temporary sediment control structures will
be analyzed and its quality determined. If water quality meets expectations under the Fisheries Act and the
EMA, it will be discharged into the Fraser River; otherwise, it will be treated prior to discharge in order to meet
these expectations.
Mitigation measures associated with the potential environmental effects of accidents or malfunctions are
addressed in Section 9.0, Accidents and Malfunctions.
Mitigation Measure M4.6-9 Waste Management Plan
WesPac will include a Waste Management Plan for hazardous and non-hazardous waste such that waste
generation is reduced and that waste is properly stored and disposed of. Mitigation measures to be implemented
in the Waste Management Plan relevant to water quality are:
Hazardous Wastes:
▪ The Hazardous Waste Regulation (Government of BC, 1988) under the EMA will be followed for
containment, storage and handling, disposal, and transportation of substances identified as hazardous
waste.
▪ Where activities involve the handling, storage, and removal of hazardous waste, the following records will
be maintained:
− Inventories of types and quantities of hazardous waste generated, stored, or removed;
− Manifests identifying hazardous waste haulers and disposal destinations; and
− Disposal certification documents.
Non-hazardous Wastes:
▪ Solid waste materials that are not acceptable under the existing landfill permit will be transported off site
by barge for disposal to an appropriate designated disposal or recycling facility
▪ Whenever possible, the materials used in construction will be reused and recycled. Recyclable materials
will be separated and transported off site
▪ Clearly labelled garbage bins with lids and recycling containers will be made available for food waste and
recyclables.
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Summary of Mitigation Measures
A summary of mitigation to address adverse Project effects on Water Quality is provided in Table 4.6-12.
Table 4.6-12: Summary of Mitigation Measures to Address Adverse Project Effects on Water Quality
Potential Effect Mitigation Measure Mitigation
ID #
Effectiveness
Surface Water Quality, Sediment Quality, Aquatic Health
Construction
Increased
suspended
sediment due to
sediment
disturbance
Site Management M4.6-1 High
Stormwater Management Plan M4.6-2 High
In-Water Works Management Plan M4.6-3 High
Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (ESCP) and
Spill Prevention and Emergency Response Plan
(SPERP)
M4.6-5 High
Scour Protection Plan M4.6-6 High
Dredging Management Plan M4.6-8 High
Contaminant
release due to
project activities
In-Water Works Management Plan M4.6-3 High
Creosote Pile Removal Management Plan M4.6-4 High
Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (ESCP) and
Spill Prevention and Emergency Response Plan
(SPERP)
M4.6-5 High
Concrete Works Management Plan M4.6-7 High
Dredging Management Plan M4.6-8 High
Accidental release
of deleterious
substances
Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (ESCP) and
Spill Prevention and Emergency Response Plan
(SPERP)
M4.6-5 High
Waste Management Plan M4.6-9 High
Operation
Increased
suspended
sediment due to
sediment
disturbance
Scour Protection Plan M4.6-6 High
Dredging Management Plan M4.6-8 High
Accidental release
of deleterious
substances
Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (ESCP) and
Spill Prevention and Emergency Response Plan
(SPERP)
M4.6-5 High
Waste Management Plan M4.6-9 High
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Potential Effect Mitigation Measure Mitigation
ID #
Effectiveness
Decommissioning
Increased
suspended
sediment due to
sediment
disturbance
Site Management M4.6-1 High
Stormwater Management Plan M4.6-2 High
In-Water Works Management Plan M4.6-3 High
Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (ESCP) and
Spill Prevention and Emergency Response Plan
(SPERP)
M4.6-5 High
Scour Protection Plan M4.6-6 High
Dredging Management Plan M4.6-8 High
Accidental release
of deleterious
substances
Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (ESCP) and
Spill Prevention and Emergency Response Plan
(SPERP)
M4.6-5 High
Waste Management Plan M4.6-9 High
Residual Project Effects
In recognition of potential interactions between Project components and activities identified in Section 4.6.4.1 and
mitigation measures discussed in Section 4.6.4.3.2, the assessment identified that the following residual effects
may occur due to Project activities during the construction, operation, and/or decommissioning phases.
Potential change in surface water quality through re-suspension of sediments from sediment disturbance
during dredging activities, non-dredging construction activities, or vessel activity during berthing and
departures. Potential for a change in surface water quality to result in adverse effects on aquatic health;
Potential change in surface water quality and sediment quality associated with release of PAHs from
creosote-treated pile removal and the potential for a change in surface water quality to result in adverse
effects on aquatic health; and
Potential change in surface water quality and sediment quality associated with release of alkaline materials
during concrete cast-in-place works and the associated effect on aquatic health.
After the application of mitigation measures, potential residual effects to Water Quality are predicted to be none or
negligible. Rationale for these residual effect predictions for this VC is provided below.
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Increased Suspended Sediment Due to Riverbed Disturbance
Construction
Capital Dredging
Dredging is expected to be the primary activity with the potential to affect surface water quality related to increased
suspended sediment (also referred to as TSS or turbidity) due to sediment disturbance. Other construction
activities occurring on the shoreline or intertidal area may also affect surface water quality in this way, but the
effects are expected to be minor in relation to dredging.
Given the inherent natural variability in background suspended sediment concentrations in the lower Fraser River,
the magnitude of the increased suspended sediment related to sediment disturbance during dredging is predicted
to be low. Any change in surface water quality is not expected to be distinguishable from existing conditions
accounting for inherent variability due to tidal cycles and river discharge. The proposed mitigation measures
include following a Dredging Management Plan based on established guidance for dredging in the Fraser River.
The capital dredging program will also be consistent in approach with navigational dredging that currently occurs
in the river and is planned to occur within the same time window.
Effects on surface water quality are expected to be limited to within the LAA, short term (duration only for the time
necessary to dredge), infrequent (occurring over one or two months during the construction phase), and reversible
as induced turbidity or TSS will be reversed once dredging ceases. The Fraser River naturally carries a high
sediment load and the aquatic biota in the river have adapted to this condition. Thus, the river is considered to
have high resilience to increases in suspended sediment such as may occur during dredging.
Effects on aquatic health are anticipated to have the same residual effects classification as for surface water
quality. Consistent with ongoing navigational dredging, capital dredging will be undertaken within the least risk
window as specified by DFO for this section of the lower Fraser River to minimize potential effects to fish and other
aquatic life. The likelihood is high that increases in turbidity will occur, but because aquatic life is expected to be
adapted to seasonal and diurnal cycles of increased turbidity in the lower Fraser River, and because dredging will
occur during the least risk fisheries window, the likelihood of effects on aquatic health is low.
There is high confidence that the residual effect will not be greater than predicted due to:
A reasonable understanding of natural variability in turbidity and TSS levels in the river under existing
conditions;
Conservatism in the assessment approach; and
An understanding of uncertainty in the predicted signal of turbidity/TSS that dredging may have, which, like
that from navigational dredging, is expected to be with the observed range of concentrations within the river
under existing conditions.
This configuration of classification leads to the conclusion that, given the high resilience of the Fraser River to
increased turbidity and the application of the proposed mitigation measures, the residual effect of increased
suspended sediment on Water Quality is expected to be negligible.
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Site Preparation, Removal of Existing Infrastructure, In-river Ground Stabilization and Pile Works, Construction of
Offshore Facilities, Shoreline Enhancements
Given the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures related to non-dredging construction activities, the
predicted magnitude of increased turbidity due to sediment release is predicted to be negligible. Releases of
sediment to the river environment will be reduced or eliminated through limiting construction activities to periods
of low water (i.e., low tides) and implementation of erosion and sediment control measures. Changes in surface
water quality are expected to be too small to be detectable within the range of existing conditions for turbidity and
TSS characterized within the LAA. Effects on surface water quality are expected to be localized to the immediate
area of riverbed disturbance (site-specific geographic extent), temporary (short-term duration), infrequent
(occurring sporadically during the construction phase), and reversible.
As described for capital dredging, the lower Fraser River has a relatively high resilience to increases in suspended
sediment created by these non-dredging construction activities. Effects on aquatic health are expected to have
the same residual effects classification as for surface water quality. Given the proposed mitigation measures
including timing of the construction activities, and the temporary, localized nature of the impacts, the likelihood that
increased turbidity will result in effects on surface water quality and aquatic health is low.
There is high confidence that the effect will not be greater than predicted because of the low magnitude of any
sediment releases compared to the known sediment load in Fraser River and the effectiveness of the proposed
mitigation measures. This configuration of classification leads to the conclusion that, given the application of the
proposed mitigation measures, the residual effect of increased suspended sediment on Water Quality is expected
to be negligible.
Operation
Maintenance Dredging
Given the inherent natural variability in background turbidity and suspended sediment concentrations in the lower
Fraser River, the magnitude of increased turbidity related to sediment disturbance during maintenance dredging
is predicted to be low. A change in surface water quality may be detected but this change is not expected to be
distinguishable from existing conditions accounting for inherent variability due to tidal cycles and river discharge.
The proposed mitigation measures include following a Dredging Management Plan that is based on established
guidance for dredging in the Fraser River. The dredging program will also be consistent with navigational dredging
that currently occurs in the river and is planned for the same time period. However, some increased turbidity as a
result of dredging is expected and is consistent with what happens during navigational dredging in the river.
Effects on surface water quality is expected to be limited to within the LAA, short-term (duration only for the time
necessary to dredge the pocket), frequent (occurring annually during the operation phase), and reversible such
that the increase in turbidity will be reversed once dredging ceases. The lower Fraser River has high inherent
resilience to increases in suspended sediment that might be created by maintenance dredging during operations.
Effects on aquatic health are expected to have the same residual effects classification as for surface water quality.
Consistent with ongoing navigational dredging, capital dredging will be undertaken within the least risk window as
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specified by DFO for this section of the lower Fraser River to minimize potential effects to fish and other aquatic
life. The likelihood is high that increases in turbidity will occur, but because aquatic organisms are likely to be
acclimated to seasonal and diurnal cycles of increased turbidity in the lower Fraser River, and because dredging
will occur during the least risk fisheries window, the likelihood of effects on aquatic health are low.
There is high confidence that the residual effect will not be greater than predicted due to:
A reasonable understanding of natural variability in turbidity and TSS levels in the river under existing
conditions;
Conservatism in the assessment approach; and
An understanding of uncertainty in the predicted signal of turbidity/TSS that dredging may have, which like
that from navigational dredging, is expected to be with the observed range of concentrations within the river
under existing conditions.
This configuration of classification leads to the conclusion that, given the high resilience of the Fraser River to
increased turbidity and the application of the proposed mitigation measures, the residual effect of increased
suspended sediment on Water Quality is expected to be negligible.
Berthing and Departure of Vessels
Given the inherent natural variability in background turbidity and suspended sediment concentrations in the Fraser
River, and the constant boat traffic that already exists in the river, the magnitude of the increased turbidity related
to sediment disturbance from berthing and departure of vessels is predicted to be negligible. A change in surface
water quality related to vessel activity is not expected to be distinguishable from existing conditions accounting for
variability due to tidal cycles and river discharge. Furthermore, the use of scour protection along the foreshore will
protect the marine infrastructure from scour and will reduce sediment suspension. Other mitigations such as use
of BMPs for vessel maneuvering, including the use of tug boats for maneuvering large vessels such as LNG
vessels, will reduce propeller wash and potential scouring.
Effects on surface water quality is expected to be limited to within the LAA, medium-term (duration occurring
throughout the life of the Project), frequent (occurring repeatedly during the life of the Project), and reversible such
that induced turbidity will be reversed once propeller activity ceases. The Fraser River naturally carries a high
sediment load and the aquatic biota in the river have adapted to this condition. Thus, the river is considered to
have high resilience to increases in suspended sediment created by these boating activities. Berthing and
departure of vessels will occur throughout the year and will not be confined to the least risk window as specified
by DFO for this section of the Fraser River.
Effects on aquatic health are expected to have the same residual effects classification as for surface water quality.
Given that the expected vessel activity will be similar to that experienced in other areas of the RAA, and that
aquatic life is likely to be acclimated to elevated turbidity related to vessel activities in the lower Fraser River, the
likelihood that increased turbidity will result in effects on surface water quality and aquatic health is low.
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There is moderate confidence that the effect will not be greater than predicted due to:
A reasonable understanding of natural variability in turbidity and TSS levels in the river under existing
conditions;
An expectation that vessel activity related to the Project will not result in greater sediment disturbance outside
the observed range of TSS concentrations in the river; and
Conservatism in the assessment approach.
This configuration of classification leads to the conclusion that, given the high resilience of the Fraser River to
increased turbidity and the application of the proposed mitigation measures, the residual effect of increased
suspended sediment on Water Quality is expected to be negligible.
Decommissioning
Removal of Offshore Facilities
Removal of Offshore Facilities is expected to have the same residual effect as non-dredging construction activities
because the proposed mitigation measures are the same. The effect on surface water quality and therefore aquatic
health will be negligible in magnitude, site specific, short term, infrequent, and reversible. Timing of
decommissioning activities will occur during the least risk fisheries window to minimize potential effects to fish and
other aquatic life. Overall, the likelihood of effects to surface water quality and aquatic health will be low and the
confidence in this prediction is high because of the low magnitude of any sediment releases when compared to
the known sediment load in Fraser River and the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures. This
configuration of classification leads to the conclusion that, given the application of the proposed mitigation
measures, the residual effect of increased suspended sediment on Water Quality is expected to be negligible.
Release of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Creosote-Treated Piles
Potential release of PAHs from creosote-treated piles is only expected to occur during the construction phase,
when historically placed piles are removed as the removed piles will be replaced with steel piles.
Given the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures related to removal of creosote-treated piles, the
predicted magnitude of any PAH release during this activity is predicted to be negligible. Release of PAHs during
pile removal will be reduced by implementing the following measures:
Techniques to remove the piles intact and avoid bringing creosote-contaminated sediments to the surface;
Storage of contaminated piles on land with protection against leachate entering the marine environment;
Disposal of old piles at an appropriate on-land facility; and
Spill equipment on site such as absorbent booms or pads in the event that a visible sheen is observed.
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Changes in PAH concentrations in surface water and sediment are not expected to be detectable; therefore, the
magnitude of the residual effect on surface water quality and sediment quality is negligible. Effects on surface
water quality and sediment quality are expected to be localized to the immediate area of riverbed disturbance (site-
specific geographic extent), temporary (short-term duration), infrequent, and reversible. The river system is
considered to have moderate resilience to a potential effect. Effects on aquatic health are expected to have the
same residual effects classification as for surface water quality and sediment quality. In addition, all construction
activities will be done within the least risk window as specified by DFO for this section of the Fraser River, and
therefore, potential effects to fish and other aquatic life are expected to be minimal. Given the proposed mitigation
measures including timing of the construction activities, and the temporary, localized nature of the impacts, the
likelihood that increased turbidity will result in effects on surface water quality and aquatic health is low. There is
high confidence that the effect will not be greater than predicted because of the effectiveness of the proposed
mitigation measures. This configuration of classification leads to the conclusion that, with the application of the
proposed mitigation measures, the residual effect of release of PAHs from creosote-treated piles on Water Quality
is expected to be negligible.
Release of Alkaline Materials from Concrete Works
Potential release of alkaline materials from concrete cast-in-place works is only expected during the construction
phase, for example, when the export and bunker platforms are constructed. Once the concrete is cured, no
leaching of alkaline materials is expected. Thus, the proposed mitigation measures include limiting contact
between uncured concrete and receiving environment water.
Given the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures related to concrete cast-in-place works, the
predicted magnitude of the alkaline material release during this activity is predicted to be negligible. Release of
alkaline materials will be reduced by working during low tide and protecting uncured concrete from contact with
surrounding water. Reduction in pH in water and the associated effects on sediment porewater is not expected to
be detectable, therefore, the magnitude of the residual effect on surface water quality and sediment quality is
negligible.
Effects on surface water quality and sediment quality are expected to be localized (site-specific geographic extent),
temporary (short-term duration), infrequent, and reversible. The river system is considered to have moderate
resilience to a potential effect. The effects on aquatic health are expected to have the same residual effects
classification as for surface water quality and sediment quality. Given the proposed mitigation measures including
timing of the construction activities, and the temporary, localized nature of the impacts, the likelihood that
decreases in pH through release of alkaline materials will result in effects on surface water quality and sediment
quality, and therefore effects on aquatic health, is low. There is high confidence that the effect will not be greater
than predicted because of the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures. This configuration of
classification leads to the conclusion that, with the application of the proposed mitigation measures, the residual
effect of release of alkaline materials from concrete works on Water Quality is expected to be negligible.
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Summary of Residual Effects
The assessment described above and summarized in Table 4.6-13 considered existing conditions and proposed
mitigation measures that included timing of the construction activities and the temporary, localized nature of
potential impacts. Although dredging may increase suspended sediments in the LAA, the magnitude of the effect
is expected to be low and any changes in surface water quality are not expected to be distinguishable from existing
conditions, accounting for inherent variability due to tidal cycles and river discharge. The Fraser River naturally
carries a high sediment load, and aquatic biota in the river have adapted to this condition. Thus, the river is
considered to have high resilience to increases in suspended sediment. Changes in water quality or sediment
quality due to release of PAHs from removal of creosote-treated piles or release of alkaline materials from concrete
works are not expected to be detectable; therefore, the magnitude of the residual effect is negligible. Effects are
expected to be localized to the immediate area of riverbed disturbance. Confidence that residual effects will not
be greater than predicted is moderate to high given the understanding of suspended sediment dynamics in this
river, elements of conservatism in the assessment approach, and the assumed effectiveness of the proposed
mitigation measures.
The assessment therefore concluded that after application of the proposed mitigation measures, residual effects
on the Water Quality VC and its subcomponents associated with the Project (i.e., surface water quality, sediment
quality, and aquatic health) are predicted to be negligible and are thus not carried forward into a significance
determination or cumulative effects assessment.
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Table 4.6-13: Summary of Effects Characteristics for Water Quality
Subcomponent Potential Adverse Residual Effect
Contributing Project Activity or Physical Works
Mit
iga
tio
n #
Dir
ec
tio
n o
f
Eff
ec
t
Residual Effects Classification
Ov
era
ll
Res
idu
al
Eff
ec
t
Ma
gn
itu
de
Ge
og
rap
hic
Ex
ten
t
Du
rati
on
Fre
qu
en
cy
Tim
ing
Rev
ers
ibilit
y
Co
nte
xt
Construction
Water quality and aquatic health
Increase in water column turbidity due to sediment release
Dredging the Dredge Area M4.6-8 N L LAA ST I W RV HR N
Increase in water column turbidity due to sediment release
Site preparation, removal of existing abandoned marine infrastructure, in-river ground stabilization and pile works, shoreline enhancements, construction of Offshore Facilities
M4.6-1 M4.6-2 M4.6-3 M4.6-5
N N SS ST I W RV HR N
Water quality, sediment quality, and aquatic health
Increase in water column concentrations of PAHs related to creosote-treated piles
Removal of existing marine infrastructure, specifically creosote-treated piles
M4.6-3 M4.6-4
N N SS ST I W RV MR N
Increase in water column pH related to release of cementitious material during concrete works
Construction of Offshore Facilities, specifically cast-in-place works
M4.6-7 N N SS ST I W RV MR N
Operation
Water quality and aquatic health
Increase in water column turbidity due to sediment release
Maintenance dredging M4.6-8 N L LAA ST F W RV HR N
Increase in water column turbidity due to sediment release
Berthing and departure of vessels M4.6-6 N N LAA MT F O RV HR N
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Subcomponent Potential Adverse Residual Effect
Contributing Project Activity or Physical Works
Mit
iga
tio
n #
Dir
ec
tio
n o
f
Eff
ec
t
Residual Effects Classification
Ov
era
ll
Res
idu
al
Eff
ec
t
Ma
gn
itu
de
Ge
og
rap
hic
Ex
ten
t
Du
rati
on
Fre
qu
en
cy
Tim
ing
Rev
ers
ibilit
y
Co
nte
xt
Decommissioning
Water quality and aquatic health
Increase in water column turbidity due to sediment release
Removal of Offshore Facilities M4.6-3 N N SS ST I W RV HR N
Notes: Direction: P = positive; N = negative Magnitude: N = negligible; L = low; M = moderate; H = high Geographic Extent: SS = site-specific; LAA = Local Assessment Area; RAA = Regional Assessment Area, B = Beyond the RAA Duration: ST= short-term; MT = medium-term; LT = long-term; P = permanent Frequency: I = infrequent; F = frequent; CT = continuous Timing: W = within least risk window; O = outside least risk window Reversibility: RV = reversible; PRV = partially reversible; I = irreversible Context: LR = low resilience; MR = moderate resilience; HR = high resilience Overall Residual Effect: Y = overall residual effect; N = no overall residual effect PAHs = polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
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Determination of Significance of Residual Adverse Effects
After the implementation of mitigation measures, the Project is not predicted to result in residual effects to Water Quality. Where no residual effects, or
negligible potential residual effects are predicted, the significance of those effects is also none or negligible and therefore no further evaluation is required.
Proposed project mitigation measures, predicted effectiveness of mitigation measures, and overall residual effects determination are summarized below
(Table 4.6-14).
Table 4.6-14: Summary of Predictions of Potential Residual Effects on Water Quality
Potential Adverse Effect Project Phase Contributing Project Activity or Physical
Works Mitigation Number
Effectiveness Level of Confidence
Residual Effect (Y/N)
Increase in water column turbidity due to sediment
release
Construction
- Site preparation and removal of existing marine infrastructure
- In-river ground stabilization and piling works
- Dredging - Construction of Offshore Facilities - In-river ground stabilization and pile
works
M4.6-1 High
High N
M4.6-2 High
M4.6-3 High
M4.6-5 High
M4.6-6 High
M4.6-8 High
Operation - Maintenance Dredging - Berthing and departure of vessels - LNG carrier and/or barge loading
M4.6-6 High High N
M4.6-8 High
Decommissioning
- Removal of associated Offshore Facilities
M4.6-1 High
High N
M4.6-2 High
M4.6-3 High
M4.6-5 High
M4.6-6 High
Increase in water column concentrations of PAHs related to creosote-
treated piles
Construction
- Site preparation and removal of existing marine infrastructure
- Removal of associated Offshore Facilities
M4.6-1 High
High N M4.6-3 High
M4.6-4 High
M4.6-5 High
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Potential Adverse Effect Project Phase Contributing Project Activity or Physical
Works Mitigation Number
Effectiveness Level of Confidence
Residual Effect (Y/N)
Increase in water column pH related to release of cementitious material
during concrete works
Construction
- Construction of associated Offshore Facilities
M4.6-7 High High N
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Monitoring and Follow Up Programs
Environmental monitoring plans will be developed by qualified environmental professionals to achieve compliance
with EAC Commitments and Assurances and with terms and conditions of regulatory permits and approvals, and
monitor the effectiveness of mitigation measures. Two types of water quality monitoring are proposed: operational
(or compliance) monitoring and effects monitoring.
Operational Monitoring
Monitoring will occur during all phases of the Project according to environmental management plans developed
for the Project. Environmental management plans are developed to facilitate WesPac and its contractors adhering
to applicable environmental legislation and commitments made within this EAC Application. The plans provide
performance-based environmental requirements, standard protocols, and mitigation measures to avoid and
reduce the potential for environmental effects from the Project. The management plans will also include specific
requirements and best practices for site management, stormwater management, in-water works management,
erosion and sediment control, creosote-treated pile removal, waste management, and dredging strategy. Where
possible, adaptive management approach will be used to modify management plans as needed based on the
results of the monitoring program. These results may also trigger management actions according to pre-
determined decision criteria outlined in the relevant plans.
Effects Monitoring
Monitoring is designed to verify the effects predictions, reduce uncertainty, determine the effectiveness of Project
design features and mitigation, and provide appropriate feedback to operations for modifying or adopting new
mitigation designs, policies, and practices. A monitoring program will be established to monitor potential changes
in water quality in the Fraser River receiving environment during the construction works to verify the prediction of
negligible effects on water quality. The receiving environment will be defined as the area outside of the work zone
established for the project. The edge of the work zone is assumed to be 100 m from the Dredge Area. The
monitoring plan will be developed during the permitting process in consultation with relevant permitting agencies,
local governments, and local Aboriginal groups. The plan will address analytical parameters to be measured and
analyzed, stations to be sampled, and frequency of measurements and sampling.
It is expected that effects monitoring data will be evaluated against benchmarks developed for the project in
consideration of applicable water quality guidelines and objectives, as well as existing ambient conditions in the
LAA. Monitoring results will be assessed according to pre-determined decision criteria that may trigger
management actions within a decision framework. These results will also feed into the overall adaptive
management approach to be adopted by the Project.
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WesPac Tilbury Marine Jetty Project
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